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Yang Z, Cui C, Zhou Z, Zheng Z, Yan S, Liu H, Qu F, Zhang K. Effect of midsole hardness and surface type cushioning on landing impact in heel-strike runners. J Biomech 2024; 165:111996. [PMID: 38377740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
High loading impact associated with heel strikes causes running injuries. This study aimed to investigate how loading impact is affected by midsole hardness and running surface type. Twelve young rear-foot runners ran at a fixed speed along an 18 m runway wearing shoes with different midsole hardness (Asker C-45, C-50, C-55, C-60, from soft to hard) and on two different surfaces (rubber and concrete). We quantified vertical average loading rate (VALR) and vertical impact peak force (VIPF). We conducted midsole × surface repeated-measures ANOVA on loading impact measures, and one-sample t-tests to compare VALR with a threshold value (80 BW·s-1). Midsole hardness and surface type mainly affected VALR. Although no significant effect of these variables was observed for VIPF magnitude, there were effects on time to VIPF and steps with VIPF. Several combinations of midsole and surface hardness reduced VALR below 80 BW·s-1: Asker C-45 with both surfaces, and Asker C-50 with a rubber surface. The combination of softer midsole and surface effectively reduced loading rates as shown by increased time to VIPF and reduced VALR. Combining softer midsole and surface results in the greatest cushioning, which demonstrates the benefit of considering both factors in reducing running injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyi Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zheng
- Anta (China) Co., Ltd. Anta Sports Science Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Songhua Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Esmaeili A, Hosseininejad SE, Jafarnezhadgero A, Dionisio VC. The interaction effect of different footwear types and static navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation on the joint stiffness of the lower limb during running. Gait Posture 2024; 108:28-34. [PMID: 37979323 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of footwear type on joint stiffness have previously been investigated, researchers did not consider foot flexibility. Thus, the present investigation aimed to determine the interaction effects of footwear type, static navicular drop and dynamic ankle pronation on dynamic joint stiffness in running. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the footwear types in interaction with the foot posture affect the stiffness of the joints of the lower limb? METHODS Forty-seven male individuals participated in this study. Firstly, they were divided into the high navicular, low navicular, and normal navicular drop. Secondly, they were divided into the high dynamic ankle pronation, low dynamic ankle pronation, and normal dynamic ankle pronation groups. Participants performed three running trials at 3 ± 0.2 m/s at minimalist footwear, conventional footwear, and barefoot conditions. We collected the ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematic data and calculated joint stiffness over the stance phase. RESULTS There was no significant main effect of navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation on dynamic joint stiffness for the ankle, knee, and hip (p > 0.05). However, footwear type significantly affected dynamic joint stiffness. The pairwise comparison revealed that the ankle and hip dynamic joint stiffness magnitudes in the conventional footwear condition were greater than in the barefoot and minimalist footwear conditions (p 0.001). In contrast, the knee dynamic joint stiffness magnitude in the conventional footwear condition was lesser than in barefoot and minimalist footwear conditions (p 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE The navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation did not influence lower limb joint stiffness, and there was no significant interaction between navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation and footwear on lower limb dynamic joint stiffness. However, conventional footwear increased the ankle and hip dynamic joint stiffness while reducing knee dynamic joint stiffness, leading to changes in transfer energy, which could have implications for relative injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esmaeili
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Sayed Esmaeil Hosseininejad
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Valdeci Carlos Dionisio
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Zuo Z, Liu B, Essawy H, Huang Z, Tang J, Miao Z, Chen F, Zhang J. Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3480. [PMID: 37631537 PMCID: PMC10458651 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of bio-based foams implies an increase in the use of renewable biological resources to reduce the rapid consumption of petroleum-derived resources. Both tannins and furfuryl alcohol are derived from forestry resources and are, therefore, considered attractive precursors for the preparation of tannin-furanic foams. In addition, toughening modification of tannin-furanic foams using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) results in a more flexible network-like structure, which imparts excellent flexibility to the foams, whose relative properties are even close to those of polyurethane foams, which are the most used for fabrication of insoles for athletes. In addition, the addition of PVOH does not affect the thermal insulation properties of the foams by testing the thermal conductivity, resilience, and elongation at break, while reducing the brittleness of the samples and improving the mechanical properties. Also, the observation of the morphology of the foam shows that the compatibility between PVOH and tannin-furanic resin is good, and the cured foam does not show fragmentation and collapse, while the bubble pore structure is uniform. The developed flexible foam derived from biomass resources endows the foam with good thermal insulation properties and high mechanical properties, and the samples exhibit suitable physical parameters to be used as flexible insoles for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Zuo
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Bowen Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hisham Essawy
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Tang
- Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhe Miao
- Yunnan Arts University, Kunming 650000, China;
| | - Fei Chen
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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4
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Horst F, Hoitz F, Slijepcevic D, Schons N, Beckmann H, Nigg BM, Schöllhorn WI. Identification of subject-specific responses to footwear during running. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11284. [PMID: 37438380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Placing a stronger focus on subject-specific responses to footwear may lead to a better functional understanding of footwear's effect on running and its influence on comfort perception, performance, and pathogenesis of injuries. We investigated subject-specific responses to different footwear conditions within ground reaction force (GRF) data during running using a machine learning-based approach. We conducted our investigation in three steps, guided by the following hypotheses: (I) For each subject x footwear combination, unique GRF patterns can be identified. (II) For each subject, unique GRF characteristics can be identified across footwear conditions. (III) For each footwear condition, unique GRF characteristics can be identified across subjects. Thirty male subjects ran ten times at their preferred (self-selected) speed on a level and approximately 15 m long runway in four footwear conditions (barefoot and three standardised running shoes). We recorded three-dimensional GRFs for one right-foot stance phase per running trial and classified the GRFs using support vector machines. The highest median prediction accuracy of 96.2% was found for the subject x footwear classification (hypothesis I). Across footwear conditions, subjects could be discriminated with a median prediction accuracy of 80.0%. Across subjects, footwear conditions could be discriminated with a median prediction accuracy of 87.8%. Our results suggest that, during running, responses to footwear are unique to each subject and footwear design. As a result, considering subject-specific responses can contribute to a more differentiated functional understanding of footwear effects. Incorporating holistic analyses of biomechanical data is auspicious for the evaluation of (subject-specific) footwear effects, as unique interactions between subjects and footwear manifest in versatile ways. The applied machine learning methods have demonstrated their great potential to fathom subject-specific responses when evaluating and recommending footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Horst
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fabian Hoitz
- Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Djordje Slijepcevic
- Institute of Creative Media Technologies, Department of Media & Digital Technologies, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Nicolas Schons
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckmann
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benno M Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Kim J, McSweeney SC, Hollander K, Horstman T, Wearing SC. Adolescents running in conventional running shoes have lower vertical instantaneous loading rates but greater asymmetry than running barefoot or in partial-minimal shoes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:774-787. [PMID: 37571975 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2240174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Footwear may moderate the transiently heightened asymmetry in lower limb loading associated with peak growth in adolescence during running. This repeated-measures study compared the magnitude and symmetry of peak vertical ground reaction force and instantaneous loading rates (VILRs) in adolescents during barefoot and shod running. Ten adolescents (age, 10.6 ± 1.7 years) ran at self-selected speed (1.7 ± 0.3 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill under three counter-balanced conditions; barefoot and shod with partial-minimal and conventional running shoes. All participants were within one year of their estimated peak height velocity based on sex-specific regression equations. Foot-strike patterns, peak vertical ground reaction force and VILRs were recorded during 20 seconds of steady-state running. Symmetry of ground reaction forces was assessed using the symmetry index. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to compare conditions (α=.05). Adolescents used a rearfoot foot-strike pattern during barefoot and shod running. Use of conventional shoes resulted in a lower VILR (P < .05, dz = 0.9), but higher VILR asymmetry (P < .05) than running barefoot (dz = 1.5) or in partial-minimal shoes (dz = 1.6). Conventional running shoes result in a lower VILR than running unshod or in partial-minimal shoes but may have the unintended consequence of increasing VILR asymmetry. The findings may have implications for performance, musculoskeletal development and injury in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kim
- Complete Rehab Allied Health Clinic, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon C McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstman
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott C Wearing
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Trama R, Wannop JW, Smith E, Stefanyshyn DJ. The influence of midsole horizontal and vertical deformation on soft tissue vibrations and bone acceleration during running. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1047-1055. [PMID: 37724576 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased midsole deformation can limit exposure to high impact and vibration magnitudes while running. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shoes eliciting different midsole deformation on ground reaction forces, heel impact, soft tissue vibrations and bone vibrations. Forty-eight runners performed a 5-min running task on an instrumented treadmill at a self-selected pace with four different shoes. Midsole horizontal and vertical deformations were quantified with relative displacement of seven reflective markers placed on the midsole of the shoe and tracked by eight optoelectronic cameras. Heel impacts, soft tissue and bone vibrations of lower leg muscle groups, sacrum and head were quantified with tri-axial accelerometers. Continuous wavelet transform was used to assess magnitude and frequency of the acceleration data. Linear mixed models and non-parametric one-dimensional regressions between the accelerometer data and shoe deformation were performed. Greater horizontal and vertical deformations decreased the magnitude (up to 4.6% per mm) and frequency (up to 0.6 Hz per mm) of soft tissue vibrations and bone accelerations. Accelerations of the heel, tibia, gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis were more influenced than the sacrum and head. Increasing midsole deformation could therefore mitigate the risk of injury, while increasing running comfort and smoothness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Trama
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John W Wannop
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darren J Stefanyshyn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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7
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Zhu X, Liu J, Liu H, Liu J, Yang Y, Wang H. Effects of Midsole Hardness on the Mechanical Response Characteristics of the Plantar Fascia during Running. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050533. [PMID: 37237604 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High long-term stress on the plantar fascia (PF) is the main cause of plantar fasciitis. Changes in the midsole hardness (MH) of running shoes are an important factor leading to the alteration of the PF. This study aims to establish a finite-element (FE) model of the foot-shoe, and investigates the effects of midsole hardness on PF stress and strain. The FE foot-shoe model was built in ANSYS using computed-tomography imaging data. Static structural analysis was used to simulate the moment of running push and stretch. Plantar stress and strain under different MH levels were quantitatively analyzed. A complete and valid 3D FE model was established. With an increase in MH from 10 to 50 Shore A, the overall stress and strain of the PF were decreased by approximately 1.62%, and the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint flexion angle was decreased by approximately 26.2%. The height of the arch descent decreased by approximately 24.7%, but the peak pressure of the outsole increased by approximately 26.6%. The established model in this study was effective. For running shoes, increasing the MH reduces the stress and strain of PF, but also imposes a higher load on the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhu
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingxi Liu
- School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haichun Wang
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Soraruf I, Monaco V, Sacchi M, Cianchetti M. Study on the effects of shoe cushioning on trail-running: perception, bench test and biomechanical approach. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2181875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Soraruf
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- OberAlp Group SpA, Bolzano, IT, Italy
| | - Vito Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Cianchetti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Clermont C, Barrons ZB, Esposito M, Dominguez E, Culo M, Wannop JW, Stefanyshyn D. The influence of midsole shear on running economy and smoothness with a 3D-printed midsole. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:410-421. [PMID: 35081870 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2029936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to first determine whether a newly designed 3D-printed midsole, configured with a mechanism to increase anterior-posterior deformation, could increase anterior midsole shear during the stance phase of running. We then wanted to determine whether these shoes could affect running economy and smoothness. Two footwear conditions, differing in midsole technology, were used in this study. The control condition consisted of a thermoplastic polyurethane midsole (TPU-Control), whereas the prototype shoes (3D-Shear) were constructed with a 3D-printed lattice midsole designed for greater anterior foot displacement during early to mid-stance. Twenty male participants ran on a treadmill for 6 min in each condition, and data were collected during the final 2 min. Midsole shear was measured using 3D kinematic data; running smoothness was quantified with peak acceleration and jerk magnitudes from the foot, sacrum, and head; and running economy was determined with oxygen consumption data. As hypothesised, the anterior midsole shear was greater in the 3D-Shear condition compared to the TPU-Control. The 3D-Shear did not improve running economy. Runners exhibited significantly lower peak accelerations at the sacrum, along with lower magnitudes of jerk at the foot, sacrum, and head in the 3D-Shear condition, indicating smoother running patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Clermont
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zachary B Barrons
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Esposito
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eugene Dominguez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marina Culo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John W Wannop
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darren Stefanyshyn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Backes A, Delattre N, Theisen D. Lower impact forces but greater burden for the musculoskeletal system in running shoes with greater cushioning stiffness. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:210-220. [PMID: 35014593 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2023655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a recent randomised trial investigating running shoe cushioning, injury risk was greater in recreational runners who trained in the shoe version with greater cushioning stiffness (Stiff) compared to those using the Soft version. However, vertical impact peak force (VIPF) was lower in the Stiff version. To investigate further the mechanisms involved in the protective effect of greater cushioning, the present study used an intra-subject design and analysed the differences in running kinematics and kinetics between the Stiff and Soft shoe versions on a subsample of 41 runners from the previous trial. Data were recorded in the two shoe conditions using an instrumented treadmill at 10 km.h-1. VIPF was confirmed to be lower in the Stiff version compared to the Soft version (1.39 ± 0.25 vs. 1.50 ± 0.25 BW, respectively; p = 0.009, d = 0.42), but not difference was observed in vertical loading rate (p = 0.255 and 0.897 for vertical average and instantaneous loading rate, respectively). Ankle eversion maximal velocity was not different (p = 0.099), but the Stiff version induced greater ankle negative work (-0.55 ± 0.09 vs. -0.52 ± 0.10 J.kg-1; p = 0.009, d = 0.32), maximal ankle negative power (-7.21 ± 1.90 vs. -6.96 ± 1.92 W.kg-1; p = 0.037, d = 0.13) and maximal hip extension moment (1.25 ± 0.32 vs.1.18 ± 0.30 N.m.kg-1; p = 0.009, d = 0.22). Our results suggest that the Stiff shoe version is related to increased mechanical burden for the musculoskeletal system, especially around the ankle joint.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03115437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Anne Backes
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon Sports Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Daniel Theisen
- ALAN - Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Bascharage, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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11
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Nguyen AP, Gillain L, Delieux L, Detrembleur C, Mahaudens P, Esculier JF. Opinions about running shoes in runners and non-runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2144468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phong Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loris Gillain
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Delieux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Detrembleur
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mahaudens
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- Service d’orthopédie et de traumatologie de l’appareil locomoteur, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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Lacey A, Whyte E, O’Keeffe S, O’Connor S, Moran K. A qualitative examination of the factors affecting the adoption of injury focused wearable technologies in recreational runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265475. [PMID: 35793284 PMCID: PMC9258862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Understanding the perceived efficacy and ease of use of technologies will influence initial adoption and sustained utilization. The objectives of this study were to determine the metrics deemed important by runners for monitoring running-related injury (RRI) risk, and identify the facilitators and barriers to their use of injury focused wearable technologies. Methods A qualitative focus group study was undertaken. Nine semi-structured focus groups with male (n = 13) and female (n = 14) recreational runners took place. Focus groups were audio and video recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were thematically analysed. A critical friend approach was taken to data coding, and multiple methods of trustworthiness were executed. Results Excessive loading and inadequate recovery were deemed the most important risk factors to monitor for RRI risk. Other important factors included training activities, injury status and history, and running technique. The location and method of attachment of a wearable device, the design of a smartphone application, and receiving useful injury-related information will affect recreational runners’ adoption of injury focused technologies. Conclusions Overtraining, training-related and individual-related risk factors are essential metrics that need to be monitored for RRI risk. RRI apps should include the metrics deemed important by runners, once there is supporting evidence-based research. The difficulty and/or ease of use of a device, and receiving useful feedback will influence the adoption of injury focused running technologies. There is a clear willingness from recreational runners to adopt injury focused wearable technologies whilst running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Lacey
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Enda Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad O’Keeffe
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O’Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Su W, Zhang S, Ye D, Sun X, Zhang X, Fu W. Effects of Barefoot and Shod on the In Vivo Kinematics of Medial Longitudinal Arch During Running Based on a High-Speed Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917675. [PMID: 35837546 PMCID: PMC9274304 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoes affect the biomechanical properties of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and further influence the foot’s overall function. Most previous studies on the MLA were based on traditional skin-marker motion capture, and the observation of real foot motion inside the shoes is difficult. Thus, the effect of shoe parameters on the natural MLA movement during running remains in question. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in the MLA’s kinematics between shod and barefoot running by using a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS). Fifteen healthy habitual rearfoot runners were recruited. All participants ran at a speed of 3 m/s ± 5% along with an elevated runway in barefoot and shod conditions. High-speed DFIS was used to acquire the radiographic images of MLA movements in the whole stance phase, and the kinematics of the MLA were calculated. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the kinematic characteristics of the MLA during the stance phase between shod and barefoot conditions. Compared with barefoot, shoe-wearing showed significant changes (p < 0.05) as follows: 1) the first metatarsal moved with less lateral direction at 80%, less anterior translation at 20%, and less superiority at 10–70% of the stance phase; 2) the first metatarsal moved with less inversion amounting to 20–60%, less dorsiflexion at 0–10% of the stance phase; 3) the inversion/eversion range of motion (ROM) of the first metatarsal relative to calcaneus was reduced; 4) the MLA angles at 0–70% of the stance phase were reduced; 5) the maximum MLA angle and MLA angle ROM were reduced in the shod condition. Based on high-speed DFIS, the above results indicated that shoe-wearing limited the movement of MLA, especially reducing the MLA angles, suggesting that shoes restricted the compression and recoil of the MLA, which further affected the spring-like function of the MLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Su
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shen Zhang, ; Weijie Fu,
| | - Dongqiang Ye
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaole Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shen Zhang, ; Weijie Fu,
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14
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Lloria-Varella J, Besson T, Varesco G, Espeit L, Kennouche D, Delattre N, Millet GY, Morio C, Rossi J. Running pattern changes after a 38-km trail running race: does shoe fatigue play a role? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2086302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Lloria-Varella
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thibault Besson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giorgio Varesco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Djahid Kennouche
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Morio
- Movement Sciences Department, SportsLab, Lille, France
| | - Jeremy Rossi
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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15
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Ford R, Misra M, Mohanty A, Brandon S. Effect of Simulated Mass-tunable Auxetic Midsole On Vertical Ground Reaction Force. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1141520. [PMID: 35678792 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When runners impact the ground, they experience a sudden peak ground reaction force (GRF) which may be up to 4x greater than their bodyweight. Increased GRF impact peak magnitude has been associated with lower limb injuries in runners. Yet, shoe midsoles are capable of cushioning the impact between the runner and the ground to reduce GRF. It has been proposed that midsoles should be tunable with subject mass to minimize GRF and reduce risk of injury. Auxetic metamaterials, structures designed to achieve negative Poisson's ratios, demonstrate superior impact properties and are highly tunable. Recently, auxetic structures have been introduced in footwear, but their effects on GRF are not documented in literature. This work investigates the viability of a 3D auxetic impact structure with a tunable force plateau as a midsole through mass-spring-damper (MSD) simulation. An MSD model was used to perform 315 simulations considering combinations of 7 subject masses (45-90kg), 15 auxetic plateau forces (72-1080N), and 3 auxetic damping conditions (450, 725, 1000Ns/m) and regression analysis was used to determine their influence on GRF impact peak, energy, instantaneous and average loading rate. Simulations showed that tuning auxetic plateau force and damping based on subject mass may reduce GRF impact and loading rate versus simulated conventional midsoles. Auxetic plateau force and damping conditions of 450Ns/m and ~1BW, respectively, minimized peak impact GRF. This work demonstrates the need for tunable auxetic midsoles and may inform future work involving midsole testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- RyanR Ford
- University of Guelph School of Engineering, Albert A. Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1
| | - Manjusri Misra
- University of Guelph School of Engineering, Albert A. Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1
| | - Amar Mohanty
- University of Guelph School of Engineering, Albert A. Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1
| | - Scott Brandon
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, CRSC, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph ON, N1G 1Y
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16
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Hata K, Noro H, Takeshita T, Yamazaki Y, Yanagiya T. Leg stiffness during running in highly cushioned shoes with a carbon-fiber plate and traditional shoes. Gait Posture 2022; 95:9-14. [PMID: 35395621 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (NVF) improves running economy and performance. The biomechanical mechanisms of these shoes are not fully understood, although thicker midsoles and carbon fiber plates are considered to play an important role in the spring-like leg characteristics during running. Leg stiffness (kleg) in the spring-mass model has been commonly used to investigate spring-like running mechanics during running. RESEARCH QUESTION Does kleg during running differ between NVF and traditional (TRAD) shoes? METHODS Eighteen male habitual forefoot and/or midfoot strike runners ran on a treadmill at 20 km/h with NVF and TRAD shoes, respectively. kleg, vertical oscillation of the center of mass (∆CoM), spatiotemporal parameters, and mechanical loading were determined. RESULTS kleg was 4.8% lower in the NVF shoe condition than in the TRAD condition, although no significant difference was observed. ∆CoM was not significantly different between shoe conditions. Spatiotemporal parameters and mechanical loading were also not significantly different between shoe conditions. SIGNIFICANCE The NVF shoe is well known as improving the running economy and running performance for the cause by characteristics of better spring function. Contrary to expectation, kleg and other parameters were not significantly different during running in the NVF compared to TRAD shoe at 20 km/h. These findings indicate that well-trained runners' spring-like running mechanics would not alter even if wearing the NVF shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hata
- Graduate school of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Noro
- Graduate school of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takeshita
- Graduate school of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; Research fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamazaki
- Graduate school of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Yanagiya
- Graduate school of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Spiegl O, Tarassova O, Lundgren LE, Neuman D, Arndt A. Comparison of lightweight and traditional figure skating blades, a prototype blade with integrated damping system and a running shoe in simulated figure skating landings and vertical countermovement jumps, and evaluation of dampening properties of the prototype blade. Sports Biomech 2022:1-22. [PMID: 35579065 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2063757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no empirical evidence suggesting greater jump heights or cushioned landings when using figure skating (FS) blades of different mass and design. This study examined the effect of lightweight (Gold Seal Revolution from John Wilson) and traditional (Apex Supreme from Jackson Ultima and Volant from Riedell) blades, a new prototype blade with an integrated damping system (damping blade) in two different damping configurations, and running shoes (Runfalcon from Adidas) on kinetics and kinematics during simulated on-ice landings from 0.6 m and maximal countermovement jumps on synthetic ice, and measured dampening properties of the damping blade. Seventeen participants executed trials in the six footwear conditions blinded to the different blades and acted as their own control for statistical comparison. There were no differences between the lightweight and traditional blades on the maximal vertical ground reaction force during the landing. Image analysis showed a damping effect in the damping blade that significantly decreased the landing load for all participants (mean 4.38 ± 0.68 bodyweight) (p ≤ 0.006), on average between 10.1 and 14.3% compared to lightweight and traditional blades (4.87 ± 1.01 to 5.11 ± 0.88 bodyweight). The maximal jump height achieved was the same in all FS blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Spiegl
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Tarassova
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina E Lundgren
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Daniel Neuman
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Arndt
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Zhang Z, Lake M. A Re-examination of the Measurement of Foot Strike Mechanics During Running: The Immediate Effect of Footwear Midsole Thickness. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:824183. [PMID: 35557980 PMCID: PMC9086850 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.824183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Midsole cushioning thickness (MT) is a key component of running footwear that may influence the stiffness setting of the joints, performance enhancement, and injury prevention. Most studies that have investigated the influence of manipulating shoe midsole characteristics on foot strike patterns and vertical force loading rates have not considered the dynamic conditions of initial landing and the associated initial lower limb joint stiffness. In this study, we examined the effect of running in shoes with large changes in MT on both the posture and dynamics associated with foot strike. Methods 12 injury-free runners with habitual rearfoot strike patterns ran at 4.5 m/s along a 40-m runway in shoe conditions with MT of 30, 42, and 54 mm, respectively. Ground reaction force and the right leg kinematic data were collected. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to statistically analyze the effect of MT on key variables linked to foot strike. Results Increased midsole thickness resulted in a slightly flatter foot strike posture (p < 0.05), a decreased shank retraction velocity (p < 0.05), and an increase in forward horizontal foot velocity (p < 0.05), all at initial ground contact. Vertical force loading rates were reduced with increasing MT (p < 0.05), but this was associated with large increases in the initial ankle and knee joint stiffness (p < 0.05). Conclusion Adjustments in the initial conditions of contact with the ground during running were seen in both the posture and dynamics of the lower limbs. To help to mitigate the impact severity from foot-ground collision with the thinnest shoe condition, there was an increased shank retraction velocity and decreased forward velocity of the foot at landing. These active impact-moderating adaptations likely served to reduce the changes in impact severity expected due to midsole material properties alone and should be considered in relation to altering the risk of running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Zhang
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lake
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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19
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Matias AB, Watari R, Taddei UT, Caravaggi P, Inoue RS, Thibes RB, Suda EY, Vieira MF, Sacco ICN. Effects of Foot-Core Training on Foot-Ankle Kinematics and Running Kinetics in Runners: Secondary Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:890428. [PMID: 35497357 PMCID: PMC9046605 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.890428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of an 8-week foot-core exercise training program on foot-ankle kinematics during running and also on running kinetics (impact loads), with particular interest in biomechanical outcomes considered risk factors for running-related injuries in recreational runners. A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 87 recreational runners randomly allocated to either the control (CG) or intervention (IG) group and assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. The IG underwent foot-core training 3 times/week, while the CG followed a placebo lower-limb stretching protocol. The participants ran on a force-instrumented treadmill at a self-selected speed while foot-segment motion was captured simultaneously with kinetic measurements. After the intervention, there were statistically significant changed in foot biomechanics, such as: IG participants strike the ground with a more inverted calcaneus and a less dorsiflexed midfoot than those in the CG; at midstance, ran with a less plantarflexed and more adducted forefoot and a more abducted hallux; and at push-off, ran with a less dorsiflexed midfoot and a less adducted and more dorsiflexed hallux. The IG runners also had significantly decreased medial longitudinal arch excursion (p = 0.024) and increased rearfoot inversion (p = 0.037). The 8-week foot-core exercise program had no effect on impact (p = 0.129) and breaking forces (p = 0.934) or on vertical loading rate (p = 0.537), but it was positively effective in changing foot-ankle kinematic patterns.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra B. Matias
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricky Watari
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulisses T. Taddei
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Caravaggi
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael S. Inoue
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raissa B. Thibes
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Eneida Y. Suda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. N. Sacco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isabel C. N. Sacco,
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20
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Agresta C, Giacomazzi C, Harrast M, Zendler J. Running Injury Paradigms and Their Influence on Footwear Design Features and Runner Assessment Methods: A Focused Review to Advance Evidence-Based Practice for Running Medicine Clinicians. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:815675. [PMID: 35356094 PMCID: PMC8959543 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many runners seek health professional advice regarding footwear recommendations to reduce injury risk. Unfortunately, many clinicians, as well as runners, have ideas about how to select running footwear that are not scientifically supported. This is likely because much of the research on running footwear has not been highly accessible outside of the technical footwear research circle. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to update clinical readers on the state of the science for assessing runners and recommending running footwear that facilitate the goals of the runner. We begin with a review of basic footwear construction and the features thought to influence biomechanics relevant to the running medicine practitioner. Subsequently, we review the four main paradigms that have driven footwear design and recommendation with respect to injury risk reduction: Pronation Control, Impact Force Modification, Habitual Joint (Motion) Path, and Comfort Filter. We find that evidence in support of any paradigm is generally limited. In the absence of a clearly supported paradigm, we propose that in general clinicians should recommend footwear that is lightweight, comfortable, and has minimal pronation control technology. We further encourage clinicians to arm themselves with the basic understanding of the known effects of specific footwear features on biomechanics in order to better recommend footwear on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristine Agresta
| | - Christina Giacomazzi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark Harrast
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Backes A, Delattre N, Cabri J, Theisen D. Relevance of Frequency-Domain Analyses to Relate Shoe Cushioning, Ground Impact Forces and Running Injury Risk: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial With 800+ Recreational Runners. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:744658. [PMID: 34859204 PMCID: PMC8632264 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.744658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushioning systems in running shoes are used assuming that ground impact forces relate to injury risk and that cushioning materials reduce these impact forces. In our recent trial, the more cushioned shoe version was associated with lower injury risk. However, vertical impact peak force was higher in participants with the Soft shoe version. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the time, magnitude and frequency characteristics of peak forces using frequency-domain analysis by comparing the two study groups from our recent trial (Hard and Soft shoe group, respectively). The secondary objective was to investigate if force characteristics are prospectively associated with the risk of running-related injury. This is a secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized trial on shoe cushioning with a biomechanical running analysis at baseline and a 6-month follow-up on running exposure and injury. Participants (n = 848) were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed in their randomly allocated shoe condition. The vertical ground reaction force signal for each stance phase was decomposed into the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform. Both components were recomposed into the time domain using the inverse Fourier transform. An analysis of variance was used to compare force characteristics between the two study groups. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between force characteristics and injury risk. Participants using the Soft shoes displayed lower impact peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.23), longer time to peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.25), and lower average loading rate (p < 0.001, d = 0.18) of the high frequency signal compared to those using the Hard shoes. Participants with low average and instantaneous loading rate of the high frequency signal had lower injury risk [Sub hazard rate ratio (SHR) = 0.49 and 0.55; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25–0.97 and 0.30–0.99, respectively], and those with early occurrence of impact peak force (high frequency signal) had greater injury risk (SHR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05–2.53). Our findings may explain the protective effect of the Soft shoe version previously observed. The present study also demonstrates that frequency-domain analyses may provide clinically relevant impact force characteristics. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: 9NCT03115437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Department of Population Health, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Department of Population Health, Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Backes
- Department of Population Health, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon Sports Lab, Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jan Cabri
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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22
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Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:9914278. [PMID: 34721664 PMCID: PMC8553457 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiffness, the resistance to deformation due to force, has been used to model the way in which the lower body responds to landing during cyclic motions such as running and jumping. Vertical, leg, and joint stiffness provide a useful model for investigating the store and release of potential elastic energy via the musculotendinous unit in the stretch-shortening cycle and may provide insight into sport performance. This review is aimed at assessing the effect of vertical, leg, and joint stiffness on running performance as such an investigation may provide greater insight into performance during this common form of locomotion. PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases were searched resulting in 92 publications on vertical, leg, and joint stiffness and running performance. Vertical stiffness increases with running velocity and stride frequency. Higher vertical stiffness differentiated elite runners from lower-performing athletes and was also associated with a lower oxygen cost. In contrast, leg stiffness remains relatively constant with increasing velocity and is not strongly related to the aerobic demand and fatigue. Hip and knee joint stiffness are reported to increase with velocity, and a lower ankle and higher knee joint stiffness are linked to a lower oxygen cost of running; however, no relationship with performance has yet been investigated. Theoretically, there is a desired “leg-spring” stiffness value at which potential elastic energy return is maximised and this is specific to the individual. It appears that higher “leg-spring” stiffness is desirable for running performance; however, more research is needed to investigate the relationship of all three lower limb joint springs as the hip joint is often neglected. There is still no clear answer how training could affect mechanical stiffness during running. Studies including muscle activation and separate analyses of local tissues (tendons) are needed to investigate mechanical stiffness as a global variable associated with sports performance.
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23
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Leg and Joint Stiffness Adaptations to Minimalist and Maximalist Running Shoes. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:408-414. [PMID: 34284352 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The running footwear literature reports a conceptual disconnect between shoe cushioning and external impact loading: footwear or surfaces with greater cushioning tend to result in greater impact force characteristics during running. Increased impact loading with maximalist footwear may reflect an altered lower-extremity gait strategy to adjust for running in compliant footwear. The authors hypothesized that ankle and knee joint stiffness would change to maintain the effective vertical stiffness, as cushioning changed with minimalist, traditional, and maximalist footwear. Eleven participants ran on an instrumental treadmill (3.5 m·s-1) for a 5-minute familiarization in each footwear, plus an additional 110 seconds before data collection. Vertical, leg, ankle, and knee joint stiffness and vertical impact force characteristics were calculated. Mixed model with repeated measures tested differences between footwear conditions. Compared with traditional and maximalist, the minimalist shoes were associated with greater average instantaneous and average vertical loading rates (P < .050), greater vertical stiffness (P ≤ .010), and less change in leg length between initial contact and peak resultant ground reaction force (P < .050). No other differences in stiffness or impact variables were observed. The shoe cushioning paradox did not hold in this study due to a similar musculoskeletal strategy for running in traditional and maximalist footwear and running with a more rigid limb in minimalist footwear.
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24
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Muniz AMDS, Sizenando D, Neves EB, Marson RA, Palhano R, Menegaldo L, Bini RR. Effect of loading carriage during walking with military boots with polyurethane and styrene-butadiene rubber midsoles. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1917698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rudnei Palhano
- Instituto Brasileiro de Tecnologia do Couro, Calçado e Artefatos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Menegaldo
- UFRJ, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Centro de Tecnologia - Av, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mara de Souza Muniz A, Sizenando D, Lobo G, Neves EB, Gonçalves M, Marson R, Palhano R, Menegaldo L, Bini RR. Effects from loaded walking with polyurethane and styrene-butadiene rubber midsole military boots on kinematics and external forces: A statistical parametric mapping analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 94:103429. [PMID: 33862308 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study compared ground reaction forces (GRF) and lower limb two-dimensional (2D) kinematic waveforms, with and without load carriage, in military personnel walking in two different types of boots. Data were measured in 24-soldiers walking on a 10-m walkway under four randomized crossover trials: wearing two military boots (styrene-butadiene rubber midsole - SBR - 63 Shore A; and polyurethane midsole - PU - 48 Shore A); with and without a 15-kg backpack. GRF traditional parameters were evaluated by two-way ANOVAs. GRF and kinematic waveforms were assessed using a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) method (two-way ANOVA). No interaction effects were observed between footwear and load. GRF at the beginning of stance was lower while wearing the SBR boot condition compared to the PU boot condition. Load carriage increased trunk, hip, and knee flexion. The analyzed military boots did not affect movement patterns during loaded walking and the military boot with SBR midsole material reduced impact to a greater extent. The study demonstrated that the design and materials (e.g., midsole material and thickness) used in boot manufacturing can influence military boot performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Sizenando
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lobo
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército (IPCFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel Gonçalves
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Runer Marson
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército (IPCFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rudnei Palhano
- Instituto Brasileiro de Tecnologia do Couro, Calçado e Artefatos (IBTEc), Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Menegaldo
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rico Bini
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill Campus, Bendigo, Victoria, 3550, Australia
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26
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Monaghan AS, Monaghan PG, Richmond SB, Roper JA, Fling BW. The effect of shoe cushioning on gait and balance in females with multiple sclerosis. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2593-2603. [PMID: 34212220 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gait and balance deficits are significant concerns for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Shoe cushioning can influence mobility and balance, but its effect on walking and balance remains unknown in MS. This study aimed to determine how shoe cushioning affects gait and balance in females with MS (FwMS). We hypothesized that extra cushioning would improve gait but reduce balance performance. FwMS performed gait (n = 18) and balance (n = 17) assessments instrumented using inertial sensors in two different shoe conditions: a standard-cushioned and an extra-cushioned shoe. Care was taken to ensure minimal differences between shoe types other than midsole cushioning, but shoe construction was not identical between conditions. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were assessed during a 2-min walk test, while postural sway measures were evaluated using the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance. In the extra-cushioned shoe, FwMS spent less time in the double support and stance phase with more time in the single support and swing phase. No differences in stride length, gait speed, or elevation at midswing were observed between shoe conditions. Decreased path length, RMS sway, and sway velocity were observed in the extra-cushioned shoe. No differences were observed in the gait cycle's spatial composition between shoe conditions, but FwMS demonstrated improvements in the gait cycle's temporal parameters and postural sway in the extra-cushioned shoe. This may suggest a less cautious walking strategy and improved balance when wearing a shoe with extra cushioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Monaghan
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sutton B Richmond
- Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamie A Roper
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Brett W Fling
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Room 220 Moby Complex, 951 Plum Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1582, USA. .,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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de Britto MA, Lemos AL, Dos Santos CS, Maroneze BM, Stoelben KJ, Carpes FP. Effects of a rebound shoe to reduce impact forces in jump-landing tasks. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 26:77-83. [PMID: 33992301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impact forces are risk factors for injuries during jump-landing tasks. Rebound shoes could reduce impact forces and show potential applications in training and rehabilitation programs. Here, we determine the capacity of a rebound shoe in attenuating impact forces during different motor tasks involving foot landing. DESIGN Crossover laboratory research design. SETTINGS Women not trained for jump-landing tasks performed different exercises while the vertical ground reaction force impact peak, time to peak, and asymmetries were determined. They were wearing a commercial rebound shoe and a control running shoe. Paired t-tests were used to compare the shoes and asymmetries. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen physically active women (average age of 23 years old, height of 1.64 m, and body mass of 63 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ground reaction forces. RESULTS The rebound shoe reduced the impact peak force and elicited slight asymmetries between the legs. The rebound shoe also showed a longer time to peak. CONCLUSIONS The rebound shoe tested reduced impact forces during jump-landing tasks, which is a potential application in training sessions and rehabilitation programs, requiring lower impact forces to the lower extremity. The effects of long-term use of these shoes still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana A de Britto
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa L Lemos
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno M Maroneze
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Jv Stoelben
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Isherwood J, Rimmer E, Fu F, Xie Z, Sterzing T. Biomechanical and perceptual cushioning sensitivity based on mechanical running shoe properties. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1913243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Isherwood
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Esther Rimmer
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengqin Fu
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhihao Xie
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Thorsten Sterzing
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
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Malisoux L, Theisen D. Can the "Appropriate" Footwear Prevent Injury in Leisure-Time Running? Evidence Versus Beliefs. J Athl Train 2021; 55:1215-1223. [PMID: 33064799 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-523-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leisure-time running is one of the most popular forms of physical activity around the world. It can be practiced almost everywhere and requires mainly a pair of "appropriate" running shoes. However, the term appropriate is ambiguous, and the properties of running footwear have always generated hot debates among clinicians, coaches, and athletes, whatever the level of practice. As the main interface between the runner's foot and the ground, the shoe potentially plays an important role in managing repetitive external mechanical loads applied to the musculoskeletal system and, thus, in injury prevention. Consequently, over the last decades, running shoes have been prescribed based on matching shoe features to foot morphology. This strategy aligns with the popular belief that footwear is one of the main extrinsic factors influencing running-related injury risk. Despite a seemingly sound strategy for shoe prescription and constant progress in running-footwear technology, the injury rate remains high. Therefore, our aim in this narrative literature review is to clarify whether the prescription of appropriate footwear to prevent injury in running is evidence based, the result of logical fallacy, or just a myth. The literature presented in this review is based on a nonsystematic search of the MEDLINE database and focuses on work investigating the effect of shoe features on injury risk in runners. In addition, key elements for a proper understanding of the literature on running footwear and injury risk are addressed. In this literature review, we outline (1) the main risk factors and the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of running-related injury, (2) important methodologic considerations for generating high-level evidence, (3) the evidence regarding the influence of running-shoe features on injury risk, (4) future directions for research, and (5) final general recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health
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Borgia B, Radzak KN, Freedman Silvernail J. Similarities in joint stiffness across footwear conditions in younger and masters-aged runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1906331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kara N. Radzak
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Jaén-Carrillo D, Roche-Seruendo LE, Felton L, Cartón-Llorente A, García-Pinillos F. Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bioinspired material architectures from bighorn sheep horncore velar bone for impact loading applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18916. [PMID: 33144662 PMCID: PMC7642289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep rams (Ovis canadensis canadensis) routinely conduct intraspecific combat where high energy cranial impacts are experienced. Previous studies have estimated cranial impact forces to be up to 3400 N during ramming, and prior finite element modeling studies showed the bony horncore stores 3 × more strain energy than the horn during impact. In the current study, the architecture of the porous bone within the horncore was quantified, mimicked, analyzed by finite element modeling, fabricated via additive manufacturing, and mechanically tested to determine the suitability of the novel bioinspired material architecture for use in running shoe midsoles. The iterative biomimicking design approach was able to tailor the mechanical behavior of the porous bone mimics. The approach produced 3D printed mimics that performed similarly to ethylene–vinyl acetate shoe materials in quasi-static loading. Furthermore, a quadratic relationship was discovered between impact force and stiffness in the porous bone mimics, which indicates a range of stiffness values that prevents impact force from becoming excessively high. These findings have implications for the design of novel bioinspired material architectures for minimizing impact force.
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Uddin KZ, Youssef G, Trkov M, Seyyedhosseinzadeh H, Koohbor B. Gradient optimization of multi-layered density-graded foam laminates for footwear material design. J Biomech 2020; 109:109950. [PMID: 32807338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several sports-related injuries and orthopedic treatments need the necessity of corrective shoes that can assuage the excessive pressure on sensitive locations of the foot. In the present work, we study the mechanical and energy absorption characteristics of density-graded foams designed for shoe midsoles. The stress-strain responses of polyurea foams with relative densities (nominal density of foam divided by the density of water) of 0.095, 0.23, and 0.35 are obtained experimentally and used as input to a semi-analytical model. Using this model, three-layered foam laminates with various gradients are designed and characterized in terms of their weight, strength, and energy absorption properties. We show that, in comparison with monolithic foams, significant improvement in strength and energy absorption performance can be achieved through density gradation. Our findings also suggest that there is not a single gradient that offers a superior combination of strength, energy absorption, and weight. Rather, an optimal gradient depends on the plantar location and pressure. Depending on the magnitude of the local plantar pressure, density gradients that lead to the highest specific energy absorption are identified for normal walking and running conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Zahir Uddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - George Youssef
- Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mitja Trkov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Hamid Seyyedhosseinzadeh
- Orthopedic Research Group, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 201 S. Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Behrad Koohbor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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34
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Malisoux L, Delattre N, Meyer C, Gette P, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Effect of shoe cushioning on landing impact forces and spatiotemporal parameters during running: results from a randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:985-993. [PMID: 32781913 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1809713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn a recent randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners, injury risk was lower in those who received the Soft shoe version compared to those using the Hard version (Hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07-2.16). Here, we investigated the effect of shoe cushioning on ground reaction forces (GRF) and spatiotemporal parameters in the same cohort, with a special focus on Vertical Impact Peak Force (VIPF) and Vertical Instantaneous Loading Rate (VILR). Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received one of two shoe prototypes that differed only in their cushioning properties (Global stiffness: 61 ± 3 and 95 ± 6 N/mm in the Soft and Hard versions, respectively). Participants were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed. GRF data was recorded over 2 min. VIPF was higher in the Soft shoe group compared to the Hard shoe group (1.53 ± 0.21 vs. 1.44 ± 0.23 BW, respectively; p < 0.001). However, the proportion of steps with detectable VIPF was lower in the Soft shoe group (84 vs. 97%, respectively; p < 0.001) and Time to VIPF was longer (46.9 ± 8.5 vs. 43.4 ± 7.4 milliseconds, respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for VILR (60.1 ± 13.8 vs. 58.9 ± 15.6 BW/s for Soft and Hard shoe group, respectively; p = 0.070) or any other kinetic variable. These results show that the beneficial effect of greater shoe cushioning on injury risk in the present cohort is not associated with attenuated VIPF and VILR. These GRF metrics may be inappropriate markers of the shoe cushioning-injury risk relationship, while delayed VIPF and the proportion of steps displaying a VIPF could be more relevant.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03115437..
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health research group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon Sports Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Human motion, Orthopaedic, Sports medicine and Digital methods unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Human motion, Orthopaedic, Sports medicine and Digital methods unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- ALAN - Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Bascharage, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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35
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Honert EC, Mohr M, Lam WK, Nigg S. Shoe feature recommendations for different running levels: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236047. [PMID: 32673375 PMCID: PMC7365446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing runners with footwear that match their functional needs has the potential to improve footwear comfort, enhance running performance and reduce the risk of overuse injuries. It is currently not known how footwear experts make decisions about different shoe features and their properties for runners of different levels. We performed a Delphi study in order to understand: 1) definitions of different runner levels, 2) which footwear features are considered important and 3) how these features should be prescribed for runners of different levels. Experienced academics, journalists, coaches, bloggers and physicians that examine the effects of footwear on running were recruited to participate in three rounds of a Delphi study. Three runner level definitions were refined throughout this study based on expert feedback. Experts were also provided a list of 20 different footwear features. They were asked which features were important and what the properties of those features should be. Twenty-four experts, most with 10+ years of experience, completed all three rounds of this study. These experts came to a consensus for the characteristics of three different running levels. They indicated that 12 of the 20 footwear features initially proposed were important for footwear design. Of these 12 features, experts came to a consensus on how to apply five footwear feature properties for all three different running levels. These features were: upper breathability, forefoot bending stiffness, heel-to-toe drop, torsional bending stiffness and crash pad. Interestingly, the experts were not able to come to a consensus on one of the most researched footwear features, rearfoot midsole hardness. These recommendations can provide a starting point for further biomechanical studies, especially for features that are considered as important, but have not yet been examined experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Honert
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maurice Mohr
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institue of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods company, Beijing, China
| | - Sandro Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Hoitz F, Mohr M, Asmussen M, Lam WK, Nigg S, Nigg B. The effects of systematically altered footwear features on biomechanics, injury, performance, and preference in runners of different skill level: a systematic review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1773936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hoitz
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maurice Mohr
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Asmussen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sandro Nigg
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benno Nigg
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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37
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Futrell EE, Gross KD, Reisman D, Mullineaux DR, Davis IS. Transition to forefoot strike reduces load rates more effectively than altered cadence. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:248-257. [PMID: 32444149 PMCID: PMC7242218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive vertical impacts at landing are associated with common running injuries. Two primary gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing impact forces are transition to forefoot strike and increasing cadence. The objective of this study was to compare the short- and long-term effects of 2 gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing landing impacts. METHODS A total of 39 healthy recreational runners using a rearfoot strike and a cadence of ≤170 steps/min were randomized into cadence (CAD) or forefoot strike (FFS) groups. All participants performed 4 weeks of strengthening followed by 8 sessions of gait-retraining using auditory feedback. Vertical average load rates (VALR) and vertical instantaneous load rates (VILR) were calculated from the vertical ground reaction force curve. Both cadence and foot strike angle were measured using 3D motion analysis and an instrumented treadmill at baseline and at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post retraining. RESULTS ANOVA revealed that the FFS group had significant reductions in VALR (49.7%) and VILR (41.7%), and changes were maintained long term. Foot strike angle in the FFS group changed from 14.2° dorsiflexion at baseline to 3.4° plantarflexion, with changes maintained long term. The CAD group exhibited significant reduction only in VALR (16%) and only at 6 months. Both groups had significant and similar increases in cadence at all follow-ups (CAD, +7.2% to 173 steps/min; and FFS, +6.1% to 172 steps/min). CONCLUSION Forefoot strike gait-retraining resulted in significantly greater reductions in VALR and similar increases in cadence compared to cadence gait-retraining in the short and long term. Cadence gait-retraining resulted in small reductions in VALR at only the 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Futrell
- Department of Physical Therapy, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA; Spaulding National Running Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - K Douglas Gross
- Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Darcy Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - David R Mullineaux
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Brayford Pool, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Irene S Davis
- Spaulding National Running Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ng JW, Chong LJY, Pan JW, Lam WK, Ho M, Kong PW. Effects of foot orthosis on ground reaction forces and perception during short sprints in flat-footed athletes. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:43-55. [PMID: 32326755 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1755673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prefabricated foot orthosis (FO) is commonly worn for flat foot management. This study aimed to investigate the kinetic and perceptual effects of wearing prefabricated FO among flat-footed athletes during bouts of sprints. Twenty male sprint-based sports athletes who had flat foot bilaterally ran at three test speeds (5, 6, 7 m/s) under two conditions: prefabricated FO and sham FO. Ground reaction force (GRF) variables and subjective perceptions were recorded. Kinetic variability of GRF variables were computed to indicate step-to-step variance. Biomechanically, wearing prefabricated FOs increased vertical impact force (p =.005), loading rate (p =.001), and kinetic variability of peak propulsive force (p =.038) and loading rate (p =.019) during sprinting speeds across 5 to 7 m/s. Subjectively, prefabricated FO provided better arch support (p =.001) but resulted in reduced forefoot cushioning (p =.001), heel cushioning (p =.002), and overall comfort (p =.008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun W Ng
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Lowell J Y Chong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Jing W Pan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University , Shenyang, China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center , Beijing, China
| | - Malia Ho
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity , Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pui W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
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39
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Bell EA, Hibbert JE, Domire ZJ. Measurement of intrinsic foot stiffness in minimally and traditionally shod runners using ultrasound elastography: A pilot study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1516-1523. [PMID: 32228117 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1746595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Running is an activity with a consistently high injury rate. Running footwear design that mimics barefoot running has been proposed to reduce injury rate by increasing the strength of foot structures. However, there is little evidence to support this. The purpose of the current study is to use shear wave ultrasound elastography to examine material properties (shear modulus) of intrinsic foot structures in experienced minimally and traditionally shod runners. It is hypothesized that minimalist runners will exhibit increased stiffness compared to controls demonstrating the strengthening of these structures. Eighteen healthy runners (8 minimalist and 10 traditionalist), running a minimum of 10 mi · wk-1, participated. Elastography scans were performed on the left foot of each participant. There is no apparent stiffening of foot structures associated with wearing minimalist shoes. Only the FHB tendon is different between shoe types and, contrary to the hypothesis, was stiffer in traditionalist compared to minimalist runners (257.26 ± 51.64 kPa vs 160.88 ± 27.79 kPa, respectively). A moderate positive (r = 0.7) relationship between training load and tendon stiffness suggests strengthening of tendon when running in traditional shoes. If running in minimalist shoes increases loading on these structures without resulting in stronger tissues, it is possible that minimalist footwear may increase injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jamie E Hibbert
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Zachary J Domire
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC, USA
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Sun X, Lam WK, Zhang X, Wang J, Fu W. Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:20-37. [PMID: 32132824 PMCID: PMC7039038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of shoe constructions on running injury and performance has been widely investigated, systematic reviews on the shoe construction effects on running biomechanics were rarely reported. Therefore, this review focuses on the relevant research studies examining the biomechanical effect of running shoe constructions on reducing running-related injury and optimising performance. Searches of five databases and Footwear Science from January 1994 to September 2018 for related biomechanical studies which investigated running footwear constructions yielded a total of 1260 articles. After duplications were removed and exclusion criteria applied to the titles, abstracts and full text, 63 studies remained and categorised into following constructions: (a) shoe lace, (b) midsole, (c) heel flare, (d) heel-toe drop, (e) minimalist shoes, (f) Masai Barefoot Technologies, (g) heel cup, (h) upper, and (i) bending stiffness. Some running shoe constructions positively affect athletic performance-related and injury-related variables: 1) increasing the stiffness of running shoes at the optimal range can benefit performance-related variables; 2) softer midsoles can reduce impact forces and loading rates; 3) thicker midsoles can provide better cushioning effects and attenuate shock during impacts but may also decrease plantar sensations of a foot; 4) minimalist shoes can improve running economy and increase the cross-sectional area and stiffness of Achilles tendon but it would increase the metatarsophalangeal and ankle joint loading compared to the conventional shoes. While shoe constructions can effectively influence running biomechanics, research on some constructions including shoe lace, heel flare, heel-toe drop, Masai Barefoot Technologies, heel cup, and upper requires further investigation before a viable scientific guideline can be made. Future research is also needed to develop standard testing protocols to determine the optimal stiffness, thickness, and heel-toe drop of running shoes to optimise performance-related variables and prevent running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Malisoux L, Delattre N, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Shoe Cushioning Influences the Running Injury Risk According to Body Mass: A Randomized Controlled Trial Involving 848 Recreational Runners. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:473-480. [PMID: 31877062 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519892578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoe cushioning is expected to protect runners against repetitive loading of the musculoskeletal system and therefore running-related injuries. Also, it is a common belief that heavier runners should use footwear with increased shock absorption properties to prevent injuries. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine if shoe cushioning influences the injury risk in recreational runners and whether the association depends on the runner's body mass. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received 1 of 2 shoe prototypes that only differed in their cushioning properties. Global stiffness was 61.3 ± 2.7 and 94.9 ± 5.9 N/mm in the soft and hard versions, respectively. Participants were classified as light or heavy according to their body mass using the median as a cut-off (78.2 and 62.8 kg in male and female runners, respectively). They were followed over 6 months regarding running activity and injury (any physical complaint reducing/interrupting running activity for at least 7 days). Data were analyzed through time-to-event models with the subhazard rate ratio (SHR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) as measures of association. A stratified analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the injury risk in lighter and heavier runners. RESULTS The runners who had received the hard shoes had a higher injury risk (SHR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07-2.16]), while body mass was not associated with the injury risk (SHR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.99-1.01]). However, after stratification according to body mass, results showed that lighter runners had a higher injury risk in hard shoes (SHR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.09-2.98]) while heavier runners did not (SHR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.75-2.03]). CONCLUSION The injury risk was higher in participants running in the hard shoes compared with those using the soft shoes. However, the relative protective effect of greater shoe cushioning was found only in lighter runners. REGISTRATION NCT03115437 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.,Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.,ALAN-Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Bascharage, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Ankle Joint Dynamic Stiffness in Long-Distance Runners: Effect of Foot Strike and Shoes Features. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foot strike mode and footwear features are known to affect ankle joint kinematics and loading patterns, but how those factors are related to the ankle dynamic properties is less clear. In our study, two distinct samples of experienced long-distance runners: habitual rearfoot strikers (n = 10) and habitual forefoot strikers (n = 10), were analysed while running at constant speed on an instrumented treadmill in three footwear conditions. The joint dynamic stiffness was analysed for three subphases of the moment–angle plot: early rising, late rising and descending. Habitual rearfoot strikers displayed a statistically (p < 0.05) higher ankle dynamic stiffness in all combinations of shoes and subphases, except in early stance in supportive shoes. In minimal-supportive shoes, both groups had the lowest dynamic stiffness values for early and late rising (initial contact through mid-stance), whilst the highest stiffness values were at late rising in minimal shoes for both rearfoot and forefoot strikers (0.21 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.06 (Nm/kg/°∙100), respectively). In conclusion, habitual forefoot strikers may have access to a wider physiological range of the muscle torque and joint angle. This increased potential may allow forefoot strikers to adapt to different footwear by regulating ankle dynamic stiffness depending upon the motor task.
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Zhang S, Fu W, Liu Y. Does habitual rear-foot strike pattern with modern running shoes affect the muscle strength of the longitudinal arch? ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-192139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Richert FC, Stein T, Ringhof S, Stetter BJ. The effect of the heel-to-toe drop of standard running shoes on lower limb biomechanics. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1630016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian C. Richert
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Stetter
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Korsgaard Brund R, Nielsen RO, Parner E, Rasmussen S, Voigt M. Changes in the running-related injury incidence rate ratio in a 1000-km explorative prospective cohort study involving two unspecific shoe changes. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1529063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Korsgaard Brund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Parner
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sten Rasmussen
- Orthopaedic Surgery Research Unit, Science and Innovation Center, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Udofa AB, Clark KP, Ryan LJ, Weyand PG. Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1315-1325. [PMID: 30763160 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00925.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body's mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds (r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Udofa
- Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
| | - Kenneth P Clark
- Human Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, West Chester University of Pennsylvania , West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Laurence J Ryan
- Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter G Weyand
- Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
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Borgia B, Becker J. Lower extremity stiffness when running in minimalist, traditional, and ultra-cushioning shoes. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1555860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- aDepartment of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - James Becker
- bDepartment of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Lobb NJ, Fain AC, Seymore KD, Brown TN. Sex and stride length impact leg stiffness and ground reaction forces when running with body borne load. J Biomech 2019; 86:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The effect of different running shoes on treadmill running mechanics and muscle activity assessed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Gait Posture 2019; 69:1-7. [PMID: 30658310 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in joint mechanics between running shoes are commonly assessed using discrete parameters, yet statistically significant differences in these parameters between shoes are often scarce with small effect sizes. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) has been suggested as suitable method for analyzing one-dimensional data such as kinematic, kinetic or muscle intensity time series. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to determine differences in treadmill running mechanics between novel running shoes using SPM. METHODS Joint kinematics, muscle activity and ground reaction force were assessed in 19 rearfoot runners in their own shoes and in two test shoes during treadmill running (test shoe 1: 13 distinct rubber elements in the outer sole, springboard within EVA midsole with posterior elements shifted anteriorly by approximately 1.5 cm; test shoe 2: 17 distinct EVA elements with conventional heel geometry). Joint kinematics were measured using an inertial sensor system, and ground reaction force was measured using an instrumented treadmill. RESULTS SPM analysis with repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant reductions in the ankle angle and in tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, vastus medialis and lateralis muscle activity during weight acceptance and in peroneus longus muscle activity during early and late swing and in semitendinosus muscle activity during late swing for the test shoes. Significant differences in muscle activity were observed in the interval of the main activity of the respective muscle. SPM on individual data revealed statistically significant and relevant within-subject differences between conditions in kinematic, muscle activity and ground reaction force patterns. SIGNIFICANCE Inertial sensor systems and SPM may provide an efficient way of detecting changes in joint mechanics between running shoes within runners. Detecting within-subject differences in running mechanics between conditions not only requires statistical criteria but also criteria on the relevance of the magnitude of differences.
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