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Burberg T, Würth S, Amesberger G, Finkenzeller T. Affective associations towards running: fuzzy patterns of implicit-explicit interaction in young female runners and non-runners. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1210546. [PMID: 38356793 PMCID: PMC10864672 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1210546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence demonstrates that high concordance and low discrepancy of implicit and explicit affective processes facilitate consistent exercise behavior. Novice runners often have difficulties implementing their running behavior on a regular basis resulting in irregular running behavior. To investigate the potential value of affective associations 89 young female runners (regular and irregular) and non-runners were recruited. Affective associations towards running were measured through a Single-Target Implicit Association Test on the implicit level and by self-report on the explicit level. Implicit-explicit interaction (IEI) scores (i.e., implicit-explicit concordance and discrepancy) were derived from principal component analysis. Fuzzy k-means cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of interacting implicit-explicit affective associations. The resulting clusters were assessed for differences in previous running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. Four meaningful overlapping clusters were found and labeled according to their prevalent IEI patterns (i.e., "positive non-discrepant", "positive discrepant", "negative discrepant", "negative non-discrepant"). Significant differences between clusters were found for past running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. The results indicate that running behavior varies between and within patterns of affective associations. In line with previous findings, positive non-discrepant implicit and explicit affective associations are linked to more consistent running behavior, while negative non-discrepant affect is associated with non-runners. However, the occurrence of discrepant implicit-explicit affective associations in young women differing in running behavior, motivation, and intention broadens the view of the complex relationship between affective processes and exercise behavior. In conclusion, individualized interventions that take into account the implicit-explicit interaction of affective associations besides well-known cognitive self-regulatory resources may prove more effective for individuals who struggle to run regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Burberg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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2
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Bar-Anan Y, Hershman R. Using facial expressions instead of response keys in the implicit association test. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:468-484. [PMID: 36703002 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research found that when people are instructed to smile toward liked objects and show negative facial expressions toward disliked objects, their facial response is faster and more intense than when they are required to smile toward disliked objects and express negative facial response toward liked objects. The present research tested a technologically innovative indirect evaluation measure that was based on that finding. Participants completed an implicit association test (IAT)-a common indirect measure of evaluation, responding with their emotional facial expressions, rather than by pressing response keys. In two web studies, using emotional facial expression detection through a webcam, we found that the Facial Response IAT (FR-IAT) is a reliable and valid measure of evaluations, comparable to the keyboard IAT. Because facial responses provide more information than key responses, pursuing future improvements of the FR-IAT's methodology, software, and data analysis is a promising direction for enhancing the quality of indirect evaluation measurement. The same methodology and technology may also enhance other indirect measures of evaluation and cognitive tests related to emotion and judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Bar-Anan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ronen Hershman
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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3
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Araújo ADO, Oliveira GTA, Matos FDO, Lopes FDA, Browne RAV, Elsangedy HM. Automatic processes moderate the association between reflective processes and movement behavior: A cross-sectional study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102554. [PMID: 37884068 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Dual-process theories postulate that both reflective and automatic processes regulate health behavior. Further research is required to test the basic postulates of dual-process theories. We investigated the direct associations and moderating effect between automatic processes and multiple indicators of reflective processes on various levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior assessed using accelerometry in adults who were not participating in regular physical exercise programs. This cross-sectional study included 257 adults. Each participant completed a computerized test for automatic associations, a set of questions assessing reflective processes, a seven-day assessment using accelerometers to determine their levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior. The results showed a direct relationship between perceived benefits (B = 15.90, p = 0.043), perceived cons (B = -12.81, p = 0.034), decisional intention (B = -0.07, p = 0.049) with light physical activity, and self-efficacy with daily steps (B = 485.71, p = 0.008). There was a positive association between intention strength and daily steps when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 623.36, LLCI = 79.09, ULCI = 1167.62, p = 0.025); a negative association between self-efficacy and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored sedentary behavior (b = -25.73, LLCI = -49.77, ULCI = -1.70, p = 0.035); and a positive association between intention strength and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 34.18, LLCI = 8.81, ULCI = 59.56, p = 0.008). These findings underscore the importance of considering the interplay between reflective and automatic processes in shaping movement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa de Oliveira Araújo
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fívia de Araújo Lopes
- Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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4
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Wittekind CE, Schiebel T, Kühn S. Reliability of and associations between cognitive bias measures and response inhibition in smoking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 81:101853. [PMID: 36947971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Theoretical models propose that different cognitive biases are caused by a common underlying mechanism (incentive salience/"wanting") and should, therefore, be interrelated. Additionally, stronger impulsive processes should be related to weaker inhibitory abilities. However, these assumptions have hardly been empirically tested and key psychometric information have hardly been reported in samples of smokers. To extent previous research, the present study aimed (1) to estimate the reliability (split-half) of different cognitive bias measures and (2) to investigate associations between attention, approach and associative biases, response inhibition, and smoking-related variables. METHODS Eighty current, non-deprived smokers completed the following tasks in random order: Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), Stimulus-Response Compatibility Task (SRCT), Implicit-Association Tests (IAT, approach-avoid, valence), Dotprobe Task, Go-/NoGo Task (GNGT). Additionally, different smoking-related variables were assessed. Split-half reliabilities of the different cognitive (bias) measures and correlations between them were calculated. RESULTS Split-half reliabilities of the AAT, the SRCT, and the Dotprobe Task were unacceptable whereas both IATs and the GNGT showed good to excellent reliability. Smoking-approach associations were significantly related to nicotine dependence; however, none of the cognitive bias measures correlated with response inhibition or smoking-related variables. LIMITATIONS Pictorial stimuli were the same across paradigms and might not have been relevant to all participants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate the association between different cognitive biases, response inhibition, and smoking-related variables. Although findings are at odds with theoretical assumptions, their interpretation is clearly restricted by the low reliability of the cognitive bias measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Wittekind
- LMU Munich, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Germany.
| | - Tanja Schiebel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck-UCL Center for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Watters A, Cummins J, Roche B. How to Build and How not to Build an Implicit Measure in Behavior Analysis: A case Study Using the Function Acquisition Speed Test. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:459-492. [PMID: 38144551 PMCID: PMC10733251 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the development of a behavior-analytic alternative to the popular implicit association test (IAT), namely, the function acquisition speed test (FAST). The IAT appears, prima facia, to indirectly assess participants' learning histories with regard to the categorization of stimuli. However, its origin within cognitive psychology has rendered it replete with mentalism, conceptual ambiguity, statistical arbitrariness, and confounding procedural artifacts. The most popular behavioral alternative to the IAT, the widely used implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP), has inherited many of these concerning artifacts. In this article, we present a behavior-analytic critique of both the IAT and IRAP, and argue that a behavior-analytic approach to implicit measures must have stimulus control front and center in its analysis. We then outline a series of early research studies that provided the basis for a potentially superior procedure within our field. We go on to outline how this early research was harnessed in stepwise research, guided by a strict adherence to traditional behavior-analytic methods for the analysis of stimulus relations, to increasingly modify a test format fit for the behavior analyst interested in assessing stimulus relatedness.
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Doruk Camsari D, Lewis CP, Sonmez AI, Ozger C, Fatih P, Yuruk D, Shekunov J, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin PE. Event-Related Potential Markers of Suicidality in Adolescents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:566-575. [PMID: 37422891 PMCID: PMC10464930 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implicit cognitive markers may assist with the prediction of suicidality beyond clinical risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate neural correlates associated with the Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test (DS-IAT) via event-related potentials (ERP) in suicidal adolescents. METHODS Thirty inpatient adolescents with suicidal ideations and behaviors (SIBS) and 30 healthy controls from the community were recruited. All participants underwent 64-channel electroencephalography, DS-IAT, and clinical assessments. Hierarchical generalized linear models with spatiotemporal clustering were used to identify significant ERPs associated with the behavioral outcome of DS-IAT (D scores) and group differences. RESULTS Behavioral results (D scores) showed that the adolescents with SIBS had stronger implicit associations between "death" and "self" than the healthy group (P = .02). Within adolescents with SIBS, participants with stronger implicit associations between "death" and "self" reported more difficulty in controllability of suicidal ideation in the past 2 weeks based on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (P = .03). For the ERP data, the D scores and N100 component over the left parieto-occipital cortex had significant correlations. Significant group differences without behavioral correlation were observed for a second N100 cluster (P = .01), P200 (P = .02), and late positive potential (5 clusters, all P ≤ .02). Exploratory predictive models combining both neurophysiological and clinical measures distinguished adolescents with SIBS from healthy adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that N100 may be a marker of attentional resources involved in the distinction of stimuli that are congruent or incongruent to associations between death and self. Combined clinical and ERP measures may have utility in future refinements of assessment and treatment approaches for adolescents with suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Doruk Camsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charles P Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ayse Irem Sonmez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Can Ozger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Parmis Fatih
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deniz Yuruk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia Shekunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Barbosa Escobar F, Velasco C, Byrne DV, Wang QJ. Crossmodal associations between visual textures and temperature concepts. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:731-761. [PMID: 35414309 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221096452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visual textures are critical in how individuals form sensory expectations about objects, which include somatosensory properties such as temperature. This study aimed to uncover crossmodal associations between visual textures and temperature concepts. In Experiment 1 (N = 193), we evaluated crossmodal associations between 43 visual texture categories and different temperature concepts (via temperature words such as cold and hot) using an explicit forced-choice test. The results revealed associations between striped, cracked, matted, and waffled visual textures and high temperatures and between crystalline and flecked visual textures and low temperatures. In Experiment 2 (N = 247), we conducted six implicit association tests (IATs) pairing the two visual textures most strongly associated with low (crystalline and flecked) and high (striped and cracked) temperatures with the words cold and hot as per the results of Experiment 1. When pairing the crystalline and striped visual textures, the results revealed that crystalline was matched to the word cold, and striped was matched to the word hot. However, some associations found in the explicit test were not found in the IATs. In Experiment 3 (N = 124), we investigated how mappings between visual textures and concrete entities may influence crossmodal associations with temperature and these visual textures. Altogether, we found a range of association strengths and automaticity levels. Importantly, we found evidence of relative effects. Furthermore, some of these crossmodal associations are partly influenced by indirect mappings to concrete entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barbosa Escobar
- Food Quality Perception and Society Science Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carlos Velasco
- Centre for Multisensory Marketing, Department of Marketing, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derek Victor Byrne
- Food Quality Perception and Society Science Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qian Janice Wang
- Food Quality Perception and Society Science Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Epifania OM, Robusto E, Anselmi P. Is the performance at the implicit association test sensitive to feedback presentation? A Rasch-based analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:737-750. [PMID: 35804071 PMCID: PMC10017590 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is commonly used for the indirect assessment of psychological constructs. While the features of the IAT that might influence the performance of the respondents have been extensively investigated, the effect of informing the respondents about the correctness of their responses (i.e., feedback presentation) has been poorly addressed so far. The study addresses this issue by presenting an across-domain (implicit prejudice and food preference) Rasch-based analysis of IAT data obtained with and without feedback presentation. Results showed that speed was influenced by the interaction between feedback presentation and associative condition, whereas accuracy was influenced by the associative condition. This result varied across-domain. Results suggested that IATs administered with feedback presentation provide more accurate information on the construct of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia M Epifania
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy.
| | - Egidio Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
| | - Pasquale Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
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9
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Kim SY, Cheon JE, Gillespie-Lynch K, Grandits J, Kim YH. Explicit stigma and implicit biases toward autism in South Korea versus the United States. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022:13623613221140695. [DOI: 10.1177/13623613221140695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This cross-cultural study examined Koreans’ and Americans’ explicit stigma and implicit biases toward autism to examine potential mechanisms underlying recent evidence for heightened explicit autism stigma in South Korea relative to the United States. This evidence is somewhat at odds with other evidence that individuals living in collectivistic cultures such as South Korea may be more prone to present themselves favorably than those living in relatively individualistic cultures such as the United States. A total 224 American and 536 Korean non-autistic adult participants completed an online survey. Implicit biases were measured using the implicit association test. Koreans reported greater explicit stigma and exhibited more implicit biases toward autism than Americans. Explicit stigma was not correlated with implicit biases in either country. Less autism knowledge and pleasant contact with autistic people predicted greater explicit stigma among both Koreans and Americans. Less frequent contact and heightened assimilation ideology toward ethnic minorities predicted greater stigma only among Koreans. The variance in implicit biases explained by predictors was small, emphasizing the need for follow-up research investigating predictors of implicit biases. Informing Koreans about the shortcomings of assimilationist approaches and fostering an appreciation of the plurality of cultures may reduce stigma toward autistic individuals in South Korea. Lay abstract How people report their feelings about autism may be different from how they actually think about autism because some people may not want to reveal their true feelings. People who value the group’s goal tend to present themselves as more socially acceptable than people who value one person’s interests. We studied how people in South Korea and the United States report their feelings about autism and think about autism. Koreans tend to value the group’s goals. Americans tend to prefer one person’s goals. Koreans reported that they wanted more space from autistic people than Americans did. Koreans were more likely to think about autism with negative words (and think more negatively about autism). How Koreans and Americans report their feelings about autism was not related to their thoughts about autism. People who knew about autism and liked meeting with autistic people wanted to get closer to autistic people in South Korea and the US, Koreans who had met autistic people and thought that people who newly came to Korea from abroad should be more like Koreans did not want to get very close to autistic people. This could be because very few foreign people live in South Korea compared to the United States. Teaching Koreans that all cultures have values and should be appreciated will help them like autistic people more.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Kim
- Duksung Women’s University, Republic of Korea
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10
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Visual examination of own- and other-race face identities and implicit racial bias. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Calado GDDO, Araújo ADO, Oliveira GTA, Sasaki JE, Rebar AL, Machado DGDS, Elsangedy HM. Positive Implicit Associations for Physical Activity Predict Physical Activity and Affective Responses During Exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:198-205. [PMID: 35365591 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of implicit associations and explicit evaluations with affective responses during an aerobic exercise session, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in adults. Fifty adults (70% women; median age = 31 years; 25th, 75th percentiles: 24.50, 40.50 years old; body mass index = 25.29 ± 4.97 kg/m2) not engaged in regular physical activity completed an implicit association test and a questionnaire of explicit evaluations and wore an accelerometer for 7 days. After the 7-day period, the participants performed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Every 5 min, the affective response and the perception of effort were recorded. Participants who had more positive implicit associations toward physical activity (vs. sedentary behavior) reported higher affective responses during exercise and engaged in more moderate to vigorous physical activity. Encouraging pleasant physical activity may act to partially improve future physical activity through automatic motivational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffer Eidi Sasaki
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba,MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD,Australia
| | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN,Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN,Brazil
| | - Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN,Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN,Brazil
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12
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Pessoa FDA, Pereira LC, de Oliveira Araújo A, Oliveira GTA, Pereira DC, Elsangedy HM. Mental Fatigue Prior to Aerobic Exercise Reduces Exercise Pleasure and Negatively Affects Implicit Attitudes Toward Future Exercise. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:816-832. [DOI: 10.1177/00315125221091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of mental fatigue (MF) on affective responses during an aerobic exercise session at moderate intensity. We submitted 12 insufficiently active adults (50% women; M age = 24.9 years, SD = 3.0; M BMI = 24.3 kg/m2; SD = 2.6) to two 30-minute pre-exercise conditions: an MF condition (Stroop Color-Word task) and a control condition (watching a documentary) prior to their performance of 20 minutes of aerobic treadmill exercise at 40–59% of heart rate reserve. The minimum washout interval between conditions was two days. Perceived MF and motivation to perform physical exercise were assessed before and after conditions with a visual analog scale of 100 mm. We assessed participants’ affective and exertion responses with the Feeling Scale, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and heart rate during every two minutes of physical exercise. Implicit attitudes toward physical exercise were assessed by the Implicit Association Test before the MF and control conditions and after the physical exercise session. The participants in the MF condition reported lower pleasure ( M difference = −1.57, 95% CI = −2.64 to −0.50, d = 0.93, p = .008) and higher exertion (RPE) ( M difference = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.04 to 2.27, d = 0.66, p = .043) compared to those in the control condition. Participants who experienced MF also reported a more negative implicit attitude toward physical exercise than in the control condition ( β = −0.47, 95% CI= −0.73 to −0.21, d = 1.41, p < .001). While these findings should be cross-validated in subsequent research with a larger and more diverse participant sample, there appears to be value in minimizing pre-exercise mental fatigue to avoid negative MF effects on the exercisers’ affective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Azevedo Pessoa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lucas Camilo Pereira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel Carvalho Pereira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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13
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Janse van Rensburg YE, de Kock F, de Vries RE, Derous E. Measuring Honesty-humility with an Implicit Association Test (IAT): Construct and Criterion Validity. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Azria E, Sauvegrain P, Anselem O, Bonnet MP, Deneux-Tharaux C, Rousseau A, Richetin J. Implicit biases and differential perinatal care for migrant women: methodological framework and study protocol of the BiP study part 3. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51:102340. [PMID: 35181544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of disparities in maternal and perinatal health between migrant and native women are multiple and remain poorly understood. Access to and quality of care are likely to participate in these mechanisms, and one hypothesis is the existence of implicit biases among caregivers through which ethno-racial belonging can influence medical decisions and consequently engender healthcare disparities. Their existence and their role in the generation of non-medically justified differential care have been documented in the United States apart from perinatal care, but remain largely unexplored in Europe. In this article, we present the study protocol and theoretical framework of a study that aims to test and quantify the existence of implicit bias toward African Sub-Saharan migrant women among caregivers working in the perinatal field, and to explore the association between implicit bias and differential care. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is based on an online survey to which French obstetricians, midwives, and anesthetists were invited to take part. The potential existence of implicit biases toward African Sub-Saharan migrant will be quantified through a validated tool, the Implicit Association Test. Then we will assess how implicit biases are likely to influence clinical decisions and lead to differential care using clinical vignettes designed by an experts group. DISCUSSION Implicit bias and differential care are concept that are tricky to capture and interpret. This research program opens up in France a field of research on certain forms of health discriminations and sheds new light on the issue of social inequalities in perinatal health. STUDY REGISTRATION Registration in the Open Science Framework portal: https://osf.io/djva7/?view_only=c6012ace3fe94165a65b05c2dc6aff9e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Azria
- Université de Paris, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France; Maternity Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, FHU Prema, Paris, France.
| | - Priscille Sauvegrain
- Université de Paris, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Maternity Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Origyne, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Anselem
- Port-Royal Maternity Unit, Groupe hospitalier Cochin Broca Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris, FHU Prema, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bonnet
- Université de Paris, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Armand Trousseau Hospital, DMU DREAM, GRC 29, AP-HP, Paris, France; SFAR Research Network
| | - Catherine Deneux-Tharaux
- Université de Paris, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Anne Rousseau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, UFR S. Veil-Santé, CESP équipe Epidémiologie Clinique, Inserm U1018, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy-Saint Germain Hospital, F-78300 Poissy, France
| | - Juliette Richetin
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.; Bicocca center for Applied Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Spatola N, Wudarczyk OA. Ascribing emotions to robots: Explicit and implicit attribution of emotions and perceived robot anthropomorphism. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barbosa Escobar F, Velasco C, Motoki K, Byrne DV, Wang QJ. The temperature of emotions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252408. [PMID: 34081750 PMCID: PMC8174739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barbosa Escobar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Velasco
- Department of Marketing, Centre for Multisensory Marketing, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kosuke Motoki
- Department of Food Science and Business, Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Derek Victor Byrne
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qian Janice Wang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kramer M, Heyligers IC, Könings KD. Implicit gender-career bias in postgraduate medical training still exists, mainly in residents and in females. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:253. [PMID: 33933035 PMCID: PMC8088689 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More and more female residents enter postgraduate medical training (PGMT). Meanwhile, women are still underrepresented in academic medicine, in leadership positions and in most surgical specialties. This suggests that female residents' career development may still be negatively impacted by subtle, often unconscious stereotype associations regarding gender and career-ambition, called implicit gender-career bias. This study explored the existence and strength of implicit gender-career bias in doctors who currently work in PGMT, i.e. in attending physicians who act as clinical trainers and in their residents. METHODS We tested implicit gender-career bias in doctors working in PGMT by means of an online questionnaire and an online Implicit Association Test (IAT). We used standard IAT analysis to calculate participants' IAT D scores, which indicate the direction and strength of bias. Linear regression analyses were used to test whether the strength of bias was related to gender, position (resident or clinical trainer) or specialty (non-surgical or surgical specialty). RESULTS The mean IAT D score among 403 participants significantly differed from zero (D-score = 0.36 (SD = 0.39), indicating bias associating male with career and female with family. Stronger gender-career bias was found in women (βfemale =0 .11; CI 0.02; 0.19; p = 0.01) and in residents (βresident 0.12; CI 0.01; 0.23; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This study may provide a solid basis for explicitly addressing implicit gender-career bias in PGMT. The general understanding in the medical field is that gender bias is strongest among male doctors' in male-dominated surgical specialties. Contrary to this view, this study demonstrated that the strongest bias is held by females themselves and by residents, independently of their specialty. Apparently, the influx of female doctors in the medical field has not yet reduced implicit gender-career bias in the next generation of doctors, i.e. in today's residents, and in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Kramer
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ide C Heyligers
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen D Könings
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Sanchez-Prada A, Delgado-Alvarez C, Bosch-Fiol E, Ferrer-Perez VA. Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:4256-4276. [PMID: 30049251 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518789903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is consistent evidence that attitudes are important in understanding how people react and behave toward victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women. Researchers have typically measured these attitudes through self-reports. However, explicit measures are prone to socially desirable responding. The overall objective of our research is to provide multimethod measures of public attitudes (explicit and implicit) toward intimate partner violence against women. An opportunity sample of 190 Psychology undergraduates (32 men and 158 women) took part in this study and completed two self-reports: the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating. In addition, they completed a personalized Implicit Association Test, the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test. This study provides evidence of the best way to apply the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (with feedback) and the best procedure for estimating the Implicit Association Test effect (built-in error penalty). The findings are also consistent with previous research and exhibit a significant disparity between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women. These findings, although still preliminary, provide interesting information that affirms the need to incorporate implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women into research on this social problem.
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19
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The creepy, the bad and the ugly: exploring perceptions of moral character and social desirability in uncanny faces. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Olivera-La Rosa A, Villacampa J, Amador O, Corradi G, Munar E, Acosta S, Rosselló J. Implicit Attitudes Toward Violence in a Sample of Adolescent Offenders With Conduct Disorder. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1050-NP1063. [PMID: 29294969 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517739287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed attitudes toward violence in offender populations using implicit measures. The aim of this study is to test whether implicit attitudes toward two types of violence (physical and relational) differ between two groups of adolescent offenders: one group with conduct disorder (CD; n = 36) and the other group without this condition (No-CD; n = 26). We found that adolescent offenders with CD evidenced less negative implicit attitudes toward physical violence than the No-CD group. No differences between groups were observed in the case of relational violence. Our results suggest that CD modulates implicit attitudes toward violence in adolescent offenders and that the influence of CD is stronger in the case of physical rather than relational acts of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Olivera-La Rosa
- Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Medellín, Colombia
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Omar Amador
- Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Guido Corradi
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Enric Munar
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sergio Acosta
- Instituto Psicoeducativo de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaume Rosselló
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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21
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Stern F, Delaval M, Kampourakis K, Müller A. Implicit associations of teleology and essentialism concepts with genetics concepts among secondary school students. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242189. [PMID: 33216764 PMCID: PMC7679004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the development and validation of an implicit association test for measuring secondary school students’ associations between genetics concepts and teleology concepts on the one hand, and between genetics concepts and essentialism concepts on the other hand. In total, 169 students from 16 school classes took part in the study, from January 2018 to May 2018. We investigated the strength of the aforementioned associations and the influence of various covariates such as gender, age, school class, or previous learning of biology on the association of teleology or essentialism concepts with genetics concepts through an analysis of covariance and a multi-level analysis. We found moderate associations between genetics and teleology concepts, as well as between genetics and essentialism concepts. These results might reflect a tendency of students of different ages and with various backgrounds to think about genes in terms of goals (teleology) and stability (essentialism), which should be investigated further in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Stern
- Faculty of Science, Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marine Delaval
- INSPÉ, Académie de Lille—Hauts de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- PSITEC (EA 4072), Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Kostas Kampourakis
- Faculty of Science, Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Teacher Training Institute (IUFE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Müller
- University Teacher Training Institute (IUFE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, Physics Section, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Ferrer-Perez VA, Sánchez-Prada A, Delgado-Álvarez C, Bosch-Fiol E. The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2020; 33:27. [PMID: 33170394 PMCID: PMC7655884 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-020-00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Ferrer-Perez
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km, 7'5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Andrés Sánchez-Prada
- Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Compañía, 1-5, 37002, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado-Álvarez
- Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Compañía, 1-5, 37002, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esperanza Bosch-Fiol
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km, 7'5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Make exercise easier: A brief intervention to influence implicit attitudes towards exercise and physical activity behavior. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ferrer-Perez VA, Bosch-Fiol E, Ferreiro-Basurto V, Delgado-Alvarez C, Sánchez-Prada A. Comparing Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2147. [PMID: 33013546 PMCID: PMC7506101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is an epidemic social and public health problem. Research has consistently found evidence for a complex etiology of IPVAW resulting from the interaction of many factors, among which gender-related norms and attitudes are among the main drivers of this violence. Public attitudes toward IPVAW are especially important because attitudes rejecting, condoning, or fostering such behavior are social factors that contribute to a climate of tolerance or refusal that can shape the social environment in which such violence takes place. Given the importance of these attitudes, the availability of reliable, valid, and concise measures is critical for both research and intervention purposes. The evidence shows a probable bias of direct or explicit assessment measures of IPVAW attitudes, and it has been suggested that they should be complemented by indirect or implicit measures. In this context, the main aim of this paper was to examine how implicit and explicit attitudes toward IPVAW differ among a Spanish population. An opportunity sample of 693 students took part in this study. Two direct or explicit measures (the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, IPDMV, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence, IBIPV) and one indirect or implicit measure [the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT), a personalized form of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)] were applied. The results obtained show that the psychometric characteristics of the implicit measure used (GV-IAT) are acceptable. Additionally, we obtained significant differences by gender, IPVAW knowledge, IPVAW involvement, and political opinion when we measured IPVAW attitudes by implicit measures. However, when we measured these attitudes by explicit measures, we only obtained significant differences by gender and political opinion. Finally, the results highlight the important differences between the levels of strong IPVAW rejection measured with explicit and implicit measures, confirming the traditional discrepancy between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes. In summary, the results obtained provide additional support for the idea that GV-IAT constitutes a promising assessment tool to complement explicit measures for attitudes toward IPVAW.
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Sánchez-Prada A, Delgado-Alvarez C, Bosch-Fiol E, Ferreiro-Basurto V, Ferrer-Perez VA. Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6055. [PMID: 32825340 PMCID: PMC7504667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these supportive attitudes throughout the lifecycle. An opportunity sample of 200 Spanish participants, by age and sex fixed quotas, took part in this study. Attitudes were measured using the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence and the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test, a personalized form of Implicit Association Test (IAT). The results show that explicitly measured supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women differ between age groups, adopting a U-shape distribution: lower acceptance among middle-aged-adults and young-adults and higher acceptance among adolescents and older adults. However, when these attitudes were implicitly measured, the IPVAW rejection increased with age, which is a counter-intuitive result and inconsistent with previous theoretical evidence. In summary, these results support an age effect that differs according to the measure of attitudes used and highlight some difficulties related to based-on-reaction-time measures among older people. This suggests the need for further research on the topic, especially among the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sánchez-Prada
- Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (C.D.-A.)
| | - Carmen Delgado-Alvarez
- Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (C.D.-A.)
| | - Esperanza Bosch-Fiol
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (E.B.-F.); (V.F.-B.)
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Schinkoeth M, Brand R. Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise: disentangling the type-1 process of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Chevance G, Bernard P, Chamberland PE, Rebar A. The association between implicit attitudes toward physical activity and physical activity behaviour: a systematic review and correlational meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 13:248-276. [PMID: 31117901 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1618726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a result of recent calls to attend to the implicit processes that regulate health behaviours, the study of implicit attitudes and physical activity behaviour has grown rapidly in the past decade. The aim of this study was to summarise existing evidence on the extent to which implicit attitudes toward physical activity are associated with physical activity behaviour. A systematic literature review was performed to retrieve studies reporting both a measure of implicit attitudes and physical activity. For the meta-analysis, effect size (Pearson's r) were extracted from eligible studies or retrieved from authors. A total of 26 independent studies, and 55 effect sizes, were eligible. There was a small, significant, and positive correlation between implicit attitudes and physical activity, a finding replicated across multiple meta-analytical strategies with sensitivity analyses applied. This association was not significantly moderated by study design or objective, participants' age or other characteristics, or measures of implicit attitudes or physical activity. This meta-analysis provides evidence that implicit attitudes toward physical activity are positively associated with physical activity in adults to a small degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chevance
- a SANTESIH (EA 4614), Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,b Exercise and Physical Activity Resource Center, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Paquito Bernard
- d Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.,e Research Center, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Pier Eric Chamberland
- f Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , Trois-Rivières , QC , Canada
| | - Amanda Rebar
- g School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University , Rockhampton , QLD , Australia
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Adam‐Troian J, Arciszewski T, Apostolidis T. National identification and support for discriminatory policies: The mediating role of beliefs aboutlaïcitéin France. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jais Adam‐Troian
- LPS Aix‐Marseille Univ. Aix‐en‐Provence France
- European Institute Bilgi University Istanbul Turkey
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Potok W, Maskiewicz A, Króliczak G, Marangon M. The temporal involvement of the left supramarginal gyrus in planning functional grasps: A neuronavigated TMS study. Cortex 2019; 111:16-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Preti E, Casini E, Richetin J, De Panfilis C, Fontana A. Cognitive and Emotional Components of Rejection Sensitivity: Independent Contributions to Adolescent Self- and Interpersonal Functioning. Assessment 2018; 27:1230-1241. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191118817866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we focus on rejection sensitivity (RS) in adolescents. Although the RS model distinguishes clearly between the emotional (i.e., anger and anxiety) and the cognitive (i.e., expectation of rejection) components, research has rarely examined their unique connection with psychological problems. We argue that considering the three components separately would provide additional insights regarding the relationship between RS and psychological problems. We aimed to test the goodness of fit of a three-factor solution and to investigate the validity of the three components separately in predicting self- and interpersonal functioning in adolescents. Indeed, 720 adolescents completed the Children’s Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, self-reports of self- and interpersonal functioning (self-esteem and interpersonal reactivity), and peer ratings of preference and bothersomeness. The three-factor solution showed fit indexes comparable to the two alternative one-factor solutions underlying the traditional approach of the composite scores. More importantly, we found specific contributions of each of the three RS components in predicting different features of self- and interpersonal functioning. Thus, depending on the psychological problems under consideration, the role of the three RS components varies. We discuss the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Preti
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara De Panfilis
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma, Italy
- University of Parma, Ospedale Maggiore, Parma, Italy
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31
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Changing implicit attitudes for physical activity with associative learning. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the role of explicit and implicit attitudes in the improvement of exercise capacity during a 5-week pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). A total of 105 patients performed walking tests at baseline and at the end of PR. Change between performances was computed at the end of PR, and Minimal-Clinically-Important-Difference (MCID) were used to categorize patients as responders (i.e. change above MCID, N = 54) or non-responders (i.e. change below MCID, N = 51). At baseline, implicit attitudes were measured through a physical activity versus sedentary behavior Implicit Association Test; explicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured by questionnaires. Only implicit attitudes significantly differed between the two groups (p = .015), responders displaying implicit attitudes significantly more in favor of physical activity (M = .91, SD = .54) than non-responders (M = .60, SD = .71) at baseline. Measuring implicit attitudes in PR could help to accurately estimate patients' motivation, and design more individualized rehabilitation programs.
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De Schryver M, Hussey I, De Neve J, Cartwright A, Barnes-Holmes D. The PI IRAP : An alternative scoring algorithm for the IRAP using a probabilistic semiparametric effect size measure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Cross ES, Hamilton AFDC, Cohen NR, Grafton ST. Learning to tie the knot: The acquisition of functional object representations by physical and observational experience. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185044. [PMID: 29023463 PMCID: PMC5638238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we examined neural substrates for physically and observationally learning to construct novel objects, and characterized brain regions associated with each kind of learning using fMRI. Each participant was assigned a training partner, and for five consecutive days practiced tying one group of knots (“tied” condition) or watched their partner tie different knots (“watched” condition) while a third set of knots remained untrained. Functional MRI was obtained prior to and immediately following the week of training while participants performed a visual knot-matching task. After training, a portion of left superior parietal lobule demonstrated a training by scan session interaction. This means this parietal region responded selectively to knots that participants had physically learned to tie in the post-training scan session but not the pre-training scan session. A conjunction analysis on the post-training scan data showed right intraparietal sulcus and right dorsal premotor cortex to respond when viewing images of knots from the tied and watched conditions compared to knots that were untrained during the post-training scan session. This suggests that these brain areas track both physical and observational learning. Together, the data provide preliminary evidence of engagement of brain regions associated with hand-object interactions when viewing objects associated with physical experience, and with observational experience without concurrent physical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Cross
- Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nichola Rice Cohen
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Grafton
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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Chevance G, Caudroit J, Henry T, Guerin P, Boiché J, Héraud N. Do implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior prospectively predict objective physical activity among persons with obesity? J Behav Med 2017; 41:31-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Padin AC, Emery CF, Vasey M, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Self-Regulation and Implicit Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Influence Exercise Behavior. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:237-248. [PMID: 28937320 PMCID: PMC6521970 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-process models of health behavior posit that implicit and explicit attitudes independently drive healthy behaviors. Prior evidence indicates that implicit attitudes may be related to weekly physical activity (PA) levels, but the extent to which self-regulation attenuates this link remains unknown. This study examined the associations between implicit attitudes and self-reported PA during leisure time among 150 highly active young adults and evaluated the extent to which effortful control (one aspect of self-regulation) moderated this relationship. Results indicated that implicit attitudes toward exercise were unrelated to average workout length among individuals with higher effortful control. However, those with lower effortful control and more negative implicit attitudes reported shorter average exercise sessions compared with those with more positive attitudes. Implicit and explicit attitudes were unrelated to total weekly PA. A combination of poorer self-regulation and negative implicit attitudes may leave individuals vulnerable to mental and physical health consequences of low PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina C Padin
- 1 The Ohio State University
- 2 The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Charles F Emery
- 1 The Ohio State University
- 2 The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
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De Carli P, Tagini A, Sarracino D, Santona A, Parolin L. Implicit Attitude Toward Caregiving: The Moderating Role of Adult Attachment Styles. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1906. [PMID: 26779060 PMCID: PMC4703813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment and caregiving are separate motivational systems that share the common evolutionary purpose of favoring child security. In the goal of studying the processes underlying the transmission of attachment styles, this study focused on the role of adult attachment styles in shaping preferences toward particular styles of caregiving. We hypothesized a correspondence between attachment and caregiving styles: we expect an individual to show a preference for a caregiving behavior coherent with his/her own attachment style, in order to increase the chance of passing it on to offspring. We activated different representations of specific caregiving modalities in females, by using three videos in which mothers with different Adult Attachment states of mind played with their infants. Participants' facial expressions while watching were recorded and analyzed with FaceReader software. After each video, participants' attitudes toward the category "mother" were measured, both explicitly (semantic differential) and implicitly (single target-implicit association task, ST-IAT). Participants' adult attachment styles (experiences in close relationships revised) predicted attitudes scores, but only when measured implicitly. Participants scored higher on the ST-IAT after watching a video coherent with their attachment style. No effect was found on the facial expressions of disgust. These findings suggest a role of adult attachment styles in shaping implicit attitudes related to the caregiving system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laura Parolin
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy
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