1
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Søgaard Jørgensen P, Weinberger VP, Waring TM. Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220251. [PMID: 37952619 PMCID: PMC10645096 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How did human societies evolve to become a major force of global change? What dynamics can lead societies on a trajectory of global sustainability? The astonishing growth in human population, economic activity and environmental impact has brought these questions to the fore. This theme issue pulls together a variety of traditions that seek to address these questions using different theories and methods. In this Introduction, we review and organize the major strands of work on how the Anthropocene evolved, how evolutionary dynamics are influencing sustainability efforts today, and what principles, strategies and capacities will be important to guide us towards global sustainability in the future. We present a set of synthetic insights and highlight frontiers for future research efforts which could contribute to a consolidated synthesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
- Anthropocene Laboratory, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
| | - Vanessa P. Weinberger
- Center for Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation (CReAM), Universidad Mayor, Temuco, 4801043, Chile
| | - Timothy M. Waring
- Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine Orono, ME 04473, USA
- School of Economics, University of Maine Orono, ME 04473, USA
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2
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Assessing coupling interactions in a safe and just operating space for regional sustainability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1369. [PMID: 36914668 PMCID: PMC10011604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities affect the Earth System with an unprecedented magnitude, causing undesirable irreversible degradation. The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide an integrated global action plan for sustainable development. However, it remains a great challenge to develop actionable strategies to achieve regional sustainability within social-environmental constraints. Here we proposed a framework, integrating safe and just operating space (SJOS) with SDGs, to assess regional sustainability and interactions between environmental performance and human well-being across scales. Despite China has not fully achieved sustainable development from 2000 to 2018, most provinces have shown significant improvements. Our analyses further delineated four development patterns (i.e., coupled and developed, coupled and underdeveloped, uncoupled and underdeveloped, and coupled and underdeveloped), and developed targeted strategies and pathways for each pattern to transition towards sustainability. Our operationalizable framework is broadly applicable to other regions or nations to actualize sustainable development.
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3
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Ghattavi S, Homaei A. Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123136. [PMID: 36621739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghattavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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4
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Ainsworth GB, Pita P, Garcia Rodrigues J, Pita C, Roumbedakis K, Fonseca T, Castelo D, Longo C, Power AM, Pierce GJ, Villasante S. Disentangling global market drivers for cephalopods to foster transformations towards sustainable seafood systems. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian B. Ainsworth
- Faculty of Business Administration and Management University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CRETUS, Department of Applied Economics University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pablo Pita
- Faculty of Business Administration and Management University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CRETUS, Department of Applied Economics University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | - Cristina Pita
- International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London UK
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Katina Roumbedakis
- CRETUS, Department of Applied Economics University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Tereza Fonseca
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Daniela Castelo
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | | | - Anne Marie Power
- Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
| | | | - Sebastián Villasante
- Faculty of Business Administration and Management University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CRETUS, Department of Applied Economics University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
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5
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Käll S, Crona B, Van Holt T, Daw TM. From good intentions to unexpected results - a cross-scale analysis of a fishery improvement project within the Indonesian blue swimming crab. MARITIME STUDIES : MAST 2022; 21:587-607. [PMID: 36246418 PMCID: PMC9540048 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-022-00285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Private actors have become prominent players in the work to drive social and environmental sustainability transitions. In the fisheries sector, fishery improvement projects (FIPs) aim to address environmental challenges by leveraging the capacity of industry actors and using value chains to incentivize change. Despite globally rising FIP numbers, the incentive structures behind FIP establishment and the role of internal dynamics remain poorly understood. This paper uses institutional entrepreneurship as an analytical lens to examine the institutional change surrounding the management and trade of the Indonesian blue swimming crab and sheds light on how global market dynamics, local fishery dynamics, and value chain initiatives interact to affect the trajectory towards sustainability over time. We contribute to the institutional entrepreneurship framework by extending it with social-ecological dynamics, different actors' ability to realize or resist change, and outcomes of institutional change. These additions can improve its explanatory power in relation to sustainability initiatives in fisheries governance and beyond. Our cross-scale historical analysis of the value chain shows not only the entrepreneurship behind the FIP's establishment, and its institutional interventions, but also why these have been unsuccessful in improving the ecological sustainability of fishers' and traders' behavior. This provides valuable empirical grounding to a wider debate about industry leadership and private incentives for sustainability at large and helps disentangle under what conditions such initiatives are more (or less) likely to have intended effects. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40152-022-00285-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Käll
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tim M. Daw
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Schiller L, Bailey M, Bodwitch H, Sinan H, Auld G. Evaluating the roles and reach of philanthropic foundations in sustainability efforts for tuna. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurenne Schiller
- School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Canada
| | - Megan Bailey
- Marine Affairs Program Dalhousie University Halifax Canada
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, EarthLab University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Hekia Bodwitch
- Marine Affairs Program Dalhousie University Halifax Canada
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, EarthLab University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Hussain Sinan
- Marine Affairs Program Dalhousie University Halifax Canada
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, EarthLab University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Graeme Auld
- School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Ottawa Canada
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7
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Ishihara H, Blandon A, Watanabe J, Yagi N. Promoting Sustainable Seafood Market in Japan: Perspectives From MSC and ASC Applicants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.843184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese seafood market has witnessed a slow but steadfast increase in the amount of certified seafood circulated on the market despite the fact that there are few incentives to apply for certification schemes such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). This is because it is difficult for the producers to reap benefits from the price premium as the retailers are unwilling to charge the consumers with a higher price for the certified seafood; at the same time, there are no sourcing codes set by the retailers to ban the access of uncertified seafood. By conducting semi-structured interviews with the applicants of MSC and ASC, this study reveals the motivation of the applicants such as the desire of producers to differentiate their seafood products from similar products on the market and to establish stable distribution channels with large retailers. We argue that this type of motivation poses a unique challenge in promoting sustainable seafood in Japan, that is the certified product needs to remain a small proportion of circulated seafood products.
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8
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Österblom H, Folke C, Rocha J, Bebbington J, Blasiak R, Jouffray JB, Selig ER, Wabnitz CCC, Bengtsson F, Crona B, Gupta R, Henriksson PJG, Johansson KA, Merrie A, Nakayama S, Crespo GO, Rockström J, Schultz L, Sobkowiak M, Jørgensen PS, Spijkers J, Troell M, Villarrubia-Gómez P, Lubchenco J. Scientific mobilization of keystone actors for biosphere stewardship. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3802. [PMID: 35246555 PMCID: PMC8897441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosphere crisis requires changes to existing business practices. We ask how corporations can become sustainability leaders, when constrained by multiple barriers to collaboration for biosphere stewardship. We describe how scientists motivated, inspired and engaged with ten of the world’s largest seafood companies, in a collaborative process aimed to enable science-based and systemic transformations (2015–2021). CEOs faced multiple industry crises in 2015 that incentivized novel approaches. New scientific insights, an invitation to collaborate, and a bold vision of transformative change towards ocean stewardship, created new opportunities and direction. Co-creation of solutions resulted in new knowledge and trust, a joint agenda for action, new capacities, international recognition, formalization of an organization, increased policy influence, time-bound goals, and convergence of corporate change. Independently funded scientists helped remove barriers to cooperation, provided means for reflection, and guided corporate strategies and actions toward ocean stewardship. By 2021, multiple individuals exercised leadership and the initiative had transitioned from preliminary and uncomfortable conversations, to a dynamic, operational organization, with capacity to perform global leadership in the seafood industry. Mobilizing transformational agency through learning, collaboration, and innovation represents a cultural evolution with potential to redirect and accelerate corporate action, to the benefit of business, people and the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. .,South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies, Maldonado, Uruguay. .,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Program, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Rocha
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies, Maldonado, Uruguay.,Future Earth, Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Bebbington
- Pentland Centre for Sustainability, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Robert Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Program, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth R Selig
- Stanford Centre for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Colette C C Wabnitz
- Stanford Centre for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Frida Bengtsson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Crona
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Program, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radhika Gupta
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Karolin A Johansson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Merrie
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinnosuke Nakayama
- Stanford Centre for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A31, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lisen Schultz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- The Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Program, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Spijkers
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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9
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Jones NA, Bellamy J, Bellotti W, Ross H, van Bommel S, Liu Y. A Shock to the System: What the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals About Australia's Food Systems and Their Resilience. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.790694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia has managed well through the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to many other developed nations. Through its first and second waves it was relatively successful in terms of control of outbreaks. Nevertheless, like everywhere, the shock to national systems has been profound, and adjustment remains complex and volatile. Food is a critical human need, and the food industry is recognised as a vital economic sector. We present an examination of some of the adaptive responses of Australia's food systems during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, from January 2020 to October 2020, with a focus on three case studies (seafood exports, consumer behaviour and food sector employment). These case studies provide observations of specific stresses experienced, as well as insights into the adaptation strategies carried out by various actors within the nation's food systems. The shock was experienced differently in different parts of given food systems, and the opportunities for adaptation varied. Some supply chains lost business, others had to adapt to rapidly increased demands, and surges. Our analysis reveals features of Australia's food systems, and their relationships to other systems, that have facilitated resilience, and features that have impeded it. We found that international supply chains are highly vulnerable to global shocks, that insecure employment conditions throughout the food system reduce the resilience of the system overall, and that consumers are not fully confident in supply chains. We observed the importance of agency and adaptive behaviour throughout the food systems as actors worked to build their own resilience, with consequences for other parts of the system. Our findings suggest that food system resilience can be enhanced by ensuring that the goals and priorities of those most vulnerable in society are recognised and addressed within decision making processes throughout the system.
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10
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Timberlake TP, Cirtwill AR, Baral SC, Bhusal DR, Devkota K, Harris‐Fry HA, Kortsch S, Myers SS, Roslin T, Saville NM, Smith MR, Strona G, Memmott J. A network approach for managing ecosystem services and improving food and nutrition security on smallholder farms. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa R. Cirtwill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Daya R. Bhusal
- Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Kedar Devkota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University Chitwan Nepal
| | - Helen A. Harris‐Fry
- Department of Population Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Susanne Kortsch
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Samuel S. Myers
- Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Matthew R. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Giovanni Strona
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jane Memmott
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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11
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Folke C, Kautsky N. Aquaculture and ocean stewardship : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Solutions-oriented research. AMBIO 2022; 51:13-16. [PMID: 33715093 PMCID: PMC8651929 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nils Kautsky
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Love DC, Allison EH, Asche F, Belton B, Cottrell RS, Froehlich HE, Gephart JA, Hicks CC, Little DC, Nussbaumer EM, Pinto da Silva P, Poulain F, Rubio A, Stoll JS, Tlusty MF, Thorne-Lyman AL, Troell M, Zhang W. Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 28:100494. [PMID: 34513582 PMCID: PMC8417121 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of nutrition and employment, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized allowing shocks to propagate. We studied COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector from January through May 2020, using a food system resilience 'action cycle' framework as a guide. We find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses combined with lessons from past shocks that could be considered when building resilience in the sector. We end with strategic research needs to support learning from COVID-19 impacts and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Love
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Frank Asche
- Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-057, USA.,Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-057, USA.,Department of Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ben Belton
- WorldFish, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, 11960, Malaysia.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Richard S Cottrell
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Halley E Froehlich
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington DC, 20016, USA
| | - Christina C Hicks
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YW, UK
| | - David C Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK94LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Nussbaumer
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Patricia Pinto da Silva
- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Florence Poulain
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Officer, Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joshua S Stoll
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Andrew L Thorne-Lyman
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Max Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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13
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Merkle M, Moran D, Warren F, Alexander P. How does market power affect the resilience of food supply? GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Lazzari N, Becerro MA, Sanabria-Fernandez JA, Martín-López B. Assessing social-ecological vulnerability of coastal systems to fishing and tourism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147078. [PMID: 33905936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting areas with high social-ecological vulnerability (SEV) is essential to better inform management interventions for building resilience in coastal systems. The SEV framework, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is a robust method to identify SEV of tropical coastal systems to climate change. Yet, the application of this framework to temperate regions and other drivers of change remains underexplored. This study operationalizes the SEV framework to assess the social-ecological implications of fishing and tourism in temperate coastal systems. We spatially represented the SEV of coastal systems and identified the social and ecological vulnerability dimensions underpinning this SEV. Our results demonstrate that different dimensions contribute differently to the SEV, suggesting the need for distinctive management intervention to reduce the vulnerability of coastal systems. Our findings also highlight that livelihood diversification and the protection of marine areas may be plausible strategies to build resilience in temperate coastal systems that face fishing and tourism pressures. With this study, we hope to encourage the application of the SEV framework to other drivers of change for building more resilient coastal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Lazzari
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Mikel A Becerro
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Jose A Sanabria-Fernandez
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Berta Martín-López
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Universitätsallee 1, 21355 Lüneburg, Germany.
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15
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Queiroz C, Norström AV, Downing A, Harmáčková ZV, De Coning C, Adams V, Bakarr M, Baedeker T, Chitate A, Gaffney O, Gordon L, Hainzelin É, Howlett D, Krampe F, Loboguerrero AM, Nel D, Okollet C, Rebermark M, Rockström J, Smith M, Wabbes-Candotti S, Matthews N. Investment in resilient food systems in the most vulnerable and fragile regions is critical. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:546-551. [PMID: 37118178 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Queiroz
- Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Albert V Norström
- Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Downing
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana V Harmáčková
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Vanessa Adams
- Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Ange Chitate
- African Risk Capacity Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Owen Gaffney
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Line Gordon
- Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Florian Krampe
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Solna, Sweden
| | - Ana Maria Loboguerrero
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Deon Nel
- WWF Netherlands, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maya Rebermark
- Misum-Mistra Centre for Sustainable Markets, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Smith
- International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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16
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Booth H, Arlidge WNS, Squires D, Milner-Gulland EJ. Bycatch levies could reconcile trade-offs between blue growth and biodiversity conservation. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:715-725. [PMID: 33972736 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Economic activities in the ocean (that is, the 'blue economy') provide value to society, yet also jeopardize marine ecosystems. For example, fisheries are an essential source of income and food security for billions of people, yet bycatch poses a major threat to marine biodiversity, creating trade-offs between economic growth and biodiversity conservation. This Perspective explores bycatch levies as a market-based instrument for reconciling these trade-offs. We outline the theory and practice of bycatch levies to demonstrate how they could incentivize bycatch prevention and raise revenue for compensatory conservation, provided they are well designed, as part of a policy mix for sustainable and equitable ocean governance. We then explore ways forward for mainstreaming bycatch levies into the blue economy. While compensatory bycatch mitigation has been controversial, increasing adoption of net outcome approaches to biodiversity conservation suggests they could become mainstreamed within the next decade. Bycatch levies could raise billions of dollars towards closing global biodiversity financing gaps, delivering net outcomes for biodiversity under the United Nations Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework while enabling blue growth, and moving towards win-wins for economic welfare and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Wildlife Conservation Society, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - William N S Arlidge
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dale Squires
- Department of Economics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Centre, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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17
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Folke C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Galaz V, Westley F, Lamont M, Scheffer M, Österblom H, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Seto KC, Weber EU, Crona BI, Daily GC, Dasgupta P, Gaffney O, Gordon LJ, Hoff H, Levin SA, Lubchenco J, Steffen W, Walker BH. Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. AMBIO 2021; 50:834-869. [PMID: 33715097 PMCID: PMC7955950 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed an interconnected and tightly coupled globalized world in rapid change. This article sets the scientific stage for understanding and responding to such change for global sustainability and resilient societies. We provide a systemic overview of the current situation where people and nature are dynamically intertwined and embedded in the biosphere, placing shocks and extreme events as part of this dynamic; humanity has become the major force in shaping the future of the Earth system as a whole; and the scale and pace of the human dimension have caused climate change, rapid loss of biodiversity, growing inequalities, and loss of resilience to deal with uncertainty and surprise. Taken together, human actions are challenging the biosphere foundation for a prosperous development of civilizations. The Anthropocene reality-of rising system-wide turbulence-calls for transformative change towards sustainable futures. Emerging technologies, social innovations, broader shifts in cultural repertoires, as well as a diverse portfolio of active stewardship of human actions in support of a resilient biosphere are highlighted as essential parts of such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marten Scheffer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice I Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Owen Gaffney
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line J Gordon
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Hoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Will Steffen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Love DC, Allison EH, Asche F, Belton B, Cottrell RS, Froehlich HE, Gephart JA, Hicks CC, Little DC, Nussbaumer EM, Pinto da Silva P, Poulain F, Rubio A, Stoll JS, Tlusty MF, Thorne-Lyman AL, Troell M, Zhang W. Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021. [PMID: 34513582 DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/x8aew] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of nutrition and employment, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized allowing shocks to propagate. We studied COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector from January through May 2020, using a food system resilience 'action cycle' framework as a guide. We find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses combined with lessons from past shocks that could be considered when building resilience in the sector. We end with strategic research needs to support learning from COVID-19 impacts and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Love
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Frank Asche
- Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-057, USA
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-057, USA
- Department of Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ben Belton
- WorldFish, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, 11960, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Richard S Cottrell
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Halley E Froehlich
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington DC, 20016, USA
| | - Christina C Hicks
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YW, UK
| | - David C Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK94LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Nussbaumer
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Patricia Pinto da Silva
- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Florence Poulain
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Officer, Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joshua S Stoll
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Andrew L Thorne-Lyman
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Max Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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19
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Bennett EM, Baird J, Baulch H, Chaplin-Kramer R, Fraser E, Loring P, Morrison P, Parrott L, Sherren K, Winkler KJ, Cimon-Morin J, Fortin MJ, Kurylyk BL, Lundholm J, Poulin M, Rieb JT, Gonzalez A, Hickey GM, Humphries M, Bahadur KC K, Lapen D. Ecosystem services and the resilience of agricultural landscapes. ADV ECOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Davis KF, Downs S, Gephart JA. Towards food supply chain resilience to environmental shocks. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:54-65. [PMID: 37117650 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variability and shock events can be propagated or attenuated along food supply chains by various economic, political and infrastructural factors. Understanding these processes is central to reducing risks associated with periodic food shortages, price spikes and reductions in food quality. Here we perform a scoping review of the literature to examine entry points for environmental variability along the food supply chain, the evidence of propagation or attenuation of this variability, and the food items and types of shock that have been studied. We find that research on food supply shocks has primarily focused on maize, rice and wheat, on agricultural production and on extreme rainfall and temperatures-indicating the need to expand research into the full food basket, diverse sources of environmental variability and the links connecting food production to consumption and nutrition. Insights from this new knowledge can inform key responses-at the level of an individual (for example, substituting foods), a company (for example, switching sources) or a government (for example, strategic reserves)-for coping with disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Frankel Davis
- Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shauna Downs
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington DC, USA
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21
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Virdin J, Vegh T, Jouffray JB, Blasiak R, Mason S, Österblom H, Vermeer D, Wachtmeister H, Werner N. The Ocean 100: Transnational corporations in the ocean economy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/3/eabc8041. [PMID: 33523873 PMCID: PMC7806236 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ocean economy is growing as commercial use of the ocean accelerates, while progress toward achieving international goals for ocean conservation and sustainability is lagging. In this context, the private sector is increasingly recognized as having the capacity to hamper efforts to achieve aspirations of sustainable ocean-based development or alternatively to bend current trajectories of ocean use by taking on the mantle of corporate biosphere stewardship. Here, we identify levels of industry concentration to assess where this capacity rests. We show that the 10 largest companies in eight core ocean economy industries generate, on average, 45% of each industry's total revenues. Aggregating across all eight industries, the 100 largest corporations (the "Ocean 100") account for 60% of total revenues. This level of concentration in the ocean economy presents both risks and opportunities for ensuring sustainability and equity of global ocean use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Virdin
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - T Vegh
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J-B Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mason
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Vermeer
- Duke University Fuqua School of Business, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Wachtmeister
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Werner
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Koehn JZ, Quinn EL, Otten JJ, Allison EH, Anderson CM. Making seafood accessible to low-income and nutritionally vulnerable populations on the U.S. West Coast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD SYSTEMS, AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 2020; 10:171-189. [PMID: 33996191 PMCID: PMC8121265 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2020.101.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Along the U.S. West Coast, sustainable management has rebuilt fish stocks, providing an opportunity to supply nutrient-rich food to adjacent coastal communities where food insecurity and diet-based diseases are common. However, the market has not successfully supplied locally sourced seafood to nutritionally vulnerable people. Rather, a few organizations make this connection on a limited scale. We used a "positive deviant" approach to learn how these organizations' efforts developed, how they overcame challenges, and what conditions enabled their interventions. We found that organizations in these positive deviant cases provided fish from a wide variety of species and sources, and distributed them through different channels to a diversity of end consumers. A key factor facilitating success was the ability to negotiate a price point that was both profitable and reasonable for organizations supplying nutritionally vulnerable or low-income consumers. Further-more, securing access to grants overcame initial costs of establishing new supply channels. All cases highlighted the importance of individual champions who encouraged development and cultural connections between the initiative and the nearby community. Organizations overcame key challenges by establishing regulations governing these new channels and either using partnerships or vertically integrating to reduce costs associated with processing and transport. Oftentimes training and education were also critical to instruct workers on how to process unfamiliar fish and to increase consumer awareness of local fish and how to prepare them. These lessons illuminate pathways to improve the contribution of local seafood to the healthy food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Zachary Koehn
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020; Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University; 473 Via Ortega; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Emilee L. Quinn
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington; Raitt Hall; Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Jennifer J. Otten
- Nutritional Sciences Program, Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington; Raitt Hall; Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Edward H. Allison
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Program, Earthlab, University of Washington; 3707 Brooklyn Ave. NE; Seattle, WA 98105 USA
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christopher M. Anderson
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020; Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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23
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Hileman J, Kallstenius I, Häyhä T, Palm C, Cornell S. Keystone actors do not act alone: A business ecosystem perspective on sustainability in the global clothing industry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241453. [PMID: 33125411 PMCID: PMC7598521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global industries are typically dominated by a few disproportionately large and influential transnational corporations, or keystone actors. While concentration of economic production is not a new phenomenon, in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, the scale of the impacts of keystone actors on diverse social-ecological systems continues to grow. In this article, we investigate how keystone actors in the global clothing industry engage in collaboration with a variety of other organizations to address nine interrelated biophysical and socioeconomic sustainability challenges. We expand on previous theoretical and empirical research by focusing on the larger business ecosystem in which keystone actors are embedded, and use network analysis to assess the contributions of different actor types to the architecture of the ecosystem. This systemic approach to the study of keystone actors and sustainability challenges highlights an important source of influence largely not addressed in previous research: the presence of organizations that occupy strategic positions around keystone actors. Such knowledge can help identify governance strategies for advancing industry-wide transformation towards sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hileman
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Kallstenius
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiina Häyhä
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Celinda Palm
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Cornell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Over 90 endangered fish and invertebrates are caught in industrial fisheries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4764. [PMID: 32958769 PMCID: PMC7506527 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial-scale harvest of species at risk of extinction is controversial and usually highly regulated on land and for charismatic marine animals (e.g. whales). In contrast, threatened marine fish species can be legally caught in industrial fisheries. To determine the magnitude and extent of this problem, we analyze global fisheries catch and import data and find reported catch records of 91 globally threatened species. Thirteen of the species are traded internationally and predominantly consumed in European nations. Targeted industrial fishing for 73 of the threatened species accounts for nearly all (99%) of the threatened species catch volume and value. Our results are a conservative estimate of threatened species catch and trade because we only consider species-level data, excluding group records such as 'sharks and rays.' Given the development of new fisheries monitoring technologies and the current push for stronger international mechanisms for biodiversity management, industrial fishing of threatened fish and invertebrates should no longer be neglected in conservation and sustainability commitments.
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25
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Zipper SC, Jaramillo F, Wang‐Erlandsson L, Cornell SE, Gleeson T, Porkka M, Häyhä T, Crépin A, Fetzer I, Gerten D, Hoff H, Matthews N, Ricaurte‐Villota C, Kummu M, Wada Y, Gordon L. Integrating the Water Planetary Boundary With Water Management From Local to Global Scales. EARTH'S FUTURE 2020; 8:e2019EF001377. [PMID: 32715010 PMCID: PMC7375053 DOI: 10.1029/2019ef001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The planetary boundaries framework defines the "safe operating space for humanity" represented by nine global processes that can destabilize the Earth System if perturbed. The water planetary boundary attempts to provide a global limit to anthropogenic water cycle modifications, but it has been challenging to translate and apply it to the regional and local scales at which water problems and management typically occur. We develop a cross-scale approach by which the water planetary boundary could guide sustainable water management and governance at subglobal contexts defined by physical features (e.g., watershed or aquifer), political borders (e.g., city, nation, or group of nations), or commercial entities (e.g., corporation, trade group, or financial institution). The application of the water planetary boundary at these subglobal contexts occurs via two approaches: (i) calculating fair shares, in which local water cycle modifications are compared to that context's allocation of the global safe operating space, taking into account biophysical, socioeconomic, and ethical considerations; and (ii) defining a local safe operating space, in which interactions between water stores and Earth System components are used to define local boundaries required for sustaining the local water system in stable conditions, which we demonstrate with a case study of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta wetlands in Colombia. By harmonizing these two approaches, the water planetary boundary can ensure that water cycle modifications remain within both local and global boundaries and complement existing water management and governance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Zipper
- Kansas Geological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Fernando Jaramillo
- Department of Physical GeographyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Baltic Sea CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Tom Gleeson
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Miina Porkka
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Tiina Häyhä
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
| | - Anne‐Sophie Crépin
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological EconomicsRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - Ingo Fetzer
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Dieter Gerten
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
- Department of GeographyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Holger Hoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
- Stockholm Environment InstituteStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Matti Kummu
- Water and Development Research GroupAalto UniversityEspooFinland
| | - Yoshihide Wada
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
| | - Line Gordon
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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26
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Jouffray JB, Blasiak R, Norström AV, Österblom H, Nyström M. The Blue Acceleration: The Trajectory of Human Expansion into the Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Díaz S, Settele J, Brondízio ES, Ngo HT, Agard J, Arneth A, Balvanera P, Brauman KA, Butchart SHM, Chan KMA, Garibaldi LA, Ichii K, Liu J, Subramanian SM, Midgley GF, Miloslavich P, Molnár Z, Obura D, Pfaff A, Polasky S, Purvis A, Razzaque J, Reyers B, Chowdhury RR, Shin YJ, Visseren-Hamakers I, Willis KJ, Zayas CN. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 2019; 366:366/6471/eaax3100. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human impact on life on Earth has increased sharply since the 1970s, driven by the demands of a growing population with rising average per capita income. Nature is currently supplying more materials than ever before, but this has come at the high cost of unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, distinctness of local ecological communities, abundance and number of wild species, and the number of local domesticated varieties. Such changes reduce vital benefits that people receive from nature and threaten the quality of life of future generations. Both the benefits of an expanding economy and the costs of reducing nature’s benefits are unequally distributed. The fabric of life on which we all depend—nature and its contributions to people—is unravelling rapidly. Despite the severity of the threats and lack of enough progress in tackling them to date, opportunities exist to change future trajectories through transformative action. Such action must begin immediately, however, and address the root economic, social, and technological causes of nature’s deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Josef Settele
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research–iDiv, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hien T. Ngo
- Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Secretariat, United Nations Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - John Agard
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Kate A. Brauman
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning and Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lucas A. Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mitre 630, CP 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33,Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-852, Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053, Japan
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Suneetha M. Subramanian
- United Nations University (UNU)–Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japan
- UNU–International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guy F. Midgley
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Patricia Miloslavich
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)–Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - David Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development–Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Global Climate Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Pfaff
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Jona Razzaque
- Department of Law, Faculty of Business and Law, University of the West of England, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Belinda Reyers
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Department of Conservation Ecology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Yunne-Jai Shin
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katherine J. Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
- Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Cynthia N. Zayas
- Center for International Studies University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines
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Nyström M, Jouffray JB, Norström AV, Crona B, Søgaard Jørgensen P, Carpenter SR, Bodin Ö, Galaz V, Folke C. Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem. Nature 2019; 575:98-108. [PMID: 31695208 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Much of the Earth's biosphere has been appropriated for the production of harvestable biomass in the form of food, fuel and fibre. Here we show that the simplification and intensification of these systems and their growing connection to international markets has yielded a global production ecosystem that is homogenous, highly connected and characterized by weakened internal feedbacks. We argue that these features converge to yield high and predictable supplies of biomass in the short term, but create conditions for novel and pervasive risks to emerge and interact in the longer term. Steering the global production ecosystem towards a sustainable trajectory will require the redirection of finance, increased transparency and traceability in supply chains, and the participation of a multitude of players, including integrated 'keystone actors' such as multinational corporations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - J-B Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Norström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Crona
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Søgaard Jørgensen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Carpenter
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ö Bodin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jouffray JB, Crona B, Wassénius E, Bebbington J, Scholtens B. Leverage points in the financial sector for seafood sustainability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3324. [PMID: 31616789 PMCID: PMC6774725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Can finance contribute to seafood sustainability? This is an increasingly relevant question given the projected growth of seafood markets and the magnitude of social and environmental challenges associated with seafood production. As more capital enters the seafood industry, it becomes crucial that investments steer the sector toward improved sustainability, as opposed to fueling unsustainable working conditions and overexploitation of resources. Using a mixed-methods approach, we map where different financial mechanisms are most salient along a seafood firm's development trajectory and identify three leverage points that can redirect capital toward more sustainable practices: loan covenants, stock exchange listing rules, and shareholder activism. We argue that seafood sustainability requirements need to be integrated into traditional financial services and propose key research avenues for academic, policy, and practice communities. While our study focuses on the role of finance in seafood sustainability, the insights developed are also of high relevance to other extractive industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Beatrice Crona
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmy Wassénius
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Bebbington
- University of Birmingham Business School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bert Scholtens
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- School of Management, University of St Andrews, Gateway, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
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30
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Transnational corporations and the challenge of biosphere stewardship. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1396-1403. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Roberson LA, Kiszka JJ, Watson JEM. Need to address gaps in global fisheries observation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:966-968. [PMID: 30537084 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Roberson
- University of Queensland School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Level 2, Steele Building (3), Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Florida International University Department of Biological Sciences, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, U.S.A
| | - James E M Watson
- University of Queensland School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Level 2, Steele Building (3), Room 210, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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32
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Yletyinen J, Brown P, Pech R, Hodges D, Hulme PE, Malcolm TF, Maseyk FJF, Peltzer DA, Perry GLW, Richardson SJ, Smaill SJ, Stanley MC, Todd JH, Walsh PJ, Wright W, Tylianakis JM. Understanding and Managing Social–Ecological Tipping Points in Primary Industries. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Yletyinen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Philip Brown
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Roger Pech
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | | | - Philip E Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre at Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | | | - Fleur J F Maseyk
- The Catalyst Group, in Wellington, New Zealand, and with the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - George L W Perry
- School of Environment at the University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | | | - Margaret C Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences, at the University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacqui H Todd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., in Auckland, and Willie Wright is affiliated with the Integrated Kaipara Harbour Management Group, in Whangarei, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Willie Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Practices of the Largest Seafood Suppliers in the Wild Capture Fisheries Sector: From Vision to Action. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the seafood industry is on the rise. Because of increasing public awareness and non-governmental organization (NGO) campaigns, seafood buyers have made various commitments to improve the sustainability of their wild seafood sourcing. As part of this effort, seafood suppliers have developed their own CSR programs in order to meet buyers’ sourcing requirements. However, the CSR of these companies, many of which are mid-supply chain or vertically integrated, remain largely invisible and unstudied. In order to better understand how mid-chain seafood suppliers engage in sustainability efforts, we reviewed the CSR practices of the 25 largest seafood companies globally (by revenue) that deal with wild seafood products. Based on literature, existing frameworks, and initial data analysis, we developed a structured framework to identify and categorize practices based on the issues addressed and the approach used. We found companies implement CSR to address four key areas, and through various activities that fit into five categories: Power; Practices; Partnerships; Public policy; and Philanthropy. One of the biggest gaps identified in this study is the lack of accountability mechanisms, as well as robust and consistent accounting of impacts. Indeed, many companies express commitments without clear goals and structures in place to ensure implementation. Therefore, improvements in seafood company performance on social and environmental aspects may not only require creating a better business case for CSR, but also require ensuring that companies have the necessary processes and structures in place through public oversights and regulations.
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Establishing company level fishing revenue and profit losses from fisheries: A bottom-up approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207768. [PMID: 30458015 PMCID: PMC6245793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A third of global fish stocks are overexploited and many are economically underperforming, resulting in potential unrealized net economic benefits of USD 51 to 83 billion annually. However, this aggregate view, while useful for global policy discussion, may obscure the view for those actors who engage at a regional level. Therefore, we develop a method to associate large companies with their fishing operations and evaluate the biological sustainability of these operations. We link current fish biomass levels and landings to the revenue streams of the companies under study to compute potentially unrealized fisheries revenues and profits at the level of individual firms. We illustrate our method using two case studies: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens; Engraulidae) in Peru and menhaden in the USA (Brevoortia patronus and B. tyrannus; Clupeidae). We demonstrate that both these fisheries could potentially increase their revenues compared to the current levels of exploitation. We estimate the net but unrealized fishery benefits for the companies under question. This information could be useful to investors and business owners who might want to be aware of the actual fisheries performance options of the companies they invest in.
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35
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Abstract
Marine fisheries are in crisis, requiring twice the fishing effort of the 1950s to catch the same quantity of fish, and with many fleets operating beyond economic or ecological sustainability. A possible consequence of diminishing returns in this race to fish is serious labour abuses, including modern slavery, which exploit vulnerable workers to reduce costs. Here, we use the Global Slavery Index (GSI), a national-level indicator, as a proxy for modern slavery and labour abuses in fisheries. GSI estimates and fisheries governance are correlated at the national level among the major fishing countries. Furthermore, countries having documented labour abuses at sea share key features, including higher levels of subsidised distant-water fishing and poor catch reporting. Further research into modern slavery in the fisheries sector is needed to better understand how the issue relates to overfishing and fisheries policy, as well as measures to reduce risk in these labour markets. There have been growing concerns about the exploitation of workers in the fisheries sectors. Here, Tickler et al. use a country-level metric of slavery to determine the risk of fisheries-level slavery across 20 countries, and find it rises as unreported catch increases and mean value of catch decreases.
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36
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Tax havens and global environmental degradation. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1352-1357. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Blasiak R, Jouffray JB, Wabnitz CCC, Sundström E, Österblom H. Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar5237. [PMID: 29881777 PMCID: PMC5990308 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Who owns ocean biodiversity? This is an increasingly relevant question, given the legal uncertainties associated with the use of genetic resources from areas beyond national jurisdiction, which cover half of the Earth's surface. We accessed 38 million records of genetic sequences associated with patents and created a database of 12,998 sequences extracted from 862 marine species. We identified >1600 sequences from 91 species associated with deep-sea and hydrothermal vent systems, reflecting commercial interest in organisms from remote ocean areas, as well as a capacity to collect and use the genes of such species. A single corporation registered 47% of all marine sequences included in gene patents, exceeding the combined share of 220 other companies (37%). Universities and their commercialization partners registered 12%. Actors located or headquartered in 10 countries registered 98% of all patent sequences, and 165 countries were unrepresented. Our findings highlight the importance of inclusive participation by all states in international negotiations and the urgency of clarifying the legal regime around access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources. We identify a need for greater transparency regarding species provenance, transfer of patent ownership, and activities of corporations with a disproportionate influence over the patenting of marine biodiversity. We suggest that identifying these key actors is a critical step toward encouraging innovation, fostering greater equity, and promoting better ocean stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colette C. C. Wabnitz
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Emma Sundström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Barbier
- Department of Economics and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80253-1771, USA
| | - Joanne C. Burgess
- Department of Economics and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80253-1771, USA
| | - Thomas J. Dean
- College of Business and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80253-1201, USA
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39
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Drakou EG, Kermagoret C, Liquete C, Ruiz-Frau A, Burkhard K, Lillebø AI, van Oudenhoven APE, Ballé-Béganton J, Rodrigues JG, Nieminen E, Oinonen S, Ziemba A, Gissi E, Depellegrin D, Veidemane K, Ruskule A, Delangue J, Böhnke-Henrichs A, Boon A, Wenning R, Martino S, Hasler B, Termansen M, Rockel M, Hummel H, El Serafy G, Peev P. Marine and coastal ecosystem services on the science–policy–practice nexus: challenges and opportunities from 11 European case studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2017.1417330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia G. Drakou
- UMR M101, AMURE, CNRS, OSU-IUEM, Université de Brest, Brest, France
- Department of Geo-Information Processing, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | - Camino Liquete
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Frau
- Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Kremena Burkhard
- Institute of Environmental Planning, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ana I. Lillebø
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - João Garcia Rodrigues
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Campus Do*Mar – International Campus of Excellence, Vigo, Spain
| | - Emmi Nieminen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Oinonen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex Ziemba
- Marine and Coastal Systems Department, Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Gissi
- Department of Design and Planning in Complex Environment, University Iuav of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Böhnke-Henrichs
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Boon
- Marine and Coastal Systems Department, Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simone Martino
- Laurence Mee Centre for Society & Sea, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | - Berit Hasler
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mette Termansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Herman Hummel
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Ghada El Serafy
- Marine and Coastal Systems Department, Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Most societies are economically dominated by a small elite, and similarly, natural communities are typically dominated by a small fraction of the species. Here we reveal a strong similarity between patterns of inequality in nature and society, hinting at fundamental unifying mechanisms. We show that chance alone will drive 1% or less of the community to dominate 50% of all resources in situations where gains and losses are multiplicative, as in returns on assets or growth rates of populations. Key mechanisms that counteract such hyperdominance include natural enemies in nature and wealth-equalizing institutions in society. However, historical research of European developments over the past millennium suggests that such institutions become ineffective in times of societal upscaling. A corollary is that in a globalizing world, wealth will inevitably be appropriated by a very small fraction of the population unless effective wealth-equalizing institutions emerge at the global level.
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Emergence of a global science-business initiative for ocean stewardship. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9038-9043. [PMID: 28784792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704453114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocean represents a fundamental source of micronutrients and protein for a growing world population. Seafood is a highly traded and sought after commodity on international markets, and is critically dependent on healthy marine ecosystems. A global trend of wild stocks being overfished and in decline, as well as multiple sustainability challenges associated with a rapid growth of aquaculture, represent key concerns in relation to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Existing efforts aimed to improve the sustainability of seafood production have generated important progress, primarily at the local and national levels, but have yet to effectively address the global challenges associated with the ocean. This study highlights the importance of transnational corporations in enabling transformative change, and thereby contributes to advancing the limited understanding of large-scale private actors within the sustainability science literature. We describe how we engaged with large seafood producers to coproduce a global science-business initiative for ocean stewardship. We suggest that this initiative is improving the prospects for transformative change by providing novel links between science and business, between wild-capture fisheries and aquaculture, and across geographical space. We argue that scientists can play an important role in facilitating change by connecting knowledge to action among global actors, while recognizing risks associated with such engagement. The methods developed through this case study contribute to identifying key competences in sustainability science and hold promises for other sectors as well.
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Grafeld S, Oleson KLL, Teneva L, Kittinger JN. Follow that fish: Uncovering the hidden blue economy in coral reef fisheries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182104. [PMID: 28771508 PMCID: PMC5542444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance for human well-being, nearshore fisheries are often data poor, undervalued, and underappreciated in policy and development programs. We assess the value chain for nearshore Hawaiian coral reef fisheries, mapping post-catch distribution and disposition, and quantifying associated monetary, food security, and cultural values. We estimate that the total annual value of the nearshore fishery in Hawaiʻi is $10.3-$16.4 million, composed of non-commercial ($7.2-$12.9 million) and commercial ($2.97 million licensed + $148,500-$445,500 unlicensed) catch. Hawaii’s nearshore fisheries provide >7 million meals annually, with most (>5 million) from the non-commercial sector. Over a third (36%) of meals were planktivores, 26% piscivores, 21% primary consumers, and 18% secondary consumers. Only 62% of licensed commercial catch is accounted for in purchase reports, leaving 38% of landings unreported in sales. Value chains are complex, with major buyers for the commercial fishery including grocery stores (66%), retailers (19%), wholesalers (14%), and restaurants (<1%), who also trade and sell amongst themselves. The bulk of total nearshore catch (72–74%) follows a short value chain, with non-commercial fishers keeping catch for household consumption or community sharing. A small amount (~37,000kg) of reef fish—the equivalent of 1.8% of local catch—is imported annually into Hawaiʻi, 23,000kg of which arrives as passenger luggage on commercial flights from Micronesia. Evidence of exports to the US mainland exists, but is unquantifiable given existing data. Hawaiian nearshore fisheries support fundamental cultural values including subsistence, activity, traditional knowledge, and social cohesion. These small-scale coral reef fisheries provide large-scale benefits to the economy, food security, and cultural practices of Hawaiʻi, underscoring the need for sustainable management. This research highlights the value of information on the value chain for small-scale production systems, making the hidden economy of these fisheries visible and illuminating a range of conservation interventions applicable to Hawaiʻi and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Grafeld
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsten L. L. Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lida Teneva
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Life Sciences Center, Tempe, Arizona
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Scholtens B. Why Finance Should Care about Ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:500-505. [PMID: 28457498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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May J. Keystones affecting sub-Saharan Africa's prospects for achieving food security through balanced diets. Food Res Int 2017; 104:4-13. [PMID: 29433782 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Socio-economic dynamics determine the transition from diets characterized by the risk of famine, to those characterized by the risk of diet-related non-communicable disease (DR-NCD). This transition is of particular concern in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in which key socio-economic interactions that influence diet include economic growth and rapid urbanization; inequality and a growing middle class; and obesogenic food environments and an increasing prevalence of DR-NCD. In each case, countries in SSA are among those experiencing the most rapid change in the world. These interactions, styled as 'keystones', affect the functioning of other components of the food system and the diets that result. Data from the wealthiest quartile of countries in SSA suggest that these keystones may be increasing the risk of DR-NCD, widening inequalities in health outcomes due to unbalanced diets. To address this, new consumer and government capabilities that address these keystones are required. Food sensitive urban planning, supporting food literacy and fiscal management of consumption are examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian May
- School of Government Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa.
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Dee LE, Allesina S, Bonn A, Eklöf A, Gaines SD, Hines J, Jacob U, McDonald-Madden E, Possingham H, Schröter M, Thompson RM. Operationalizing Network Theory for Ecosystem Service Assessments. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:274-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The status and potential of aquaculture is considered as part of a broader food landscape of wild aquatic and terrestrial food sources. The rationale and resource base required for the development of aquaculture are considered in the context of broader societal development, cultural preferences and human needs. Attention is drawn to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally as well as its considerable heterogeneity of form and function compared with established terrestrial livestock production. The recent drivers of growth in demand and production are examined and the persistent linkages between exploitation of wild stocks, full life cycle culture and the various intermediate forms explored. An emergent trend for sourcing aquaculture feeds from alternatives to marine ingredients is described and the implications for the sector with rapidly growing feed needs discussed. The rise of non-conventional and innovative feed ingredients, often shared with terrestrial livestock, are considered, including aquaculture itself becoming a major source of marine ingredients. The implications for the continued expected growth of aquaculture are set in the context of sustainable intensification, with the challenges that conventional intensification and emergent integration within, and between, value chains explored. The review concludes with a consideration of the implications for dependent livelihoods and projections for various futures based on limited resources but growing demand.
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