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Reisert J, Pifferi S, Guarneri G, Ricci C, Menini A, Dibattista M. The Ca 2+-activated Cl - channel TMEM16B shapes the response time course of olfactory sensory neurons. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39167717 DOI: 10.1113/jp286959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) generate an odorant-induced response by sequentially activating two ion channels, which are in their ciliary membranes. First, a cationic, Ca2+-permeable cyclic nucleotide-gated channel is opened following odorant stimulation via a G protein-coupled transduction cascade and an ensuing rise in cAMP. Second, the increase in ciliary Ca2+ opens the excitatory Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16B, which carries most of the odorant-induced receptor current. While the role of TMEM16B in amplifying the response has been well established, it is less understood how this secondary ion channel contributes to response kinetics and action potential generation during single as well as repeated stimulation and, on the other hand, which response properties the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel determines. We first demonstrate that basic membrane properties such as input resistance, resting potential and voltage-gated currents remained unchanged in OSNs that lack TMEM16B. The CNG channel predominantly determines the response delay and adaptation during odorant exposure, while the absence of the Cl- channels shortens both the time the response requires to reach its maximum and the time to terminate after odorant stimulation. This faster response termination in Tmem16b knockout OSNs allows them, somewhat counterintuitively despite the large reduction in receptor current, to fire action potentials more reliably when stimulated repeatedly in rapid succession, a phenomenon that occurs both in isolated OSNs and in OSNs within epithelial slices. Thus, while the two olfactory ion channels act in concert to generate the overall response, each one controls specific aspects of the odorant-induced response. KEY POINTS: Mammalian olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) generate odorant-induced responses by activating two ion channels sequentially in their ciliary membranes: a Na+, Ca2⁺-permeable cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and the Ca2⁺-activated Cl⁻ channel TMEM16B. The CNG channel controls response delay and adaptation during odorant exposure, while TMEM16B amplifies the response and influences the time required for the response to reach its peak and terminate. OSNs lacking TMEM16B display faster response termination, allowing them to fire action potentials more reliably during rapid repeated stimulation. The CNG and TMEM16B channels have distinct and complementary roles in shaping the kinetics and reliability of odorant-induced responses in OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Guarneri
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Hernandez-Clavijo A, Menini A. The physiological roles of anoctamin2/TMEM16B and anoctamin1/TMEM16A in chemical senses. Cell Calcium 2024; 120:102889. [PMID: 38677213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Chemical senses allow animals to detect and discriminate a vast array of molecules. The olfactory system is responsible of the detection of small volatile molecules, while water dissolved molecules are detected by taste buds in the oral cavity. Moreover, many animals respond to signaling molecules such as pheromones and other semiochemicals through the vomeronasal organ. The peripheral organs dedicated to chemical detection convert chemical signals into perceivable information through the employment of diverse receptor types and the activation of multiple ion channels. Two ion channels, TMEM16B, also known as anoctamin2 (ANO2) and TMEM16A, or anoctamin1 (ANO1), encoding for Ca2+-activated Cl¯ channels, have been recently described playing critical roles in various cell types. This review aims to discuss the main properties of TMEM16A and TMEM16B-mediated currents and their physiological roles in chemical senses. In olfactory sensory neurons, TMEM16B contributes to amplify the odorant response, to modulate firing, response kinetics and adaptation. TMEM16A and TMEM16B shape the pattern of action potentials in vomeronasal sensory neurons increasing the interspike interval. In type I taste bud cells, TMEM16A is activated during paracrine signaling mediated by ATP. This review aims to shed light on the regulation of diverse signaling mechanisms and neuronal excitability mediated by Ca-activated Cl¯ channels, hinting at potential new roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari A. Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andres Hernandez-Clavijo
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy.
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Martin-Lopez E, Brennan B, Mao T, Spence N, Meller SJ, Han K, Yahiaoui N, Wang C, Iwasaki A, Greer CA. Inflammatory Response and Defects on Myelin Integrity in the Olfactory System of K18hACE2 Mice Infected with SARS-CoV-2. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0106-24.2024. [PMID: 38834299 PMCID: PMC11185043 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0106-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), use respiratory epithelial cells as an entry point for infection. Within the nasal cavity, the olfactory epithelium (OE) is particularly sensitive to infections which may lead to olfactory dysfunction. In patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019, deficits in olfaction have been characterized as a distinctive symptom. Here, we used the K18hACE2 mice to study the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in the olfactory system (OS) after 7 d of infection. In the OE, we found that SARS-CoV-2 selectively targeted the supporting/sustentacular cells (SCs) and macrophages from the lamina propria. In the brain, SARS-CoV-2 infected some microglial cells in the olfactory bulb (OB), and there was a widespread infection of projection neurons in the OB, piriform cortex (PC), and tubular striatum (TuS). Inflammation, indicated by both elevated numbers and morphologically activated IBA1+ cells (monocyte/macrophage lineages), was preferentially increased in the OE septum, while it was homogeneously distributed throughout the layers of the OB, PC, and TuS. Myelinated OS axonal tracts, the lateral olfactory tract, and the anterior commissure, exhibited decreased levels of 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, indicative of myelin defects. Collectively, our work supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infected SC and macrophages in the OE and, centrally, microglia and subpopulations of OS neurons. The observed inflammation throughout the OS areas and central myelin defects may account for the long-lasting olfactory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Bowen Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-0834
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Natalie Spence
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8074
| | - Kimberly Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Nawal Yahiaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Chelsea Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-0834
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8074
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4
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Louie JD, Barrios-Camacho CM, Bromberg BH, Hintschich CA, Schwob JE. Spatiotemporal dynamics exhibited by horizontal basal cells reveal a pro-neurogenic pathway during injury-induced olfactory epithelium regeneration. iScience 2024; 27:109600. [PMID: 38650985 PMCID: PMC11033173 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) mediate olfactory epithelium (OE) regeneration following severe tissue injury. The dynamism of the post-injury environment is well illustrated by in silico modeling of RNA sequencing data that demonstrate an evolving HBC transcriptome. Unfortunately, spatiotemporally dynamic processes occurring within HBCs in situ remain poorly understood. Here, we show that HBCs at 24 h post-OE injury spatially redistribute a constellation of proteins, which, in turn, helped to nominate Rac1 as a regulator of HBC differentiation during OE regeneration. Using our primary culture model to activate HBCs pharmacologically, we demonstrate that concurrent Rac1 inhibition attenuates HBC differentiation potential. This in vitro functional impairment manifested in vivo as decreased HBC differentiation into olfactory sensory neurons following HBC-specific Rac1 conditional knockout. Taken together, our data potentiate the design of hyposmia-alleviating therapies and highlight aspects of in situ HBC spatiotemporal dynamics that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Louie
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Camila M. Barrios-Camacho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Bromberg
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Constantin A. Hintschich
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James E. Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Ghosh A, Majie A, Karmakar V, Chatterjee K, Chakraborty S, Pandey M, Jain N, Roy Sarkar S, Nair AB, Gorain B. In-depth Mechanism, Challenges, and Opportunities of Delivering Therapeutics in Brain Using Intranasal Route. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:96. [PMID: 38710855 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system-related disorders have become a continuing threat to human life and the current statistic indicates an increasing trend of such disorders worldwide. The primary therapeutic challenge, despite the availability of therapies for these disorders, is to sustain the drug's effective concentration in the brain while limiting its accumulation in non-targeted areas. This is attributed to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and first-pass metabolism which limits the transportation of drugs to the brain irrespective of popular and conventional routes of drug administration. Therefore, there is a demand to practice alternative routes for predictable drug delivery using advanced drug delivery carriers to overcome the said obstacles. Recent research attracted attention to intranasal-to-brain drug delivery for promising targeting therapeutics in the brain. This review emphasizes the mechanisms to deliver therapeutics via different pathways for nose-to-brain drug delivery with recent advancements in delivery and formulation aspects. Concurrently, for the benefit of future studies, the difficulties in administering medications by intranasal pathway have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Ankit Majie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Varnita Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Kaberi Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Swarup Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India
| | - Suparna Roy Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
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6
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Louie JD, Bromberg BH, Zunitch MJ, Schwob JE. Horizontal basal cells self-govern their neurogenic potential during injury-induced regeneration of the olfactory epithelium. Development 2023; 150:dev201552. [PMID: 37260223 PMCID: PMC10323233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) residing within severely damaged olfactory epithelium (OE) mediate OE regeneration by differentiating into odorant-detecting olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and other tissue supporting non-neuronal cell types. Depending on both tissue type and integrity, the Notch signaling pathway can either positively or negatively regulate resident stem cell activity. Although Notch1 specifies HBC dormancy in the uninjured OE, little is known about how HBCs are influenced by the Notch pathway following OE injury. Here, we show that HBCs depend on a functional inversion of the Notch pathway to appropriately mediate OE regeneration. At 24 h post-injury, HBCs enhance Notch1-mediated signaling. Moreover, at 3 days post-injury when the regenerating OE is composed of multiple cell layers, HBCs enrich both Notch1 and the Notch ligand, Dll1. Notably, HBC-specific Notch1 knockout increases HBC quiescence and impairs HBC differentiation into neuronal progenitors and OSNs. Interestingly, complete HBC knockout of Dll1 only decreases differentiation of HBC-derived OSNs. These data underscore the context-dependent nature of Notch signaling. Furthermore, they reveal that HBCs regulate their own neurogenic potential after OE injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Louie
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Bromberg
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew J. Zunitch
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E. Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Álvarez-Hernán G, Gañán Y, Santos-Almeida A, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Endogenous pH 6.0 β-Galactosidase Activity Is Linked to Neuronal Differentiation in the Olfactory Epithelium. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020298. [PMID: 35053414 PMCID: PMC8774403 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histochemical detection of β-galactosidase enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 (β-gal-pH6) is a widely used biomarker of cellular senescence in aging tissues. This histochemical assay also detects the presence of programmed cell senescence during specific time windows in degenerating structures of vertebrate embryos. However, it has recently been shown that this enzymatic activity is also enhanced in subpopulations of differentiating neurons in the developing central nervous system in vertebrates. The present study addressed the histochemical detection of β-gal-pH6 enzymatic activity in the developing postnatal olfactory epithelium in the mouse. This activity was detected in the intermediate layer of the olfactory epithelium. As development progressed, the band of β-gal-pH6 labeling in this layer increased in width. Immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry showed the β-gal-pH6 staining to be strongly correlated with the immunolabeling of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) that identifies mature olfactory sensory neurons. The cell somata of a subpopulation of differentiated olfactory neurons that were recognized with the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were always located inside this band of β-gal-pH6 staining. However, the β-gal-pH6 histochemical signal was always absent from the apical region where the cytokeratin-8 positive supporting cells were located. Furthermore, no β-gal-pH6 staining was found in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium where PCNA/pHisH3 immunoreactive proliferating progenitor cells, GAP43 positive immature neurons, and cytokeratin-5 positive horizontal basal cells were located. Therefore, β-gal-pH6 seems to be linked to neuronal differentiation and cannot be regarded as a biomarker of cellular senescence during olfactory epithelium development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ana Santos-Almeida
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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10
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Guarascio DM, Gonzalez-Velandia KY, Hernandez-Clavijo A, Menini A, Pifferi S. Functional expression of TMEM16A in taste bud cells. J Physiol 2021; 599:3697-3714. [PMID: 34089532 PMCID: PMC8361675 DOI: 10.1113/jp281645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Taste transduction occurs in taste buds in the tongue epithelium. The Ca2+‐activated Cl– channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B play relevant physiological roles in several sensory systems. Here, we report that TMEM16A, but not TMEM16B, is expressed in the apical part of taste buds. Large Ca2+‐activated Cl− currents blocked by Ani‐9, a selective inhibitor of TMEM16A, are measured in type I taste cells but not in type II or III taste cells. ATP indirectly activates Ca2+‐activated Cl– currents in type I cells through TMEM16A channels. These results indicate that TMEM16A is functional in type I taste cells and contribute to understanding the largely unknown physiological roles of these cells.
Abstract The Ca2+‐activated Cl– channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B have relevant roles in many physiological processes including neuronal excitability and regulation of Cl– homeostasis. Here, we examined the presence of Ca2+‐activated Cl– channels in taste cells of mouse vallate papillae by using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings. By using immunohistochemistry we showed that only TMEM16A, and not TMEM16B, was expressed in taste bud cells where it largely co‐localized with the inwardly rectifying K+ channel KNCJ1 in the apical part of type I cells. By using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings in isolated cells from taste buds, we measured an average current of −1083 pA at −100 mV in 1.5 μm Ca2+ and symmetrical Cl– in type I cells. Ion substitution experiments and blockage by Ani‐9, a specific TMEM16A channel blocker, indicated that Ca2+ activated anionic currents through TMEM16A channels. We did not detect any Ca2+‐activated Cl– currents in type II or III taste cells. ATP is released by type II cells in response to various tastants and reaches type I cells where it is hydrolysed by ecto‐ATPases. Type I cells also express P2Y purinergic receptors and stimulation of type I cells with extracellular ATP produced large Ca2+‐activated Cl− currents blocked by Ani‐9, indicating a possible role of TMEM16A in ATP‐mediated signalling. These results provide a definitive demonstration that TMEM16A‐mediated currents are functional in type I taste cells and provide a foundation for future studies investigating physiological roles for these often‐neglected taste cells. Taste transduction occurs in taste buds in the tongue epithelium. The Ca2+‐activated Cl– channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B play relevant physiological roles in several sensory systems. Here, we report that TMEM16A, but not TMEM16B, is expressed in the apical part of taste buds. Large Ca2+‐activated Cl− currents blocked by Ani‐9, a selective inhibitor of TMEM16A, are measured in type I taste cells but not in type II or III taste cells. ATP indirectly activates Ca2+‐activated Cl– currents in type I cells through TMEM16A channels. These results indicate that TMEM16A is functional in type I taste cells and contribute to understanding the largely unknown physiological roles of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico M Guarascio
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | | | - Andres Hernandez-Clavijo
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, 34136, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
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Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050493. [PMID: 32365880 PMCID: PMC7291085 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) may histologically appear relatively simple, but the cytological relations among its cell types, especially those between olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory sustentacular cells (OSCs), prove more complex and variable than previously believed. Adding to the complexity is the short lifespan, persistent neurogenesis, and continuous rewiring of the ORNs. Contrary to the common belief that ORN dendrites are mostly positioned between OSCs, recent findings indicate a sustentacular cell enwrapped configuration for a majority of mature ORN dendrites at the superficial layer of the OE. After vertically sprouting out from the borderlines between OSCs, most of the immature ORN dendrites undergo a process of sideways migration and terminal maturation to become completely invaginated into and enwrapped by OSCs. Trailing the course of the dendritic sideways migration is the mesodendrite (mesentery of the enwrapped dendrite) made of closely apposed, cell junction connected plasma membrane layers of neighboring folds of the host sustentacular cell. Only a minority of the mature ORN dendrites at the OE apical surface are found at the borderlines between OSCs (unwrapped). Below I give a brief update on the cytoarchitectonic relations between the ORNs and OSCs of the OE. Emphasis is placed on the enwrapment of ORN dendrites by OSCs, on the sideways migration of immature ORN dendrites after emerging from the OE surface, and on the terminal maturation of the ORNs. Functional implications of ORN dendrite enwrapment and a comparison with myelination or Remak’s bundling of axons or axodendrites in the central and peripheral nervous system are also discussed.
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Henriques T, Agostinelli E, Hernandez-Clavijo A, Maurya DK, Rock JR, Harfe BD, Menini A, Pifferi S. TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride currents in supporting cells of the mouse olfactory epithelium. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:954-966. [PMID: 31048412 PMCID: PMC6605691 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial-like supporting (or sustentacular) cells are important constituents of the olfactory epithelium that are involved in several physiological processes such as production of endocannabinoids, insulin, and ATP and regulation of the ionic composition of the mucus layer that covers the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium. Supporting cells express metabotropic P2Y purinergic receptors that generate ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling through the activation of a PLC-mediated cascade. Recently, we reported that a subpopulation of supporting cells expresses also the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16A. Here, we sought to extend our understanding of a possible physiological role of this channel in the olfactory system by asking whether Ca2+ can activate Cl- currents mediated by TMEM16A. We use whole-cell patch-clamp analysis in slices of the olfactory epithelium to measure dose-response relations in the presence of various intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, ion selectivity, and blockage. We find that knockout of TMEM16A abolishes Ca2+-activated Cl- currents, demonstrating that TMEM16A is essential for these currents in supporting cells. Also, by using extracellular ATP as physiological stimuli, we found that the stimulation of purinergic receptors activates a large TMEM16A-dependent Cl- current, indicating a possible role of TMEM16A in ATP-mediated signaling. Altogether, our results establish that TMEM16A-mediated currents are functional in olfactory supporting cells and provide a foundation for future work investigating the precise physiological role of TMEM16A in the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Henriques
- Neurobiology Group, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emilio Agostinelli
- Neurobiology Group, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Jason R Rock
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
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13
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A six-gene expression toolbox for the glands, epithelium and chondrocytes in the mouse nasal cavity. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 27:46-55. [PMID: 29122676 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nose is the central feature of the amniote face. In adults, the nose is a structurally and functionally complex organ that consists of bone, cartilage, glands and ducts. In an ongoing expression screen in our lab, we found several novel markers for specific tissues in the nasal region. Here, using in situ hybridization expression experiments, we report that Alx1, Ap-2β, Crispld1, Eya4, Moxd1, and Penk have tissue specific expression during murine nasal development. At E11.5, we observed that Alx1, Ap-2β, Crispld1, and Eya4 are expressed in the medial and lateral nasal prominences. We found that Moxd1 and Penk are expressed in the lateral nasal prominences. At E15.5, Alx1 is expressed in nasal septum. Ap-2β and Crispld1 are expressed in nasal glands and cartilages. Eya4 is expressed in olfactory epithelium. Intriguingly at E15.5 Moxd1 is expressed in all the nasal cartilage while the expression of Penk is restricted to chondrocytes contributing to the posterior nasal septum. The expression domains reported here suggest that these genes warrant functional studies to determine their role in nasal capsule morphogenesis.
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Boccaccio A, Menini A, Reisert J. The long tale of the calcium activated Cl - channels in olfactory transduction. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:399-414. [PMID: 28301269 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1307489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-activated Cl- currents have been implicated in many cellular processes in different cells, but for many years, their molecular identity remained unknown. Particularly intriguing are Ca2+-activated Cl- currents in olfactory transduction, first described in the early 90s. Well characterized electrophysiologically, they carry most of the odorant-induced receptor current in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). After many attempts to determine their molecular identity, TMEM16B was found to be abundantly expressed in the cilia of OSNs in 2009 and having biophysical properties like those of the native olfactory channel. A TMEM16B knockout mouse confirmed that TMEM16B was indeed the olfactory Cl- channel but also suggested a limited role in olfactory physiology and behavior. The question then arises of what the precise role of TMEM16b in olfaction is. Here we review the long story of this channel and its possible roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs , University of Bari A. Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- b Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati , Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Anna Menini
- b Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati , Trieste , Italy
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