1
|
Yang H, Lin Z, Wu B, Xu J, Tao S, Zhou S. Deciphering disease through glycan codes: leveraging lectin microarrays for clinical insights. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 39099413 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, a crucial posttranslational modification, plays a significant role in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Lectin microarrays, which leverage the high specificity of lectins for sugar binding, are ideally suited for profiling the glycan spectra of diverse and complex biological samples. In this review, we explore the evolution of lectin detection technologies, as well as the applications and challenges of lectin microarrays in analyzing the glycome profiles of various clinical samples, including serum, saliva, tissues, sperm, and urine. This review not only emphasizes significant advancements in the high-throughput analysis of polysaccharides but also provides insight into the potential of lectin microarrays for diagnosing and managing diseases such as tumors, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. We aim to provide a clear, concise, and comprehensive overview of the use of lectin microarrays in clinical settings, thereby assisting researchers in conducting clinical studies in glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shumin Zhou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen L, Li J, Xiao B. The role of sialidases in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis and their use as a promising pharmacological target in bacterial vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1367233. [PMID: 38495652 PMCID: PMC10940449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the genital tract characterized by disturbance of the normally Lactobacilli-dominated vaginal flora due to the overgrowth of Gardnerella and other anaerobic bacteria. Gardnerella vaginalis, an anaerobic pathogen and the major pathogen of BV, produces sialidases that cleave terminal sialic acid residues off of human glycans. By desialylation, sialidases not only alter the function of sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates but also play a vital role in the attachment, colonization and spread of many other vaginal pathogens. With known pathogenic effects, excellent performance of sialidase-based diagnostic tests, and promising therapeutic potentials of sialidase inhibitors, sialidases could be used as a biomarker of BV. This review explores the sources of sialidases and their role in vaginal dysbiosis, in aims to better understand their participation in the pathogenesis of BV and their value in the diagnosis and treatment of BV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Li
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bingbing Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agarwal K, Choudhury B, Robinson LS, Morrill SR, Bouchibiti Y, Chilin-Fuentes D, Rosenthal SB, Fisch KM, Peipert JF, Lebrilla CB, Allsworth JE, Lewis AL, Lewis WG. Resident microbes shape the vaginal epithelial glycan landscape. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabp9599. [PMID: 38019934 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are covered in carbohydrates (glycans). This glycan coat or "glycocalyx" interfaces directly with microbes, providing a protective barrier against potential pathogens. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition associated with adverse health outcomes in which bacteria reside in direct proximity to the vaginal epithelium. Some of these bacteria, including Gardnerella, produce glycosyl hydrolase enzymes. However, glycans of the human vaginal epithelial surface have not been studied in detail. Here, we elucidate key characteristics of the "normal" vaginal epithelial glycan landscape and analyze the impact of resident microbes on the surface glycocalyx. In human BV, glycocalyx staining was visibly diminished in electron micrographs compared to controls. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis showed that, compared to normal vaginal epithelial cells, BV cells were depleted of sialylated N- and O-glycans, with underlying galactose residues exposed on the surface. Treatment of primary epithelial cells from BV-negative women with recombinant Gardnerella sialidases generated BV-like glycan phenotypes. Exposure of cultured VK2 vaginal epithelial cells to recombinant Gardnerella sialidase led to desialylation of glycans and induction of pathways regulating cell death, differentiation, and inflammatory responses. These data provide evidence that vaginal epithelial cells exhibit an altered glycan landscape in BV and suggest that BV-associated glycosidic enzymes may lead to changes in epithelial gene transcription that promote cell turnover and regulate responses toward the resident microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lloyd S Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sydney R Morrill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yasmine Bouchibiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daisy Chilin-Fuentes
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Peipert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jenifer E Allsworth
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
N-glycosylation of cervicovaginal fluid reflects microbial community, immune activity, and pregnancy status. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16948. [PMID: 36216861 PMCID: PMC9551102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating physiological events associated with reproductive health. Using a comprehensive glycomic strategy we reveal an extremely rich and complex N-glycome in CVF of pregnant and non-pregnant women, abundant in paucimannose and high mannose glycans, complex glycans with 2-4 N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) antennae, and Poly-LacNAc glycans decorated with fucosylation and sialylation. N-glycosylation profiles were observed to differ in relation to pregnancy status, microbial composition, immune activation, and pregnancy outcome. Compared to CVF from women experiencing term birth, CVF from women who subsequently experienced preterm birth showed lower sialylation, which correlated to the presence of a diverse microbiome, and higher fucosylation, which correlated positively to pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration. This study is the first step towards better understanding the role of cervicovaginal glycans in reproductive health, their contribution to the mechanism of microbial driven preterm birth, and their potential for preventative therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Balle C, Gupta PM, Tharp GK, Nelson SA, Konstantinus IN, Lennard K, Jaumdally SZ, Happel AU, Barnabas SL, Gill K, Bekker LG, Passmore JAS, Jaspan HB, Bosinger SE. Systems Analysis Reveals Contraceptive-Induced Alteration of Cervicovaginal Gene Expression in a Randomized Trial. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:781687. [PMID: 36303659 PMCID: PMC9580795 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.781687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are vital in managing the reproductive health of women. However, HC usage has been linked to perturbations in cervicovaginal immunity and increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Here, we evaluated the impact of three HCs on the cervicovaginal environment using high-throughput transcriptomics. From 2015 to 2017, 130 adolescent females aged 15-19 years were enrolled into a substudy of UChoose, a single-site, open-label randomized, crossover trial (NCT02404038) and randomized to injectable norethisterone-enanthate (Net-En), combined oral contraceptives (COC), or etonorgesterol/ethinyl-estradiol-combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CCVR). Cervicovaginal samples were collected after 16 weeks of randomized HC use and analyzed by RNA-Seq, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Luminex analysis. Participants in the CCVR arm had a significant elevation of transcriptional networks driven by IL-6, IL-1, and NFKB, and lower expression of genes supporting epithelial barrier integrity. An integrated multivariate analysis demonstrated that networks of microbial dysbiosis and inflammation best discriminated the CCVR arm from the other contraceptive groups, while genes involved in epithelial cell differentiation were predictive of the Net-En and COC arms. Collectively, these data from a randomized trial represent the most comprehensive "omics" analyses of the cervicovaginal response to HCs and provide important mechanistic guidelines for the provision of HCs in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Balle
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Prachi M. Gupta
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Iyaloo N. Konstantinus
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Namibia Institute of Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Katie Lennard
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameem Z. Jaumdally
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Ursula Happel
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaun L. Barnabas
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Desmond Tutu Health Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Family Clinical Research Center, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu Health Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu Health Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B. Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Steven E. Bosinger
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plesniarski A, Siddik AB, Su RC. The Microbiome as a Key Regulator of Female Genital Tract Barrier Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:790627. [PMID: 34976864 PMCID: PMC8719631 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.790627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome, the collection of microbial species at a site or compartment, has been an underappreciated realm of human health up until the last decade. Mounting evidence suggests the microbiome has a critical role in regulating the female genital tract (FGT) mucosa's function as a barrier against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pathogens. In this review, we provide the most recent experimental systems and studies for analyzing the interplay between the microbiome and host cells and soluble factors with an influence on barrier function. Key components, such as microbial diversity, soluble factors secreted by host and microbe, as well as host immune system, all contribute to both the physical and immunologic aspects of the FGT mucosal barrier. Current gaps in what is known about the effects of the microbiome on FGT mucosal barrier function are compared and contrasted with the literature of the gut and respiratory mucosa. This review article presents evidence supporting that the vaginal microbiome, directly and indirectly, contributes to how well the FGT protects against infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Plesniarski
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abu Bakar Siddik
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Borgogna JLC, Shardell MD, Grace SG, Santori EK, Americus B, Li Z, Ulanov A, Forney L, Nelson TM, Brotman RM, Ravel J, Yeoman CJ. Biogenic Amines Increase the Odds of Bacterial Vaginosis and Affect the Growth of and Lactic Acid Production by Vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e03068-20. [PMID: 33674429 PMCID: PMC8117770 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03068-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder of reproductive-aged women, yet its etiology remains enigmatic. One clinical symptom of BV, malodor, is linked to the microbial production of biogenic amines (BA). Using targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we analyzed 149 longitudinally collected vaginal samples to determine the in vivo concentrations of the most common BAs and then assessed their relationship to BV and effect upon the growth kinetics of axenically cultured vaginal Lactobacillus species. Increases in cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were associated with greater odds of women transitioning from L. crispatus-dominated vaginal microbiota to microbiota that have a paucity of Lactobacillus spp. and from Nugent scores of 0 to 3 to Nugent scores of 7 to 10, consistent with BV. Exposure to putrescine lengthened the lag time and/or slowed the growth of all vaginal Lactobacillus spp. except L. jensenii 62G. L. iners AB107's lag time was lengthened by cadaverine but reduced in the presence of spermidine and spermine. The growth rate of L. crispatus VPI 3199 was slowed by cadaverine and tyramine, and strain-specific responses to spermine and spermidine were observed. BAs were associated with reduced production of d- and l-lactic acid by vaginal Lactobacillus spp., and this effect was independent of their effect upon Lactobacillus species growth. The exceptions were higher levels of d- and l-lactic acid by two strains of L. crispatus when grown in the presence of spermine. Results of this study provide evidence of a direct impact of common biogenic amines on vaginal Lactobacillus spp.IMPORTANCELactobacillus spp. are credited with providing the primary defense against gynecological conditions, including BV, most notably through the acidification of the vaginal microenvironment, which results from their production of lactic acid. The microbial production of BAs has been hypothesized to play a mechanistic role in diminishing Lactobacillus species-mediated protection, enabling the colonization and outgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacterial species associated with BV. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo increases in the most commonly observed BAs are associated with a loss of Lactobacillus spp. and the development of BV, measured by Nugent score. Further, we show that BAs formed by amino acid decarboxylase enzymes negatively affect the growth of type strains of the most common vaginal Lactobacillus spp. and separately alter their production of lactic acid. These results suggest that BAs destabilize vaginal Lactobacillus spp. and play an important and direct role in diminishing their protection of the vaginal microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna-Lynn C Borgogna
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Michelle D Shardell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Savannah G Grace
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Elisa K Santori
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Benjamin Americus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Larry Forney
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Tiffanie M Nelson
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Brotman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen X, Lu Y, Chen T, Li R. The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:631972. [PMID: 33898328 PMCID: PMC8058480 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.631972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome is an intricate and dynamic microecosystem that constantly undergoes fluctuations during the female menstrual cycle and the woman’s entire life. A healthy vaginal microbiome is dominated by Lactobacillus which produce various antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by the loss or sharp decline in the total number of Lactobacillus and a corresponding marked increase in the concentration of anaerobic microbes. BV is a highly prevalent disorder of the vaginal microbiota among women of reproductive age globally. BV is confirmed to be associated with adverse gynecologic and obstetric outcomes, such as sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and preterm birth. Gardnerella vaginalis is the most common microorganism identified from BV. It is the predominant microbe in polymicrobial biofilms that could shelter G. vaginalis and other BV-associated microbes from adverse host environments. Many efforts have been made to increase our understanding of the vaginal microbiome in health and BV. Thus, improved novel and accurate diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for BV have been developed. This review covers the features of vaginal microbiome, BV, BV-associated diseases, and various strategies of diagnosis and treatment of BV, with an emphasis on recent research progresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yune Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rongguo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agarwal K, Lewis AL. Vaginal sialoglycan foraging by Gardnerella vaginalis: mucus barriers as a meal for unwelcome guests? Glycobiology 2021; 31:667-680. [PMID: 33825850 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition of the vaginal microbiome in which there are few lactobacilli and abundant anaerobic bacteria. Members of the genus Gardnerella are often one of the most abundant bacteria in BV. BV is associated with a wide variety of poor health outcomes for women. It has been recognized since the 1980s that women with BV have detectable and sometimes markedly elevated levels of sialidase activity in vaginal fluids and that bacteria associated with this condition produce this activity in culture. Mounting evidence collected using diverse methodologies points to the conclusion that BV is associated with a reduction in intact sialoglycans in cervicovaginal secretions. Here we review evidence for the contributions of vaginal bacteria, especially Gardnerella, in the processes of mucosal sialoglycan degradation, uptake, metabolism and depletion. Our understanding of the impacts of vaginal sialoglycan degradation is still limited. However, the potential implications of sialic acid depletion are discussed in light of our current understanding of the roles played by sialoglycans in vaginal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Agarwal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kramzer LF, Hamorsky KT, Graebing PW, Wang L, Fuqua JL, Matoba N, Lasnik AB, Moncla BJ, Zhang J, Palmer KE, Rohan LC. Preformulation Characterization of Griffithsin, a Biopharmaceutical Candidate for HIV Prevention. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:83. [PMID: 33625602 PMCID: PMC7903873 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Griffithsin (GRFT) has shown potent anti-HIV activity, and it is being developed as a drug candidate for HIV prevention. Successful implementation requires thorough understanding of its preformulation characterization. In this work, preformulation assessments were conducted to characterize GRFT and identify its degradation pathways under selected conditions of temperature, light, pH, shear, ionic strength, and oxidation. Compatibility with vaginal fluid simulant, vaginal enzymes, Lactobacillus spp., and human cervicovaginal secretions was assessed. The purity, melting temperature, and HIV gp120-binding affinity of GRFT stored at 4°C and 25°C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were assessed for 2 years. Chemical modifications were evaluated by intact mass analysis and peptide sequencing. Excised human ectocervical tissue permeability and localization of GRFT were evaluated. Our results demonstrated GRFT to be safe and stable under all the preformulation assessment conditions studied except oxidative stress. When GRFT was exposed to hydrogen peroxide or human cervicovaginal secretion, methionine 78 in the protein sequence underwent oxidation. GRFT did not permeate through human cervical tissue but adhered to the superficial epithelial tissue. The 2-year stability study revealed no significant change in GRFT's aggregation, degradation, melting temperature, or gp120-binding affinity despite a slow increase in oxidation over time. These studies elucidated desirable safety and bioactivity profile for GRFT, showing promise as a potential drug candidate for HIV prevention. However, susceptibility to oxidative degradation was identified. Effective protection of GRFT from oxidation is required for further development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Borgogna JC, Shardell MD, Santori EK, Nelson TM, Rath JM, Glover ED, Ravel J, Gravitt PE, Yeoman CJ, Brotman RM. The vaginal metabolome and microbiota of cervical HPV-positive and HPV-negative women: a cross-sectional analysis. BJOG 2019; 127:182-192. [PMID: 31749298 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterise the vaginal metabolome of cervical HPV-infected and uninfected women. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING The Center for Health Behavior Research at the University of Maryland School of Public Health. SAMPLE Thirty-nine participants, 13 categorised as HPV-negative and 26 as HPV-positive (any genotype; HPV+ ), 14 of whom were positive with at least one high-risk HPV strain (hrHPV). METHOD Self-collected mid-vaginal swabs were profiled for bacterial composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, metabolites by both gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and 37 types of HPV DNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Metabolite abundances. RESULTS Vaginal microbiota clustered into Community State Type (CST) I (Lactobacillus crispatus-dominated), CST III (Lactobacillus iners-dominated), and CST IV (low-Lactobacillus, 'molecular-BV'). HPV+ women had higher biogenic amine and phospholipid concentrations compared with HPV- women after adjustment for CST and cigarette smoking. Metabolomic profiles of HPV+ and HPV- women differed in strata of CST. In CST III, there were higher concentrations of biogenic amines and glycogen-related metabolites in HPV+ women than in HPV- women. In CST IV, there were lower concentrations of glutathione, glycogen, and phospholipid-related metabolites in HPV+ participants than in HPV- participants. Across all CSTs, women with hrHPV strains had lower concentrations of amino acids, lipids, and peptides compared with women who had only low-risk HPV (lrHPV). CONCLUSIONS The vaginal metabolome of HPV+ women differed from HPV- women in terms of several metabolites, including biogenic amines, glutathione, and lipid-related metabolites. If the temporal relation between increased levels of reduced glutathione and oxidised glutathione and HPV incidence/persistence is confirmed in future studies, anti-oxidant therapies may be considered as a non-surgical HPV control intervention. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Metabolomics study: Vaginal microenvironment of HPV+ women may be informative for non-surgical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Borgogna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - M D Shardell
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E K Santori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - T M Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - J M Rath
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.,Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E D Glover
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P E Gravitt
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C J Yeoman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - R M Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koppolu S, Wang L, Mathur A, Nigam JA, Dezzutti CS, Isaacs C, Meyn L, Bunge KE, Moncla BJ, Hillier SL, Rohan LC, Mahal LK. Vaginal Product Formulation Alters the Innate Antiviral Activity and Glycome of Cervicovaginal Fluids with Implications for Viral Susceptibility. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1613-1622. [PMID: 30183260 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated proteins (i.e., mucins, IgG) are important mediators of innate antiviral immunity in the vagina; however, our current knowledge of the role that glycan themselves play in genital immunity is relatively low. Herein, we evaluate the relationship between innate antiviral immunity and glycomic composition in cervicovaginal lavage fluid (CVL) collected as part of a Phase I clinical trial testing the impact of two distinct formulations of the antiretroviral drug dapivirine. Using lectin microarray technology, we discovered that formulation (hydrogel- versus film-based delivery) impacted the CVL glycome, with hydrogel formulations inducing more changes, including a loss of high-mannose. The loss of this epitope correlated to a loss of anti-HIV-1 activity. Glycoproteomic identification of high-mannose proteins revealed a cohort of antiproteases shown to be important in HIV-1 resistance, whose expression covaried with the high-mannose signature. Our data strongly suggests high-mannose as a marker for secreted proteins mediating innate antiviral immunity in vaginal fluids and that drug formulation may impact this activity as reflected in the glycome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujeethraj Koppolu
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Linlin Wang
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ayushi Mathur
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jayeshwar A. Nigam
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Charlene S. Dezzutti
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Charles Isaacs
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York, New York 10314, United States
| | - Leslie Meyn
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Katherine E. Bunge
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bernard J. Moncla
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B511, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Petrova MI, Macklaim JM, Wuyts S, Verhoeven T, Vanderleyden J, Gloor GB, Lebeer S, Reid G. Comparative Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of the Vaginal Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1278. [PMID: 29963028 PMCID: PMC6013579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus represents a versatile bacterial genus, which can adapt to a wide variety of ecological niches, including human body sites such as the intestinal and urogenital tract. In this study, the complete genome sequence of the vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 was determined and compared to other L. rhamnosus strains at genomic and phenotypic level. The strain GR-1 was originally isolated from a female urethra, and was assessed with L. rhamnosus GG from a feces sample of a healthy male, and L. rhamnosus LC705 from a dairy product. A key difference is the absence in GR-1 and LC705 of the spaCBA locus required for pili-mediated intestinal epithelial adhesion. In addition, the L. rhamnosus GR-1 genome contains a unique cluster for exopolysaccharide production, which is postulated to synthesize glucose-rich, rhamnose-lacking exopolysaccharide molecules that are different from the galactose-rich extracellular polysaccharide of L. rhamnosus GG. Compared to L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus GR-1 was also genetically predicted and experimentally shown to better metabolize lactose and maltose, and to better withstand oxidative stress, which is of relevance in the vagina. This study could thus provide a molecular framework for the selection of the optimal probiotic strain for each targeted niche and condition, but further substantiation of niche adaptation mechanisms of lactobacilli is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I. Petrova
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean M. Macklaim
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sander Wuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Verhoeven
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Vaginal Microbiome and its Potential to Impact Efficacy of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Women. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 14:153-160. [PMID: 28812207 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-017-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes existing evidence addressing the potential modulation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) products, specifically 1% tenofovir (TFV) gel and oral tenofovir-based PrEP, by vaginal dysbiosis and discusses future considerations for delivering novel, long-acting PrEP products to women at high risk for vaginal dysbiosis and HIV. RECENT FINDINGS We describe results from analyses investigating the modification of PrEP efficacy by vaginal dysbiosis and studies of biological mechanisms that could render PrEP ineffective in the presence of specific microbiota. A secondary analysis from the CAPRISA-004 cohort demonstrated that there is no effect of the 1% TFV gel in the presence of non-Lactobacillus dominant microbiota. Another recent analysis comparing oral tenofovir-based PrEP efficacy among women with and without bacterial vaginosis in the Partners PrEP Study found that oral PrEP efficacy is not modified by bacterial vaginosis. Gardnerella vaginalis, commonly present in women with vaginal dysbiosis, can rapidly metabolize TFV particularly when it is locally applied and thereby prevent TFV integration into cells. Given that vaginal dysbiosis appears to modulate efficacy for 1% TFV gel but not for oral tenofovir-based PrEP, vaginal dysbiosis is potentially less consequential to HIV protection from TFV in the context of systemic drug delivery and high product adherence. Vaginal dysbiosis may undermine the efficacy of 1% TFV gel to protect women from HIV but not the efficacy of oral PrEP. Ongoing development of novel ring, injectable, and film-based PrEP products should investigate whether vaginal dysbiosis can reduce efficacy of these products, even in the presence of high adherence.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Corfield A. Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:119-147. [PMID: 28012131 PMCID: PMC5306191 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins undergo co- and posttranslational modifications, and their glycosylation is the most frequent and structurally variegated type. Histochemically, the detection of glycan presence has first been performed by stains. The availability of carbohydrate-specific tools (lectins, monoclonal antibodies) has revolutionized glycophenotyping, allowing monitoring of distinct structures. The different types of protein glycosylation in Eukaryotes are described. Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given. In particular, mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case. The tissue and cellular location of glycoprotein biosynthesis and metabolism is reviewed, with attention to new findings in goblet cells. Finally, protein glycosylation in disease is documented, with selected examples, where aberrant glycan expression impacts on normal function to let disease pathology become manifest. The histological applications adopted in these studies are emphasized throughout the text.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Levonorgestrel in contraceptives and multipurpose prevention technologies: does this progestin increase HIV risk or interact with antiretrovirals? AIDS 2016; 30:2571-2576. [PMID: 27525548 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Moncla BJ, Chappell CA, Debo BM, Meyn LA. The Effects of Hormones and Vaginal Microflora on the Glycome of the Female Genital Tract: Cervical-Vaginal Fluid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158687. [PMID: 27437931 PMCID: PMC4954690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the glycome of cervical-vaginal fluid, collected with a Catamenial cup. We quantified: glycosidase levels; sialic acid and high mannose specific lectin binding; mucins, MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC7; and albumin in the samples collected. These data were analyzed in the context of hormonal status (day of menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception use) and role, if any, of the type of the vaginal microflora present. When the Nugent score was used to stratify the subjects by microflora as normal, intermediate, or bacterial vaginosis, several important differences were observed. The activities of four of six glycosidases in the samples from women with bacterial vaginosis were significantly increased when compared to normal or intermediate women: sialidase, P = <0.001; α-galactosidase, P = 0.006; β-galactosidase, P = 0.005; α-glucosidase, P = 0.056. Sialic acid binding sites as measured by two lectins, Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra binding, were significantly lower in women with BV compared to women with normal and intermediate scores (P = <0.0001 and 0.008 respectively). High mannose binding sites, a measure of innate immunity were also significantly lower in women with BV (P = <0.001). Additionally, we observed significant increases in MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC7 concentrations in women with BV (P = <0.001, 0.001, <0.001, 0.02 respectively). Among normal women we found that the membrane bound mucin MUC4 and the secreted MUC5AC were decreased in postmenopausal women (P = 0.02 and 0.07 respectively), while MUC7 (secreted) was decreased in women using levonorgestrel-containing IUDs (P = 0.02). The number of sialic acid binding sites was lower in the postmenopausal group (P = 0.04), but the number of high mannose binding sites, measured with Griffithsin, was not significantly different among the 6 hormonal groups. The glycosidase levels in the cervical-vaginal mucus were rather low in the groups, with exception of α-glucosidase activity that was much lower in the postmenopausal group (P<0.001). These studies present compelling evidence that the vaginal ecosystem responds to the presence of different vaginal microorganisms. These effects were so influential that it required us to remove subjects with BV for data interpretation of the impact of hormones. We also suggest that certain changes occurring in vaginal/cervical proteins are due to bacteria or their products. Therefore, the quantitation of vaginal mucins and lectin binding offers a new method to monitor bacteria-host interactions in the female reproductive tract. The data suggest that some of the changes in these components are the result of host processing, such as the increases in mucin content, while the microflora is responsible for the increases in glycosidases and the decreases in lectin binding. The methods should be considered a valid marker for insult to the female genital tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Moncla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine A. Chappell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Debo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Meyn
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murphy K, Mitchell CM. The Interplay of Host Immunity, Environment and the Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Reproductive Health Outcomes. J Infect Dis 2016; 214 Suppl 1:S29-35. [PMID: 27056955 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common causes of vaginal symptoms in US women, but its causal mechanism has not yet been defined. BV is more prevalent in women who are immunosuppressed, and several risk factors for the development of BV are associated with lower quantities of immune mediators in vaginal fluid. In contrast, the poor reproductive health outcomes associated with BV, such as preterm birth and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition, are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory immune mediators in the genital tract. In this article, we discuss how variations in the host immune profile and environmental effects on host immunity may influence the risk of BV, as well as the risk of complications associated with BV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Caroline M Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Woodman Z. Can one size fit all? Approach to bacterial vaginosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15:16. [PMID: 26968525 PMCID: PMC4787044 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder affecting women of reproductive age and is associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted infections such as human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-1). Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest BV and HIV-1 burden and yet very few studies have focused on understanding the aetiology of BV and its association with HIV in this region. It has been suggested that we need to accurately diagnose and treat BV to lower the risk of HIV infection globally. However, effective diagnosis requires knowledge of what constitutes a "healthy" cervicovaginal microbiome and current studies indicate that Lactobacillus crispatus might not be the only commensal protective against BV: healthy women from different countries and ethnicities harbour alternative commensals. Microbiotas associated with BV have also shown global variation, further complicating effective diagnosis via culture-based assays as some species are difficult to grow. Antibiotics and probiotics have been suggested to be key in controlling BV infection, but the efficacy of this treatment might rely on reconstituting endogenous commensals while targeting a specific species of BV-associated bacteria (BVAB). Alternatively, therapy could inhibit essential BV bacterial growth factors e.g. sialidases or provide anti-microbial compounds e.g. lactic acid associated with a healthy cervicovaginal microbiome. But without global investigation into the mechanism of BV pathogenesis and its association with HIV, selection of such compounds could be limited to Caucasian women from certain regions. To confirm this suggestion and guide future therapy we require standardised diagnostic assays and research methodologies. This review will focus on research papers that describe the global variation of BV aetiology and how this influences the identification of determinants of BV pathogenesis and potential probiotic and antimicrobial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenda Woodman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Impact of bacterial vaginosis, as assessed by nugent criteria and hormonal status on glycosidases and lectin binding in cervicovaginal lavage samples. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127091. [PMID: 26011704 PMCID: PMC4444347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of hormonal status and bacterial vaginosis (BV) on the glycosidases present and glycosylation changes as assessed by lectin binding to cervicovaginal lavage constituents. Frozen cervicovaginal lavage samples from a completed study examining the impact of reproductive hormones on the physicochemical properties of vaginal fluid were utilized for the present study. In the parent study, 165 women were characterized as having BV, intermediate or normal microflora using the Nugent criteria. The presence of glycosidases in the samples was determined using quantitative 4-methyl-umbelliferone based assays, and glycosylation was assessed using enzyme linked lectin assays (ELLA). Women with BV had elevated sialidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase activities compared to intermediate or normal women (P<0.001, 0.003, 0.006 and 0.042 respectively). The amount of sialic acid (Sambucus nigra, P = 0.003) and high mannose (griffithsin, P<0.001) were reduced, as evaluated by lectin binding, in women with BV. When the data were stratified according to hormonal status, α-glucosidase and griffithsin binding were decreased among postmenopausal women (P<0.02) when compared to premenopausal groups. These data suggest that both hormonal status and BV impact the glycosidases and lectin binding sites present in vaginal fluid. The sialidases present at increased levels in women with BV likely reduce the number of sialic acid binding sites. Other enzymes likely reduce griffithsin binding. The alterations in the glycosidase content, high mannose and sialic acid binding sites in the cervicovaginal fluid associated with bacterial vaginosis may impact susceptibility to viruses, such as HIV, that utilize glycans as a portal of entry.
Collapse
|