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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Filippova TA, Tumilovich AM, Strushkevich NV, Gilep AA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV. Bielectrode Strategy for Determination of CYP2E1 Catalytic Activity: Electrodes with Bactosomes and Voltammetric Determination of 6-Hydroxychlorzoxazone. Biomedicines 2024; 12:152. [PMID: 38255257 PMCID: PMC10812958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a bielectrode system for evaluation of the electrocatalytic activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) towards chlorzoxazone. One electrode of the system was employed to immobilize Bactosomes with human CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), and cytochrome b5 (cyt b5). The second electrode was used to quantify CYP2E1-produced 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone by its direct electrochemical oxidation, registered using square-wave voltammetry. Using this system, we determined the steady-state kinetic parameters of chlorzoxazone hydroxylation by CYP2E1 of Bactosomes immobilized on the electrode: the maximal reaction rate (Vmax) was 1.64 ± 0.08 min-1, and the Michaelis constant (KM) was 78 ± 9 μM. We studied the electrochemical characteristics of immobilized Bactosomes and have revealed that electron transfer from the electrode occurs both to the flavin prosthetic groups of CPR and the heme iron ions of CYP2E1 and cyt b5. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that CPR has the capacity to activate CYP2E1 electrocatalytic activity towards chlorzoxazone, likely through intermolecular electron transfer from the electrochemically reduced form of CPR to the CYP2E1 heme iron ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Rami A. Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana A. Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya M. Tumilovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Natallia V. Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Andrei A. Gilep
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Yulia Yu. Khudoklinova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria V. Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Shi M, Dong Y, Bouwmeester H, Rietjens IMCM, Strikwold M. In vitro-in silico-based prediction of inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of R- and S-methadone in humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2361-2380. [PMID: 35604418 PMCID: PMC9217890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
New approach methodologies predicting human cardiotoxicity are of interest to support or even replace in vivo-based drug safety testing. The present study presents an in vitro–in silico approach to predict the effect of inter-individual and inter-ethnic kinetic variations in the cardiotoxicity of R- and S-methadone in the Caucasian and the Chinese population. In vitro cardiotoxicity data, and metabolic data obtained from two approaches, using either individual human liver microsomes or recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes (rCYPs), were integrated with physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models and Monte Carlo simulations to predict inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in methadone-induced cardiotoxicity. Chemical specific adjustment factors were defined and used to derive dose–response curves for the sensitive individuals. Our simulations indicated that Chinese are more sensitive towards methadone-induced cardiotoxicity with Margin of Safety values being generally two-fold lower than those for Caucasians for both methadone enantiomers. Individual PBK models using microsomes and PBK models using rCYPs combined with Monte Carlo simulations predicted similar inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in methadone-induced cardiotoxicity. The present study illustrates how inter-individual and inter-ethnic variations in cardiotoxicity can be predicted by combining in vitro toxicity and metabolic data, PBK modelling and Monte Carlo simulations. The novel methodology can be used to enhance cardiac safety evaluations and risk assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoying Shi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yumeng Dong
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Strikwold
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, 8901 BV, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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3
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Estrada DF, Kumar A, Campomizzi CS, Jay N. Crystal Structures of Drug-Metabolizing CYPs. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:171-192. [PMID: 34272695 PMCID: PMC10813703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complex enzyme kinetics displayed by drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) (see Chapter 9 ) can, in part, be explained by an examination of their crystallographic protein structures. Fortunately, despite low sequence similarity between different families of drug-metabolizing CYPs, there exists a high degree of structural homology within the superfamily. This similarity in the protein fold allows for a direct comparison of the structural features of CYPs that contribute toward differences in substrate binding, heterotropic and homotropic cooperativity, and genetic variability in drug metabolism. In this chapter, we first provide an overview of the nomenclature and the role of structural features that are common in all CYPs. We then apply these definitions to understand the different substrate specificities and functions in the CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2D families of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Natalie Jay
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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4
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Indra R, Vavrová K, Pompach P, Heger Z, Hodek P. Identification of Enzymes Oxidizing the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Cabozantinib: Cabozantinib Is Predominantly Oxidized by CYP3A4 and Its Oxidation Is Stimulated by cyt b 5 Activity. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120547. [PMID: 33260548 PMCID: PMC7759869 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the in vitro metabolism of tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib, the drug used for the treatment of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer and advanced renal cell carcinoma, was studied using hepatic microsomal samples of different human donors, human recombinant cytochromes P450 (CYPs), flavin-containing mono-oxygenases (FMOs) and aldehyde oxidase. After incubation with human microsomes, three metabolites, namely cabozantinib N-oxide, desmethyl cabozantinib and monohydroxy cabozantinib, were detected. Significant correlations were found between CYP3A4 activity and generation of all metabolites. The privileged role of CYP3A4 was further confirmed by examining the effect of CYP inhibitors and by human recombinant enzymes. Only four of all tested human recombinant cytochrome P450 were able to oxidize cabozantinib, and CYP3A4 exhibited the most efficient activity. Importantly, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) stimulates the CYP3A4-catalyzed formation of cabozantinib metabolites. In addition, cyt b5 also stimulates the activity of CYP3A5, whereas two other enzymes, CYP1A1 and 1B1, were not affected by cyt b5. Since CYP3A4 exhibits high expression in the human liver and was found to be the most efficient enzyme in cabozantinib oxidation, we examined the kinetics of this oxidation. The present study provides substantial insights into the metabolism of cabozantinib and brings novel findings related to cabozantinib pharmacokinetics towards possible utilization in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.V.); (P.P.); (P.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-951-285
| | - Katarína Vavrová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.V.); (P.P.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Pompach
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.V.); (P.P.); (P.H.)
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.V.); (P.P.); (P.H.)
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5
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Modulation of CYP2C9 activity and hydrogen peroxide production by cytochrome b 5. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15571. [PMID: 32968106 PMCID: PMC7511354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) play a major role in drug detoxification, and cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) stimulates the catalytic cycle of mono-oxygenation and detoxification reactions. Collateral reactions of this catalytic cycle can lead to a significant production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the most abundant CYP isoforms in the human liver is CYP2C9, which catalyzes the metabolic degradation of several drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We studied modulation by microsomal membrane-bound and soluble cyt b5 of the hydroxylation of salicylic acid to gentisic acid and ROS release by CYP2C9 activity in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and by CYP2C9 baculosomes. CYP2C9 accounts for nearly 75% of salicylic acid hydroxylation in HLMs at concentrations reached after usual aspirin doses. The anti-cyt b5 antibody SC9513 largely inhibits the rate of salicylic acid hydroxylation by CYP2C9 in HLMs and CYP2C9 baculosomes, increasing the KM approximately threefold. Besides, soluble human recombinant cyt b5 stimulates the Vmax nearly twofold while it decreases nearly threefold the Km value in CYP2C9 baculosomes. Regarding NADPH-dependent ROS production, soluble recombinant cyt b5 is a potent inhibitor both in HLMs and in CYP2C9 baculosomes, with inhibition constants of 1.04 ± 0.25 and 0.53 ± 0.06 µM cyt b5, respectively. This study indicates that variability in cyt b5 might be a major factor underlying interindividual variability in the metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates.
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Deodhar M, Al Rihani SB, Arwood MJ, Darakjian L, Dow P, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Mechanisms of CYP450 Inhibition: Understanding Drug-Drug Interactions Due to Mechanism-Based Inhibition in Clinical Practice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090846. [PMID: 32899642 PMCID: PMC7557591 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ageing society, polypharmacy has become a major public health and economic issue. Overuse of medications, especially in patients with chronic diseases, carries major health risks. One common consequence of polypharmacy is the increased emergence of adverse drug events, mainly from drug–drug interactions. The majority of currently available drugs are metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. Interactions due to shared CYP450-mediated metabolic pathways for two or more drugs are frequent, especially through reversible or irreversible CYP450 inhibition. The magnitude of these interactions depends on several factors, including varying affinity and concentration of substrates, time delay between the administration of the drugs, and mechanisms of CYP450 inhibition. Various types of CYP450 inhibition (competitive, non-competitive, mechanism-based) have been observed clinically, and interactions of these types require a distinct clinical management strategy. This review focuses on mechanism-based inhibition, which occurs when a substrate forms a reactive intermediate, creating a stable enzyme–intermediate complex that irreversibly reduces enzyme activity. This type of inhibition can cause interactions with drugs such as omeprazole, paroxetine, macrolide antibiotics, or mirabegron. A good understanding of mechanism-based inhibition and proper clinical management is needed by clinicians when such drugs are prescribed. It is important to recognize mechanism-based inhibition since it cannot be prevented by separating the time of administration of the interacting drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different types of mechanism-based inhibition, along with illustrative examples of how mechanism-based inhibition might affect prescribing and clinical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Meghan J. Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucy Darakjian
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (S.B.A.R.); (M.J.A.); (L.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-856-938-8697
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7
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Fang Y, Wang T, Guo YY, Zhang HF, Wen Q, Xing YR, Gao N, Qiao HL. From Genotype to Phenotype: Content and Activities of Cytochromes P450 2A6 in Human Liver In Vitro and Predicted In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:320-330. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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8
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Krogstad V, Peric A, Robertsen I, Kringen MK, Wegler C, Angeles PC, Hjelmesæth J, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Artursson P, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Christensen H. A Comparative Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Activities in Paired Liver and Small Intestinal Samples from Patients with Obesity. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:8-17. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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9
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Martinez SE, Shi J, Zhu HJ, Perez Jimenez TE, Zhu Z, Court MH. Absolute Quantitation of Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Accessory Proteins in Dog Liver Microsomes Using Label-Free Standard-Free Analysis Reveals Interbreed Variability. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1314-1324. [PMID: 31427433 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are commonly used in human and veterinary pharmaceutical development. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes requires accurate estimates of CYP abundance, particularly in liver. However, such estimates are currently available for only seven CYPs, which were determined in a limited number of livers from one dog breed (beagle). In this study, we used a label-free shotgun proteomics method to quantitate 11 CYPs (including four CYPs not previously measured), cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, and cytochrome b5 in liver microsomes from 59 dogs representing four different breeds and mixed-breed dogs. Validation included showing correlation with CYP marker activities, immunoquantified protein, as well as CYP1A2 and CYP2C41 null allele genotypes. Abundance values largely agreed with those previously published. Average CYP abundance was highest (>120 pmol/mg protein) for CYP2D15 and CYP3A12; intermediate (40-89 pmol/mg) for CYP1A2, CYP2B11, CYP2E1, and CYP2C21; and lowest (<12 pmol/mg) for CYP2A13, CYP2A25, CYP2C41, CYP3A26, and CYP1A1. The CYP2C41 gene was detected in 12 of 58 (21%) livers. CYP2C41 protein abundance averaged 8.2 pmol/mg in those livers, and was highest (19 pmol/mg) in the only liver with two CYP2C41 gene copies. CYP1A2 protein was not detected in the only liver homozygous for the CYP1A2 stop codon mutation. Large breed-associated differences were observed for CYP2B11 (P < 0.0001; ANOVA) but not for other CYPs. Research hounds and Beagles had the highest CYP2B11 abundance; mixed-breed dogs and Chihuahua were intermediate; whereas greyhounds had the lowest abundance. These results provide the most comprehensive estimates to date of CYP abundance and variability in canine liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides the most comprehensive quantitative analysis to date of the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 proteome in dogs that will serve as a valuable reference for physiologically based scaling and modeling used in drug development and research. This study also revealed high interindividual variation and dog breed-associated differences in drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 expression that may be important for predicting drug disposition variability among a genetically diverse canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Martinez
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Jian Shi
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Tania E Perez Jimenez
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Michael H Court
- Comparative Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.E.M., T.E.P.J., Z.Z., M.H.C.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
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10
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Yoo SE, Yi M, Kim WY, Cho SA, Lee SS, Lee SJ, Shin JG. Influences of cytochrome b5 expression and its genetic variant on the activity of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:201-208. [PMID: 30992242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of cytochrome b5 (cytb5) on the drug metabolism catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Activities of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 were determined by using the prototypical substrates tolbutamide, omeprazole and midazolam, respectively. Cytb5 protein and mRNA contents showed large inter-individual variations with 11- and 6-fold range, respectively. All of three P450s showed an increased activity in proportion to the amount of cytb5 expression. Particularly, CYP3A4 showed the strongest correlation between cytb5 protein amount and the activity, followed by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. The putative splicing variant, c.288G>A (rs7238987) was identified and was screened in 36 liver tissues by direct DNA sequencing. Liver tissues having a splicing variant exhibited unexpected sizes of cytb5 mRNA and a decreased expression tendency of cytb5 protein compared to the wild-type. A decreased activity in the metabolism of the CYP2C19 substrate omeprazole was observed in liver tissues carrying the splicing variant when compared to the wild-type Cytb5 (P < 0.05). The present results propose that different expression of cytb5 can cause variations in CYP mediated drug metabolism, which may explain, at least in part, the inter-individual difference in drug responses in addition to the CYP genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ah Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seop Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sun HY, Yan YJ, Li YH, Lv L. Reversing effects of ginsenosides on LPS-induced hepatic CYP3A11/3A4 dysfunction through the pregnane X receptor. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:246-255. [PMID: 30342195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the adjunctive therapy of the liver diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY Ginsenosides are one kind of the main active ingredients in ginseng. Although hepatoprotective mechanisms of ginsenosides, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis, have been well studies, little is known about the effect of ginsenosides on drug metabolism in liver. Since CYP3A11/3A4 is a major enzyme catalyzing the drug metabolism in liver, an investigation of the enzyme's expression during the progression of a liver disease will gain valuable information about the hepatic drug metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ginsenosides on the expression of hepatic CYP3A11/3A4 in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injured human HepG2 cells and mice. We hypothesize that ginsenosides are important to stabilize CYP3A11/3A4 expression in an injured liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, LPS was intraperitoneally intermittently injected to induce the liver injury in mice. Ginsenosides were intragastrically administered to mice for 7 days to treat the liver injury. Serum biochemical analysis and histopathological study were taken to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of ginsenosides. The effect of ginsenosides was also evaluated in human HepG2 cells in the presence and absence of LPS. Real-time PCR and western blotting method were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of CYP3A11/3A4 in mouse liver tissue and human HepG2 cells. The reporter gene-transfected cells were used to identify upstream targets in HepG2 cells. RESULTS LPS injection in mice resulted in the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in liver, up-regulation of hepatic enzymes such as Tbil, ALT, AST and ALP in serum, and down-regulation of CYP3A11/3A4 expression in liver. Ginsenosides treatment reversed the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum hepatic enzymes elicited by LPS. Pathological results suggest that ginsenosides reduced liver damage. Moreover, ginsenosides reversed the decrease of CYP3A11/3A4 expression in the liver of LPS-injured mouse and in LPS-treated HepG2 cells. To further investigate the regulatory mechanisms, we found that ginsenosides enhanced the rifampicin-induced pregnane X receptor (PXR) transactivation of the CYP3A4 promoter. Treatment of hPXR-over-expressed cells with ginsenosides increased the rifampicin-inducible expression of CYP3A4 in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Ginsenosides reverse the effects of LPS-induced hepatic CYP3A11/3A4 dysfunction, suggesting that the stabilization of the CYP3A11/3A4 expression in an injured liver appears a novel hepatoprotective mechanism of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Sun
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Jing Yan
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hui Li
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Lv
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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12
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Xiao K, Gao J, Weng SJ, Fang Y, Gao N, Wen Q, Jin H, Qiao HL. CYP3A4/5 Activity Probed with Testosterone and Midazolam: Correlation between Two Substrates at the Microsomal and Enzyme Levels. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:382-392. [PMID: 30517006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (TST) and midazolam (MDZ) are widely used as probes to detect CYP3A4/5 activity, but the data acquired with these two substrates do not correlate well at the microsomal level (per milligram of microsomal protein), and the reason is unclear. In this study, CYP3A4/5 activity was probed with TST and MDZ at the microsomal and enzyme levels (per picomole of CYP3A4/5) in 72 human liver samples. Correlation coefficients were lower in Vmax and CLint at the microsomal level, as compared with those at the enzyme level ( Vmax 0.658 vs 0.883; CLint no correlation vs 0.796). Compared with TST, MDZ was found to correlate better with the content of CYP3A4/5 (no correlation vs 0.431) and CYP3A5 (no correlation vs 0.447), and huge variations in enzyme content existed among different genotypes, which explained the lower degree of correlation at the microsomal level. In addition, different genotypes had varying effects on activity at the enzyme level, whereas the difference between activity at the enzyme level probed with TST and that probed with MDZ was not obvious ( P > 0.05), indicating that the effect of gene polymorphisms on correlation between activity probed with these two substrates was limited at the enzyme level. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a high degree of correlation between CYP3A4/5 activity probed with TST and MDZ at the enzyme level but not at the microsomal level and allows us to correctly understand the influence of gene polymorphisms on the correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jia Weng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Fang Y, Gao J, Wang T, Tian X, Gao N, Zhou J, Zhang HF, Wen Q, Jin H, Xing YR, Qiao HL. Intraindividual Variation and Correlation of Cytochrome P450 Activities in Human Liver Microsomes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5312-5318. [PMID: 30346185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We systematically studied and explored intraindividual variation and correlation in the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) using 105 normal liver samples. The intraindividual percentage coefficients of variation of relative Km, Vmax, and CLint were 45.9% (18.3-140%), 44.0% (16.8-127%), and 52.0% (24.2-134%). Overall values of relative Km, Vmax, and CLint for 10 CYPs were sorted. The order, from highest to lowest, was CYP2D6, 3A4/5, 2C19, 2C9, 2B6, 1A2, 2A6, 2C8, and 2E1 for Km; CYP3A4/5, 2C19, 2D6, 2C8, 2E1, 2B6, 1A2, 2A6, and 2C9 for Vmax; and CYP2D6, 2B6, 3A4/5, 2C19, 2C9, 1A2, 2E1, 2C8, and 2A6 for CLint. CYP2A6*4, 2B6 785A>G, and 2D6 100C>T contributed to intraindividual variation of CYP activities. The correlations and similarities among 10 CYP activities were analyzed, and it was found that the highest correlation and similarity for Vmax, Km, and CLint occurred between CYP2C9 and 2C8, CYP2C9 and 1A2, and CYP2C9 and 2C8, respectively. In conclusion, CYP activities exhibit considerable intraindividual variation, with some notable correlations, which might be helpful to comprehensively understand the internal connection among CYP activities and to guide the rational use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Yu-Rong Xing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450052 Henan , China
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14
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Xu C, Gao J, Zhang HF, Gao N, Guo YY, Fang Y, Wen Q, Qiao HL. Content and Activities of UGT2B7 in Human Liver In Vitro and Predicted In Vivo: A Bottom-Up Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1351-1359. [PMID: 29929994 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) is one of the most significant isoforms of UGTs in human liver. This research measured UGT2B7 protein content and activities, including maximum velocity (Vmax) and intrinsic clearance (CLint), in human liver at isoform, microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels and identified the factors that influence expression. We determined absolute protein content by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and activities using the probe drug zidovudine in 82 normal human liver microsomes. Using a bottom-up method for derivation, we showed UGT2B7 content at the microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels, as well as activities at the isoform, microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels in vitro, and predicted hepatic clearance in vivo, with median, range, variation, and 95% and 50% prediction intervals. With regard to the intrinsic activities, the maximum velocity (Vmax) had a median (range) of 7.5 (2-24) pmol/min per picomole of 2B7, and the CLint was 0.08 (0.02-0.31) μl/min per picomole of 2B7. Determinations at liver level showed larger variations than at microsomal level, so it was more suitable for evaluating individual differences. By analyzing factors that affect UGT2B7, we found that: 1) The content at the liver tissue and liver levels correlated positively with activities; 2) the mutant heterozygotes of -327G>A, -900A>G, -161C>T may lead to decreased protein content and increased intrinsic CLint; and 3) the transcription factor pregnane X receptor mRNA expression level was positively associated with the measured protein content. In all, we showed that protein content and activities at different levels and the factors that influence content provide valuable information for UGT2B7 research and clinically individualized medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Gao J, Zhou J, He XP, Zhang YF, Gao N, Tian X, Fang Y, Wen Q, Jia LJ, Jin H, Qiao HL. Changes in cytochrome P450s-mediated drug clearance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo: a bottom-up approach. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28612-23. [PMID: 27086920 PMCID: PMC5053749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by severe liver dysfunction is a serious disease, which results in altered hepatic clearance. Generally, maintenance doses depend upon drug clearance, so individual dosage regimens should be customized for HCC patients based on the condition of patients. Based on clearance of CYP isoform-specific substrates at the microsomal level (CLM), microsomal protein per gram of liver (MPPGL), liver weight, hepatic blood flow, hepatic clearance values (CLH) for 10 CYPs in HCC patients (n=102) were extrapolated using a predictive bottom-up pharmacokinetic model. Compared with controls, the CLM values for CYP2C9, 2D6, 2E1 were significantly increased in HCC patients. Additionally, CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C19 CLM values decreased while the values for CYP2A6, 2B6, 3A4/5 were unchanged. The MPPGL values in HCC tissues were significantly reduced. CLH values of HCC patients for CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C19, and 3A4/5 were significantly reduced, while this for CYP2E1 were markedly increased and those for CYP2C9 and 2D6 did not change. Moreover, disease (fibrosis and cirrhosis) and polymorphisms of the CYP genes have influenced the CLH for some CYPs. Prediction of the effects of HCC on drug clearance may be helpful for the design of clinical studies and the clinical management of drugs in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Pei He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jing Jia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Prediction of cytochrome P450-mediated drug clearance in humans based on the measured activities of selected CYPs. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171161. [PMID: 29054967 PMCID: PMC5696450 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining drug-metabolizing enzyme activities on an individual basis is an important component of personalized medicine, and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a principal role in hepatic drug metabolism. Herein, a simple method for predicting the major CYP-mediated drug clearance in vitro and in vivo is presented. Ten CYP-mediated drug metabolic activities in human liver microsomes (HLMs) from 105 normal liver samples were determined. The descriptive models for predicting the activities of these CYPs in HLMs were developed solely on the basis of the measured activities of a smaller number of more readily assayed CYPs. The descriptive models then were combined with the Conventional Bias Corrected in vitro–in vivo extrapolation method to extrapolate drug clearance in vivo. The Vmax, Km, and CLint of six CYPs (CYP2A6, 2C8, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5) could be predicted by measuring the activities of four CYPs (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 2C19) in HLMs. Based on the predicted CLint, the values of CYP2A6-, 2C8-, 2D6-, 2E1-, and 3A4/5-mediated drug clearance in vivo were extrapolated and found that the values for all five drugs were close to the observed clearance in vivo. The percentage of extrapolated values of clearance in vivo which fell within 2-fold of the observed clearance ranged from 75.2% to 98.1%. These findings suggest that measuring the activity of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 2C19 allowed us to accurately predict CYP2A6-, 2C8-, 2D6-, 2E1-, and 3A4/5-mediated activities in vitro and in vivo and may possibly be helpful for the assessment of an individual’s drug metabolic profile.
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17
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Gao J, Tian X, Zhou J, Cui MZ, Zhang HF, Gao N, Wen Q, Qiao HL. From Genotype to Phenotype: Cytochrome P450 2D6-Mediated Drug Clearance in Humans. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:649-657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Cui
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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18
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Abstract
Purpose of Review We provide an overview of the current knowledge on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism organized as metabolons and factors that facilitate their stabilization. Essential parameters will be discussed including those that are commonly disregarded using the dhurrin metabolon from Sorghum bicolor as a case study. Recent Findings Sessile plants control their metabolism to prioritize their resources between growth and development, or defense. This requires fine-tuned complex dynamic regulation of the metabolic networks involved. Within the recent years, numerous studies point to the formation of dynamic metabolons playing a major role in controlling the metabolic fluxes within such networks. Summary We propose that P450s and their partners interact and associate dynamically with POR, which acts as a charging station possibly in concert with Cytb5. Solvent environment, lipid composition, and non-catalytic proteins guide metabolon formation and thereby activity, which have important implications for synthetic biology approaches aiming to produce high-value specialized metabolites in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
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19
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Patel S, Goyal A. Chitin and chitinase: Role in pathogenicity, allergenicity and health. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:331-338. [PMID: 28093332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a polysaccharide with particular abundance in fungi, nematodes and arthropods is immunogenic. It acts as a threat to other organisms, to tackle which they have been endowed with chitinase enzyme. Even if this enzyme is not present in all organisms, they possess proteins having chitin-binding domain(s) (ChtBD). Many lethal viruses like Ebola, and HCV (Hepatitis C virus) have these domains to manipulate their carriers and target organisms. In keeping with the basic rule of survival, the self-origin (own body component) chitins and chitinases are protective, but that of non-self origin (from other organisms) are detrimental to health. The exogenous chitins and chitinases provoke human innate immunity to generate a deluge of inflammatory cytokines, which injure organs (leading to asthma, atopic dermatitis etc.), and in persistent situations lead to death (multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE), cancer, etc.). Unfortunately, chitin-chitinase-stimulated hypersensitivity is a common cause of occupational allergy. On the other hand, chitin, and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are increasingly proving useful in pharmaceutical, agriculture, and biocontrol applications. This critical review discusses the complex nexus of chitin and chitinase and assesses both their pathogenic as well as utilitarian aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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20
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Upgrading HepG2 cells with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes: application for drug hepatotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:137-148. [PMID: 27671376 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1238459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug attrition rates due to hepatotoxicity are an important safety issue considered in drug development. The HepG2 hepatoma cell line is currently being used for drug-induced hepatotoxicity evaluations, but its expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is poor compared with hepatocytes. Different approaches have been proposed to upgrade HepG2 cells for more reliable drug-induced liver injury predictions. Areas covered: We describe the advantages and limitations of HepG2 cells transduced with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes for safety risk assessments of bioactivable compounds. Adenoviral transduction facilitates efficient and controlled delivery of multiple drug-metabolizing activities to HepG2 cells at comparable levels to primary human hepatocytes by generating an 'artificial hepatocyte'. Furthermore, adenoviral transduction enables the design of tailored cells expressing particular metabolic capacities. Expert opinion: Upgraded HepG2 cells that recreate known inter-individual variations in hepatic CYP and conjugating activities due to both genetic (e.g., polymorphisms) or environmental (e.g., induction, inhibition) factors seems a suitable model to identify bioactivable drug and conduct hepatotoxicity risk assessments. This strategy should enable the generation of customized cells by reproducing human pheno- and genotypic CYP variability to represent a valuable human hepatic cell model to develop new safer drugs and to improve existing predictive toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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21
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Zhang HF, Li ZH, Liu JY, Liu TT, Wang P, Fang Y, Zhou J, Cui MZ, Gao N, Tian X, Gao J, Wen Q, Jia LJ, Qiao HL. Correlation of Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Expression with the Expression of 10 Isoforms of Cytochrome P450 in Human Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1193-200. [PMID: 27271371 PMCID: PMC4986620 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) provides electrons for all microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450s) and plays an indispensable role in drug metabolism catalyzed by this family of enzymes. We evaluated 100 human liver samples and found that POR protein content varied 12.8-fold, from 12.59 to 160.97 pmol/mg, with a median value of 67.99 pmol/mg; POR mRNA expression varied by 26.4-fold. POR activity was less variable with a median value of 56.05 nmol/min per milligram. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption clearly influenced POR activity. Liver samples with a 2286822 TT genotype had significantly higher POR mRNA expression than samples with CT genotype. Homozygous carriers of POR2286822C>T, 2286823G>A, and 3823884A>C had significantly lower POR protein levels compared with the corresponding heterozygous carriers. Liver samples from individuals homozygous at 286823G>A, 1135612A>G, and 10954732G>A generally had lower POR activity levels than those from heterozygous or wild-type samples, whereas the common variant POR*28 significantly increased POR activity. There was a strong association between POR and the expression of P450 isoforms at the mRNA and protein level, whereas the relationship at the activity level, as well as the effect of POR protein content on P450 activity, was less pronounced. POR transcription was strongly correlated with both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha and pregnane X receptor mRNA levels. In conclusion, we have elucidated some potentially important correlations between POR single-nucleotide polymorphisms and POR expression in the Chinese population and have developed a database that correlates POR expression with the expression and activity of 10 P450s important in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Jing Jia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhang HF, Wang HH, Gao N, Wei JY, Tian X, Zhao Y, Fang Y, Zhou J, Wen Q, Gao J, Zhang YJ, Qian XH, Qiao HL. Physiological Content and Intrinsic Activities of 10 Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in Human Normal Liver Microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:83-93. [PMID: 27189963 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of physiologic cytochrome P450 (P450) isoform content, P450 activity is typically only determined at the microsomal level (per milligram of microsomal protein) and not at the isoform level (per picomole of P450 isoform), which could result in the misunderstanding of variations in P450 activity between individuals and further hinder development of personalized medicine. We found that there were large variations in protein content, mRNA levels, and intrinsic activities of the 10 P450s in 100 human liver samples, in which CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 showed the highest expression levels. P450 gene polymorphisms had different effects on activity at two levels: CYP3A5*3 and CYP2A6*9 alleles conferred increased activity at the isoform level but decreased activity at the microsomal level; CYP2C9*3 had no effect at the isoform level but decreased activity at the microsomal level. The different effects at each level stem from the different effects of each polymorphism on the resulting P450 protein. Individuals with CYP2A6*1/*4, CYP2A6*1/*9, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2D6 100C>T TT, CYP2E1 7632T>A AA, CYP3A5*1*3, and CYP3A5*3*3 genotypes had significantly lower protein content, whereas CYP2D6 1661G>C mutants had a higher protein content. In conclusion, we first offered the physiologic data of 10 P450 isoform contents and found that some single nucleotide polymorphisms had obvious effects on P450 expression in human normal livers. The effects of gene polymorphisms on intrinsic P450 activity at the isoform level were quite different from those at the microsomal level, which might be due to changes in P450 protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Jun-Ying Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Yang-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Qian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (H.-F.Z., N.G., X.T., Y.F., J.Z., Q.W., J.G., H.-L.Q.); and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China (H.-H.W., J.-Y.W., Y.-J.Z., Y.Z, X.-H.Q.)
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23
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Zhang H, Gao N, Tian X, Liu T, Fang Y, Zhou J, Wen Q, Xu B, Qi B, Gao J, Li H, Jia L, Qiao H. Content and activity of human liver microsomal protein and prediction of individual hepatic clearance in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17671. [PMID: 26635233 PMCID: PMC4669488 DOI: 10.1038/srep17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of information concerning individual variation in content and activity of human liver microsomal protein is one of the most important obstacles for designing personalized medicines. We demonstrated that the mean value of microsomal protein per gram of liver (MPPGL) was 39.46 mg/g in 128 human livers and up to 19-fold individual variations existed. Meanwhile, the metabolic activities of 10 cytochrome P450 (CYPs) were detected in microsomes and liver tissues, respectively, which showed huge individual variations (200-fold). Compared with microsomes, the activities of liver tissues were much suitable to express the individual variations of CYP activities. Furthermore, individual variations in the in vivo clearance of tolbutamide were successfully predicted with the individual parameter values. In conclusion, we offer the values for MPPGL contents in normal liver tissues and build a new method to assess the in vitro CYP activities. In addition, large individual variations exist in predicted hepatic clearance of tolbutamide. These findings provide important physiological parameters for physiologically-based pharmacokinetics models and thus, establish a solid foundation for future development of personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binbin Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmeng Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linjing Jia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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