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Zou Z, Luo T, Wang X, Wang B, Li Q. Exploring the interplay between triple-negative breast cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment for effective therapeutic strategies. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31278. [PMID: 38807378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and metastatic malignancy with poor treatment outcomes. The interaction between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) plays an important role in the development of TNBC. Owing to their ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, BCSCs maintain tumor growth, drive metastatic colonization, and facilitate the development of drug resistance. TME is the main factor regulating the phenotype and metastasis of BCSCs. Immune cells, cancer-related fibroblasts (CAFs), cytokines, mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix within the TME form a complex communication network, exert highly selective pressure on the tumor, and provide a conducive environment for the formation of BCSC niches. Tumor growth and metastasis can be controlled by targeting the TME to eliminate BCSC niches or targeting BCSCs to modify the TME. These approaches may improve the treatment outcomes and possess great application potential in clinical settings. In this review, we summarized the relationship between BCSCs and the progression and drug resistance of TNBC, especially focusing on the interaction between BCSCs and TME. In addition, we discussed therapeutic strategies that target the TME to inhibit or eliminate BCSCs, providing valuable insights into the clinical treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoling Zou
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tinglan Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing (Affiliated Central Hospital of Chongqing University of Technology), Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Chongqing Medicine University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing (Affiliated Central Hospital of Chongqing University of Technology), Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Oliveira SM, Carvalho PD, Serra-Roma A, Oliveira P, Ribeiro A, Carvalho J, Martins F, Machado AL, Oliveira MJ, Velho S. Fibroblasts Promote Resistance to KRAS Silencing in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2595. [PMID: 39061234 PMCID: PMC11274566 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) responses to KRAS-targeted inhibition have been limited due to low response rates, the mechanisms of which remain unknown. Herein, we explored the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secretome as a mediator of resistance to KRAS silencing. CRC cell lines HCT15, HCT116, and SW480 were cultured either in recommended media or in conditioned media from a normal colon fibroblast cell line (CCD-18Co) activated with rhTGF-β1 to induce a CAF-like phenotype. The expression of membrane stem cell markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. Stem cell potential was evaluated by a sphere formation assay. RNAseq was performed in KRAS-silenced HCT116 colonospheres treated with either control media or conditioned media from CAFs. Our results demonstrated that KRAS-silencing up-regulated CD24 and down-regulated CD49f and CD104 in the three cell lines, leading to a reduction in sphere-forming efficiency. However, CAF-secreted factors restored stem cell marker expression and increased stemness. RNA sequencing showed that CAF-secreted factors up-regulated genes associated with pro-tumorigenic pathways in KRAS-silenced cells, including KRAS, TGFβ, NOTCH, WNT, MYC, cell cycle progression and exit from quiescence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immune regulation. Overall, our results suggest that resistance to KRAS-targeted inhibition might derive not only from cell-intrinsic causes but also from external elements, such as fibroblast-secreted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mendonça Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ESS|P.PORTO—Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Serra-Roma
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávia Martins
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Machado
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ESS|P.PORTO—Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.O.); (P.O.); (J.C.); (F.M.); (A.L.M.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
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4
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Lin H, Zhou J, Ding T, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhong T, Wang X. Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from diverse sources in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:350. [PMID: 38943222 PMCID: PMC11212438 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a prevalent and complex disease, presents a significant challenge to the medical community. It is characterized by irregular cell differentiation, excessive proliferation, uncontrolled growth, invasion of nearby tissues, and spread to distant organs. Its progression involves a complex interplay of several elements and processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as critical intermediaries in intercellular communication, transporting critical molecules such as lipids, RNA, membrane, and cytoplasmic proteins between cells. They significantly contribute to the progression, development, and dissemination of primary tumors by facilitating the exchange of information and transmitting signals that regulate tumor growth and metastasis. However, EVs do not have a singular impact on cancer; instead, they play a multifaceted dual role. Under specific circumstances, they can impede tumor growth and influence cancer by delivering oncogenic factors or triggering an immune response. Furthermore, EVs from different sources demonstrate distinct advantages in inhibiting cancer. This research examines the biological characteristics of EVs and their involvement in cancer development to establish a theoretical foundation for better understanding the connection between EVs and cancer. Here, we discuss the potential of EVs from various sources in cancer therapy, as well as the current status and future prospects of engineered EVs in developing more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Lin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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5
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Li Y, Mu L, Li Y, Mi Y, Hu Y, Li X, Tao D, Qin J. Golgi dispersal in cancer stem cells promotes chemoresistance of colorectal cancer via the Golgi stress response. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:417. [PMID: 38879509 PMCID: PMC11180190 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a crucial treatment for colorectal tumors. However, its efficacy is restricted by chemoresistance. Recently, Golgi dispersal has been suggested to be a potential response to chemotherapy, particularly to drugs that induce DNA damage. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Golgi dispersal enhances the capacity to resist DNA-damaging agents remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that DNA-damaging agents triggered Golgi dispersal in colorectal cancer (CRC), and cancer stem cells (CSCs) possessed a greater degree of Golgi dispersal compared with differentiated cancer cells (non-CSCs). We further revealed that Golgi dispersal conferred resistance against the lethal effects of DNA-damaging agents. Momentously, Golgi dispersal activated the Golgi stress response via the PKCα/GSK3α/TFE3 axis, resulting in enhanced protein and vesicle trafficking, which facilitated drug efflux through ABCG2. Identification of Golgi dispersal indicated an unexpected pathway regulating chemoresistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkun Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Mu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqi Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yulong Mi
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Deding Tao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Abdul-Rahman T, Roy P, Herrera-Calderón RE, Khidri FF, Omotesho QA, Rumide TS, Fatima M, Roy S, Wireko AA, Atallah O, Roy S, Amekpor F, Ghosh S, Agyigra IA, Horbas V, Teslyk T, Bumeister V, Papadakis M, Alexiou A. Extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery in breast cancer theranostics. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38780753 PMCID: PMC11116322 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a significant global challenge due to drug resistance and severe side effects. The increasing prevalence is alarming, requiring new therapeutic approaches to address these challenges. At this point, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically small endosome-released nanometer-sized EVs (SEVs) or exosomes, have been explored by literature as potential theranostics. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of exosomes in BC, focusing on their advantages in drug delivery and their ability to mitigate metastasis. Following the review, we identified exosomes' potential in combination therapies, serving as miRNA carriers and contributing to improved anti-tumor effects. This is evident in clinical trials investigating exosomes in BC, which have shown their ability to boost chemotherapy efficacy by delivering drugs like paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX). However, the translation of EVs into BC therapy is hindered by various challenges. These challenges include the heterogeneity of EVs, the selection of the appropriate parent cell, the loading procedures, and determining the optimal administration routes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of EVs, these obstacles must be addressed to realize their benefits in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | - Ranferi Eduardo Herrera-Calderón
- Center for Research in Health Sciences (CICSA), Faculty of Medicine, Anahuac University North Campus, 52786, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sakshi Roy
- School of Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Subham Roy
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Felix Amekpor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Research and Development, Funogen, 11741, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Research and Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Schmieder S. How tumors escape the immune system. eLife 2024; 13:e97881. [PMID: 38743056 PMCID: PMC11093581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.97881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for β-catenin cause liver cancer cells to release fewer exosomes, which reduces the number of immune cells infiltrating the tumor.
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9
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Gao W, Zhou J, Morshedi M. MicroRNA-34 and gastrointestinal cancers: a player with big functions. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:163. [PMID: 38725047 PMCID: PMC11084024 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that gastrointestinal cancer is the most common form of cancer across the globe and is the leading contributor to cancer-related death. The intricate mechanisms underlying the growth of GI cancers have been identified. It is worth mentioning that both non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and certain types of RNA, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), can have considerable impact on the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. As a tumour suppressor, in the group of short non-coding regulatory RNAs is miR-34a. miR-34a silences multiple proto-oncogenes at the post-transcriptional stage by targeting them, which inhibits all physiologically relevant cell proliferation pathways. However, it has been discovered that deregulation of miR-34a plays important roles in the growth of tumors and the development of cancer, including invasion, metastasis, and the tumor-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further understanding of miR-34a's molecular pathways in cancer is also necessary for the development of precise diagnoses and effective treatments. We outlined the most recent research on miR-34a functions in GI cancers in this review. Additionally, we emphasize the significance of exosomal miR-34 in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Mohammadamin Morshedi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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10
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Guo Q, Zhou Y, Xie T, Yuan Y, Li H, Shi W, Zheng L, Li X, Zhang W. Tumor microenvironment of cancer stem cells: Perspectives on cancer stem cell targeting. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101043. [PMID: 38292177 PMCID: PMC10825311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
There are few tumor cell subpopulations with stem cell characteristics in tumor tissue, defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), which can reconstruct neoplasms with malignant biological behaviors such as invasiveness via self-renewal and unlimited generation. The microenvironment that CSCs depend on consists of various cellular components and corresponding medium components. Among these factors existing at a variety of levels and forms, cytokine networks and numerous signal pathways play an important role in signaling transduction. These factors promote or maintain cancer cell stemness, and participate in cancer recurrence, metastasis, and resistance. This review aims to summarize the recent molecular data concerning the multilayered relationship between CSCs and CSC-favorable microenvironments. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting this synergistic interplay, hoping to give an insight into targeting cancer cell stemness for tumor therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Tianyuan Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Huilong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Wanjin Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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11
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Li Y, Li Q, Mu L, Hu Y, Yan C, Zhao H, Mi Y, Li X, Tao D, Qin J. Nuclear Softness Promotes the Metastatic Potential of Large-Nucleated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the ErbB4-Akt1-Lamin A/C Signaling Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2748-2762. [PMID: 38725859 PMCID: PMC11077370 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal nuclear enlargement is a diagnostic and physical hallmark of malignant tumors. Large nuclei are positively associated with an increased risk of developing metastasis; however, a large nucleus is inevitably more resistant to cell migration due to its size. The present study demonstrated that the nuclear size of primary colorectal cancer (CRC) cells at an advanced stage was larger than cells at an early stage. In addition, the nuclei of CRC liver metastases were larger than those of the corresponding primary CRC tissues. CRC cells were sorted into large-nucleated cells (LNCs) and small-nucleated cells (SNCs). Purified LNCs exhibited greater constricted migratory and metastatic capacity than SNCs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ErbB4 was highly expressed in LNCs, which phosphorylated lamin A/C at serine 22 via the ErbB4-Akt1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the level of phosphorylated lamin A/C was a negative determinant of nuclear stiffness. Taken together, CRC LNCs possessed greater constricted migratory and metastatic potential than SNCs due to ErbB4-Akt1-mediated lamin A/C phosphorylation and nuclear softening. These results may provide a potential treatment strategy for tumor metastasis by targeting nuclear stiffness in patients with cancer, particularly CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkun Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Mu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chang Yan
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yulong Mi
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Deding Tao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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12
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Ten A, Kumeiko V, Farniev V, Gao H, Shevtsov M. Tumor Microenvironment Modulation by Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2024; 13:682. [PMID: 38667297 PMCID: PMC11049026 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis, regulating the growth, metabolism, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells, as well as contributing to tumor resistance to the conventional chemoradiotherapies. Several types of cells with relatively stable phenotypes have been identified within the TME, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, which have been shown to modulate cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and interaction with the immune system, thus promoting tumor heterogeneity. Growing evidence suggests that tumor-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), via the transfer of various molecules (e.g., RNA, proteins, peptides, and lipids), play a pivotal role in the transformation of normal cells in the TME into their tumor-associated protumorigenic counterparts. This review article focuses on the functions of EVs in the modulation of the TME with a view to how exosomes contribute to the transformation of normal cells, as well as their importance for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ten
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.T.); (V.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.T.); (V.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Vladislav Farniev
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.T.); (V.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.T.); (V.K.); (V.F.)
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str., 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str., 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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13
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Zhang Y, Huo M, Li W, Zhang H, Liu Q, Jiang J, Fu Y, Huang C. Exosomes in tumor-stroma crosstalk: Shaping the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23548. [PMID: 38491832 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302297r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by a complex interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Within this intricate landscape, exosomes have emerged as pivotal players in the tumor-stroma crosstalk, influencing the immune microenvironment of CRC. These nano-sized vesicles, secreted by both tumoral and stromal cells, serve as molecular transporters, delivering a heterogeneous mix of biomolecules such as RNAs, proteins, and lipids. In the CRC context, exosomes exert dual roles: they promote tumor growth, metastasis, and immune escape by altering immune cell functions and activating oncogenic signaling pathways and offer potential as biomarkers for early CRC detection and treatment targets. This review delves into the multifunctional roles of exosomes in the CRC immune microenvironment, highlighting their potential implications for future therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianwu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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14
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Mun S, Lee HJ, Kim P. Rebuilding the microenvironment of primary tumors in humans: a focus on stroma. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:527-548. [PMID: 38443595 PMCID: PMC10984944 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional tumor models have critical shortcomings in that they lack the complexity of the human stroma. The heterogeneous stroma is a central compartment of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that must be addressed in cancer research and precision medicine. To fully model the human tumor stroma, the deconstruction and reconstruction of tumor tissues have been suggested as new approaches for in vitro tumor modeling. In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity of tumor-associated stromal cells and general deconstruction approaches used to isolate patient-specific stromal cells from tumor tissue; we also address the effect of the deconstruction procedure on the characteristics of primary cells. Finally, perspectives on the future of reconstructed tumor models are discussed, with an emphasis on the essential prerequisites for developing authentic humanized tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwon Mun
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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15
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Yang K, Yi T. Tumor cell stemness in gastrointestinal cancer: regulation and targeted therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1297611. [PMID: 38455361 PMCID: PMC10918437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1297611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cells are a rare group of self-renewable cancer cells capable of the initiation, progression, metastasis and recurrence of tumors, and also a key contributor to the therapeutic resistance. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of tumor stemness regulation, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, is of great importance for targeting CSC and designing novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to elucidate current advancements in the understanding of CSC regulation, including CSC biomarkers, signaling pathways, and non-coding RNAs. We will also provide a comprehensive view on how the tumor microenvironment (TME) display an overall tumor-promoting effect, including the recruitment and impact of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the establishment of an immunosuppressive milieu, and the induction of angiogenesis and hypoxia. Lastly, this review consolidates mainstream novel therapeutic interventions targeting CSC stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tuo Yi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Hu JH, Tang HN, Wang YH. Cancer-associated fibroblast exosome LINC00355 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer through the miR-34b-5p/CRKL axis. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:259-272. [PMID: 38052858 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the role and mechanism of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived exosomes (CAFs-exo) in metastatic and chemoresistant colorectal cancer (CRC). First, CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from CRC tissues and histologically normal adjacent tissues. Then, CAFs-exo and NFs-exo were separated with the help of ultracentrifugation. Next, the morphology, diameter and marker expression of exos were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blot, respectively. Besides, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of LINC00355, miR-34b-5p, and CRKL in clinical tissue samples, CRC cells, fibroblasts and exos; MTT assay and cell colony formation assay to assess the chemoresistance and colony formation ability of CRC cells, respectively. Subsequently, the targeting relationship among LINC00355, miR-34b-5p, and CRKL (a target gene of miR-34b-5p) was verified by Luciferase reporter assay; and the binding relationship between LINC00355 and miR-34b-5p was assessed by a pull-down assay. Finally, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, and CRKL in cells or exos were detected using western blot. After a series of treatments, CAFs and NFs, CAFs-exo and NFs-exo were successfully isolated and identified. It could be observed that CAFs-exo promoted EMT, colony formation and multidrug resistance in CRC cells by secreting LINC00355. Further studies demonstrated that CAFs-exo-secreted LINC00355 increased the expression of CRKL via inhibiting the expression of miR-34b-5p, thereby enhancing chemoresistance and promoting EMT progression in CRC cells. Collectively, CAFs-exo-derived LINC00355 promotes EMT and chemoresistance in CRC by regulating the miR-34b-5p/CRKL axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hong-Na Tang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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17
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Wang X, Wang L, Lin H, Zhu Y, Huang D, Lai M, Xi X, Huang J, Zhang W, Zhong T. Research progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in cancer liquid biopsy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1303335. [PMID: 38333685 PMCID: PMC10850354 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1303335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vehicles (EVs) have received significant attention in recent times as emerging biomarkers and subjects of transformational studies. The three main branches of liquid biopsy have evolved from the three primary tumor liquid biopsy detection targets-CTC, ctDNA, and EVs-each with distinct benefits. CTCs are derived from circulating cancer cells from the original tumor or metastases and may display global features of the tumor. ctDNA has been extensively analyzed and has been used to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neoplastic diseases. EVs contain tumor-derived material such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, sugar structures, and metabolites. The three provide different detection contents but have strong complementarity to a certain extent. Even though they have already been employed in several clinical trials, the clinical utility of three biomarkers is still being studied, with promising initial findings. This review thoroughly overviews established and emerging technologies for the isolation, characterization, and content detection of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Also discussed were the most recent developments in the study of potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis prediction. These included CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Finally, the potential and challenges of employing liquid biopsy based on CTC, ctDNA, and EVs for precision medicine were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haihong Lin
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mi Lai
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xuxiang Xi
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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18
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Chen CC, Benavente CA. Exploring the Impact of Exosomal Cargos on Osteosarcoma Progression: Insights into Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:568. [PMID: 38203737 PMCID: PMC10779183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high metastasis. Poor prognosis highlights a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles, have been identified as essential players in the modulation of cancer. Recent studies have suggested that OS-derived exosomes can drive pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes by transferring specific cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, to neighboring cells, significantly impacting the regulation of cellular processes. This review discusses the advancement of exosomes and their cargos in OS. We examine how these exosomes contribute to the modulation of cellular phenotypes associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, we explore the potential of exosomes as valuable biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostic purposes and their role in shaping innovative therapeutic strategies in OS treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Claudia A. Benavente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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19
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Jalil AT, Abdulhadi MA, Al Jawadri AMH, Talib HA, Al-Azzawi AKJ, Zabibah RS, Ali A. Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Targeted Immunotherapies. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:1046-1057. [PMID: 37247115 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-023-00945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancers are composed of heterogeneous cell populations in the concepts of genetic and functional degrees that among them cancer stem cells are identified with their self-renewal and stemness capability mediating primary tumorigenesis, metastasize, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence. Therefore, understanding the key mechanisms of stemness in colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) provides opportunities to discover new treatments or improve existing therapeutic regimens. METHODS We review the biological significance of stemness and the results of potential CRCSC-based targeted immunotherapies. Then, we pointed out the barriers to targeting CRCSCs in vivo and highlight new strategies based on synthetic and biogenic nanocarriers for the development of future anti-CRCSC trials. RESULTS The CSCs' surface markers, antigens, neoantigens, and signaling pathways supportive CRCSCs or immune cells that are interacted with CRCSCs could be targeted by immune monotherapy or in formulation with developed nanocarriers to overcome the resistant mechanisms in immune evader CRCSCs. CONCLUSION Identification molecular and cellular cues supporting stemness in CRCSCs and their targeting by nanoimmunotherpy can improve the efficacy of existed therapies or explore novel therapeutic options in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | | | - Hayder Abdullah Talib
- College of Agriculture, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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20
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Molodtsova D, Guryev DV, Osipov AN. Composition of Conditioned Media from Radioresistant and Chemoresistant Cancer Cells Reveals miRNA and Other Secretory Factors Implicated in the Development of Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16498. [PMID: 38003688 PMCID: PMC10671404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy is the main obstacle to consistent treatment outcomes in oncology patients. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving the development of resistance is required. This review focuses on secretory factors derived from chemo- and radioresistant cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs) that mediate the development of resistance in unexposed cells. The first line of evidence considers the experiments with conditioned media (CM) from chemo- and radioresistant cells, CAFs, MSCs, and CSCs that elevate resistance upon the ionizing radiation or anti-cancer drug exposure of previously untreated cells. The composition of CM revealed factors such as circular RNAs; interleukins; plasminogen activator inhibitor; and oncosome-shuttled lncRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs that aid in cellular communication and transmit signals inducing the chemo- and radioresistance of sensitive cancer cells. Data, demonstrating that radioresistant cancer cells become resistant to anti-neoplastic drug exposure and vice versa, are also discussed. The mechanisms driving the development of cross-resistance between chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highlighted. The secretion of resistance-mediating factors to intercellular fluid and blood brings attention to its diagnostic potential. Highly stable serum miRNA candidates were proposed by several studies as prognostic markers of radioresistance; however, clinical studies are needed to validate their utility. The ability to predict a treatment response with the help of the miRNA resistance status database will help with the selection of an effective therapeutic strategy. The possibility of miRNA-based therapy is currently being investigated with ongoing clinical studies, and such approaches can be used to alleviate resistance in oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Molodtsova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Denis V. Guryev
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andreyan N. Osipov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., 141980 Dubna, Russia
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21
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Miroshnychenko D, Miti T, Kumar P, Miller A, Laurie M, Giraldo N, Bui MM, Altrock PM, Basanta D, Marusyk A. Stroma-Mediated Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Indirectly Drives Chemoresistance by Accelerating Tumor Recovery between Chemotherapy Cycles. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3681-3692. [PMID: 37791818 PMCID: PMC10646478 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tumors to survive therapy reflects both cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental mechanisms. Across many cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a high stroma/tumor ratio correlates with poor survival. In many contexts, this correlation can be explained by the direct reduction of therapy sensitivity induced by stroma-produced paracrine factors. We sought to explore whether this direct effect contributes to the link between stroma and poor responses to chemotherapies. In vitro studies with panels of TNBC cell line models and stromal isolates failed to detect a direct modulation of chemoresistance. At the same time, consistent with prior studies, fibroblast-produced secreted factors stimulated treatment-independent enhancement of tumor cell proliferation. Spatial analyses indicated that proximity to stroma is often associated with enhanced tumor cell proliferation in vivo. These observations suggested an indirect link between stroma and chemoresistance, where stroma-augmented proliferation potentiates the recovery of residual tumors between chemotherapy cycles. To evaluate this hypothesis, a spatial agent-based model of stroma impact on proliferation/death dynamics was developed that was quantitatively parameterized using inferences from histologic analyses and experimental studies. The model demonstrated that the observed enhancement of tumor cell proliferation within stroma-proximal niches could enable tumors to avoid elimination over multiple chemotherapy cycles. Therefore, this study supports the existence of an indirect mechanism of environment-mediated chemoresistance that might contribute to the negative correlation between stromal content and poor therapy outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE Integration of experimental research with mathematical modeling reveals an indirect microenvironmental chemoresistance mechanism by which stromal cells stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation and highlights the importance of consideration of proliferation/death dynamics. See related commentary by Wall and Echeverria, p. 3667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Miroshnychenko
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tatiana Miti
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Pragya Kumar
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Anna Miller
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark Laurie
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nathalia Giraldo
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Marilyn M. Bui
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Philipp M. Altrock
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - David Basanta
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Andriy Marusyk
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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22
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Liang T, Tao T, Wu K, Liu L, Xu W, Zhou D, Fang H, Ding Q, Huang G, Wu S. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Induced Remodeling of Tumor Microenvironment in Recurrent Bladder Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303230. [PMID: 37743226 PMCID: PMC10625065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma (BC) recurrence is a major clinical challenge, and targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a promising therapy. However, the relationship between individual TME components, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor recurrence is unclear. Here, TME heterogeneity in primary and recurrent BC is investigated using single-cell RNA sequence profiling of 62 460 cells. Two cancer stem cell (CSC) subtypes are identified in recurrent BC. An inflammatory CAF subtype, ICAM1+ iCAFs, specifically associated with BC recurrence is also identified. iCAFs are found to secrete FGF2, which acts on the CD44 receptor of rCSC-M, thereby maintaining tumor stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, THBS1+ monocytes, a group of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are enriched in recurrent BC and interacted with CAFs. ICAM1+ iCAFs are found to secrete CCL2, which binds to CCR2 in MDSCs. Moreover, elevated STAT3, NFKB2, VEGFA, and CTGF levels in iCAFs reshape the TME in recurrent tumors. CCL2 inhibition in an in situ BC mouse model suppressed tumor growth, decreased MDSCs and Tregs, and fostered tumor immune suppression. The study results highlight the role of iCAFs in TME cell-cell crosstalk during recurrent BC. The identification of pivotal signaling factors driving BC relapse is promising for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Tao Tao
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Kai Wu
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Lisha Liu
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Wuwu Xu
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Dewang Zhou
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Hu Fang
- Department of UrologySouth China Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Qiuxia Ding
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
| | - Guixiao Huang
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518116China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research InstituteLuohu Hospital GroupShenzhen518000China
- Department of UrologySouth China Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518000China
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23
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Liu M, Lai Z, Yuan X, Jin Q, Shen H, Rao D, Huang D. Role of exosomes in the development, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med 2023; 29:136. [PMID: 37848835 PMCID: PMC10580543 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. It is characterized by occult onset resulting in most patients being diagnosed at advanced stages and with poor prognosis. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a lipid bilayer envelope released by various cells under physiological and pathological conditions, which play an important role in the biological information transfer between cells. There is growing evidence that HCC cell-derived exosomes may contribute to the establishment of a favorable microenvironment that supports cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. These exosomes not only provide a versatile platform for diagnosis but also serve as a vehicle for drug delivery. In this paper, we review the role of exosomes involved in the proliferation, migration, and metastasis of HCC and describe their application in HCC diagnosis and treatment. We also discuss the prospects of exosome application in HCC and the research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Liu
- Ganzhou Jingkai District People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhonghong Lai
- Department of Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yuan
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qing Jin
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haibin Shen
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dingyu Rao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Defa Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
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24
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Ahmadpour F, Rasouli HR, Talebi S, Golchin D, Esmailinejad MR, Razie A. Effects of exosomes derived from fibroblast cells on skin wound healing in Wistar rats. Burns 2023; 49:1372-1381. [PMID: 36828692 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of exosomes in areas, such as skin wound healing, have been of consideratble interest recently. However, the effects of exosomes derived mainly from fibroblast cells on wound healing have yet to be documented well. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of exosomes derived from fibroblast cells on wound healing in Wistar rats. METHODS Human fetal skin was isolated afterward centrifuge, and trypsin 0.1% was added to the cells after removing DPBS from the Falcon tube, and the trypsin was removed. The cells were moved to culture flasks. Then, the secondary culture of Human Fetal Skin Fibroblast was done. The pellets containing exosomes were suspended in PBS, and to achieve purified exosomes, the suspended Exosome were passed through a 0.22 µm filter. The exosome solution was kept at - 20 ºC. In the in vivo phase, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group I, low-dose exosome (LDE) solution (150 μl/day), group II high-dose exosome (HDE) solution (300 μl/day), group III commercially available ointment (positive control (PC)) was topically applied on wounds and group VI without treatment (negative control (NC)). A skin biopsy was taken for histopathological analysis. Wound area, depth of ulcer, degree of granulation, and inflammation were assessed. For histopathological assessment, re-epithelialization, inflammatory cells, granulation tissue, crust formation, and collagen maturation (fibrosis) parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were included. The HDE group's showed accelerated healing compared to the NC and PC groups at 9 and 12 days. Inflammation and granulation were higher in the HDE, LDE, and PC groups than in the NC group (p < 0.05). The onset of re-epithelialization and collagen deposition was higher in the LDE, HDE, and PC groups, then on nine and 12-day, gradually maturing and extending through the ulcer (p < 0.05). On day 12, in almost all parameters, the LDE and HDE groups showed improved results compared to NC cases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the utilization of fibroblast-Exo significantly promoted cutaneous wound healing in a rat full-thickness skin ulcer model. This is a potential innovation for cell-free therapy from fibroblast-Exo as a closed structure similar to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathollah Ahmadpour
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Rasouli
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Talebi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Diba Golchin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Esmailinejad
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Razie
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Avendaño-Felix M, Aguilar-Medina M, Romero-Quintana JG, Ayala-Ham A, Beltran AS, Olivares-Quintero JF, López-Camarillo C, Pérez-Plasencia C, Bermúdez M, Lizárraga-Verdugo E, López-Gutierrez J, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Ramos-Payán R. SOX9 knockout decreases stemness properties in colorectal cancer cells. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:1735-1745. [PMID: 37720443 PMCID: PMC10502562 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) participates in organogenesis and cell differentiation in normal tissues but has been involved in carcinogenesis development. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells present in solid tumors that contribute to increased tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, chemoresistance, and relapse. CSCs have properties such as self-renewal and differentiation, which can be modulated by many factors. Currently, the role of SOX9 in the maintenance of the stem phenotype has not been well elucidated, thus, in this work we evaluated the effect of the absence of SOX9 in the stem phenotype of CRC cells. Methods We knockout (KO) SOX9 in the undifferentiated CRC cell line HCT116 and evaluated their stemness properties using sphere formation assay, differentiation assay, and immunophenotyping. Results SOX9-KO affected the epithelial morphology of HCT116 cells and stemness characteristics such as its pluripotency signature with the increase of SOX2 as a compensatory mechanism to induce SOX9 expression, the increase of KLF4 as a differentiation feature, as well as the inhibition of the stem cell markers CD44 and CD73. In addition, SOX9-KO cells gain the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype with a significant upregulation of CDH2. Furthermore, our results showed a remarkable effect on first- and second-sphere formation, being SOX9-KO cells less capable of forming high-size-resistant spheres. Nevertheless, CSCs surface markers were not affected during the differentiation assay. Conclusions Collectively, our findings supply evidence that SOX9 promotes the maintenance of stemness properties in CRC-CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Avendaño-Felix
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Ayala-Ham
- Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Adriana S. Beltran
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge López-Gutierrez
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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26
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Clevenger AJ, McFarlin MK, Collier CA, Sheshadri VS, Madyastha AK, Gorley JPM, Solberg SC, Stratman AN, Raghavan SA. Peristalsis-Associated Mechanotransduction Drives Malignant Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:261-281. [PMID: 37811008 PMCID: PMC10550901 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment, cancerous and precancerous cells continuously experience mechanical forces associated with peristalsis. Given that mechanical forces like shear stress and strain can positively impact cancer progression, we explored the hypothesis that peristalsis may also contribute to malignant progression in CRC. We defined malignant progression as enrichment of cancer stem cells and the acquisition of invasive behaviors, both vital to CRC progression. Methods We leveraged our peristalsis bioreactor to expose CRC cell lines (HCT116), patient-derived xenograft (PDX1,2) lines, or non-cancerous intestinal cells (HIEC-6) to forces associated with peristalsis in vitro. Cells were maintained in static control conditions or exposed to peristalsis for 24 h prior to assessment of cancer stem cell (CSC) emergence or the acquisition of invasive phenotypes. Results Exposure of HCT116 cells to peristalsis significantly increased the emergence of LGR5+ CSCs by 1.8-fold compared to static controls. Peristalsis enriched LGR5 positivity in several CRC cell lines, notably significant in KRAS mutant lines. In contrast, peristalsis failed to increase LGR5+ in non-cancerous intestinal cells, HIEC-6. LGR5+ emergence downstream of peristalsis was dependent on ROCK and Wnt activity, and not YAP1 activation. Additionally, HCT116 cells adopted invasive morphologies when exposed to peristalsis, with increased filopodia density and epithelial to mesenchymal gene expression, in a Wnt dependent manner. Conclusions Peristalsis associated forces drive malignant progression of CRC via ROCK, YAP1, and Wnt-related mechanotransduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00776-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Maygan K. McFarlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Claudia A. Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Vibha S. Sheshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Anirudh K. Madyastha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - John Paul M. Gorley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Spencer C. Solberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Shreya A. Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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27
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El-Tanani M, Nsairat H, Matalka II, Aljabali AAA, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Naikoo GA, Chava SR, Charbe NB, Tambuwala MM. Impact of exosome therapy on pancreatic cancer and its progression. Med Oncol 2023; 40:225. [PMID: 37405480 PMCID: PMC10322774 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the most aggressive tumors, has a dismal prognosis because of the low rates of early identification, fast progression, difficulties following surgery, and the ineffectiveness of current oncologic therapies. There are no imaging techniques or biomarkers that can accurately identify, categorize, or predict the biological behavior of this tumor. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that play a crucial rule in the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. They have been verified to be potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer management. Studying the role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer is substantial. Exosomes are secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participated in intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, etc., play a crucial role in regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in the process of cancer development, and can be used as a prognostic marker and/or grading basis for tumor patients. Hereby, in this concise review, we intend to summarize exosomes components and isolation, exosome secretion, function, importance of exosomes in the progression of pancreatic cancer and exosomal miRNAs as possible pancreatic cancer biomarkers. Finally, the application potential of exosomes in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which provides theoretical supports for using exosomes to serve precise tumor treatment in the clinic, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK.
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Ismail I Matalka
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, PC 211, Salalah, Oman
| | | | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
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28
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Ponomarev AS, Gilazieva ZE, Solovyova VV, Rizvanov AA. Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Cell Stemness Modulation during Formation of Spheroids. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:979-994. [PMID: 37751868 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), their properties and interaction with microenvironment are of interest in modern medicine and biology. There are many studies on the emergence of CSCs and their involvement in tumor pathogenesis. The most important property inherent to CSCs is their stemness. Stemness combines ability of the cell to maintain its pluripotency, give rise to differentiated cells, and interact with environment to maintain a balance between dormancy, proliferation, and regeneration. While adult stem cells exhibit these properties by participating in tissue homeostasis, CSCs behave as their malignant equivalents. High tumor resistance to therapy, ability to differentiate, activate angiogenesis and metastasis arise precisely due to the stemness of CSCs. These cells can be used as a target for therapy of different types of cancer. Laboratory models are needed to study cancer biology and find new therapeutic strategies. A promising direction is three-dimensional tumor models or spheroids. Such models exhibit properties resembling stemness in a natural tumor. By modifying spheroids, it becomes possible to investigate the effect of therapy on CSCs, thus contributing to the development of anti-tumor drug test systems. The review examines the niche of CSCs, the possibility of their study using three-dimensional spheroids, and existing markers for assessing stemness of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei S Ponomarev
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russia
| | - Zarema E Gilazieva
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyova
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russia.
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29
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Mahmoodpour M, Kiasari BA, Karimi M, Abroshan A, Shamshirian D, Hosseinalizadeh H, Delavari A, Mirzei H. Paper-based biosensors as point-of-care diagnostic devices for the detection of cancers: a review of innovative techniques and clinical applications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1131435. [PMID: 37456253 PMCID: PMC10348714 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1131435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and rapid progression of cancer are major social problems. Medical diagnostic techniques and smooth clinical care of cancer are new necessities that must be supported by innovative diagnostic methods and technologies. Current molecular diagnostic tools based on the detection of blood protein markers are the most common tools for cancer diagnosis. Biosensors have already proven to be a cost-effective and accessible diagnostic tool that can be used where conventional laboratory methods are not readily available. Paper-based biosensors offer a new look at the world of analytical techniques by overcoming limitations through the creation of a simple device with significant advantages such as adaptability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of use, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we covered the characteristics of exosomes and their role in tumor growth and clinical diagnosis, followed by a discussion of various paper-based biosensors for exosome detection, such as dipsticks, lateral flow assays (LFA), and microfluidic paper-based devices (µPADs). We also discussed the various clinical studies on paper-based biosensors for exosome detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mahmoodpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Merat Karimi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Arezou Abroshan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Danial Shamshirian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Hosseinalizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Delavari
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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30
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Sohal IS, Kasinski AL. Emerging diversity in extracellular vesicles and their roles in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1167717. [PMID: 37397375 PMCID: PMC10312242 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1167717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have undergone a paradigm shift from being considered as 'waste bags' to being central mediators of cell-to-cell signaling in homeostasis and several pathologies including cancer. Their ubiquitous nature, ability to cross biological barriers, and dynamic regulation during changes in pathophysiological state of an individual not only makes them excellent biomarkers but also critical mediators of cancer progression. This review highlights the heterogeneity in extracellular vesicles by discussing emerging subtypes, such as migrasomes, mitovesicles, and exophers, as well as evolving components of extracellular vesicles such as the surface protein corona. The review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the role of extracellular vesicles during different stages of cancer including cancer initiation, metabolic reprogramming, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, immune modulation, therapy resistance, and metastasis, and highlights gaps in our current knowledge of extracellular vesicle biology in cancer. We further provide a perspective on extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapeutics and challenges associated with bringing them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjot S. Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Andrea L. Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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31
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Yang J, Teng Y. Harnessing cancer stem cell-derived exosomes to improve cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:131. [PMID: 37217932 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the key "seeds" for tumor initiation and development, metastasis, and recurrence. Because of the function of CSCs in tumor development and progression, research in this field has intensified and CSCs are viewed as a new therapeutic target. Exosomes carrying a wide range of DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and cytosolic and cell-surface proteins are released outside of the originating cells through the fusion of multivesicular endosomes or multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. It has become evident that CSC-derived exosomes play a significant role in almost all "hallmarks" of cancer. For example, exosomes from CSCs can maintain a steady state of self-renewal in the tumor microenvironment and regulate microenvironmental cells or distant cells to help cancer cells escape immune surveillance and induce immune tolerance. However, the function and therapeutic value of CSC-derived exosomes and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely undefined. To provide an overview of the possible role of CSC-derived exosomes and targeting strategies, we summarize relevant research progress, highlight the potential impact of detecting or targeting CSC-derived exosomes on cancer treatment, and discuss opportunities and challenges based on our experience and insights in this research area. A more thorough understanding of the characteristics and function of CSC-derived exosomes may open new avenues to the development of new clinical diagnostic/prognostic tools and therapies to prevent tumor resistance and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Yang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Peng Z, Tong Z, Ren Z, Ye M, Hu K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Mol Med 2023; 29:66. [PMID: 37217855 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They extensively communicate with the other cells. Exosome-packed bioactive molecules derived from CAFs can reshape the TME by interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix, which adds a new perspective for their clinical application in tumor targeted therapy. An in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of CAF-derived exosomes (CDEs) is critical for depicting the detailed landscape of the TME and developing tailored therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we have summarized the functional roles of CAFs in the TME, particularly focusing on the extensive communication mediated by CDEs that contain biological molecules such as miRNAs, proteins, metabolites, and other components. In addition, we have also highlighted the prospects for diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on CDEs, which could guide the future development of exosome-targeted anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Peng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhiwei Tong
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zihao Ren
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Manping Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kongwang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236000, China.
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Wu Z, Fang ZX, Hou YY, Wu BX, Deng Y, Wu HT, Liu J. Exosomes in metastasis of colorectal cancers: Friends or foes? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:731-756. [PMID: 37275444 PMCID: PMC10237026 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer worldwide, threaten human health and quality of life. With multidisciplinary, including surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, patients with an early diagnosis of CRC can have a good prognosis. However, metastasis in CRC patients is the main risk factor causing cancer-related death. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC metastasis is the difficult and research focus on the investigation of the CRC mechanism. On the other hand, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been confirmed as having an essential role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of malignancies, including CRCs. Among the different factors in the TME, exosomes as extracellular vesicles, function as bridges in the communication between cancer cells and different components of the TME to promote the progression and metastasis of CRC. MicroRNAs packaged in exosomes can be derived from different sources and transported into the TME to perform oncogenic or tumor-suppressor roles accordingly. This article focuses on CRC exosomes and illustrates their role in regulating the metastasis of CRC, especially through the packaging of miRNAs, to evoke exosomes as novel biomarkers for their impact on the metastasis of CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Masoudi-Khoram N, Soheilifar MH, Ghorbanifar S, Nobari S, Hakimi M, Hassani M. Exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts mediate response to cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 185:103967. [PMID: 36965647 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the prominent stromal cell population in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which play an indispensable role in cancer progression and response to therapy. CAFs provide communication between tumor cells and surrounding cells by secreting soluble biomolecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are small membrane-bound EVs that contain various cargos, including growth factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), cytokines, and chemokines. These biomolecules can be transferred between cells within the TME and alter the behavior of recipient cells. Some studies have shown that exosomes secreted by CAFs contribute to resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review focuses on CAF-derived exosomes in different types of tumors, with emphasis on resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Masoudi-Khoram
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shima Ghorbanifar
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Nobari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hassani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Köseer AS, Di Gaetano S, Arndt C, Bachmann M, Dubrovska A. Immunotargeting of Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1608. [PMID: 36900399 PMCID: PMC10001158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The generally accepted view is that CSCs hijack the signaling pathways attributed to normal stem cells that regulate the self-renewal and differentiation processes. Therefore, the development of selective targeting strategies for CSC, although clinically meaningful, is associated with significant challenges because CSC and normal stem cells share many important signaling mechanisms for their maintenance and survival. Furthermore, the efficacy of this therapy is opposed by tumor heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. While there have been considerable efforts to target CSC populations by the chemical inhibition of the developmental pathways such as Notch, Hedgehog (Hh), and Wnt/β-catenin, noticeably fewer attempts were focused on the stimulation of the immune response by CSC-specific antigens, including cell-surface targets. Cancer immunotherapies are based on triggering the anti-tumor immune response by specific activation and targeted redirecting of immune cells toward tumor cells. This review is focused on CSC-directed immunotherapeutic approaches such as bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug candidates, CSC-targeted cellular immunotherapies, and immune-based vaccines. We discuss the strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of the different immunotherapeutic approaches and describe the current state of their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sedef Köseer
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simona Di Gaetano
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived exosomes from chemoresistant patients regulate cisplatin resistance and angiogenesis by delivering VEGFA in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:422-430. [PMID: 36730310 PMCID: PMC9891287 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemoresistant cancer-associated fibroblasts (R-CAFs) against cisplatin (DDP) on colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. First, clinical tissue samples of chemoresistant or chemosensitive CRC patients were collected to isolate R-CAFs or chemosensitive CAFs (S-CAFs), respectively. HT29 cells or HUVECs were co-cultured with R-CAFs by transwell device. Then the proliferation and apoptosis of HT29 cells were detected with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. Transwell assay and tube formation assay was used to detect the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. In addition, a colorectal cancer transplantation model was established subcutaneously in nude mice by injecting stably transfected HT29 cells and exosomes from different CAF groups, and then the tumor volume and weight were measured and recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining were performed to characterize the histopathological characteristics and apoptosis level of tumor tissues, respectively. S-CAFs and R-CAFs were isolated successfully. HT29 cell co-culture with R-CAFs significantly affected the proliferation and apoptosis of HT29 cells. Exosomes derived from R-CAFs (R-CAFs-Exo) were delivered to HT29 cells, which could induce viability, suppress apoptosis and accelerate the angiogenesis of CRC. In addition, VEGFA was highly expressed in R-CAFs-Exo, which might indicate that R-CAFs could transmit VEGFA through exosomes. Overexpressed VEGFA in R-CAFs apparently regulates the viability, apoptosis, DDP resistance, and angiogenesis of CRC. In-vivo experiments confirmed that R-CAFs-Exo promoted the progression of CRC and DDP resistance by delivering VEGFA . R-CAFs-derived exosomes promote the viability, apoptosis, DDP resistance, and angiogenesis of CRC by delivering VEGFA .
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Liang Q, Zhou XH. Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:134-142. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i4.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that has a high incidence in all countries around the world. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a vital component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), playing an important role in the development of CRC. CAFs can release multiple cytokines and exosomes, activating a variety of related signaling pathways and boosting the processes of the invasion, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immunosuppression in CRC. Thus, CAFs are a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC. Understanding the role and mechanism of CAFs can provide new insights for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xi-Han Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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38
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Liang Q, Zhou XH, Shen GF, Zhu F, Lian HF, Li X, Zheng JY, Li JP, Deng SM, Huang R. Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:129-137. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that has a high incidence in all countries around the world. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a vital component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), playing an important role in the development of CRC. CAFs can release multiple cytokines and exosomes, activating a variety of related signaling pathways and boosting the processes of the invasion, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immunosuppression in CRC. Thus, CAFs are a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC. Understanding the role and mechanism of CAFs can provide new insights for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xi-Han Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gao-Fei Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Fen Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Yi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shui-Miao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
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Interactions between Platelets and Tumor Microenvironment Components in Ovarian Cancer and Their Implications for Treatment and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041282. [PMID: 36831623 PMCID: PMC9953912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, the primary operatives of hemostasis that contribute to blood coagulation and wound healing after blood vessel injury, are also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. Malignancy-associated thrombosis is common in ovarian cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Platelets extravasate into the tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer and interact with cancer cells and non-cancerous elements. Ovarian cancer cells also activate platelets. The communication between activated platelets, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment is via various platelet membrane proteins or mediators released through degranulation or the secretion of microvesicles from platelets. These interactions trigger signaling cascades in tumors that promote ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. This review discusses how interactions between platelets, cancer cells, cancer stem cells, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment influence ovarian cancer progression. It also presents novel potential therapeutic approaches toward this gynecological cancer.
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Miroshnychenko D, Miti T, Miller A, Kumar P, Laurie M, Bui MM, Altrock PM, Basanta D, Marusyk A. Paracrine enhancement of tumor cell proliferation provides indirect stroma-mediated chemoresistance via acceleration of tumor recovery between chemotherapy cycles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527543. [PMID: 36798328 PMCID: PMC9934626 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tumors to survive therapy is mediated not only by cell-intrinsic but also cell-extrinsic, microenvironmental mechanisms. Across many cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a high stroma/tumor ratio correlates with poor survival. In many contexts, this correlation can be explained by the direct reduction of therapy sensitivity by stroma-produced paracrine factors through activating pro-survival signaling and stemness. We sought to explore whether this direct effect contributes to the link between stroma and poor responses to chemotherapies in TNBC. Our in vitro studies with panels of TNBC cell line models and stromal isolates failed to detect a direct modulation of chemoresistance. However, we found that fibroblasts often enhance baseline tumor cell proliferation. Consistent with this in vitro observation, we found evidence of stroma-enhanced TNBC cell proliferation in vivo , in xenograft models and patient samples. Based on these observations, we hypothesized an indirect link between stroma and chemoresistance, where stroma-augmented proliferation potentiates the recovery of residual tumors between chemotherapy cycles. To test this hypothesis, we developed a spatial agent-based model of tumor response to repeated dosing of chemotherapy. The model was quantitatively parameterized from histological analyses and experimental studies. We found that even a slight enhancement of tumor cell proliferation within stroma-proximal niches can strongly enhance the ability of tumors to survive multiple cycles of chemotherapy under biologically and clinically feasible parameters. In summary, our study uncovered a novel, indirect mechanism of chemoresistance. Further, our study highlights the limitations of short-term cytotoxicity assays in understanding chemotherapy responses and supports the integration of experimental and in silico modeling.
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Stefańska K, Józkowiak M, Angelova Volponi A, Shibli JA, Golkar-Narenji A, Antosik P, Bukowska D, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Mozdziak P, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Zabel M, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Kempisty B. The Role of Exosomes in Human Carcinogenesis and Cancer Therapy-Recent Findings from Molecular and Clinical Research. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030356. [PMID: 36766698 PMCID: PMC9913699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological nanoscale spherical lipid bilayer vesicles, 40-160 nm in diameter, produced by most mammalian cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes are formed via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). The primary function of exosomes is mediating cell-to-cell communication. In terms of cancer, exosomes play important roles as mediators of intercellular communication, leading to tumor progression. Moreover, they can serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and progression. Therefore, their utilization in cancer therapies has been suggested, either as drug delivery carriers or as a diagnostic tool. However, exosomes were also reported to be involved in cancer drug resistance via transferring information of drug resistance to sensitive cells. It is important to consider the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in cancer, drug resistance, cancer therapies, and their clinical application in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Cellivia 3 S.A., 61-623 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Józkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07030-010, Brazil
| | - Afsaneh Golkar-Narenji
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Yang K, Zhang F, Luo B, Qu Z. CAFs-derived small extracellular vesicles circN4BP2L2 promotes proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer via miR-664b-3p/HMGB3 pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:404-416. [PMID: 35722996 PMCID: PMC9225373 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research has demonstrated that colorectal cancer (CRC) progression was promoted by circN4BP2L2. This study aimed to further explore the mechanism of circN4BP2L2 in the development of CRC from the perspective of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Cancer-associated fibroblasts cell (CAFs) and normal fibroblasts cell (NFs) were isolated from CRC tissues and adjacent tissues, respectively. The ultra-centrifugation was used for extraction of their related sEVs. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Transwell assay was conducted to measure cell migration. The tube formation ability was assessed by tube formation assay. The target relationships between circN4BP2L2 and miR-664b-3p, and miR-664b-3p and HMGB3 were validated by dual-luciferase reporter detection. The effect of CAFs-derived sEV (CAFs-sEVs) circN4BP2L2 on CRC was further studied in nude mice. CAFs-exo promoted cell proliferation, migration, tube formation ability, and inhibited apoptosis of CRC cells. CAFs-sEV circN4BP2L2 knockdown reversed the above results. CircN4BP2L2 directly targeted miR-664b-3p, and HMGB3 was targeted by miR-664b-3p. Moreover, subcutaneous tumorigenesis and liver metastasis of nude mice with CRC were repressed by CAFs-sEV circN4BP2L2 knockdown. CAFs-sEV circN4BP2L2 knockdown restrained CRC cell proliferation and migration by regulating miR-664b-3p/HMGB3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Baihua Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhan Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Targets and Delivery Vehicles for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122822. [PMID: 36559315 PMCID: PMC9788152 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles that are released from cells into the extracellular space both under pathological and normal conditions. It is now well established that cancer cells secrete more EVs compared to non-cancerous cells and that, captivatingly, several proteins that are involved in EV biogenesis and secretion are upregulated in various tumours. Recent studies have revealed that EVs facilitate the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment and play a substantial role in the growth of tumours. As EVs are involved in several aspects of cancer progression including angiogenesis, organotropism, pre-metastatic niche formation, fostering of metastasis, and chemoresistance, inhibiting the release of EVs from cancer and the surrounding tumour microenvironment cells has been proposed as an ideal strategy to treat cancer and associated paraneoplastic syndromes. Lately, EVs have shown immense benefits in preclinical settings as a novel drug delivery vehicle. This review provides a brief overview of the role of EVs in various hallmarks of cancer, focusing on (i) strategies to treat cancer by therapeutically targeting the release of tumour-derived EVs and (ii) EVs as valuable drug delivery vehicles. Furthermore, we also outline the drawbacks of the existing anti-cancer treatments and the future prospective of EV-based therapeutics.
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Naito Y, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Intercellular crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts via extracellular vesicles. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:367. [PMID: 36424598 PMCID: PMC9686122 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression through direct contact and indirect interactions, such as via secretory molecules. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the principal components of such communication with cancer cells, modulating cancer metastasis and tumour mechanics and influencing angiogenesis, the immune system, and therapeutic resistance. Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as regulatory agents in intercellular communication. EVs enable the transfer of functional molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), to recipient cells. Cancer cells utilize EVs to dictate the specific characteristics of CAFs within the tumour microenvironment, thereby promoting cancer progression. In response to such "education" by cancer cells, CAFs contribute to cancer progression via EVs. In this review, we summarize experimental data indicating the pivotal roles of EVs in intercellular communication between cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- grid.410821.e0000 0001 2173 8328Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
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45
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Xinmei Wang
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Wen-Shing Liaw
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Chun-An Chen
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
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46
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Zhang J, Chen M, Fang C, Luo P. A cancer-associated fibroblast gene signature predicts prognosis and therapy response in patients with pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1052132. [PMID: 36465388 PMCID: PMC9716208 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1052132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of about 10% in the United States, and it is becoming an increasingly prominent cause of cancer death. Among pancreatic cancer patients, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has a very poor prognosis with an average survival of only 1 year in about 18% of all tumor stages. In the past years, there has been an increasing interest in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their roles in PDAC. Recent data reveals that CAFs in PDAC are heterogeneous and various CAF subtypes have been demonstrated to promote tumor development while others hinder cancer proliferation. Furthermore, CAFs and other stromal populations can be potentially used as novel prognostic markers in cancer. In the present study, in order to evaluate the prognostic value of CAFs in PDAC, CAF infiltration rate was evaluated in 4 PDAC datasets of TCGA, GEO, and ArrayExpress databases and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CAF-high and CAF-low patients were identified. Subsequently, a CAF-based gene expression signature was developed and studied for its association with overall survival (OS). Additionally, functional enrichment analysis, somatic alteration analysis, and prognostic risk model construction was conducted on the identified DEGs. Finally, oncoPredict algorithm was implemented to assess drug sensitivity prediction between high- and low-risk cohorts. Our results revealed that CAF risk-high patients have a worse survival rate and increased CAF infiltration is a poor prognostic indicator in pancreatic cancer. Functional enrichment analysis also revealed that "extracellular matrix organization" and "vasculature development" were the top enriched pathways among the identified DEGs. We also developed a panel of 12 genes, which in additional to its prognostic value, could predict higher chemotherapy resistance rate. This CAF-based panel can be potentially utilized alone or in conjunction with other clinical parameters to make early predictions and prognosticate responsiveness to treatment in PDAC patients. Indeed, it is necessary to conduct extensive prospective investigations to confirm the clinical utility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuanfa Fang
- Department of Gastroenteric Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Ganzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Lucotti S, Kenific CM, Zhang H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109288. [PMID: 36052513 PMCID: PMC9475536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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48
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Fotsitzoudis C, Koulouridi A, Messaritakis I, Konstantinidis T, Gouvas N, Tsiaoussis J, Souglakos J. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: The Origin, Biological Characteristics and Role in Cancer-A Glance on Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184394. [PMID: 36139552 PMCID: PMC9497276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor microenvironment is a major contributor to tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy. It consists of many cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which derive from different types of cells. CAFs detected in different tumor types are linked to poor prognosis, as in the case of colorectal cancer. Although their functions differ according to their subtype, their detection is not easy, and there are no established markers for such detection. They are possible targets for therapeutic treatment. Many trials are ongoing for their use as a prognostic factor and as a treatment target. More research remains to be carried out to establish their role in prognosis and treatment. Abstract The therapeutic approaches to cancer remain a considerable target for all scientists around the world. Although new cancer treatments are an everyday phenomenon, cancer still remains one of the leading mortality causes. Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains in this category, although patients with CRC may have better survival compared with other malignancies. Not only the tumor but also its environment, what we call the tumor microenvironment (TME), seem to contribute to cancer progression and resistance to therapy. TME consists of different molecules and cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are a major component. They arise from normal fibroblasts and other normal cells through various pathways. Their role seems to contribute to cancer promotion, participating in tumorigenesis, proliferation, growth, invasion, metastasis and resistance to treatment. Different markers, such as a-SMA, FAP, PDGFR-β, periostin, have been used for the detection of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Their detection is important for two main reasons; research has shown that their existence is correlated with prognosis, and they are already under evaluation as a possible target for treatment. However, extensive research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Fotsitzoudis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Asimina Koulouridi
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ippokratis Messaritakis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-394926
| | | | | | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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49
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Palazzolo S, Canzonieri V, Rizzolio F. The history of small extracellular vesicles and their implication in cancer drug resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948843. [PMID: 36091133 PMCID: PMC9451101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the last 20 years are demonstrated to possess promising properties as potential new drug delivery systems, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Moreover, EVs are described to be involved in the most important steps of tumor development and progression including drug resistance. The acquired or intrinsic capacity of cancer cells to resist chemotherapies is one of the greatest obstacles to overcome to improve the prognosis of many patients. EVs are involved in this mechanism by exporting the drugs outside the cells and transferring the drug efflux pumps and miRNAs in recipient cells, in turn inducing drug resistance. In this mini-review, the main mechanisms by which EVs are involved in drug resistance are described, giving a rapid and clear overview of the field to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palazzolo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscary University, Venice, Italy
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50
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Słomka A, Wang B, Mocan T, Horhat A, Willms AG, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Strassburg CP, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Lukacs-Kornek V, Kornek MT. Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Tumour Cells - complementary liquid biopsies or standalone concepts? Theranostics 2022; 12:5836-5855. [PMID: 35966579 PMCID: PMC9373826 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies do promise a lot, but are they keeping it? In the past decade, additional novel biomarkers qualified to be called like that, of which, some took necessary hurdles resulting in FDA approval and clinical use. Some others are since a while around, well known and were once regarded to be a game changer in cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. But, during their clinical use limitations were observed from statistical significance and questions raised regarding their robustness, that eventually led to be dropped from associated clinical guidelines for certain applications including cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this review isn't to give a broad overview of all current liquid biopsy as biomarkers, weight them and promise a brighter future in cancer prevention, but rather to take a deeper look on two of those who do qualify to be called liquid biopsies now or then. These two are probably of greatest interest conceptually and methodically, and likely have the highest chances to be in clinical use soon, with a portfolio extension over their original conceptual usage. We aim to dig deeper beyond cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. Actually, we aim to review in depth extracellular vesicles (EVs) and compare with circulating tumour cells (CTCs). The latter methodology is partially FDA approved and in clinical use. We will lay out similarities as taking advantage of surface antigens on EVs and CTCs in case of characterization and quantification. But drawing readers' attention to downstream application based on capture/isolation methodology and simply on their overall nature, here apparently being living material eventually recoverable as CTCs are vs. dead material with transient effects on recipient cell as in case of EVs. All this we try to bring in perspective, compare and conclude towards which future direction we are aiming for, or should aim for. Do we announce a winner between CTCs vs EVs? No, but we provide good reasons to intensify research on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adelina Horhat
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arnulf G Willms
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, 22049 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria A Gonzalez-Carmona
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslaw T Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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