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Guo F, Liu H, Li X, Hu Z, Huang J, Bi R, Abbas W, Guo Y, Wang Z. Sophy β-Glucan from the Black Yeast Aureobasidium pullulans Attenuates Salmonella-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Injury in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers via Exerting Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:48. [PMID: 38247473 PMCID: PMC10812733 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogens Salmonella spp. infection disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier function and induced local gastroenteritis and systemic inflammation in humans and animals. Sophy β-glucan, a water-soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan synthesized from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans, was reported with immune-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infective properties. Here, we investigated the protective role of sophy β-glucan on Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE)-challenged Caco-2 cells monolayer and explored underlying action mechanisms. The results showed that pretreatment with sophy β-glucan blocked the adhesion and invasion of SE onto Caco-2 cells along with alleviating SE-induced epithelial barrier injury, as evidenced by increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance, decreased fluorescently-labeled dextran 4 flux permeability, and an enhanced Claudin-4 protein level in the SE-stimulated Caco-2 cell monolayer. Moreover, treatment with β-glucan down-regulated pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α) while up-regulating anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 at mRNA and protein levels in SE-infected Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, sophy β-glucan strengthened the anti-oxidative capacity of Caco-2 monolayers cells by elevating T-AOC and SOD activity and inhibiting MDA production defending SE. Together, our data showed that sophy β-glucan could prevent intestinal epithelial injury induced by SE, possibly by exerting anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and it might be helpful for controlling SE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.G.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.H.); (R.B.); (W.A.); (Y.G.)
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Kiss A, Hariri Akbari F, Marchev A, Papp V, Mirmazloum I. The Cytotoxic Properties of Extreme Fungi's Bioactive Components-An Updated Metabolic and Omics Overview. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1623. [PMID: 37629481 PMCID: PMC10455657 DOI: 10.3390/life13081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are the most diverse living organisms on planet Earth, where their ubiquitous presence in various ecosystems offers vast potential for the research and discovery of new, naturally occurring medicinal products. Concerning human health, cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality. While extensive research is being conducted on treatments and their efficacy in various stages of cancer, finding cytotoxic drugs that target tumor cells with no/less toxicity toward normal tissue is a significant challenge. In addition, traditional cancer treatments continue to suffer from chemical resistance. Fortunately, the cytotoxic properties of several natural products derived from various microorganisms, including fungi, are now well-established. The current review aims to extract and consolidate the findings of various scientific studies that identified fungi-derived bioactive metabolites with antitumor (anticancer) properties. The antitumor secondary metabolites identified from extremophilic and extremotolerant fungi are grouped according to their biological activity and type. It became evident that the significance of these compounds, with their medicinal properties and their potential application in cancer treatment, is tremendous. Furthermore, the utilization of omics tools, analysis, and genome mining technology to identify the novel metabolites for targeted treatments is discussed. Through this review, we tried to accentuate the invaluable importance of fungi grown in extreme environments and the necessity of innovative research in discovering naturally occurring bioactive compounds for the development of novel cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kiss
- Agro-Food Science Techtransfer and Innovation Centre, Faculty for Agro, Food and Environmental Science, Debrecen University, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Farhad Hariri Akbari
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Andrey Marchev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Biotechnology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Viktor Papp
- Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
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Hu X, Shui Y, Hirano H, Kusano K, Guo WZ, Fujino M, Li XK. PD-L1 antibody enhanced β-glucan antitumor effects via blockade of the immune checkpoints in a melanoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:719-731. [PMID: 36053290 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), one of the major functions of tumor-recruited CD11b+ cells are the suppression of the T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. β-glucan could convert the phenotype of tumor-recruited CD11b+ cells from the suppressive to the promotive, and enhanced their anti-tumor effects. However, β-glucan could enhance the PD-1/PD-L1 expression on CD11b+ cells, while PD-1 could inhibit macrophage phagocytosis and PD-L1 could induce a co-inhibitory signal in T-cells and lead to T-cell apoptosis and anergy. These protumor effects may be reversed by PD-1/PD-L1 block therapy. In the present study, we focused on the efficacy of β-glucan anti-tumor therapy combined with anti-PD-L1 mAb treatment, and the mechanism of their synergistic effects could be fully verified. We verified the effect of β-glucan (i.e., inflammatory cytokine secretion of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β and the expression of immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1) in naïve mouse peritoneal exudate CD11b+ cells. In our mouse melanoma model, treatment with a PD-L1 blocking antibody with β-glucan synergized tumor regression. After treatment with β-glucan and anti-PD-L1 mAb antibody, tumor infiltrating leukocyte (TILs) not only showed a competent T-cell function (CD107a, perforin, IL-2, IFN-γ and Ki67) and CTL population, but also showed enhanced tumor-recruited CD11b+ cell activity (IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β and PD-1). This effect was also verified in the peritoneal exudate CD11b+ cells of tumor-bearing mice. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy enhanced the β-glucan antitumor effects via the blockade of tumor-recruited CD11b+ cell immune checkpoints in the melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yifang Shui
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hiroshi Hirano
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | | | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, Management Department of Biosafety, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Low-Molecular-Weight β-1,3-1,6-Glucan Derived from Aureobasidium pullulans Exhibits Anticancer Activity by Inducing Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020529. [PMID: 36831065 PMCID: PMC9953391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucan, a plant polysaccharide, mainly exists in plant cell walls of oats, barley, and wheat. It is attracting attention due to its high potential for use as functional foods and pharmaceuticals. We have previously reported that low-molecular-weight Aureobasidium pullulans-fermented β-D-glucan (LMW-AP-FBG) could inhibit inflammatory responses by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. Bases on previous results, the objective of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of LMW-AP-FBG in BALB/c mice intracutaneously transplanted with CT-26 colon cancer cells onto their backs. Daily intraperitoneal injections of LMW-AP-FBG (5 mg/kg) for two weeks significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice bearing CT-26 tumors by reducing tumor proliferation and inducing apoptosis as compared to phosphate buffer-treated control mice. In addition, LMW-AP-FBG treatment reduced the viability of CT-26 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis with loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increased activated caspases. Taken together, LMW-AP-FBG exhibits anticancer properties both in vivo and in vitro.
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Farooqi AA, Rakhmetova V, Kapanova G, Mussakhanova A, Tashenova G, Tulebayeva A, Akhenbekova A, Xu B. Suppressive effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides against different cancers: From mechanisms to translational advancements. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154624. [PMID: 36584608 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fueled by rapidly evolving comprehension of multifaceted nature of cancers, recently emerging preclinical and clinical data have supported researchers in the resolution of knowledge gaps to deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms. The extra-ordinary and bewildering chemical diversity encompassed by biologically active natural products continues to be of relevance to drug discovery. Accumulating evidence has spurred a remarkable evolution of concepts related to pharmacological target of oncogenic signaling pathways by polysaccharides in different cancers. PURPOSE The objective of the current review is to provide new insights into study progress on anticancer effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and other databases were searched for articles related to anticancer effects of polysaccharides. Searches were conducted to locate relevant publications published up to October 2022. RESULTS Polysaccharides have been reported to pleiotropically modulate TGF/SMAD, BMP/SMAD, TLR4, mTOR, CXCR4 and VEGF/VEGFR cascades. We have also summarized how different polysaccharides regulated apoptosis and non-coding RNAs. Additionally, this mini-review describes increasingly sophisticated understanding related to polysaccharides mediated tumor suppressive and anti-metastatic effects in tumor-bearing mice. We have also provided an overview of the clinical trials related to chemopreventive role of polysaccharides. CONCLUSION Genomic and proteomic findings from these studies will facilitate 'next-generation' clinical initiatives in the prevention/inhibition of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gulnara Kapanova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; Scientific Center of Anti-infectious Drugs, 75 a al-Faraby Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Akmaral Mussakhanova
- Department of Public Health and Management, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Tashenova
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan; JSC "Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery", Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000, Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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Protective Effects of Fermented Houttuynia cordata Against UVA and H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Keratinocytes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3027-3046. [PMID: 36495375 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological activities of Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) fermented with Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans) was investigated for human skin keratinocyte-induced chemical and photo oxidations. In this research, H2O2/UVA-induced HaCaT cell lines were treated with H. cordata water/ethanol extracts (HCW/HCE) and fermented with A. pullulans water/ethanol extracts (HCFW/HCFE). A. pullulans fermented with H. cordata (HCFW) increased in 5.4-folds of total polyphenol (HCFW 46.89 mg GAE/extract g), and 2.3-folds in flavonoids (HCFW 53.80 mg GAE/extract g) compared with water extracts of H. cordata (HCW). Further, no significant cytotoxicity for HaCaT cells showed by all the extracts of H. cordata fermented with A. pullulans. HCFW extracts have significantly lowered inflammation factors such as COX-2 and Hsp70 proteins in oxidative stressed HaCaT cells induced by H2O2 and UVA treatments. All H. cordata extracts significantly downregulated gene expression involved in oxidative stress and inflammation factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α, NF-κB, and MMP-1 in the H2O2/UVA-treated HaCaT cells. However, keratin-1 gene expression in the UVA-treated HaCaT cells was increased in twofolds by HCFW extracts. Further, A. pullulans fermented H. cordata extracts (HCFW/HCFE) reduced the genes involved in oxidative stresses more effectively than those of H. cordata extract only. Overall, the polyphenol-rich extracts of H. cordata fermented with A. pullulans showed synergistic protective effects for human epidermal keratinocytes to prevent photoaging and intrinsic aging by anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Shui Y, Hu X, Hirano H, Kusano K, Tsukamoto H, Li M, Hasumi K, Guo WZ, Li XK. β-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans augments the anti-tumor immune responses through activated tumor-associated dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108265. [PMID: 34715491 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as the most potent antigen-presenting cells, capable of priming both naïve and memory T cells. Thus, tumor-resident DCs (tumor-associated DCs: TADCs) play a crucial role in the immune response against tumors. However, TADCs are also well known as a "double-edged sword" because an immunosuppressive environment, such as a tumor microenvironment, maintains the immature and tolerogenic properties of TADCs, resulting in the deterioration of the tumor. Therefore, it is essential to maintain and enhance the anti-tumoral activity of TADCs to aid tumor elimination. This study demonstrated the potential for tumor growth inhibition of Aureobasidium pullulan-derived β-glucan (AP-BG). Administration of AP-BG dramatically limited the development of different types of tumor cell lines transplanted into mice. Examination of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed that AP-BG caused high expression of co-stimulatory molecules on TADCs and enhanced the production of cytolytic granules as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines by the tumor-resident T cells. Furthermore, the syngeneic mixed lymphoid reaction assay and popliteal lymph node assay showed the significant ability of AP-BG to improve DCs' antigen-specific priming of T cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, β-glucan might be an immune-potentiating adjuvant for cancer treatment. This highly widely-used reagent will initiate a new way to activate DC-targeted cancer immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Shui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirano
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Hasumi International Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Division of Clinical Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mengquan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hsu CK, Wang DY, Wu MC. A Potential Fungal Probiotic Aureobasidium melanogenum CK-CsC for the Western Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:508. [PMID: 34202244 PMCID: PMC8306588 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aureobasidium melanogenum has been used as an animal feed additive for improving thehealth of pets, however, it has not yet been applied in honey bees. Here, a fungal strain CK-CsC isolated from bee bread pollen, was identified as A. melanogenum. Following characterizing CK-CsC fermentation broth, the 4-days fermentation broth (SYM medium or bee pollen) of the CK-CsC was used to feed newly emerged adult honey bees in cages under laboratory-controlled conditions for analysis of survival, gene expression of nutrient and antibacterial peptide, and gut microbiota of honey bees. It was found that the CK-CsC fermentation broth (SYM medium or bee pollen) is nontoxic to honey bees, and can regularly increase nutrient gene expression of honey bees. However, significant mortality of bees was observed after bees were fed on the supernatant liquid of the fermentation broth. Notably, this mortality can be lowered by the simultaneous consumption of bee pollen. The honey bees that were fed bee pollen exhibited more γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Actinobacteria in their gut flora than did the honey bees fed only crude supernatant liquid extract. These findings indicate that A. melanogenum CK-CsC has high potential as a bee probiotic when it was fermented with bee pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Cheng Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-K.H.); (D.-Y.W.)
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Wang Z, Ma K, Fujino M, Kusano K, Yi SQ, Iwai A, Li XK. The effects of oral administration of Aureobasidium pullulans-cultured fluid containing β-glucan on concanavalin A injected mice. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07277. [PMID: 34195409 PMCID: PMC8233140 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans, extracellularly produces β-(1,3), (1,6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) under certain conditions. The β-glucan is known to be an immunomodulatory agent, and β-glucan enriched A. pullulans cultured fluid (AP-CF) is used in supplements to maintain human health. Concanavalin A (ConA) is a lectin, and when injected it is known to cause T cell mediated autoimmune hepatitis in mice. The present study investigated the effects of oral administration of AP-CF on ConA injection in mice. The results demonstrated that increases in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels after ConA injection were significantly suppressed in an AP-CF administered group of mice. To understand the mechanism of the ALT lowering effects of AP-CF, we used Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) knock-in mice which express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Foxp3 induced cells, and the effects of AP-CF on the regulatory T cell (Treg) populations were investigated. The results show that the basal level of Foxp3+ Treg populations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, liver infiltrating lymphocytes, and splenocytes was decreased after 7 days of administration of AP-CF. These findings suggest that oral administration of AP-CF suppresses the basal level of inflammation, and that it may be postulated to be involved in the ALT lowering effects of AP-CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Wang
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuai Ma
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuang-Qin Yi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Aureo Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,Aureo Science Co., Ltd., Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu J, Yang R, Gao M, Zhang H, Zhan X. Synthesis of functional oligosaccharides and their derivatives through cocultivation and cellular NTP regeneration. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 115:35-63. [PMID: 34140133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play an important role in the life cycle. Among them, functional oligosaccharides show a complex and diverse structures with unique physiological activities and biological functions. However, different preparation methods directly affect the structure, molecular weight, and other functions of oligosaccharides, as well as their application fields and manufacturing costs. In the preparation of β-1,3-glucan oligosaccharides (OBGs), water insolubility of β-1,3-glucans hampers the hydrolysis efficiency. The synthesis of some functional oligosaccharides requires the consumption of energy substrates, such as ATP, CTP, and uridine triphosphate, for sugar nucleotide synthesis, leading to increased capital costs. A more economical solution to solve energy supply is to adopt microbial cocultivation or cellular nucleoside triphosphate regeneration. This review focused on the sources, preparation methods, biological activities of OBG, and the cultivation methods and applications of microbial cocultivation and fermentation. We also reviewed the preparation methods of other functional oligosaccharides, such as sialylated oligosaccharides, β-nicotinamide mononucleotide, and α-galacto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Suzuki T, Kusano K, Kondo N, Nishikawa K, Kuge T, Ohno N. Biological Activity of High-Purity β-1,3-1,6-Glucan Derived from the Black Yeast Aureobasidium pullulans: A Literature Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:242. [PMID: 33467004 PMCID: PMC7830965 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans produces abundant soluble β-1,3-1,6-glucan-a functional food ingredient with known health benefits. For use as a food material, soluble β-1,3-1,6-glucan is produced via fermentation using sucrose as the carbon source. Various functionalities of β-1,3-1,6-glucan have been reported, including its immunomodulatory effect, particularly in the intestine. It also exhibits antitumor and antimetastatic effects, alleviates influenza and food allergies, and relieves stress. Moreover, it reduces the risk of lifestyle-related diseases by protecting the intestinal mucosa, reducing fat, lowering postprandial blood glucose, promoting bone health, and healing gastric ulcers. Furthermore, it induces heat shock protein 70. Clinical studies have reported the antiallergic and triglyceride-reducing effects of β-1,3-1,6-glucan, which are indicators of improvement in lifestyle-related diseases. The primary and higher-order structures of β-1,3-1,6-glucan have been elucidated. Specifically, it comprises a single highly-branched glucose residue with the β-1,6 bond (70% or more) on a backbone of glucose with 1,3-β bonds. β-Glucan shows a triple helical structure, and studies on its use as a drug delivery system have been actively conducted. β-Glucan in combination with anti-inflammatory substances or fullerenes can be used to target macrophages. Based on its health functionality, β-1,3-1,6-glucan is an interesting material as both food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Suzuki
- Research and Development Laboratories, Fujicco, Co., Ltd., 6-13-4 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8558, Japan
| | - Kisato Kusano
- Aureo Co., Ltd., 54-1, Kazusa Koito, Kimitsu-shi, Chiba 292-1149, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Kondo
- Research and Development Division, Itochu Sugar Co., Ltd., 3, Tamatsuura, Hekinan, Aichi 447-8506, Japan;
| | - Kouji Nishikawa
- Innovation Center, Osaka Soda Co., Ltd., 9, Otakasu-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0842, Japan;
| | - Takao Kuge
- Life Science Materials Laboratory, ADEKA Corporation., 7-2-34, Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8553, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
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Heo J, Sobiech TA, Kutscher HL, Chaves L, Sukumaran DK, Karki S, Dube A, Prasad PN, Reynolds JL. Hybrid Curdlan Poly(γ -Glutamic Acid) Nanoassembly for Immune Modulation in Macrophage. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000358. [PMID: 33283480 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A nanoformulation composed of curdlan, a linear polysaccharide of 1,3-β-linked d-glucose units, hydrogen bonded to poly(γ -glutamic acid) (PGA), was developed to stimulate macrophage. Curdlan/PGA nanoparticles (C-NP) are formulated by physically blending curdlan (0.2 mg mL-1 in 0.4 m NaOH) with PGA (0.8 mg mL-1 ). Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis demonstrates a heterospecies interpolymer complex formed between curdlan and PGA. The 1 H-NMR spectra display significant peak broadening as well as downfield chemical shifts of the hydroxyl proton resonances of curdlan, indicating potential intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the cross peaks in 1 H-1 H 2D-NOESY suggest intermolecular associations between the OH-2/OH-4 hydroxyl groups of curdlan and the carboxylic-/amide-groups of PGA via hydrogen bonding. Intracellular uptake of C-NP occurs over time in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM). Furthermore, C-NP nanoparticles dose-dependently increase gene expression for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 at 24 h in MDM. C-NP nanoparticles also stimulate the release of IL-lβ, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23 from MDM. Overall, this is the first demonstration of a simplistic nanoformulation formed by hydrogen bonding between curdlan and PGA that modulates cytokine gene expression and release of cytokines from MDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyun Heo
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Thomas A Sobiech
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Chaves
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Dinesh K Sukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Shanta Karki
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Paras N Prasad
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jessica L Reynolds
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Shields CW, Wang LLW, Evans MA, Mitragotri S. Materials for Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901633. [PMID: 31250498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved loading, targeting, and release of immunomodulatory agents. An overview of the materials that are used to enable or improve the success of immunotherapies in preclinical studies is presented, from immunosuppressive to proinflammatory strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies poised for clinical translation. The materials are organized based on their characteristic length scale, whereby the enabling feature of each technology is organized by the structure of that material. For example, the mechanisms by which i) nanoscale materials can improve targeting and infiltration of immunomodulatory payloads into tissues and cells, ii) microscale materials can facilitate cell-mediated transport and serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and iii) macroscale materials can form the basis of artificial microenvironments to promote cell infiltration and reprogramming are discussed. As a step toward establishing a set of design rules for future immunotherapies, materials that intrinsically activate or suppress the immune system are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the trajectory of these systems and how they may be improved to address unsolved challenges in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Enhancing Activity of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing β-1,3-Glucanoligosaccharide ( Ps-GOS) on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of MC3T3-E1 Cells through the Involvement of BMP-2/Runx2/MAPK/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020190. [PMID: 32012654 PMCID: PMC7072289 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a leading world health problem that results from an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. β-glucans has been extensively reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antiosteoporosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for β-glucan-mediated bone formation in osteoblasts have not yet been investigated. The oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju produces abundant amounts of an insoluble β-glucan, which is rendered soluble by enzymatic degradation using Hevea glucanase to generate low-molecular-weight glucanoligosaccharide (Ps-GOS). This study aimed to investigate the osteogenic enhancing activity and underlining molecular mechanism of Ps-GOS on osteoblastogenesis of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, it was demonstrated for the first time that low concentrations of Ps-GOS could promote cell proliferation and division after 48 h of treatment. In addition, Ps-GOS upregulated the mRNA and protein expression level of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), which are both involved in BMP signaling pathway, accompanied by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization. Ps-GOS also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis related genes including ALP, collagen type 1 (COL1), and osteocalcin (OCN). Moreover, our novel findings suggest that Ps-GOS may exert its effects through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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15
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Leaky-gut enhanced lupus progression in the Fc gamma receptor-IIb deficient and pristane-induced mouse models of lupus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:777. [PMID: 31964918 PMCID: PMC6972921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of gut-leakage or gut-microbiota upon lupus progression was explored in 2 lupus mouse models. Pristane, administered in 4-wk-old wild-type (WT) female mice, induced lupus characteristics at 24-wk-old similar to the lupus-onset in FcGRIIb−/− mice. Gut-microbiota alteration was induced by co-housing together with the gavage of feces from 40-wk-old FcGRIIb−/− mice (symptomatic lupus). On the other hand, gut-leakage was induced by dextran sulfate solution (DSS). DSS and gut-microbiota alteration induced high serum anti-dsDNA immunoglobulin (Ig) as early as 30 days post-DSS only in FcGRIIb−/− mice. DSS, but not gut-microbiota alteration, enhanced lupus characteristics (serum creatinine and proteinuria) in both lupus models (but not in WT) at 60 days post-DSS. Indeed, DSS induced the translocation of molecular components of gut-pathogens as determined by bacterial burdens in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), endotoxemia (gut-bacterial molecule) and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) (gut-fungal molecule) as early as 15 days post-DSS together with enhanced MLN apoptosis in both WT and lupus mice. However, DSS induced spleen apoptosis in FcGRIIb−/− and WT mice at 30 and 60 days post-DSS, respectively, suggesting the higher impact of gut-leakage against spleen of lupus mice. In addition, macrophages preconditioning with LPS plus BG were susceptible to starvation-induced apoptosis, predominantly in FcGRIIb−/− cell, implying the influence of gut-leakage upon cell stress. In summary, gut-leakage induced gut-translocation of organismal-molecules then enhanced the susceptibility of stress-induced apoptosis, predominantly in lupus. Subsequently, the higher burdens of apoptosis in lupus mice increased anti-dsDNA Ig and worsen lupus severity through immune complex deposition. Hence, therapeutic strategies addressing gut-leakage in lupus are interesting.
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Hong YH, Yi YS, Han SY, Aziz N, Kim HG, Park SH, Hossain MA, Baik KS, Choi SY, Lee J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Morinda citrifolia noni water extract enhances innate and adaptive immune responses in healthy mice, ex vivo, and in vitro. Phytother Res 2019; 33:676-689. [PMID: 30632216 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Morinda citrifolia (noni) has long been used in traditional medicines for human diseases, its molecular and cellular mechanism of immunostimulatory ability to improve human health under normal healthy conditions is not fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activity of M. citrifolia fruit water extract treated with enzymes (Mc-eWE). In vitro studies revealed that Mc-eWE stimulated the cells by inducing nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The immunostimulatory activity was mediated by activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Ex vivo studies showed that Mc-eWE stimulated splenocytes isolated from mice by inducing NO production and expression of immunostimulatory cytokines and by downregulating the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 without cytotoxicity. In vivo demonstrated that Mc-eWE induced immunostimulation by modulating populations of splenic immune cells, especially by increasing the population of IFN-γ+ NK cells. Mc-eWE enhanced the expression of inflammatory genes and immunostimulatory cytokines and inhibited the expression of IL-10 in the mouse splenocytes and sera. Taken together, these results suggest that Mc-eWE plays an immunostimulatory role by activating innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kwang Soo Baik
- Functional Ingredient Development Team, Nutribiotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Choi
- Functional Ingredient Development Team, Nutribiotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The saprophytic yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans has been well documented for over 60 years in the microbiological literature. It is ubiquitous in distribution, being found in a variety of environments (plant surfaces, soil, water, rock surfaces and manmade surfaces), and with a worldwide distribution from cold to warm climates and wet/humid regions to arid ones. Isolates and strains of A. pullulans produce a wide range of natural products well documented in the international literature and which have been regarded as safe for biotechnological and environmental applications. Showing antagonistic activity against plant pathogens (especially post-harvest pathogens) is one of the major applications currently in agriculture of the fungus, with nutrient and space competition, production of volatile organic compounds, and production of hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial compounds (antibacterial and antifungal). The fungus also shows a positive role on mycotoxin biocontrol through various modes, with the most striking being that of binding and/or absorption. A. pullulans strains have been reported to produce very useful industrial enzymes, such as β-glucosidase, amylases, cellulases, lipases, proteases, xylanases and mannanases. Pullulan (poly-α-1,6-maltotriose biopolymer) is an A. pullulans trademark product with significant properties and biotechnological applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Poly (β-l-malic acid), or PMA, which is a natural biopolyester, and liamocins, a group of produced heavy oils and siderophores, are among other valuable compounds detected that are of possible biotechnological use. The fungus also shows a potential single-cell protein source capacity with high levels of nucleic acid components and essential amino acids, but this remains to be further explored. Last but not least, the fungus has shown very good biocontrol against aerial plant pathogens. All these properties are of major interest in the vitivinicultural sector and are thoroughly reviewed under this prism, concluding on the importance that A. pullulans may have if used at both vineyard and winery levels. This extensive array of properties provides excellent tools for the viticulturist/farmer as well as for the oenologist to combat problems in the field and create a high-quality wine.
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Uchiyama H, Iwai A, Dohra H, Ohnishi T, Kato T, Park EY. The effects of gene disruption of Kre6-like proteins on the phenotype of β-glucan-producing Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4467-4475. [PMID: 29600492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Killer toxin resistant 6 (Kre6) and its paralog, suppressor of Kre null 1 (Skn1), are thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall β-(1 → 6)-D-glucan in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Δkre6Δskn1 mutant of S. cerevisiae and other fungi shows severe growth defects due to the failure to synthesize normal cell walls. In this study, two homologs of Kre6, namely, K6LP1 (Kre6-like protein 1) and K6LP2 (Kre6-like protein 2), were identified in Aureobasidium pullulans M-2 by draft genome analysis. The Δk6lp1, Δk6lp2, and Δk6lp1Δk6lp2 mutants were generated in order to confirm the functions of the Kre6-like proteins in A. pullulans M-2. The cell morphologies of Δk6lp1 and Δk6lp1Δk6lp2 appeared to be different from those of wild type and Δk6lp2 in both their yeast and hyphal forms. The productivity of the extracellular polysaccharides, mainly composed of β-(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan (β-glucan), of the mutants was 5.1-17.3% less than that of wild type, and the degree of branching in the extracellular β-glucan of mutants was 14.5-16.8% lower than that of wild type. This study showed that the gene disruption of Kre6-like proteins affected the cell morphology, the productivity of extracellular polysaccharides, and the structure of extracellular β-glucan, but it did not have a definite effect on the cell viability even in Δk6lp1Δk6lp2, unlike in the Δkre6Δskn1 of S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
- Aureo-Science Co., Ltd., Nishi 12-2, Kita 21-jo, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Aureo-Science Co., Ltd., Nishi 12-2, Kita 21-jo, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Instrumental Research Support Office, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Natural Products, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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Muramatsu D, Okabe M, Takaoka A, Kida H, Iwai A. Aureobasidium pullulans produced β-glucan is effective to enhance Kurosengoku soybean extract induced Thrombospondin-1 expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2831. [PMID: 28588201 PMCID: PMC5460285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans is extracellularly produced β-(1,3), (1,6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) under certain conditions. In this study, using Glycine max cv. Kurosengoku (Kurosengoku soybeans), the production of β-glucan through fermentation of A. pullulans was evaluated, and the effects of A. pullulans cultured fluid (AP-CF) containing β-glucan made with Kurosengoku soybeans (kAP-CF) on a human monocyte derived cell line, Mono Mac 6 cells were investigated. Concentration of β-glucan in kAP-CF reached the same level as normal AP-CF. An anti-angiogenic protein, Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) was effectively induced after the stimulation with kAP-CF for comparison with AP-CF. The THBS1 is also induced after stimulation with hot water extract of Kurosengoku soybeans (KS-E), while the combined stimulation of β-glucan with KS-E more effectively induced THBS1 than that with KS-E alone. These results suggest effects of A. pullulans-produced β-glucan on the enhancement of Kurosengoku soybean-induced THBS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muramatsu
- Aureo Science Co., Ltd., Hokudai Business Spring, North 21, West 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Okabe
- Aureo Co., Ltd., 54-1 Kazusakoito, Kimitsu, Chiba, 292-1149, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Aureo Science Co., Ltd., Hokudai Business Spring, North 21, West 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
- Aureo Co., Ltd., 54-1 Kazusakoito, Kimitsu, Chiba, 292-1149, Japan.
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20
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Totary-Jain H, Sionov RV, Gallily R. Indomethacin sensitizes resistant transformed cells to macrophage cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2016; 176:1-7. [PMID: 27210423 PMCID: PMC6011832 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages are well known to exhibit anti-tumor properties. However, certain cell types show intrinsic resistance. Searching for a mechanism that could explain this phenomenon, we observed that the supernatant of resistant cells could confer resistance to otherwise sensitive tumor cells, suggesting the presence of a secreted suppressor factor. The effect was abolished upon dialysis, indicating that the suppressor factor has a low molecular weight. Further studies showed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is secreted by the resistant tumor cells and that inhibition of PGE2 production by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, eliminated the macrophage suppression factor from the supernatant, and sensitized the resistant tumor cells to macrophage cytotoxicity. This study emphasizes the important role of tumor-secreted PGE2 in escaping macrophage surveillance and justifies the use of COX inhibitors as an adjuvant for improving tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Totary-Jain
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hadassah Medical School-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ruth Gallily
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hadassah Medical School-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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21
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Güçlü A, Erken HA, Erken G, Dodurga Y, Yay A, Özçoban Ö, Şimşek H, Akçılar A, Koçak FE. The effects of ozone therapy on caspase pathways, TNF-α, and HIF-1α in diabetic nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 48:441-50. [PMID: 26614261 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated apoptosis plays a vital role in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Ozone may attenuate diabetic nephropathy by means of decreased apoptosis-related genes. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of ozone therapy on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Also the histopathological changes in diabetic kidney tissue with ozone treatment were evaluated. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): control (C), ozone (O), diabetic (D), ozone-treated diabetic (DO), insulin-treated diabetic (DI), and ozone- and insulin-treated diabetic (DOI). D, DI, and DOI groups were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Ozone was given to the O, DO, and DOI groups. Group DI and DOI received subcutaneous (SC) insulin (3 IU). All animals received daily treatment for 6 weeks. RESULTS Expressions of caspase-1-3-9, HIF-1α, and TNF-α genes were significantly higher in D group compared to C group (p < 0.05 for all). Ozone treatment resulted in significant decrease in the expressions of these genes in diabetic kidney tissue compared to both C and D group (p < 0.05 for all). Caspase-1-3-9, HIF-1α, and TNF-α gene expressions were found to be lower in DOI group compared to C group (p < 0.05 for all). Also adding ozone treatment to insulin therapy resulted in more significantly decrease in the expressions of these genes in diabetic tissue compared to only insulin-treated diabetic group (p < 0.05 for all). Regarding histological changes, ozone treatment resulted in decrease in the renal corpuscular inflammation and normal kidney morphology was observed. Both insulin and ozone therapies apparently improved kidney histological findings with less degenerated tubules and less inflammation of renal corpuscle compared to D, DO, and DI groups. CONCLUSION Ozone therapy decreases the expressions of apoptotic genes in diabetic kidney tissue and improves the histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Güçlü
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey.
| | - Haydar Ali Erken
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Gülten Erken
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Dodurga
- Department of Medical Biology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Arzu Yay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Özge Özçoban
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hasan Şimşek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Aydın Akçılar
- Experimental Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Emel Koçak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey
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