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Effects of Reticuloendotheliosis virus on TLR-3/IFN-Β pathway in specific pathogen-free chickens. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:36-44. [PMID: 36774696 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Birds infected by Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are vulnerable to other microorganisms. This immunosuppression is related to the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen) damaged by REV. The regulation of IFN-β greatly depends on pattern recognition receptor TLR-3 and nuclear factors IRF-7, NF-κB. To address if and how the TLR-3/IFN-β pathway is disturbed by REV, 60 one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were intraperitoneally injected with RE virus dilution (n = 30) or stroke-physiological saline solution (n = 30). At 1, 3, 7, 21, and 28 days post-infection, after collecting thymuses, bursas, and spleens, we monitor the kinetics of TLR-3, IFN-β, NF-κB p65, and IRF-7 at transcriptional and translational levels using qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA separately. As a result, compared with control chickens, the mRNA levels of TLR-3, IRF-7, and NF-κB p65 showed increasingly differences in the early period of REV infection. Synchronal changes occurred at translation levels. In the latter infection period, a decrease of NF-κB p65 was contemporaneous with a fall in IFN-β at both transcriptional and translational levels in the thymuses and bursas. These data suggest that the changes of IFN-β content are closely related to NF-κB p65 when REV invades chicken central immune organs. That reveals new insights into the immunosuppression mechanism of REV in avian.
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2
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Ruan Z, Chen G, Xie T, Mo G, Wang G, Luo W, Li H, Shi M, Liu WS, Zhang X. Cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein potentiate J subgroup avian leukosis virus replication and suppress antiviral responses in DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells. Virus Res 2021; 296:198344. [PMID: 33636239 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-inducible Srchomology2 (SH2)-containing protein (CIS) belongs to the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein family function as a negative feedback loop inhibiting cytokine signal transduction. J subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), a commonly-seen avian virus with a feature of immunosuppression, poses an unmeasurable threat to the poultry industry across the world. However, commercial medicines or vaccines are still no available for this virus. This study aims to evaluate the potential effect of chicken CIS in antiviral response and its role on ALV-J replication. The results showed that ALV-J strain SCAU-HN06 infection induced CIS expression in DF-1 cells, which was derived from chicken embryo free of endogenous avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (ASLV) like sequences. By overexpressing CIS, the expression of chicken type I interferon (IFN-I) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs; PKR, ZAP, CH25H, CCL4, IFIT5, and ISG12) were both suppressed. Meanwhile, data showed that CIS overexpression also increased viral yield. Interestingly, knockdown of CIS enhanced induction of IFN-I and ISGs and inhibited viral replication. Collectively, we proved that modulation of CIS expression not only affected SCAU-HN06 replication in vitro but also altered the expression of IFN-I and ISGs that act as an essential part of antiviral innate immune system. Our data provide a potential target for developing antiviral agents for ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Genghua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Tingting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guodong Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Hongmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MA, 20742, USA.
| | - Wen-Sheng Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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3
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Sarker N, Tarlinton R, Owen H, David Emes R, Seddon J, Simmons G, Meers J. Novel insights into viral infection and oncogenesis from koala retrovirus (KoRV) infection of HEK293T cells. Gene 2020; 733:144366. [PMID: 31972306 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Koala retrovirus is thought to be an underlying cause of high levels of neoplasia and immunosuppression in koalas. While epidemiology studies suggest a strong link between KoRV and disease it has been difficult to prove causality because of the complex nature of the virus, which exists in both endogenous and exogenous forms. It has been difficult to identify koalas completely free of KoRV, and infection studies in koalas or koala cells are fraught with ethical and technical difficulties, respectively. This study uses KoRV infection of the susceptible human cell line HEK293T and RNAseq to demonstrate gene networks differentially regulated upon KoRV infection. Many of the pathways identified are those associated with viral infection, such as cytokine receptor interactions and interferon signalling pathways, as well as viral oncogenesis pathways. This study provides strong evidence that KoRV does indeed behave similarly to infectious retroviruses in stimulating antiviral and oncogenic cellular responses. In addition, it provides novel insights into KoRV oncogenesis with the identification of a group of histone family genes that are part of several oncogenic pathways as upregulated in KoRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Sarker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia; Laboratory of Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Rachael Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard David Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Advanced Data Analysis Centre (ADAC), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Greg Simmons
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Hu F, Li Y, Yu K, Ma X, Liu C, Guo X, Song M, Wu J, Huang B. Proteome analysis of reticuloendotheliosis-virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblast cells through iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2995-3006. [PMID: 31576460 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an important representative avian retrovirus. To improve our understanding of the host cellular responses to virus infection and the pathogenesis of REV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect changes in protein levels in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs) that were infected with REV or mock infected. In total, 605 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, among which 196, 345, and 286 were differentially expressed in REV-infected CEFs at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the biological processes of the differentially expressed proteins were primarily related to cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimulus, and immune system processes and that the molecular functions in which the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved were binding, catalytic activity, and enzyme regulator activity. Pathway analysis showed that a total of 143, 167, and 179 pathways, including protein digestion and absorption, focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptors, and JAK-STAT signaling, were enriched in REV-infected CEFs at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection, respectively. In conclusion, this study is the first to analyze the protein profile of REV-infected CEFs using an iTRAQ approach. The results of this study provide valuable information for better understanding the host response to REV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Kexiang Yu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuli Ma
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Cunxia Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Minxun Song
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 88, East Culture Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Bing Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao road, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China.
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Feng M, Zhang N, Xie T, Ren F, Cao Z, Zeng X, Swevers L, Zhang X, Sun J. Chichen type III interferon produced by silkworm bioreactor induces ISG expression and restricts ALV-J infection in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8473-8483. [PMID: 31468087 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type III interferon (IFN-λ) has recently been shown to exert a significant antiviral impact against viruses in vertebrates. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), which causes tumor disease and immunosuppression in infected chicken, is a retrovirus that is difficult to prevent and control because of a lack of vaccines and drugs. Here, we obtained chicken IFN-λ (chIFN-λ) using a silkworm bioreactor and demonstrated that chIFN-λ has antiviral activity against ALV-J infection of both chicken embryo fibroblast cell line (DF1) and epithelial cell line (LMH). We found that chIFN-λ triggered higher levels of particular type III interferon-stimulated genes (type III ISGs) including myxovirus resistance protein (Mx), viperin (RSAD2), and interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in DF1 and LMH cells. Furthermore, over-expression of Mx, viperin, and IFITM3 could inhibit ALV-J infection in DF1 and LMH cells. Therefore, these results suggested that the anti-ALV-J function of chIFN-λ was specifically implemented by induction of expression of type III ISGs. Our data identified chIFN-λ as a critical antiviral agent of ALV-J infection and provides a potentially and attractive platform for the production of commercial chIFN-λ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Nan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Gao S, Jiang H, Sun J, Diao Y, Tang Y, Hu J. Integrated Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Spleen of Specific Pathogen-Free Chicken Infected with Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Strain SNV. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051041. [PMID: 30818863 PMCID: PMC6429403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) primarily causes avian severe immunosuppression, in addition to other symptoms, which include avian dwarfing syndrome and chronic tumors in lymphoid and other tissue. To date, REV’s molecular mechanisms leading to immunosuppression have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the role of microRNAs (miRNA) in regulating gene expression during REV infections. Therefore, we used a high-dose spleen necrosis virus (SNV) model of REV to inoculate one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, thereby inducing congenital infections. We analyzed miRNA and mRNA expression profiles using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in a total of 19 spleen samples that were collected at 7, 14, and 21 days post infection (dpi). The results showed that 63 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) (30 known miRNAs and 33 novel miRNAs) and 482 differentially expressed target genes (DETGs) were identified. Integration analysis identified 886 known miRNA–mRNA and 580 novel miRNA–mRNA interaction pairs, which involved miRNAs that were inversely correlated with the above DETGs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the DETGs were considerably enriched in the immune-relevant pathways category, such as immune system, cell growth and death, signaling molecules and interaction, signal transduction, etc. We further verified selected immune-relevant miRNA and their DETGs while using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Overall, our data revealed valuable immune-related miRNA–mRNA interaction information that occurred during REV infections, thereby broadening our understanding of the REV-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-13127277623 (Y.T.); +86-15949803926 (J.H.)
| | - Jingdong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; (S.G.); (H.J.); (J.S.); (Y.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-13127277623 (Y.T.); +86-15949803926 (J.H.)
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Association of Candidate Genes with Response to Heat and Newcastle Disease Virus. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110560. [PMID: 30463235 PMCID: PMC6267452 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease is considered the number one disease constraint to poultry production in low and middle-income countries, however poultry that is raised in resource-poor areas often experience multiple environmental challenges. Heat stress has a negative impact on production, and immune response to pathogens can be negatively modulated by heat stress. Candidate genes and regions chosen for this study were based on previously reported associations with response to immune stimulants, pathogens, or heat, including: TLR3, TLR7, MX, MHC-B (major histocompatibility complex, gene complex), IFI27L2, SLC5A1, HSPB1, HSPA2, HSPA8, IFRD1, IL18R1, IL1R1, AP2A2, and TOLLIP. Chickens of a commercial egg-laying line were infected with a lentogenic strain of NDV (Newcastle disease virus); half the birds were maintained at thermoneutral temperature and the other half were exposed to high ambient temperature before the NDV challenge and throughout the remainder of the study. Phenotypic responses to heat, to NDV, or to heat + NDV were measured. Selected SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) within 14 target genes or regions were genotyped; and genotype effects on phenotypic responses to NDV or heat + NDV were tested in each individual treatment group and the combined groups. Seventeen significant haplotype effects, among seven genes and seven phenotypes, were detected for response to NDV or heat or NDV + heat. These findings identify specific genetic variants that are associated with response to heat and/or NDV which may be useful in the genetic improvement of chickens to perform favorably when faced with pathogens and heat stress.
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Zhai J, Gao C, Fu L, Jing L, Dang S, Zheng S. Integrative Analyses of Transcriptome Sequencing Identify Functional miRNAs in the Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts Cells Infected With Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Genet 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 30233638 PMCID: PMC6128223 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found a much higher proportion of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were in active cell division phase than that of control cells which indicated that REV can affect the fate of CEF. So, we performed high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic analysis to identify functional miRNAs, in order to figure out the possible mechanism in the interaction of REV with CEF. In total, 50 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified. Then target genes of DEmiRNAs were predicted and identified by transcriptome profile results. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were conducted to analyze the identified target genes of miRNAs which showed that metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis were the most related pathways involved in infection of REV. We analyzed the genes related to cell cycle which indicated that CyclinD1-CDK6 complex played an important role in regulating the transition of the cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase during REV infection. Fluorescence microscope identification showed that REV inhibited the apoptosis of CEF which was in accordance with transcriptome results. A novel miRNA, named novel-72 was found, KEGG analysis was conducted to predict the biological function of its target genes which showed that those target genes were significantly enriched in mTOR signaling pathway and functioned to promote cell cycle and cell growth during the REV infection. In conclusion, REV could induce the up-regulation of cell metabolism, cell cycle and mTOR signaling pathway while inhibit apoptosis of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lisheng Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Long Jing
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shengyuan Dang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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9
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Zhang T, Ren M, Liu C, Xu L, Wang F, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D. Comparative analysis of early immune responses induced by two strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00701. [PMID: 30070070 PMCID: PMC6460277 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease, caused by virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious disease that is prevalent worldwide and is responsible for serious economic losses to the poultry industry. In the current study, we compared the early immune responses in chickens infected with two strains of velogenic NDV, a duck origin, named GD strain (Md/CH/LGD/1/2005, genotype VIId), and an chicken origin, F48E9 strain (genotype IX). The viral RNA level of GD strain was significantly higher than those of F48E9 in most tissues of chicken. Furthermore, the high level of viral RNA of the GD strain was associated with a stronger immune response compared to that of F48E9, characterized by upregulated expression of some of avian β‐defensins and cytokines, most of toll‐like receptors, and some of the other immune‐related genes investigated. This study thus demonstrated differences in host early immune responses to the two NDV strains. Further studies are needed to characterize the basic molecular mechanisms involved in the host responses in chickens infected by the two NDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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10
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Wu X, Zeng Y, Lu R, An Y, Yu S, Zhao J, Wu Y, Wu B, Wang Q, Huang Y. Transcription analysis of the interaction between chicken thymus and recombinant avian leukosis virus isolate FJ15HT0. Virus Res 2018; 244:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Wang L, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Sun S, Lin H. Allicin Alleviates Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression via ERK/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Specific Pathogen-Free Chickens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1856. [PMID: 29312337 PMCID: PMC5744041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a gammaretrovirus in the Retroviridae family, causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic, and runting-stunting syndrome in multiple avian hosts. Allicin, the main effective component of garlic, has a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. The hypothesis that allicin could relieve REV-induced immune dysfunction was investigated in vivo and in vitro in the present study. The results showed that dietary allicin supplementation ameliorated REV-induced dysplasia and immune dysfunction in REV-infected chickens. Compared with the control groups, REV infection promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whereas, allicin reversed these changes induced by REV infection. The decreased levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IL-2 were observed in REV-infected chickens, which were significantly improved by allicin. Allicin suppressed the REV-induced high expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the nuclear factor kappa B p65. REV stimulated the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, the downstream key signaling molecules of MAPK pathway, while allicin retarded the augmented phosphorylation level induced by REV infection. The decreased phosphorylation level of ERK was associated with REV replication, suggesting that ERK signaling is involved in REV replication, and allicin can alleviate the REV-induced immune dysfunction by inhibiting the activation of ERK. In addition, REV infection induced oxidative damage in thymus and spleen, whereas allicin treatment significantly decreased the oxidative stress induced by REV infection, suggesting that the antioxidant effect of allicin should be at least partially responsible for the harmful effect of REV infection. In conclusion, the findings suggest that allicin alleviates the inflammation and oxidative damage caused by REV infection and exerts the potential anti-REV effect by blocking the ERK/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- Poultry Oncogenic Virus Research Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China.,Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Poultry Oncogenic Virus Research Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Tai'an, China
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12
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Gene expression profile and long non-coding RNA analysis, using RNA-Seq, in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells infected by avian leukosis virus J. Arch Virol 2017; 163:639-647. [PMID: 29198037 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus J (ALVJ) infection induces hematopoietic malignancy in myeloid leukemia and hemangioma in chickens. However, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning the unique pathogenesis of ALVJ. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profiles of ALVJ-infected chicken cells and performed a comprehensive analysis of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in CEF cells using RNA-Seq. As a result, 36 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 91 genes (FC > 2 and q-values < 0.05) were identified. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes are involved in the innate immune response. Target prediction analysis revealed that these lncRNAs may act in cis or trans and affect the expression of genes which are involved in the anti-viral innate immune responses. Toll-like receptor, RIG-I receptor, NOD-like receptor and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were enriched. Notably, the induced expression of innate immunity genes, including B2M, DHX58, IFI27L2, IFIH1, IRF10, ISG12(2), MX, OAS*A, RSAD2, STAT1, TLR3, IL4I1, and IRF1 (FC > 2 and correlation > 0.95), were highly correlated with the upregulation of several lncRNAs, including MG066618, MG066617, MG066601, MG066629, MG066609 and MG066616. These findings identify the expression profile of lncRNAs in chicken CEF cells infected by ALVJ virus and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ALVJ infection.
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13
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Khairy WOA, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. Identification of two conserved B-cell epitopes in the gp90 of reticuloendothelial virus using peptide microarray. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:107-111. [PMID: 29102104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the gp90 protein of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) plays vital roles in virus neutralization, so detailed analysis of REV-gp90 epitopes is important for the development of epitope based marker vaccines and diagnostic tools for REV infections. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) namely 6C12 and 09980 were used to map the epitopes in REVgp90 using peptide microarray and ELISA. Peptide microarray revealed that mAbs 6C12 and 09980 recognized 216YHPLA220 and 230DPQTSDILEA239 motifs, respectively. This result was confirmed by ELISA using synthetic peptides. Moreover, homology analysis indicated that mAbs defined epitopes are highly conserved among REV strains used in this study. The mAbs and their epitopes identified in this study may have potential applications in development of diagnostic techniques and epitope-based marker vaccines for control of REV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiaam O A Khairy
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan.
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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14
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Yao Y, Vasoya D, Kgosana L, Smith LP, Gao Y, Wang X, Watson M, Nair V. Activation of gga-miR-155 by reticuloendotheliosis virus T strain and its contribution to transformation. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:810-820. [PMID: 28113043 PMCID: PMC5657028 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-rel oncoprotein encoded by reticuloendotheliosis virus T strain (Rev-T) is a member of the rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors capable of transformation of primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Rapid transformation of avian haematopoietic cells by v-rel occurs through a process of deregulation of multiple protein-encoding genes through its direct effect on their promoters. More recently, upregulation of oncogenic miR-155 and its precursor pre-miR-155 was demonstrated in both Rev-T-infected chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and Rev-T-induced B-cell lymphomas. Through electrophoresis mobility shift assay and reporter analysis on the gga-miR-155 promoter, we showed that the v-rel-induced miR-155 overexpression occurred by the direct binding to one of the putative NF-κB binding sites. Using the v-rel-induced transformation model on chicken embryonic splenocyte cultures, we could demonstrate a dynamic increase in miR-155 levels during the transformation. Transcriptome profiles of lymphoid cells transformed by v-rel showed upregulation of miR-155 accompanied by downregulation of a number of putative miR-155 targets such as Pu.1 and CEBPβ. We also showed that v-rel could rescue the suppression of miR-155 expression observed in Marek's disease virus (MDV)-transformed cell lines, where its functional viral homologue MDV-miR-M4 is overexpressed. Demonstration of gene expression changes affecting major molecular pathways, including organismal injury and cancer in avian macrophages transfected with synthetic mature miR-155, underlines its potential direct role in transformation. Our study suggests that v-rel-induced transformation involves a complex set of events mediated by the direct activation of NF-κB targets, together with inhibitory effects on microRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiu Yao
- Avian Viral Disease Programme & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Deepali Vasoya
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lydia Kgosana
- Avian Viral Disease Programme & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lorraine P Smith
- Avian Viral Disease Programme & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Viral Disease Programme & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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15
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Immune-Related Gene Expression Patterns in GPV- or H9N2-Infected Goose Spleens. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121990. [PMID: 27916934 PMCID: PMC5187790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Goose parvovirus (GPV) and avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, respectively, both of which can spread in goslings and cause a significant economic loss. To explore the comprehensive transcriptome of GPV- or H9N2-infected goose spleens and to understand the immune responses induced by a DNA virus (GPV) or a RNA virus (H9N2), RNA-seq was performed on the spleens of goslings at the fifth day post infection. In the present study, 2604 and 2409 differentially expressed unigenes were identified in the GPV- and H9N2-infected groups, respectively. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, the up-regulated transcripts in the two virus-infected groups were mainly involved in immune-related pathways. In addition, the two virus-infected groups displayed similar expression patterns in the immune response pathways, including pattern-recognition receptor signaling pathways, the antigen processing and presentation pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, as well as cytokines. Furthermore, most of the immune-related genes, particularly TLR7, TRAF3, Mx, TRIM25, CD4, and CD8α, increased in response to GPV and H9N2 infection. However, the depression of NF-κB signaling may be a mechanism by which the viruses evade the host immune system or a strategy to achieve immune homeostasis.
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16
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Expression patterns of endogenous avian retrovirus ALVE1 and its response to infection with exogenous avian tumour viruses. Arch Virol 2016; 162:89-101. [PMID: 27686071 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genomic elements that are present in a wide range of vertebrates and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. However, the characteristic expression patterns of ERVs, particularly in virus-induced tumours, is not fully clear. DNA methylation was analysed by bisulfite pyrosequencing, and gene expression was analysed by RT-qPCR. In this study, we first found that the endogenous avian retrovirus ALVE1 was highly expressed in some chicken tissues (including the heart, bursa, thymus, and spleen) at 2 days of age, but its expression was markedly decreased at 35 days of age. In contrast, the CpG methylation level of ALVE1 was significantly lower in heart and bursa at 2 days than at 35 days of age. Moreover, we found that the expression of ALVE1 was significantly inhibited in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs) and MSB1 cells infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALVJ) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) at the early stages of infection. In contrast, the expression of the ALVE1 env gene was significantly induced in CEFs and MSB1 cells infected with Marek's disease virus (MDV). However, the methylation and expression levels of the ALVE1 long terminal repeat (LTR) did not show obvious alterations in response to viral infection. The present study revealed the expression patterns of ALVE1 in a variety of chicken organs and tissues and in chicken cells in response to avian tumour virus infection. These findings may be of significance for understanding the role and function of ERVs that are present in the host genome.
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