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Solovova OA, Chernykh VB. Genetics of Oocyte Maturation Defects and Early Embryo Development Arrest. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1920. [PMID: 36360157 PMCID: PMC9689903 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogenic factors can lead to oogenesis failure and seriously affect both female reproductive health and fertility. Genetic factors play an important role in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation but still need to be clarified. Oocyte maturation is a well-organized complex process, regulated by a large number of genes. Pathogenic variants in these genes as well as aneuploidy, defects in mitochondrial genome, and other genetic and epigenetic factors can result in unexplained infertility, early pregnancy loss, and recurrent failures of IVF/ICSI programs due to poor ovarian response to stimulation, oocyte maturation arrest, poor gamete quality, fertilization failure, or early embryonic developmental arrest. In this paper, we review the main genes, as well as provide a description of the defects in the mitochondrial genome, associated with female infertility.
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Carriere J, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. NLRP7: From inflammasome regulation to human disease. Immunology 2021; 163:363-376. [PMID: 34021586 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, which sense conserved microbial patterns and host-derived danger signals to elicit innate immune responses. The activation of several prototypic NLRs, including NLR and pyrin domain (PYD) containing (NLRP) 1, NLRP3 and NLR and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC) 4, results in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large, cytoplasmic multiprotein signalling platforms responsible for the maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and for the induction of a specialized form of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. However, the function of other members of the NLR family, including NLRP7, are less well understood. NLRP7 has been linked to innate immune signalling, but its precise role is still controversial as it has been shown to positively and negatively affect inflammasome responses. Inflammasomes are essential for homeostasis and host defence, but inappropriate inflammasome responses due to hereditary mutations and somatic mosaicism in inflammasome components and defective regulation have been linked to a broad spectrum of human diseases. A compelling connection between NLRP7 mutations and reproductive diseases, and in particular molar pregnancy, has been established. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NLRP7 mutations contribute to reproductive diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on NLRP7 and discuss the current evidence of its role in inflammasome regulation and its implication in human reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carriere
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li G, Tian X, Lv D, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang M, Tao J, Ma T, Wu H, Ji P, Wu Y, Lian Z, Cui W, Liu G. NLRP7 is expressed in the ovine ovary and associated with in vitro pre-implantation embryo development. Reproduction 2020; 158:415-427. [PMID: 31505467 PMCID: PMC6826174 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NLRP (NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing proteins) family plays pivotal roles in mammalian reproduction. Mutation of NLRP7 is often associated with human recurrent hydatidiform moles. Few studies regarding the functions of NLRP7 have been performed in other mammalian species rather than humans. In the current study, for the first time, the function of NLRP7 has been explored in ovine ovary. NLRP7 protein was mainly located in ovarian follicles and in in vitro pre-implantation embryos. To identify its origin, 763 bp partial CDS of NLRP7 deriving from sheep cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) was cloned, it showed a great homology with Homo sapiens. The high levels of mRNA and protein of NLRP7 were steadily expressed in oocytes, parthenogenetic embryos or IVF embryos. NLRP7 knockdown by the combination of siRNA and shRNA jeopardized both the parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development. These results strongly suggest that NLRP7 plays an important role in ovine reproduction. The potential mechanisms of NLRP7 will be fully investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyun Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Clinical and genetic-epigenetic aspects of recurrent hydatidiform mole: A review of literature. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Monk D, Sanchez-Delgado M, Fisher R. NLRPs, the subcortical maternal complex and genomic imprinting. Reproduction 2017; 154:R161-R170. [PMID: 28916717 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Before activation of the embryonic genome, the oocyte provides many of the RNAs and proteins required for the epigenetic reprogramming and the transition to a totipotent state. Targeted disruption of a subset of oocyte-derived transcripts in mice results in early embryonic lethality and cleavage-stage embryonic arrest as highlighted by the members of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC). Maternal-effect recessive mutations of NLRP7, KHDC3L and NLRP5 in humans are associated with variable reproductive outcomes, biparental hydatidiform moles (BiHM) and widespread multi-locus imprinting disturbances. The precise mechanism of action of these genes is unknown, but the maternal-effect phenomenon suggests a function during early pre-implantation development, while biochemical and genetic studies implement them as SCMC members or interacting partners. In this review article, we discuss the role of the NLRP family members and the SCMC proteins in the establishment of genomic imprints and post-zygotic methylation maintenance, the recent advances made in the understanding of the biology involved in BiHM formation and the wider roles of the SCMC in mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer GroupCancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sanchez-Delgado
- Imprinting and Cancer GroupCancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosemary Fisher
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UK.,Trophoblastic Tumour Screening and Treatment CentreDepartment of Oncology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Huang JY, Yu PH, Li YC, Kuo PL. NLRP7 contributes to in vitro decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:66. [PMID: 28810880 PMCID: PMC5558772 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NACHT), leucine rich repeat (LRR) and pyrin domain (PYD) 7 containing protein, NLRP7, is a member of the NLR family which serves as innate immune sensors. Mutations and genetic variants of NLRP7 have been found in women with infertility associated conditions, such as recurrent hydatidiform mole, recurrent miscarriage, and preeclampsia. Decidualization of endometrial stromal cells is a hallmark of tissue remodeling to support embryo implantation and proper placental development. Given defective decidualization has been implicated in miscarriage as well as preeclampsia, we aimed to explore the link between the NLRP7 gene and decidualization. METHODS Endometrial samples obtained from pregnant women in the first trimester and non-pregnant women were used to study NLRP7 expression pattern. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESCs) were used to study the effect of NLRP7 on decidualization. Decidualization of T-HESCs was induced with 1 μM medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and 0.5 mM 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP). siRNA was used to knock down NLRP7 while lentiviral vectors were used to overexpress NLRP7 in cells. NLRP7 expression was detected by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. Decidualization markers, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and prolactin (PRL), were detected by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Nuclear translocation of NLRP7 was detected by the subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy. The effect of NLRP7 on progesterone receptor (PR) activity was evaluated by a reporter system. RESULTS NLRP7 was up-regulated in the decidual stromal cells of human first-trimester endometrium. After in vitro decidualization, T-HESCs presented with the swollen phenotype and increased expressions of IGFBP-1 and PRL. Knockdown or over-expression of NLRP7 reduced or enhanced the decidualization, respectively, according to the expression level of IGFBP-1. NLRP7 was found to translocate in the nucleus of decidualized T-HESCs and able to promote PR activity. CONCLUSIONS NLRP7 was upregulated and translocated to the nucleus of the endometrial stromal cells in an in vitro decidualization model. Overexpressed NLRP7 promoted the IGFBP-1 expression and PR reporter activation. IGFBP-1 expression decreased with the knockdown of NLRP7. Therefore, we suggest that NLRP7 contributes to in vitro decidualization of endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Yuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsiu Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., South Dist, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The inflammasome is a large multimeric protein complex comprising an effector protein that demonstrates specificity for a variety of activators or ligands; an adaptor molecule; and procaspase-1, which is converted to caspase-1 upon inflammasome activation. Inflammasomes are expressed primarily by myeloid cells and are located within the cell. The macromolecular inflammasome structure can be visualized by cryo-electron microscopy. This complex has been found to play a role in a variety of disease models in mice, and several have been genetically linked to human diseases. In most cases, the effector protein is a member of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing) or NOD (nucleotide oligomerization domain)-like receptor protein family. However, other effectors have also been described, with the most notable being AIM-2 (absent in melanoma 2), which recognizes DNA to elicit inflammasome function. This review will focus on the role of the inflammasome in myeloid cells and its role in health and disease.
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Hui P, Buza N, Murphy KM, Ronnett BM. Hydatidiform Moles: Genetic Basis and Precision Diagnosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 12:449-485. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
| | - Natalia Buza
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
| | | | - Brigitte M. Ronnett
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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An Integrative Analysis of Preeclampsia Based on the Construction of an Extended Composite Network Featuring Protein-Protein Physical Interactions and Transcriptional Relationships. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165849. [PMID: 27802351 PMCID: PMC5089765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder defined by hypertension and proteinuria. This disease remains a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Defective placentation is generally described as being at the root of the disease. The characterization of the transcriptome signature of the preeclamptic placenta has allowed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). However, we still lack a detailed knowledge on how these DEGs impact the function of the placenta. The tools of network biology offer a methodology to explore complex diseases at a systems level. In this study we performed a cross-platform meta-analysis of seven publically available gene expression datasets comparing non-pathological and preeclamptic placentas. Using the rank product algorithm we identified a total of 369 DEGs consistently modified in PE. The DEGs were used as seeds to build both an extended physical protein-protein interactions network and a transcription factors regulatory network. Topological and clustering analysis was conducted to analyze the connectivity properties of the networks. Finally both networks were merged into a composite network which presents an integrated view of the regulatory pathways involved in preeclampsia and the crosstalk between them. This network is a useful tool to explore the relationship between the DEGs and enable hypothesis generation for functional experimentation.
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Sanchez-Delgado M, Riccio A, Eggermann T, Maher ER, Lapunzina P, Mackay D, Monk D. Causes and Consequences of Multi-Locus Imprinting Disturbances in Humans. Trends Genet 2016; 32:444-455. [PMID: 27235113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight syndromes are associated with the loss of methylation at specific imprinted loci. There has been increasing evidence that these methylation defects in patients are not isolated events occurring at a given disease-associated locus but that some of these patients may have multi-locus imprinting disturbances (MLID) affecting additional imprinted regions. With the recent advances in technology, methylation profiling has revealed that imprinted loci represent only a small fraction of the methylation differences observed between the gametes. To figure out how imprinting anomalies occur at multiple imprinted domains, we have to understand the interplay between DNA methylation and histone modifications in the process of selective imprint protection during pre-implantation reprogramming, which, if disrupted, leads to these complex imprinting disorders (IDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchez-Delgado
- Imprinting and Cancer group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - ABT, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Centro deInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sanchez-Delgado M, Martin-Trujillo A, Tayama C, Vidal E, Esteller M, Iglesias-Platas I, Deo N, Barney O, Maclean K, Hata K, Nakabayashi K, Fisher R, Monk D. Absence of Maternal Methylation in Biparental Hydatidiform Moles from Women with NLRP7 Maternal-Effect Mutations Reveals Widespread Placenta-Specific Imprinting. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005644. [PMID: 26544189 PMCID: PMC4636177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial recurrent hydatidiform mole (RHM) is a maternal-effect autosomal recessive disorder usually associated with mutations of the NLRP7 gene. It is characterized by HM with excessive trophoblastic proliferation, which mimics the appearance of androgenetic molar conceptuses despite their diploid biparental constitution. It has been proposed that the phenotypes of both types of mole are associated with aberrant genomic imprinting. However no systematic analyses for imprinting defects have been reported. Here, we present the genome-wide methylation profiles of both spontaneous androgenetic and biparental NLRP7 defective molar tissues. We observe total paternalization of all ubiquitous and placenta-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in four androgenetic moles; namely gain of methylation at paternally methylated loci and absence of methylation at maternally methylated regions. The methylation defects observed in five RHM biopsies from NLRP7 defective patients are restricted to lack-of-methylation at maternal DMRs. Surprisingly RHMs from two sisters with the same missense mutations, as well as consecutive RHMs from one affected female show subtle allelic methylation differences, suggesting inter-RHM variation. These epigenotypes are consistent with NLRP7 being a maternal-effect gene and involved in imprint acquisition in the oocyte. In addition, bioinformatic screening of the resulting methylation datasets identified over sixty loci with methylation profiles consistent with imprinting in the placenta, of which we confirm 22 as novel maternally methylated loci. These observations strongly suggest that the molar phenotypes are due to defective placenta-specific imprinting and over-expression of paternally expressed transcripts, highlighting that maternal-effect mutations of NLRP7 are associated with the most severe form of multi-locus imprinting defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchez-Delgado
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Trujillo
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiharu Tayama
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enrique Vidal
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Iglesias-Platas
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nandita Deo
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Leytonstone, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Barney
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rosemary Fisher
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Trophoblastic Tumour Screening and Treatment Centre, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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