1
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Alherz FA, Saleh A, Alsheikh MY, Borg HM, Kabel AM, Abd Elmaaboud MA. Shikonin mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in mice: the role of sirtuin-1, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy, and apoptosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024:rgae119. [PMID: 39245439 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective potential of shikonin (SHK) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced cardiotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. METHODS Mice received SHK in three different doses by oral gavage daily for 14 days and CP at 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally once on the seventh day. On the 15th day, mice were euthanized, blood collected, and hearts were removed to estimate various biochemical and histopathological parameters. KEY FINDINGS CP significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, troponin I and NT pro-BNP, and cardiac malondialdehyde and decreased cardiac total antioxidant capacity and Nrf2, whereas increased inflammatory markers in the cardiac tissues. CP also caused hypertrophy and fibrosis in the cardiac tissues via activation of IL6/JAK2/STAT3 while depressed SIRT1 and PI3K/p-Akt pathway with consequent increased apoptosis and dysregulation of autophagy. SHK treatment reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner and showed a significant protective effect against CP-induced cardiotoxicity via suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis with modulation of autophagy via induction of SIRT1/PI3K/p-Akt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Shikonin may be used as an adjuvant to cyclophosphamide in cancer treatment, but further research is needed to investigate its effects on cardiotoxicity in distinct animal cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Y Alsheikh
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M Borg
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Kabel
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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2
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Song Y, Ding Q, Hao Y, Cui B, Ding C, Gao F. Pharmacological Effects of Shikonin and Its Potential in Skin Repair: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7950. [PMID: 38138440 PMCID: PMC10745356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, skin injuries have a serious impact on people's lives and socio-economic stress. Shikonin, a naphthoquinone compound derived from the root of the traditional Chinese medicine Shikonin, has favorable biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and wound-healing-promoting pharmacological activities. It has been reported that Shikonin can be used for repairing skin diseases due to its wide range of pharmacological effects. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of Shikonin can play a great role in food and can also reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in food. This paper summarizes the research on the pharmacological effects of Shikonin in recent years, as well as research on the mechanism of action of Shikonin in the treatment of certain skin diseases, to provide certain theoretical references for the clinical application of Shikonin, and also to provides research ideas for the investigation of the mechanism of action of Shikonin in other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China;
| | - Qiteng Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yuewen Hao
- Jilin Jianwei Natural Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Linjiang 134600, China; (Y.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Bing Cui
- Jilin Jianwei Natural Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Linjiang 134600, China; (Y.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China;
- Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dunhua 133700, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China;
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3
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Chen Y, Xu J, Liu X, Guo L, Yi P, Cheng C. Potential therapies targeting nuclear metabolic regulation in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e421. [PMID: 38034101 PMCID: PMC10685089 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between genetic alterations and metabolic dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a pivotal axis in cancer pathogenesis. Both elements are mutually reinforcing, thereby expediting the ontogeny and progression of malignant neoplasms. Intriguingly, recent findings have highlighted the translocation of metabolites and metabolic enzymes from the cytoplasm into the nuclear compartment, where they appear to be intimately associated with tumor cell proliferation. Despite these advancements, significant gaps persist in our understanding of their specific roles within the nuclear milieu, their modulatory effects on gene transcription and cellular proliferation, and the intricacies of their coordination with the genomic landscape. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to elucidate the regulatory landscape of metabolic signaling within the nuclear domain, namely nuclear metabolic signaling involving metabolites and metabolic enzymes. We explore the roles and molecular mechanisms through which metabolic flux and enzymatic activity impact critical nuclear processes, including epigenetic modulation, DNA damage repair, and gene expression regulation. In conclusion, we underscore the paramount significance of nuclear metabolic signaling in cancer biology and enumerate potential therapeutic targets, associated pharmacological interventions, and implications for clinical applications. Importantly, these emergent findings not only augment our conceptual understanding of tumoral metabolism but also herald the potential for innovative therapeutic paradigms targeting the metabolism-genome transcriptional axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Linlin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation OncologyJames Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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4
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Boonnate P, Kariya R, Okada S. Shikonin Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis Via Mitochondria Depolarization and ER Stress in Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040864. [PMID: 37107239 PMCID: PMC10135058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy that develops in some elderly human T-cell leukemia virus (HTVL-1) carriers. ATLL has a poor prognosis despite conventional and targeted therapies, and a new safe and efficient therapy is required. Here, we examined the anti-ATLL effect of Shikonin (SHK), a naphthoquinone derivative that has shown several anti-cancer activities. SHK induced apoptosis of ATLL cells accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Treatment with a ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), blocked both loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and ER stress, and prevented apoptosis of ATLL cells, indicating that ROS is an upstream trigger of SHK-induced apoptosis of ATLL cells through disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ER stress. In an ATLL xenografted mouse model, SHK treatment suppressed tumor growth without significant adverse effects. These results suggest that SHK could be a potent anti-reagent against ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanard Boonnate
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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5
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Demeter JB, Elshaarrawi A, Dowker‐Key PD, Bettaieb A. The emerging role of
PKM
in keratinocyte homeostasis and pathophysiology. FEBS J 2022; 290:2311-2319. [PMID: 36541050 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased aerobic glycolysis in keratinocytes has been reported as a hallmark of skin diseases while its pharmacological inhibition restores keratinocyte homeostasis. Pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isoforms are key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and, therefore, an attractive therapeutic target. Simon Nold and colleagues used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to investigate the outcomes of PKM splicing perturbations and specific PKM1 or PKM2 deficiency in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Collectively, the study demonstrated different effects of PKM1 or PKM2 depletion on the reciprocal PKM isoform and on keratinocyte gene expression, metabolism and proliferation. Findings from this study provide novel insights into the role of PKM in keratinocyte homeostasis, warranting additional investigations into the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Demeter
- Department of Nutrition The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | - Ahmed Elshaarrawi
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | | | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
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6
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Hummadi AA, Gany SN, Hadi NR. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF TOPICALLY APPLIED METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE AND THEIR COMBINATION WITH MINOXIDIL SOLUTION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF HAIR GROWTH IN MALE MICE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2744-2751. [PMID: 36591763 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202211206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of Methylsulfonylmethane in minimizing hair loss. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Twenty adult Wister Albino mice weighing 25-35g and aged 6-7 weeks were employed. Male mice's coat hairs on the dorsal skin were carefully clipped and then colored. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups, each with five animals: (1) Control group: Treated with D.W. (2), Minoxidil (5%) treated group (3), Methylsulfonylmethane (10%) treated group (4), Methylsulfonylmethane plus Minoxidil treated group. RESULTS Results: We found that the tissue level of 8-isoprastanein the groups receiving medication are considerably lower than in the control (D.W.). We also discovered that the serum tissue vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the groups receiving medication are considerably greater than those in the control (D.W.) groups. On the other hand, we discovered that hair growth, hair follicle expansion and hair follicle number are much higher in the groups receiving medication than in the control groups. CONCLUSION Conclusions: We concluded that MSM, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, dramatically reduces hair loss in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Hummadi
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Sarmad N Gany
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Najah R Hadi
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
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7
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Cui Y, Li C, Sang F, Cao W, Qin Z, Zhang P. Natural products targeting glycolytic signaling pathways-an updated review on anti-cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035882. [PMID: 36339566 PMCID: PMC9631946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis is a complex metabolic process that occurs to convert glucose into pyruvate to produce energy for living cells. Normal cells oxidized pyruvate into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria while cancer cells preferentially metabolize pyruvate to lactate even in the presence of oxygen in order to maintain a slightly acidic micro-environment of PH 6.5 and 6.9, which is beneficial for cancer cell growth and metastasis. Therefore targeting glycolytic signaling pathways provided new strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Natural products are important sources for the treatment of diseases with a variety of pharmacologic activities. Accumulated studies suggested that natural products exhibited remarkable anti-cancer properties both in vitro and in vivo. Plenty of studies suggested natural products like flavonoids, terpenoids and quinones played anti-cancer properties via inhibiting glucose metabolism targets in glycolytic pathways. This study provided an updated overview of natural products controlling glycolytic pathways, which also provide insight into druggable mediators discovery targeting cancer glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chuang Li
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Sang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Weiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
| | - Zhuo Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
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8
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Mu Z, Guo J, Zhang D, Xu Y, Zhou M, Guo Y, Hou Y, Gao X, Han X, Geng L. Therapeutic Effects of Shikonin on Skin Diseases: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 49:1871-1895. [PMID: 34961421 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is one of the primary active components extracted from the dried root ofZicao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Onosma paniculata, or Arnebia euchroma), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Shikonin is known to not only exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities, but also play a crucial role in triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, suppressing the release of exosomes, and inducing apoptosis. Increasing evidence suggests that shikonin has a protective effect against skin diseases, including psoriasis, melanoma, and hypertrophic scars. In order to evaluate the application potential of shikonin in the treatment of skin diseases, this review is the first of its kind to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the uses of shikonin and its derivatives on skin diseases and its underlying mechanisms. In this review, we have focused on the signaling pathways and cellular targets involved in the anti-dermatosis effects of shikonin to bridge the gaps in the literature, thereby providing scientific support for the research and development of new drugs from a traditional medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Mu
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Jincheng People's Hospital, 456N, Wenchang East Street, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone Hospital, 123N, Yixian Road, Torch Zone, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuping Han
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Long Geng
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
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9
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Liu X, Li Z, Wang Z, Liu F, Zhang L, Ke J, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Wei T, Shan Q, Chen Y, Huang W, Gao J, Wu N, Chen F, Sun L, Qiu Z, Deng Y, Wang X. Chromatin remodeling induced by ARID1A loss in lung cancer promotes glycolysis and confers JQ1 vulnerability. Cancer Res 2022; 82:791-804. [PMID: 34987057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ARID1A is a key mammalian SWI/SNF complex subunit that is mutated in 5%-11% of lung cancers. Although recent studies have elucidated the mechanism underlying dysregulation of SWI/SNF complexes in cancers, the significance of ARID1A loss and its implications in lung cancers remain poorly defined. This study investigates how ARID1A loss affects initiation and progression of lung cancer. In genetically engineered mouse models bearing mutant Kras and a deficient Trp53 allele (KP), ARID1A loss (KPA) promoted lung tumorigenesis. Analysis of the transcriptome profiles of KP and KPA tumors suggested enhanced glycolysis following ARID1A loss, and expression of the glycolytic regulators Pgam1, Pkm, and Pgk1 was significantly increased in ARID1A-deficient lung tumors. Furthermore, ARID1A loss increased chromatin accessibility and enhanced HIF1α binding to the promoter regions of Pgam1, Pkm, and Pgk1. Loss of ARID1A in lung adenocarcinoma also resulted in loss of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) recruitment, increasing acetylation of histone 4 lysine at the promoters of Pgam1, Pkm, and Pgk1 and subsequently enhancing BRD4-driven transcription of these genes. Metabolic analyses confirmed that glycolysis is enhanced in ARID1A-deficient tumors, and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of glycolysis inhibited lung tumorigenesis in KPA mice. Treatment with the small molecule bromodomain and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitor JQ1 compromised both initiation and progression of ARID1A-deficient lung adenocarcinoma. ARID1A negatively correlated with glycolysis-related genes in human lung adenocarcinoma. Overall, ARID1A loss leads to metabolic reprogramming that supports tumorigenesis but also confers a therapeutic vulnerability that could be harnessed to improve the treatment of ARID1A-deficient lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders and Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Linling Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Ke
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qungang Shan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders and Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Fuliang Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders and Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders and Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
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10
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Pan J, Li M, Yu F, Zhu F, Wang L, Ning D, Hou X, Jiang F. Up-Regulation of p53/miR-628-3p Pathway, a Novel Mechanism of Shikonin on Inhibiting Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis of A549 and PC-9 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:766165. [PMID: 34867391 PMCID: PMC8635033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin (SHK) is a pleiotropic agent with remarkable cell growth inhibition activity against various cancer types, especially non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Our previous study found that miR-628-3p could inhibit the growth of A549 cells and induce its apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-628-3p promoter sequence contained p53 binding sites. Considering the regulatory effect of SHK on p53, we speculate that SHK may inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells by up-regulating miR-628-3p. CCK-8 and EdU assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of SHK on A549 and PC-9 cells. Meanwhile, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot showed that SHK could promote the expression of p53 and miR-628-3p in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of p53 or miR-628-3p can inhibit the growth and promote apoptosis of A549 and PC-9 cells, while silencing p53 or miR-628-3p has the opposite effect. Dual luciferase reporting assay and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay further verified the direct interaction between p53 and the promoter of miR-628-3p. Gene knockdown for p53 or miR-628-3p confirmed that SHK inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of A549 and PC-9 cells at least partly by up-regulating p53/miR-628-3p signaling pathway. Therefore, these novel findings provide an alternative approach to target p53/miR-628-3p axis and could be used for the development of new treatment strategies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Pan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiya Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiye Zhu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linyan Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Ning
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Jiang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Wang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Ju X, Zhang H. Molecular mechanism of shikonin inhibiting tumor growth and potential application in cancer treatment. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1077-1084. [PMID: 34956612 PMCID: PMC8692723 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is one of the major bioactive components of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. It has a good killing effect in a variety of tumor cells. Its antitumor effect involves multiple targets and pathways and has received extensive attention and study in recent years. In this review, we systematically review recent progress in determining the antitumor mechanism of shikonin and its derivatives, specifically their induction of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation, inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis and necroptosis. We also discuss the application of nanoparticles loaded with shikonin in the targeted therapy of various cancers. Finally, we suggest new strategies for the clinical application of shikonin and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Ferns GA, Shahini Shams Abadi M, Raeisi A, Arjmand MH. The Potential Role of Changes in the Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancer Progression: Strategy in Cancer Therapy. Gastrointest Tumors 2021; 8:169-176. [PMID: 34722470 DOI: 10.1159/000517771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in cell metabolism are a well-known feature of some cancers, and this may be involved in the etiology of tumor formation and progression, as well as tumor heterogeneity. These changes may affect fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis and are required to provide the increase in energy necessary for the high rate of proliferation of cancer cells. Gastrointestinal cancers remain a difficult-to-treat cancer, particularly as they are usually diagnosed at a late stage of disease and are associated with poor outcomes. Summary Recently, the changes in the metabolic pathways, including the expression of the rate-limiting enzymes involved, have been considered to be a potential target for therapy for gastrointestinal tumors. Key Message A combination of routine chemotherapy drugs with metabolic inhibitors may improve the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Milad Shahini Shams Abadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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13
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Shikonin Attenuates Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Apoptosis via PTEN/Akt/CREB/BDNF Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5564246. [PMID: 34211568 PMCID: PMC8205575 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5564246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin (SK) exerts neuroprotective effects; however, to date, its protective effect against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion- (CCH-) induced vascular dementia (VaD) has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study investigated whether SK could mitigate the cognitive deficits caused by CCH. The effects of SK treatment on the PTEN/Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons were examined in a rat model of VaD established via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Fifty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham, vehicle, SK-L (10 mg/kg SK per day), and SK-H (25 mg/kg SK per day). SK was regularly administered by gavage for 2 weeks. The results of the water maze test revealed that the escape latency in the vehicle group was significantly longer than that in the sham group, and rats in the vehicle group spent a smaller proportion of time in the target quadrant than those in the sham group. SK treatment reduced the escape latencies and increased the proportion of time spent in the target quadrant. Nissl staining showed morphological damage in the CA1 areas of the hippocampus in the vehicle group. SK treatment alleviated the injuries to hippocampal neurons. Western blot analysis showed higher p-PTEN and lower p-Akt, p-CREB, and BDNF expression in the vehicle group than in the sham group. SK administration reversed the upregulation of p-PTEN and the downregulation of p-Akt, p-CREB, and BDNF. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling- (TUNEL-) positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of the vehicle group was significantly increased. Treatment with SK decreased the number of positive cells. Furthermore, as marker proteins of apoptosis, bcl-2 expression was decreased and bax expression was increased; thus, the ratio of bcl-2/bax was decreased in the vehicle group. SK treatment upregulated the expression of bcl-2 and downregulated the expression of bax, thereby elevating the bcl-2/bax ratio. Moreover, the aforementioned effects of SK were dose-dependent. The effect of 25 mg/kg per day was more obvious than that of 10 mg/kg per day. In conclusion, SK inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis to protect against CCH-induced injury by regulating the PTEN/Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway, consequently improving cognitive impairment.
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14
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Shen GN, Li J, Jin YH, Sun HN, Hao YY, Jin MH, Liu R, Li WL, Zhang YQ, Yu JB, Yu NN, Wang WD, Yu LY, Kim JS, Kwon T, Han YH. The compound 2-benzylthio-5,8-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione leads to apoptotic cell death by increasing the cellular reactive oxygen species levels in Ras-mutated liver cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:82. [PMID: 32968439 PMCID: PMC7500053 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify the pro-apoptotic anticancer potential of several 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-phthoquinone (DMNQ) derivatives in Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. MTT assays were used to detect cellular viability and flow cytometry was performed to assess intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis. The expression levels of proteins were detected via western blotting. Among the 12 newly synthesized DMNQ derivatives, 2-benzylthio-5,8-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (BZNQ; component #1) significantly reduced cell viability both in mouse NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblasts cells (NC) and H-RasG12V transfected mouse NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblasts cells (NR). Moreover, BZNQ resulted in increased cytotoxic sensitivity in Ras-mutant transfected cells. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in H-RasG12V transfected HepG2 liver cancer cells (HR) were significantly higher compared with the levels in HepG2 liver cancer cells (HC) following BZNQ treatment, which further resulted in increased cellular apoptosis. Eliminating cellular ROS using an ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine markedly reversed BZNQ-induced cellular ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis in HC and HR cells. Western blotting results revealed that BZNQ significantly downregulated H-Ras protein expression and inhibited the Ras-mediated downstream signaling pathways such as protein kinase B, extracellular signal-related kinase and glycogen synthase kinase phosphorylation and β-catenin protein expression. These results indicated that the novel DMNQ derivative BZNQ may be a therapeutic drug for Ras-mediated liver tumorigenesis. The results of the current study suggest that BZNQ exerts its effect by downregulating H-Ras protein expression and Ras-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Nan Shen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Library and Information Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Hao
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Jin
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ren Liu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Long Li
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bin Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Nan Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Wang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yun Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
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15
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Wu H, Zhao H, Chen L. Deoxyshikonin Inhibits Viability and Glycolysis by Suppressing the Akt/mTOR Pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1253. [PMID: 32850379 PMCID: PMC7427633 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyshikonin was reported to exhibit an anti-tumor effect in colorectal cancer. However, no studies are available to illustrate the effect of deoxyshikonin on acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The effects of deoxyshikonin on viability, apoptosis, caspase-3/7 activity, and cytochrome (Cyt) C expression were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, caspase-3/7 activity assay, and western blot analysis, respectively. Glucose consumption and lactate production were measured to determine the glycolysis level. The expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results showed that deoxyshikonin inhibited cell viability and increased the apoptotic rate, the caspase-3/7 activity, and the Cyt C protein level in AML cells in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, deoxyshikonin concentration-dependently decreased glucose consumption, lactate production, and PKM2 expression in AML cells. Deoxyshikonin inactivated the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway reversed the effects of deoxyshikonin on viability, apoptosis, and glycolysis in AML cells. In conclusion, deoxyshikonin dampened the viability and the glycolysis of AML cells by suppressing PKM2 via inactivation of the Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wu
- Telemedicine and Connected Health Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmian Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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16
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Lan XO, Wang HX, Qi RQ, Xu YY, Yu YJ, Yang Y, Guo H, Gao XH, Geng L. Shikonin inhibits CEBPD downregulation in IL‑17‑treated HaCaT cells and in an imiquimod‑induced psoriasis model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2263-2272. [PMID: 32705251 PMCID: PMC7411367 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-defined scaly papules and plaques. Interleukin (IL)-17 is involved in its pathogenesis and promotes the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, possesses anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and can suppress IL-17-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway. In the present study, MTS, iCELLigence and RT-qPCR were used to determine the optimal concentration and duration of IL-17 or shikonin acting on HaCaT cells. The changes in the expression levels of genes associated with the IL-6/STAT3 pathway in differentially treated cells were analyzed via RT2Profiler™ PCR Array. Small interfering RNA was used to silence the expression levels of the target gene CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (CEBPD). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the effect of shikonin on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice and the expression levels of CEBPD. Shikonin reversed IL-17-mediated downregulation of the tumor suppressor CEBPD in HaCaT cells. Moreover, low levels of CEBPD in the imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis were restored by shikonin treatment, which ameliorated excessive keratinocyte proliferation. Taken together, these findings suggest that CEBPD plays a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and can be targeted by shikonin as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ou Lan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - He-Xiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Long Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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17
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Liu Y, Kang X, Niu G, He S, Zhang T, Bai Y, Li Y, Hao H, Chen C, Shou Z, Li B. Shikonin induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy in human melanoma A375 cells via ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:626-635. [PMID: 30873870 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1575229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin, a botanical drug extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exhibits anti-cancer effects in various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been completely elucidated yet. Here, we showed that Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells and inhibits their proliferation. Shikonin caused G2/M phase arrest through upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin B1. Shikonin significantly triggered ER stress-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the expression of p-eIF2α, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-3. It also induced protective autophagy by activating the p38 pathway, followed by an increase in the levels of p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1. Upon suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, Shikonin-induced apoptosis was enhanced in A375 cells. Moreover, after pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine, Shikonin increased the production of reactive oxygen species that are involved in regulating ER stress-mediated apoptosis and p38-activated autophagy, as evidenced by the reversion of cell viability and apoptosis and a decrease in p-eIF2α, CHOP, p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1 levels. Thus, we demonstrated that Shikonin induced apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells via the activation of ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways, indicating that Shikonin can serve as a potential agent for human melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Liu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xing Kang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Geng Niu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Senlin He
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuwei Bai
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi Li
- d School of Computer Science , Xi'an Polytechnic University , Xi'an , China
| | - Houyan Hao
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chao Chen
- b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- e Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Bin Li
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
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18
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Guo C, He J, Song X, Tan L, Wang M, Jiang P, Li Y, Cao Z, Peng C. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104463. [PMID: 31553936 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is the major bioactive component extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon which is also known as "Zicao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Recent studies have shown that shikonin demonstrates various bioactivities related to the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. This review aimed to provide an updated summary of recent studies on shikonin. Firstly, many studies have demonstrated that shikonin exerts strong anticancer effects on various types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Shikonin also triggers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, suppressing exosome release, and activate anti-tumor immunity in multiple molecular mechanisms. Examples of these effects include modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling; inhibiting the activation of TrxR1, PKM2, RIP1/3, Src, and FAK; and regulating the expression of ERP57, MMPs, ATF2, C-MYC, miR-128, and GRP78 (Bip). Next, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of shikonin were also reviewed. Furthermore, several studies focusing on shikonin derivatives were reviewed, and these showed that, with modification to the naphthazarin ring or side chain, some shikonin derivatives display stronger anticancer activity and lower toxicity than shikonin itself. Our findings suggest that shikonin and its derivatives could serve as potential novel drug for the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Peidu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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19
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Jia L, Zhu Z, Li H, Li Y. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Shikonin inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and promotes apoptosis in NCI-N87 cells via inhibition of PI3K/AKT signal pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2662-2669. [PMID: 31257936 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1632870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liushun Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Jining Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Sishui County, Jining, China
| | - Yaofeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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20
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Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 459:248-267. [PMID: 31132429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals gained considerable interest during the past years as source to develop new treatment options for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Motivated by the fact that a majority of established anticancer drugs are derived in one way or another from natural resources, we focused on shikonin, a naphthoquinone with high potentials to be further developed as preventive or therapeutic drug to fight cancer. Shikonin is the major chemical component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell) roots. Traditionally, the root extract has been applied to cure dermatitis, burns, and wounds. Over the past three decades, the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of root extracts, isolated shikonin as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives and nanoformulations have been described. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to understand the effect of shikonin at cellular and molecular levels. Preliminary clinical trials indicate the potential of shikonin for translation into clinical oncology. Shikonin exerts additive and synergistic interactions in combination with established chemotherapeutics, immunotherapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and other treatment modalities, which further underscores the potential of this phytochemical to be integrated into standard treatment regimens.
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21
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Guo ZL, Li JZ, Ma YY, Qian D, Zhong JY, Jin MM, Huang P, Che LY, Pan B, Wang Y, Sun ZX, Liu CZ. Shikonin sensitizes A549 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the JNK, STAT3 and AKT pathways. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:29. [PMID: 30594131 PMCID: PMC6310954 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, can selectively kill cancer cells with little or no cytotoxicity toward normal human cells and is regarded as a potential relatively safe antitumor drug. However, some cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, reagents that potentiate TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity are needed. Herein, we investigated whether shikonin, a natural compound from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, can sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity. RESULTS The viability of A549 cells, which were resistant to TRAIL, was significantly decreased after treatment with TRAIL followed by shikonin. The underlying mechanisms by which shikonin sensitizes cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity were also examined. Combined treatment with shikonin and TRAIL activated the caspase and JNK pathways, inhibited the STAT3 and AKT pathways, downregulated the expression of Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-FLIP and XIAP and upregulated the expression of Bid. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results indicated that shikonin sensitized resistant cancer cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity via the modulation of the JNK, STAT3 and AKT pathways, the downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins and the upregulation of proapoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lan Guo
- College of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Ying Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Meng Jin
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang Che
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Pan
- Beijing Jiquan Biology Technology Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xiao Sun
- College of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Chang Zhen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China.
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22
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Tang JC, Zhao J, Long F, Chen JY, Mu B, Jiang Z, Ren Y, Yang J. Efficacy of Shikonin against Esophageal Cancer Cells and its possible mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer 2018; 9:32-40. [PMID: 29290767 PMCID: PMC5743709 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences indicate that shikonin can suppress the tumor growth. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of shikonin against esophageal cancer. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in esophageal cancer tissues and cells was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. CCK-8 was used to examine the esophageal cancer cell viability. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of EGFR, PI3K, Akt, p-AKT, mTOR, HIF1α and PKM2 was detected by Western blot. EC109/pkm2 was established by lentivirus transducer. Ec109 tumor model was founded to observe the antitumor effect of shikonin in vivo. We found that HIF1α and PKM2 protein expression levels were higher in esophageal cancer tissues and cells than normal esophageal tissues and cells. Shikonin reduced esophageal cancer cells viability and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Shikonin decreased EGFR, PI3K, p-AKT, HIF1α and PKM2 expression. Overexpression of PKM2 could enhance resistance of esophageal cancer cells to shikonin. In vivo we found that shikonin reduced tumor burden, inducing cell arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, shikonin has a significant antitumor effect in the esophageal cancer by regulating HIF1α/PKM2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Nan Chong Central Hospital
| | | | - Bo Mu
- Department of Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Jian Yang
- Pathogenic Biology and Immunology Experiment Teaching Center, North of Si Chuan Medical University, China
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23
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Shikonin Inhibits Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts via lncRNA-NR024118. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:631737. [PMID: 26640499 PMCID: PMC4657066 DOI: 10.1155/2015/631737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Shikonin is a major chemical component of zicao that possesses anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to mediate cellular and humoral immunity, especially in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the impact of shikonin on inflammatory response in RA synovial fibroblasts using the CAIA model. Methods. Severe polyarticular arthritis was induced in Balb/c female mice. Expressions of lncRNA-NR024118, SOCS3, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs were evaluated using RT-RCR. Histone acetylation and SOCS3 protein expression were assessed by ChIP assay and western blot, respectively. Results. Mice treated with shikonin showed an abrogation of soft tissue and bone lesions. Shikonin remarkably enhanced the expression of NR024118 and SOCS3 and suppressed the secretion and expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMPs. Proliferation of cultured RA synovial fibroblasts in the presence of IL-1β was also significantly inhibited by shikonin. Moreover, shikonin dose-dependently increased acetylation of histone H3 at the promoter of NR024118. Finally, NR024118 overexpression and interference significantly changed SOCS3 expression and NR024118 interference could reverse regulation of shikonin on SOCS3, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs expression level in MH7A cells. Conclusion. Our results reveal that, in the CAIA mouse model of RA, shikonin has disease modifying activity that is attributable to the inhibition of inflammatory response via lncRNA-NR024118.
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