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Quan T, Cockburn J, Dhesy-Thind S, Bane A, Leong H, Geleff C, Devion C, Ajel N, Jerzak KJ. The Significance of Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer: A Hypothesis-Generating Narrative Review. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2364-2375. [PMID: 38785457 PMCID: PMC11119174 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is frequently diagnosed among Canadian women. While targeted therapies are available for most BC patients; treatment resistance is common and novel therapeutic targets are of interest. Thyroid hormones (TH) bound to thyroid hormone receptors (THR) influence cell proliferation and differentiation; they are also involved in the growth and development of normal breast tissue. Evidence suggests that THRβ is a tumor suppressor in various solid tumors. PURPOSE This narrative review discusses retrospective studies regarding the clinical relevance of THRβ as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in BC. METHODS We consulted with an information specialist to develop a search strategy to find all literature related to THRα expression as a potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in breast cancer. The primary search was developed for Medline and translated to Embase. The searches were conducted on the Ovid platform on 18 August 2023. RESULTS Across seven retrospective studies identified, several have shown an association between higher THRβ1 expression with a lower risk of BC recurrence and with longer overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Some evidence suggests that THRβ expression is associated with a lower risk of BC recurrence and death. Validation of THRβ as an independent prognostic biomarker and possible predictive biomarker of response to endocrine therapy and/or chemotherapy is of interest. Given that THRβ is upstream of the AKT/PI3K pathway, its potential as a predictive biomarker of response to AKT inhibitors and/or PI3K inhibitors may also be of value. Finally, the potential re-purposing of THRβ agonists as anti-cancer agents warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity Quan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (T.Q.); (N.A.)
| | - Jessica Cockburn
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (J.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Sukhbinder Dhesy-Thind
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession St, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada;
| | - Anita Bane
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (J.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Hon Leong
- Department of Medical Biophysics Temerty, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (H.L.); (C.G.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Christopher Geleff
- Department of Medical Biophysics Temerty, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (H.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Catherine Devion
- Library Services, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Noor Ajel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (T.Q.); (N.A.)
| | - Katarzyna J. Jerzak
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (T.Q.); (N.A.)
- Library Services, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
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Schneider M, Köpke MB, Zehni AZ, Vilsmaier T, Kessler M, Kailuweit M, Vattai A, Heidegger HH, Cavaillès V, Jeschke U, Ditsch N. Cytoplasmic Localization of Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) Alpha and Nuclear Expression of Its Isoform TRα2 Determine Survival in Breast Cancer in Opposite Ways. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3610. [PMID: 37509273 PMCID: PMC10377287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the respective prognostic values of cytoplasmic and nuclear TRα, TRα1, and TRα2 expression in breast cancer (BC) tissue samples and correlate the results with clinico-pathological parameters. In 249 BC patients, the expression patterns of general TRα and the α1 and α2 isoforms were evaluated via immuno-histochemistry. Prognosis-determining aspects were calculated via univariate, as well as multivariate, analysis. Univariate Cox-regression analysis revealed no association between nuclear TRα expression and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.126), whereas cytoplasmic TRα expression was significantly correlated with a poor outcome for both OS (p = 0.034) and ten-year survival (p = 0.009). Strengthening these results, cytoplasmic TRα was found to be an independent marker of OS (p = 0.010) when adjusted to fit clinico-pathological parameters. Analyses of the TRα-subgroups revealed that TRα1 had no prognostic relevance, whereas nuclear TRα2 expression was positively associated with OS (p = 0.014), ten-year survival (p = 0.029), and DFS (p = 0.043). Additionally, nuclear TRα2 expression was found to be an independent positive prognosticator (p = 0.030) when adjusted to fit clinico-pathological parameters. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that subcellular localization of TRα and its isoforms plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer. Cytoplasmic TRα expression correlates with more aggressive disease progression, whereas nuclear TRα2 expression appears to be a protective factor. These data may help us to prioritize high-risk BC subgroups for possible targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Melitta B Köpke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kailuweit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM-Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, CEDEX 5, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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Silva RHN, Machado TQ, da Fonseca ACC, Tejera E, Perez-Castillo Y, Robbs BK, de Sousa DP. Molecular Modeling and In Vitro Evaluation of Piplartine Analogs against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041675. [PMID: 36838660 PMCID: PMC9964404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a principal cause of death in the world, and providing a better quality of life and reducing mortality through effective pharmacological treatment remains a challenge. Among malignant tumor types, squamous cell carcinoma-esophageal cancer (EC) is usually located in the mouth, with approximately 90% located mainly on the tongue and floor of the mouth. Piplartine is an alkamide found in certain species of the genus Piper and presents many pharmacological properties including antitumor activity. In the present study, the cytotoxic potential of a collection of piplartine analogs against human oral SCC9 carcinoma cells was evaluated. The analogs were prepared via Fischer esterification reactions, alkyl and aryl halide esterification, and a coupling reaction with PyBOP using the natural compound 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid as a starting material. The products were structurally characterized using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the unpublished compounds. The compound 4-methoxy-benzyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (9) presented an IC50 of 46.21 µM, high selectively (SI > 16), and caused apoptosis in SCC9 cancer cells. The molecular modeling study suggested a multi-target mechanism of action for the antitumor activity of compound 9 with CRM1 as the main target receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayanne H. N. Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Thaíssa Q. Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Applied Science for Health Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina C. da Fonseca
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Bio-Cheminformatics Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170516, Ecuador
| | - Yunierkis Perez-Castillo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Área de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170516, Ecuador
| | - Bruno K. Robbs
- Departamento de Ciência Básica, Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, Brazil
- Correspondence: (B.K.R.); (D.P.d.S.)
| | - Damião P. de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (B.K.R.); (D.P.d.S.)
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Rostkowska O, Olejniczak-Kęder A, Spychalski P, Szaryńska M, Kobiela J. Triiodothyronine lowers the potential of colorectal cancer stem cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2022; 49:21. [PMID: 36484405 PMCID: PMC9773011 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the influence of triiodothyronine (T3) on the biological regulation of CSCs remains unclear. In the present study, it was reported that T3 exerts significant impact on CSCs of two CRC cell lines cultured in the form of colonospheres. It was observed that the incubation of colonospheres with T3 decreased the viability, proliferative and spherogenic potential of cancer cells (P<0.05). In addition, increased apoptotic rate of CRC cells treated with T3 was revealed. Furthermore, T3‑treated colonospheres were more likely to move into silenced pool in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. The smaller sizes of colonospheres observed after the treatment with T3 confirmed this conclusion. T3 could lower the proportion of primitive cells which supply the pool of proliferating cells within spheres. Thyroid receptors THRα1 and THRβ1 and two deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3) were affected by T3 in manner depended on clinical stage of cancer and CRC cell line used for analysis. In summary, the present study uncovered a novel function of thyroid hormones signaling in the regulation of the CSCs of CRC, and these findings may be useful for developing novel therapies by targeting thyroid hormone functions in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rostkowska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Spychalski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szaryńska
- Histology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland,Correspondence to: Dr Magdalena Szaryńska, Histology Department, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Dębinki Street, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail:
| | - Jarek Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Lu M, Liu H, Zheng B, Sun S, Chen C. Links between Breast and Thyroid Cancer: Hormones, Genetic Susceptibility and Medical Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5117. [PMID: 36291901 PMCID: PMC9600751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast and thyroid glands are two common sites of female malignancies. Since the late 19th century, physicians have found that the cancers in either thyroid or mammary gland might increase the risk of second primary cancers in the other site. From then on, many observational clinical studies have confirmed the hypothesis and more than one theory has been developed to explain the phenomenon. Since the two glands both have secretory functions and are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, they may share some common oncogenic molecular pathways. However, other risks factors, including medical interventions and hormones, are also observed to play a role. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the associations between the two cancers. The putative mechanisms, such as hormone alteration, autoimmune attack, genetic predisposition and other life-related factors are reviewed and discussed. Medical interventions, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can also increase the risk of second primary cancers. This review will provide novel insights into the research designs, clinical managements and treatments of thyroid and breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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6
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Köpke MB, Chateau MC, Boissière-Michot F, Schneider M, Garrido F, Zati-Zehni A, Vilsmaier T, Kessler M, Ditsch N, Cavaillès V, Jeschke U. Prognostic Relevance of Nuclear Receptors in Relation to Peritumoral Inflammation and Tumor Infiltration by Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194561. [PMID: 36230483 PMCID: PMC9559250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is intensively investigated in breast cancer (BC). It is already known that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive type of BC, has the highest percentage of TILs. In addition, there is an influence of steroid hormone receptor expression (type I nuclear receptors) on TIL subpopulations in breast cancer tissue. The link between type II nuclear receptors and the level of TILs is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify TILs in a panel of 264 sporadic breast cancers and investigate the correlation of TIL levels with type I and II nuclear receptors expression. TIL levels were significantly increased in the subgroup of TNBC. By contrast, they decreased in estrogen (ER)- or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive cases. Moreover, TIL levels were correlated with type II nuclear receptors, including PPARγ, with a significant inverse correlation of the nuclear form (r = −0.727, p < 0.001) and a weak positive correlation of the cytoplasmic form (r = 0.202, p < 0.002). Surprisingly, BC cases with a TIL Salgado score of >15% showed a significantly decreased overall survival. In addition, peritumoral inflammation was also quantified in BC tissue samples. In our cohort, although the level of peritumoral inflammation was not correlated with OS, it determined the prognostic value of ER, PR, and PPARγ in BC. Altogether, the present study provides a differentiated overview of the relations between nuclear receptor expression, TIL levels, peritumoral inflammation, and prognosis in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta B. Köpke
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Chateau
- Translational Research Unit, Montpellier Cancer Institute Val d’Aurelle, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Boissière-Michot
- Translational Research Unit, Montpellier Cancer Institute Val d’Aurelle, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Mariella Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Garrido
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati-Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM-Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (U.J.); Tel.: +33-4-11-28-31-72 (V.C.); +49-821-400-165505 (U.J.)
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (U.J.); Tel.: +33-4-11-28-31-72 (V.C.); +49-821-400-165505 (U.J.)
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Giolito MV, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone signaling in the intestinal stem cells and their niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:476. [PMID: 35947210 PMCID: PMC11072102 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies emphasized the function of the thyroid hormones in stem cell biology. These hormones act through the nuclear hormone receptor TRs, which are T3-modulated transcription factors. Pioneer work on T3-dependent amphibian metamorphosis showed that the crosstalk between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme is absolutely required for intestinal maturation and stem cell emergence. With the recent advances of powerful animal models and 3D-organoid cultures, similar findings have now begun to be described in mammals, where the action of T3 and TRα1 control physiological and cancer-related stem cell biology. In this review, we have summarized recent findings on the multiple functions of T3 and TRα1 in intestinal epithelium stem cells, cancer stem cells and their niche. In particular, we have highlighted the regulation of metabolic functions directly linked to normal and/or cancer stem cell biology. These findings help explain other possible mechanisms by which TRα1 controls stem cell biology, beyond the more classical Wnt and Notch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Virginia Giolito
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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Hönes GS, Härting N, Mittag J, Kaiser FJ. TRα2—An Untuned Second Fiddle or Fine-Tuning Thyroid Hormone Action? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136998. [PMID: 35806002 PMCID: PMC9266318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) control a wide range of physiological functions essential for metabolism, growth, and differentiation. On a molecular level, TH action is exerted by nuclear receptors (TRs), which function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Among several TR isoforms, the function of TRα2 remains poorly understood as it is a splice variant of TRα with an altered C-terminus that is unable to bind T3. This review highlights the molecular characteristics of TRα2, proposed mechanisms that regulate alternative splicing and indications pointing towards an antagonistic function of this TR isoform in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, remaining knowledge gaps and major challenges that complicate TRα2 characterization, as well as future strategies to fully uncover its physiological relevance, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Härting
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes-Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism CBBM, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Frank J. Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
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9
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Dhingra M, Mahalanobis S, Das A. Thyroid receptor β might be responsible for breast cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a new insight into pathogenesis. Immunol Res 2022; 70:441-448. [PMID: 35562625 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting females worldwide. Often it is observed that women suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis exhibit a greater propensity towards development of breast cancer. The exact mechanism for the same is unknown. However, multiple experimental evidences suggest a significant role of thyroid receptor β (TR-β) in regulating cell growth and proliferation and thus play a potent role as a tumor suppressor in several cancers, including breast cancer. Thyroid receptor β shows anti-proliferative action through mediators like β-catenin, RUNX2, PI3K/AKT, and cyclin regulation. The present review explores the link between these pathways and how they may be dysregulated due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Further, we propose a new mechanism for cancer prognosis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which may lead to the development of TR-β targeting as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskaan Dhingra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Shayon Mahalanobis
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India.
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Subcellular Distribution of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052698. [PMID: 35269838 PMCID: PMC8910424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the most well-known function of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) relies on their ability to act as ligand-activated transcription factors, their subcellular localization has been recognized to be relevant for their biological meaning. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and subcellular distribution of TR beta and TR beta-1 in ovarian cancer (OC). Methods: Tissue was collected from 153 patients that had undergone surgery due to OC at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. Immunohistochemistry detecting TR beta and TR beta-1 was performed. Staining signals were quantified and tested for association with clinico-pathological parameters including overall survival (OS). Results: The subcellular distribution of TR beta and TR beta-1 differed among histologic subtypes, grade and FIGO stage. TR beta positivity was strongly linked to shortened overall survival (p < 0.001). Strikingly, this shortened OS was mainly attributed to those cases showing complete (p = 0.005) or incomplete shift of TR beta to the cytoplasm (p < 0.001). Significance was lost in multivariate testing. Conclusions: Cytoplasmatic localization of TR beta was associated with reduced OS, at least in univariate analysis. Since TRs have long been supposed to mainly function via the regulation of gene transcription in the nucleus, cytoplasmatic shifting might be interpreted as a regulator of their activity.
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The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030687. [PMID: 35160139 PMCID: PMC8836919 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most prevalent female carcinoma, is characterized by the expression of steroid nuclear receptors in a subset of cases. The most important nuclear receptor with prognostic and therapeutic implications is the Estrogen Receptor (ER), which is expressed in about three out of four breast cancers. The Progesterone Receptor (PR) and the Androgen Receptor (AR) are also commonly expressed. Moreover, non-steroid nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the thyroid receptors (TRs), are also present in breast cancers and have pathophysiologic implications. Circulating thyroid hormones may influence breast cancer risk and breast cancer cell survival, through ligating their canonical receptors TRα and TRβ but also through additional membrane receptors that are expressed in breast cancer. The expression of TR subtypes and their respective isotypes have diverse effects in breast cancers through co-operation with ER and influence on other cancer-associated pathways. Other components of the TSH/thyroid hormone axis, such as TSH and selenoiodinase enzymes, have putative effects in breast cancer pathophysiology. This paper reviews the pathophysiologic and prognostic implications of the thyroid axis in breast cancer and provides a brief therapeutic perspective.
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12
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Low thyroid hormone receptor alpha-2 (THRα-2) tumor expression is associated with unfavorable tumor characteristics and high breast cancer mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:117. [PMID: 34930399 PMCID: PMC8691018 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) has been found to have an estrogen-like effect on breast cancer cells. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha-2 (THRα-2) acts as an antagonist for triiodothyronine (T3) signaling, and a low expression has been associated with unfavorable tumor characteristics and a higher mortality in breast cancer. However, the evidence are not conclusive. The present study evaluates tumor-specific THRα-2 expression in invasive breast cancers and its association with tumor characteristics and long-term mortality in a large population. Method The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS), a population-based cohort in Sweden that included 17,035 women from 1991 to 1996, was used. Women diagnosed with breast cancer during 1991–2010 were eligible for inclusion. A tissue micro array was constructed from stored tumor material and stained for THRα-2 using immunohistochemistry. Tumors from 654 patients were scored regarding the intensity and the fraction of cells stained, then dichotomized into low or high expression. Date and cause of death were collected up until 2018-12-31. Tumor- and patient characteristics were available from the MDCS. Missing data was imputed using chained equations. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low vs high expression of THRα-2 related to specific tumor factors. Mortality was evaluated with Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression, rendering hazard ratios (HRs). Analyses were also stratified for estrogen receptor (ER) status. Results We found strong evidence of an association between low THRα-2 and unfavorable tumor characteristics, including estrogen receptor negativity: OR 4.04 (95% CI 2.28–7.15) and tumor size > 20–50 mm: OR 2.20 (95% CI 1.39–3.49). We found evidence of increased breast cancer-specific mortality for women with low THRα-2, HR 1.38 (95% CI 0.96–1.99), which remained after adjusting for age at diagnosis, HR 1.48 (95% CI 1.03–2.14), but not after adjusting for relevant prognostic factors, HR 0.98 (95% CI 0.66–1.45). THRα-2 expression in ER-negative tumors had an inverse correlation with overall mortality, HR 0.27 (95% CI 0.11–0.65). Conclusion Low tumor-specific THRα-2 expression was in this study associated with prognostically unfavorable tumor characteristics and a higher mortality in breast cancer, but not independent from other prognostic factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01496-7.
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Schnoell J, Kotowski U, Jank BJ, Stoiber S, Gurnhofer E, Schlederer M, Heiduschka G, Kenner L, Kadletz-Wanke L. Prognostic Relevance of Thyroid-Hormone-Associated Proteins in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121352. [PMID: 34945824 PMCID: PMC8703850 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins sodium iodide symporter (NIS), μ-crystallin (CRYM), and thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) have been associated with prognosis in various cancer entities. While NIS and THRB may serve as possible therapeutic targets, the role of CRYM in cancer is still unclear. Protein levels of 44 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological data and outcome. NIS was positive in 72%, CRYM was positive in 55%, and THRB was positive in 39% of the patients. CRYM-positive adenoid cystic carcinomas were associated with a better cause-specific survival. Thus, our data indicate that CRYM might be a suitable positive prognostic marker in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Furthermore, expression of NIS was present in most patients and therefore evaluation of the use of radioiodine treatment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schnoell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Ulana Kotowski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Bernhard J. Jank
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gurnhofer
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lorenz Kadletz-Wanke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
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Rapti V, Moirogiorgou E, Koliou GA, Papadopoulou K, Binas I, Pentheroudakis G, Bafaloukos D, Bobos M, Chatzopoulos K, Chrisafi S, Christodoulou C, Nicolaou I, Sotiropoulou M, Magkou C, Koutras A, Papakostas P, Kotsakis A, Razis E, Psyrri A, Tryfonopoulos D, Pectasides D, Res E, Alexopoulos A, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G. mRNA expression of specific HER ligands and their association with clinical outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Oncol Lett 2021; 23:23. [PMID: 34868360 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic and predictive biomarkers are being studied for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The present study retrospectively assessed the mRNA expression of HER family receptor ligands and of other potential prognostic biomarkers and their association with time to progression (TTP), survival and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with trastuzumab. A total of 145 tumour tissue samples were analysed. mRNA expression analysis of the transcripts of interest was performed and the association of these markers with selected clinicopathological parameters was examined. HER2 status was centrally re-evaluated. Only 67.6% of patients were truly HER2-positive according to the central HER2 re-evaluation. Heparin binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) and thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) mRNA expression was higher in HER2-positive patients (P=0.026, P<0.001 and P<0.001). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 was correlated with retinoic acid receptor α, TGFB1 and THRA (rho=0.45, rho=0.60 and rho=0.45). In HER2-positive patients, high neuregulin 1 and high betacellulin were unfavourable factors for TTP [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.78, P=0.040 and HR=2.00, P=0.043, respectively]. In patients with de novo MBC, high EGF expression was associated with a non-significant prolongation of TTP (HR=0.52, P=0.080) and significantly longer survival (HR=0.40, P=0.020). The present study examined clinical and biological implications of specific genes and it was concluded that their expression has an impact on the outcome of trastuzumab-treated patients with MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Rapti
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Agios Savvas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Binas
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Piraeus, Greece
| | - George Pentheroudakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece.,Society for Study of Clonal Heterogeneity of Neoplasia (EMEKEN), 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Bafaloukos
- First Department of Medical Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Chatzopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Irene Nicolaou
- Department of Histopathology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, 14564 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christina Magkou
- Pathology Department, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Evangelia Razis
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Res
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, Kifissia 14564 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Medical Oncology, German Oncology Center, 4108 Limassol, Cyprus
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15
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Turkistani S, Sugita BM, Fadda P, Marchi R, Afsari A, Naab T, Apprey V, Copeland RL, Campbell MC, Cavalli LR, Kanaan Y. A panel of miRNAs as prognostic markers for African-American patients with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:861. [PMID: 34315420 PMCID: PMC8317413 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the global expression profile of miRNAs, their impact on cellular signaling pathways, and their association with poor prognostic parameters in African-American (AA) patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Twenty-five samples of AA TNBC patients were profiled for global miRNA expression and stratified considering three clinical-pathological parameters: tumor size, lymph node (LN), and recurrence (REC) status. Differential miRNA expression analysis was performed for each parameter, and their discriminatory power was determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. KMplotter was assessed to determine the association of the miRNAs with survival, and functional enrichment analysis to determine the main affected pathways and miRNA/mRNA target interactions. RESULTS A panel of eight, 23 and 27 miRNAs were associated with tumor size, LN, and REC status, respectively. Combined ROC analysis of two (miR-2117, and miR-378c), seven (let-7f-5p, miR-1255b-5p, miR-1268b, miR-200c-3p, miR-520d, miR-527, and miR-518a-5p), and three (miR-1200, miR-1249-3p, and miR-1271-3p) miRNAs showed a robust discriminatory power based on tumor size (AUC = 0.917), LN (AUC = 0.945) and REC (AUC = 0.981) status, respectively. Enrichment pathway analysis revealed their involvement in proteoglycans and glycan and cancer-associated pathways. Eight miRNAs with deregulated expressions in patients with large tumor size, positive LN metastasis, and recurrence were significantly associated with lower survival rates. Finally, the construction of miRNA/mRNA networks based in experimentally validated mRNA targets, revealed nodes of critical cancer genes, such as AKT1, BCL2, CDKN1A, EZR and PTEN. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data indicate that miRNA deregulated expression is a relevant biological factor that can be associated with the poor prognosis in TNBC of AA patients, by conferring to their TNBC cells aggressive phenotypes that are reflected in the clinical characteristics evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Turkistani
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Microbiology, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Bruna M. Sugita
- Research Institute Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Paolo Fadda
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Genomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Rafael Marchi
- Research Institute Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Ali Afsari
- grid.411399.70000 0004 0427 2775Department of Pathology, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Tammey Naab
- grid.411399.70000 0004 0427 2775Department of Pathology, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Victor Apprey
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Robert L. Copeland
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michael C. Campbell
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Luciane R. Cavalli
- Research Institute Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR Brazil ,grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yasmine Kanaan
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Microbiology, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
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16
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Cytoplasmic Localization of RXRα Determines Outcome in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153756. [PMID: 34359656 PMCID: PMC8345077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Considering the immense development of today’s therapeutic approaches in oncology towards customized therapy, this study aimed to assess the prognostic value of nuclear versus cytoplasmic retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) expression in breast cancer. Our results demonstrate that RXRα expression may have different roles in tumorigenesis according to its subcellular localization. This study strengthens the need for further research on the behavior of RXRα, depending on its intracellular localization. Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic value of cytoplasmic versus nuclear RXRα expression in breast cancer (BC) tissue samples and to correlate the results with clinicopathological parameters. In 319 BC patients, the expression of RXRα was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Prognosis-determining aspects were calculated through uni- and multivariate analyses. Correlation analysis revealed a trend association with nuclear RXRα expression regarding an improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.078), whereas cytoplasmic RXRα expression was significantly correlated with a poor outcomes in terms of both OS (p = 0.038) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.037). Strengthening these results, cytoplasmic RXRα was found to be an independent marker for DFS (p = 0.023), when adjusted to clinicopathological parameters, whereas nuclear RXRα expression was positively associated with lower TNM-staging, i.e., pT (p = 0.01), pN (p = 0.029) and pM (p = 0.001). Additionally, cytoplasmic RXRα expression was positively associated with a higher histopathological tumor grading (p = 0.02). Cytoplasmic RXRα was also found to be a negative prognosticator for Her-2neu-negative and triple-negative patients. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that the subcellular localization of RXRα plays an important role in carcinogenesis and the prognosis of BC. The expression of cytoplasmic RXRα is correlated with a more aggressive course of the disease, whereas nuclear RXRα expression appears to be a protective factor. These data may help to identify high-risk BC subgroups in order to find possible specific options in targeted tumor therapy.
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17
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Zehni AZ, Batz F, Vattai A, Kaltofen T, Schrader S, Jacob SN, Mumm JN, Heidegger HH, Ditsch N, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Vilsmaier T. The Prognostic Impact of Retinoid X Receptor and Thyroid Hormone Receptor alpha in Unifocal vs. Multifocal/Multicentric Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:957. [PMID: 33478016 PMCID: PMC7835829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the steroid hormone receptor expression, counting the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), on the two different breast cancer (BC) entities: multifocal/multicentric versus unifocal. The overall and disease-free survival were considered as the prognosis determining aspects and analyzed by uni- and multi-variate analysis. Furthermore, histopathological grading and TNM staging (T = tumor size, N = lymph node involvement, M = distant metastasis) were examined in relation to RXR and THRs expression. A retrospective statistical analysis was carried out on survival-related events in a series of 319 sporadic BC patients treated at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Ludwig-Maximillian's University in Munich between 2000 and 2002. The expression of RXR and THRs, including its two major isoforms THRα1 and THRα2, was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and showed to have a significant correlation for both BC entities in regard to survival analysis. Patients with multifocal/multicentric BC were exposed to a significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS) when expressing RXR. Patients with unifocal BC showed a significantly worse DFS when expressing THRα1. In contrast, a statistically significant positive association between THRα2 expression and enhanced DFS in multifocal/multicentric BC was shown. Especially the RXR expression in multifocal/multicentric BC was found to play a remarkably contradictory role for BC prognosis. The findings imply the need for a critical review of possible molecular therapies targeting steroid hormone receptors in BC treatment. Our results strengthen the need to further investigate the behavior of the nuclear receptor family, especially in relation to BC focality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Zati Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Falk Batz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Till Kaltofen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Svenja Schrader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Sven-Niclas Jacob
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, LMU, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan-Niclas Mumm
- Department of Urology, LMU, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Helene Hildegard Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
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Piqué DG, Greally JM, Mar JC. Identification of a novel subgroup of endometrial cancer patients with loss of thyroid hormone receptor beta expression and improved survival. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:857. [PMID: 32894083 PMCID: PMC7487950 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic cancer in women, and the incidence of EC has increased by about 1% per year in the U. S over the last 10 years. Although 5-year survival rates for early-stage EC are around 80%, certain subtypes of EC that lose nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) expression are associated with poor survival rates. For example, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative EC typically harbors a worse prognosis compared to ER-positive EC. The molecular basis for the loss of NHR expression in endometrial tumors and its contribution to poor survival is largely unknown. Furthermore, there are no tools to systematically identify tumors that lose NHR mRNA expression relative to normal tissue. The development of such an approach could identify sets of NHR-based biomarkers for classifying patients into subgroups with poor survival outcomes. METHODS Here, a new computational method, termed receptLoss, was developed for identifying NHR expression loss in endometrial cancer relative to adjacent normal tissue. When applied to gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), receptLoss identified 6 NHRs that were highly expressed in normal tissue and exhibited expression loss in a subset of endometrial tumors. RESULTS Three of the six identified NHRs - estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors - that are known to lose expression in ECs were correctly identified by receptLoss. Additionally, a novel association was found between thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) expression loss, increased expression of miRNA-146a, and increased rates of 5-year survival in the EC TCGA patient cohort. THRB expression loss occurs independently of estrogen and progesterone expression loss, suggesting the discovery of a distinct, clinically-relevant molecular subgroup. CONCLUSION ReceptLoss is a novel, open-source software tool to systematically identify NHR expression loss in cancer. The application of receptLoss to endometrial cancer gene expression data identified THRB, a previously undescribed biomarker of survival in endometrial cancer. Applying receptLoss to expression data from additional cancer types could lead to the development of biomarkers of disease progression for patients with any other tumor type. ReceptLoss can be applied to expression data from additional cancer types with the goal of identifying biomarkers of differential survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Piqué
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - John M. Greally
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Jessica C. Mar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr. College Rd & Cooper Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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19
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Bach L, Kostev K, Schiffmann L, Kalder M. Association between thyroid gland diseases and breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 182:207-213. [PMID: 32424720 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the present time, there is no consensus on the association between benign thyroid diseases and breast cancer (BC). Therefore, the aim of this study is to help shed some light on the association between hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis and breast cancer risk. METHODS Use of the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) enabled us to perform a retrospective case-control study of 7408 women aged between 18 and 80, who were treated for an initial breast cancer diagnosis in a general practice in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2015 (index date). Patients with a previous cancer diagnosis and an observation time of less than 12 months prior to the index date were excluded. The control group consisted of 7408 healthy women, who were matched to cases 1:1 by age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and physician. The main outcome parameters of this study were the presence of thyroid disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, struma, and thyroiditis) and the TSH values in the two groups. A univariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between benign thyroid diseases, TSH values, and BC. RESULTS The mean age was 58.4 years in both groups. We found a significant association between thyroiditis and BC (OR: 1.91, p = 0.01) and were able to refute the association between hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and BC. We also found that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) had no significant effect on breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION Many experimental studies suggest a link between hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and BC. We were able to demonstrate an epidemiological association between thyroiditis and an increased BC risk. This shows the need for close monitoring for BC in women with thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- Epidemiology, IQVIA, Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Leif Schiffmann
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Kalder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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20
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López-Mateo I, Alonso-Merino E, Suarez-Cabrera C, Park JW, Cheng SY, Alemany S, Paramio JM, Aranda A. Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Inhibits Self-Renewal Capacity of Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Thyroid 2020; 30:116-132. [PMID: 31760908 PMCID: PMC6998057 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: A subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with capacity for self-renewal is believed to drive initiation, progression, and relapse of breast tumors. Methods: Since the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) appears to suppress breast tumor growth and metastasis, we have analyzed the possibility that TRβ could affect the CSC population using MCF-7 cells grown under adherent conditions or as mammospheres, as well as inoculation into immunodeficient mice. Results: Treatment of TRβ-expressing MCF-7 cells (MCF7-TRβ cells) with the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) decreased significantly CD44+/CD24- and ALDH+ cell subpopulations, the efficiency of mammosphere formation, the self-renewal capacity of CSCs in limiting dilution assays, the expression of the pluripotency factors in the mammospheres, and tumor initiating capacity in immunodeficient mice, indicating that the hormone reduces the CSC population present within the bulk MCF7-TRβ cultures. T3 also decreased migration and invasion, a hallmark of CSCs. Transcriptome analysis showed downregulation of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ER-responsive genes by T3. Furthermore, among the T3-repressed genes, there was an enrichment in genes containing binding sites for transcription factors that are key determinants of luminal-type breast cancers and are required for ER binding to chromatin. Conclusion: We demonstrate a novel role of TRβ in the biology of CSCs that may be related to its action as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene López-Mateo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Alonso-Merino
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susana Alemany
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hosp Univ. “12 de Octubre,” Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to: Ana Aranda, PhD, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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21
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Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Barnum MS, Beaudet CM, Yu GY, Tomczak JA, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Carr FE. The Thyroid Hormone Receptor-RUNX2 Axis: A Novel Tumor Suppressive Pathway in Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2019; 11:34-41. [PMID: 31865591 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is refractory to conventional therapies and is an end-stage disease. RUNX2 is a transcription factor that becomes oncogenic when aberrantly expressed in multiple tumor types, including breast cancer, supporting tumor progression and metastases. Our previous work demonstrated that the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) inhibits RUNX2 expression and tumorigenic characteristics in thyroid cells. As TRβ is a tumor suppressor, we investigated the compelling question whether TRβ also regulates RUNX2 in breast cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas indicates that TRβ expression is decreased in the most aggressive basal-like subtype of breast cancer. We established that modulated levels of TRβ results in corresponding changes in the high levels of RUNX2 expression in metastatic, basal-like breast cells. The MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line exhibits low expression of TRβ and high levels of RUNX2. Increased expression of TRβ decreased RUNX2 levels. The thyroid hormone-mediated suppression of RUNX2 is TRβ specific as TRα overexpression failed to alter RUNX2 expression. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of TRβ in non-tumor MCF10A mammary epithelial-like cells results in an increase in RUNX2 and RUNX2 target genes. Mechanistically, TRβ directly interacts with the proximal promoter of RUNX2 through a thyroid hormone response element to reduce promoter activity. The TRβ suppression of the oncogene RUNX2 is a signaling pathway shared by thyroid and breast cancers. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for TRβ-mediated tumor suppression in breast cancers. This pathway may be common to many solid tumors and impact treatment for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael S Barnum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Caitlin M Beaudet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Grace Y Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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22
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Liu YC, Yeh CT, Lin KH. Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204986. [PMID: 31600974 PMCID: PMC6834155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiological processes, including cellular growth, embryonic development, differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, are modulated by genomic and nongenomic actions of thyroid hormones (TH). Several intracellular and extracellular candidate proteins are regulated by THs. 3,3,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) can interact with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TR) to modulate transcriptional activities via thyroid hormone response elements (TRE) in the regulatory regions of target genes or bind receptor molecules showing no structural homology to TRs, such as the cell surface receptor site on integrin αvβ3. Additionally, L-thyroxine (T4) binding to integrin αvβ3 is reported to induce gene expression through initiating non-genomic actions, further influencing angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Notably, thyroid hormones not only regulate the physiological processes of normal cells but also stimulate cancer cell proliferation via dysregulation of molecular and signaling pathways. Clinical hypothyroidism is associated with delayed cancer growth. Conversely, hyperthyroidism is correlated with cancer prevalence in various tumor types, including breast, thyroid, lung, brain, liver and colorectal cancer. In specific types of cancer, both nuclear thyroid hormone receptor isoforms and those on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 are high risk factors and considered potential therapeutic targets. In addition, thyroid hormone analogs showing substantial thyromimetic activity, including triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac), an acetic acid metabolite of T3, and tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac), a derivative of T4, have been shown to reduce risk of cancer progression, enhance therapeutic effects and suppress cancer recurrence. Here, we have reviewed recent studies focusing on the roles of THs and TRs in five cancer types and further discussed the potential therapeutic applications and underlying molecular mechanisms of THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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23
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Fritz AJ, Gillis NE, Gerrard DL, Rodriguez PD, Hong D, Rose JT, Ghule PN, Bolf EL, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd JR, Tracy KM, Nickerson JA, van Wijnen AJ, Imbalzano AN, Heath JL, Frietze SE, Zaidi SK, Carr FE, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Higher order genomic organization and epigenetic control maintain cellular identity and prevent breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:484-499. [PMID: 30873710 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells establish and sustain structural and functional integrity of the genome to support cellular identity and prevent malignant transformation. In this review, we present a strategic overview of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including histone modifications and higher order chromatin organization (HCO) that are perturbed in breast cancer onset and progression. Implications for dysfunctions that occur in hormone regulation, cell cycle control, and mitotic bookmarking in breast cancer are considered, with an emphasis on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell activities. The architectural organization of regulatory machinery is addressed within the contexts of translating cancer-compromised genomic organization to advances in breast cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of novel therapeutic targets with high specificity and minimal off target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - N E Gillis
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - D L Gerrard
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - P D Rodriguez
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - D Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J T Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - P N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - E L Bolf
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J R Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - K M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J A Nickerson
- Division of Genes and Development of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - A J van Wijnen
- Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - A N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J L Heath
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pediatrics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - S E Frietze
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - S K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - F E Carr
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner college of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - J L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - G S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
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24
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Tremmel E, Hofmann S, Kuhn C, Heidegger H, Heublein S, Hermelink K, Wuerstlein R, Harbeck N, Mayr D, Mahner S, Ditsch N, Jeschke U, Vattai A. Thyronamine regulation of TAAR1 expression in breast cancer cells and investigation of its influence on viability and migration. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2019; 11:87-97. [PMID: 30858725 PMCID: PMC6385785 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s178721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A correlation exists between breast cancer and thyroid disorders, which are common in elderly women. Thyroid hormones are degraded into trace amines, which can bind to the G-protein-coupled receptor trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and thereby activate it. The transformation of thyroid hormones into trace amines is carried out by the ornithine decarboxylase. Previously, we showed that TAAR1 overexpression (IRS ≥6) was associated with a significantly longer OS in primary breast cancer patients during a long-term follow-up of up to 14 years. Aim of the present study was to analyze the regulation of TAAR1 in breast cancer cell lines and the influence of triiodothyronine (T3), thyronamines, and tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) on the expression of TAAR1 in breast cancer cells. Methods The effect of T3, thyronamines, and Tetrac on the expression of TAAR1 in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D was analyzed via PCR and Western blot. A MTT assay was performed to test the metabolic cell viability. A scratch assay was performed to analyze cell migration. Results Stimulation of MCF-7 cells with 10 nM 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) significantly increased TAAR1 protein expression (P=0.008). In T47D cells, TAAR1 expression was significantly upregulated after the addition of 10 µg/mL estradiol to 10 nM T1AM (P=0.008). A significant (P=0.028) reduction in MCF-7 cell viability through the incubation with T1AM could be detected. Cell migration of MCF cells was significantly reduced through incubation with 10 nM T1AM. Conclusion A significant upregulation of TAAR1 induced by stimulation with T1AM may be a sign for an increased decarboxylation of thyroid hormones in breast cancer cells. In addition, there seems to be an influence of estradiol for the T1AM-induced upregulation of TAAR1 in T47D cells. TAAR1-related cell transduction mechanisms seem to be an interesting target for endocrine treatment options of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Tremmel
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Simone Hofmann
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Helene Heidegger
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Sabine Heublein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hermelink
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Rachel Wuerstlein
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and CCC Munich, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany,
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25
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Haldar R, Shaashua L, Lavon H, Lyons YA, Zmora O, Sharon E, Birnbaum Y, Allweis T, Sood AK, Barshack I, Cole S, Ben-Eliyahu S. Perioperative inhibition of β-adrenergic and COX2 signaling in a clinical trial in breast cancer patients improves tumor Ki-67 expression, serum cytokine levels, and PBMCs transcriptome. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:294-309. [PMID: 29800703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamines and prostaglandins are secreted abundantly during the perioperative period in response to stress and surgery, and were shown by translational studies to promote tumor metastasis. Here, in a phase-II biomarker clinical trial in breast cancer patients (n = 38), we tested the combined perioperative use of the β-blocker, propranolol, and the COX2-inhibitor, etodolac, scheduled for 11 consecutive perioperative days, starting 5 days before surgery. Blood samples were taken before treatment (T1), on the mornings before and after surgery (T2&T3), and after treatment cessation (T4). Drugs were well tolerated. Results based on a-priori hypotheses indicated that already before surgery (T2), serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6, CRP, and IFNγ, and anti-inflammatory, cortisol and IL-10, increased. At T2 and/or T3, drug treatment reduced serum levels of the above pro-inflammatory cytokines and of TRAIL, as well as activity of multiple inflammation-related transcription factors (including NFκB, STAT3, ISRE), but not serum levels of cortisol, IL-10, IL-18, IL-8, VEGF and TNFα. In the excised tumor, treatment reduced the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, and positively affected its transcription factors SP1 and AhR. Exploratory analyses of transcriptome modulation in PBMCs revealed treatment-induced improvement at T2/T3 in several transcription factors that in primary tumors indicate poor prognosis (CUX1, THRa, EVI1, RORa, PBX1, and T3R), angiogenesis (YY1), EMT (GATA1 and deltaEF1/ZEB1), proliferation (GATA2), and glucocorticoids response (GRE), while increasing the activity of the oncogenes c-MYB and N-MYC. Overall, the drug treatment may benefit breast cancer patients through reducing systemic inflammation and pro-metastatic/pro-growth biomarkers in the excised tumor and PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Haldar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hagar Lavon
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yasmin A Lyons
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Division of Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas, Huston, TX, USA
| | - Oded Zmora
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Yehudit Birnbaum
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Tanir Allweis
- Department of Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Division of Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas, Huston, TX, USA
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Steve Cole
- Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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26
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Dong L, Lu J, Zhao B, Wang W, Zhao Y. Review of the possible association between thyroid and breast carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:130. [PMID: 29976206 PMCID: PMC6034293 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid and breast cancer are two of the malignant diseases with highest incidence in females. Based on clinical experience, breast and thyroid cancer often occur metachronously or synchronously. Therefore, thyroid and breast cancer might share some common etiological factors. The relationship between these diseases has attracted substantial attention, and because these two glands are both regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, such a relationship is not surprising. A study of this relationship will be useful for obtaining a better understanding of the mechanism by which these two malignancies co-occur. Main body This study reviewed the progress in research on the roles of iodine intake, folate metabolism, obesity, gonadal hormones, and thyroid hormone in thyroid and breast cancer. These studies evaluating the etiological roles of these factors in linking breast and thyroid cancer might also improve our understanding and identify new therapeutic approaches, such as sodium/iodide symporter-mediated radioiodine therapy and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antagonists, for breast cancer. In addition, some specific treatments for each cancer, such as radiotherapy for breast cancer or radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer, might be risk factors for secondary malignances, including breast and thyroid cancer. Conclusions Studies of the precise relationship between the co-occurrence of breast and thyroid cancer will certainly improve our understanding of the biological behaviors of these two malignancies and direct evidence-based clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangbo Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1 expression in early breast cancer: a validation study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:709-717. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Heublein S, Mayr D, Meindl A, Kircher A, Jeschke U, Ditsch N. Vitamin D receptor, Retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ are overexpressed in BRCA1 mutated breast cancer and predict prognosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:57. [PMID: 28427429 PMCID: PMC5399435 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background BRCA1 mutated breast cancers are commonly diagnosed as negative for classical hormone receptors i.e. estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and/or Her2. Due to these common targets being absent the application of anti-endocrine therapies is rather limited and a certain focus has been set on discovering alternative target molecules. We recently highlighted thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) to predict prognosis in breast cancer patients that had been diagnosed a BRCA1 germline mutation. Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) are known to interact with TRs by forming functional heterodimers. Whether VDR, RXR or PPARγ are expressed in BRCA1 mutated breast cancer or may even be present in case of triple negativity is not known. Hence the current study aimed to investigate VDR, RXR and PPARγ in BRCA1mut breast cancer and to test whether any of the three may be associated with clinico-pathological criteria including overall survival. Methods This study analyzed VDR, RXR and PPARγ by immunohistochemistry in BRCA1 associated (n = 38) and sporadic breast cancer (n = 79). Receptors were quantified by applying an established scoring system (IR-score) and were tested for association with clinico-pathological variables. Results VDR, RXR and PPARγ were detected in over 90% of triple negative BRCA1mut breast cancer and were significantly (VDR: p < 0.001, RXR: p = 0.010, PPARγ: p < 0.001) overexpressed in BRCA1 mutated as compared to sporadic cancer cases. VDR and RXR positivity predicted prolonged overall survival only in BRCA1 mutated cases while such association was not observed in sporadic breast cancer. Conclusions In conclusion, this is the first study to describe VDR, RXR and PPARγ in BRCA1 mutated breast cancer. Based on the data presented here these receptors may be hypothesized to potentially evolve as interesting markers or even targets in hereditary breast cancer. However, independent studies are indispensable thus to confirm this hypothesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0517-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heublein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kircher
- Department of Internal Medicine, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Increased trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) expression is associated with a positive survival rate in patients with breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1637-1647. [PMID: 28409272 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A correlation between breast cancer and thyroid disorders has been described in previous studies. Degraded thyroid hormones are referred to as trace amines. These endogenous amines have the ability to bind to the G-protein-coupled receptor TAAR1 (trace amine-associated receptor) and thereby activate it. TAAR1 is able to modulate the serotonergic and dopaminergic system in the brain and has so far been studied in the neurological field. The following study represents the first investigation of the regulation of TAAR1 in primary breast cancer (no metastases, M0). METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to detect TAAR1 expression in formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer samples. Survival times of primary breast cancer patients (M0) with and without TAAR1 expression in their tumours were compared by Kaplan-Meier curves, and correlations between ordinal variables were determined with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS The investigation showed a correlation between TAAR1 expression and tumour differentiation grade. A well differentiated tumour grade (G1) was associated with higher TAAR1 expression and HER2 and HER4 positivity predicted higher TAAR1 expression. A TAAR1 overexpression (IRS ≥ 6) was associated with significantly longer overall survival (OS) (p = 0.02) than that of reduced TAAR1 expression (IRS < 6) during a maximum follow-up of 14 years, demonstrating that TAAR1 has a favourable effect on OS of early breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TAAR1 seems to be an independent predictor for breast cancer survival. Modulation of TAAR1 may represent a novel targeting strategy for breast cancer prevention and therapy.
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Flamini MI, Uzair ID, Pennacchio GE, Neira FJ, Mondaca JM, Cuello-Carrión FD, Jahn GA, Simoncini T, Sanchez AM. Thyroid Hormone Controls Breast Cancer Cell Movement via Integrin αV/β3/SRC/FAK/PI3-Kinases. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:16-27. [PMID: 28050799 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play a fundamental role in diverse processes, including cellular movement. Cell migration requires the integration of events that induce changes in cell structure towards the direction of migration. These actions are driven by actin remodeling and stabilized by the development of adhesion sites to extracellular matrix via transmembrane receptors linked to the actin cytoskeleton. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cell migration and invasion through the control of focal adhesion turnover. In this work, we demonstrate that the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) regulates actin remodeling and cell movement in breast cancer T-47D cells through the recruitment of FAK. T3 controls FAK phosphorylation and translocation at sites where focal adhesion complexes are assembled. This process is triggered via rapid signaling to integrin αV/β3, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K), and FAK. In addition, we established a cellular model with different concentration of T3 levels: normal, absence, and excess in T-47D breast cancer cells. We found that the expression of Src, FAK, and PI3K remained at normal levels in the excess of T3 model, while it was significantly reduced in the absence model. In conclusion, these results suggest a novel role for T3 as an important modulator of cell migration, providing a starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Inés Flamini
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ivonne Denise Uzair
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gisela Erika Pennacchio
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia Judith Neira
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Joselina Magali Mondaca
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Dario Cuello-Carrión
- Laboratorio de Oncología. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela Alma Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Matías Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San Martin CC855, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The female predominance of diseases of the thyroid and breast makes difficult the separation of an expected association with a causal linkage. This review will examine recent reports on associations between thyroid disease and breast cancer, comparing them with previous studies, with a view to elucidating what pointers are available to suggest either a common pathogenesis or novel thyroid-related therapeutic approach, which might arise from this association. RECENT FINDINGS Reports on thyroid-breast cancer associations are reviewed under the following headings: breast cancer prevalence in different thyroid disorders and their effect on risk and outcome; the possible role of thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid enlargement, effect of radioactive iodine treatment, role of stable iodine, possible joint antigens sodium iodide transporter and thyroid peroxidase and thyroid-breast cancer coincidence. SUMMARY Current studies on thyroid and breast cancer associations confirm earlier findings of the lack of definitive evidence of a causal relationship. The predominant relationship continues to be hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroid disease perhaps contributing to increased breast cancer risk or outcomes. However, despite many studies and the findings of meta-analyses, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the association remains elusive. At present, there is little justification for utilizing thyroid insights as a possible therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P A Smyth
- aUniversity College Dublin, Dublin bNational University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Lin H, Chin Y, Yang YSH, Lai H, Whang‐Peng J, Liu LF, Tang H, Davis PJ. Thyroid Hormone, Cancer, and Apoptosis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1221-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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