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Wang Q, Peng F, Yang J, Chen X, Peng Z, Zhang M, Tang D, Liu J, Zhao H. MicroRNAs regulate the vicious cycle of vascular calcification-osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:622. [PMID: 38709309 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Menopause is a normal physiological process accompanied by changes in various physiological states. The incidence of vascular calcification (VC) increases each year after menopause and is closely related to osteoporosis (OP). Although many studies have investigated the links between VC and OP, the interaction mechanism of the two under conditions of estrogen loss remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in epigenetic modification, play a critical role in estrogen-mediated mineralization. In the past several decades, miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in diseases. Thus, we hypothesize that these small molecules can provide new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the close interactions between VC and OP and the role of miRNAs in their interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojie Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Deqiu Tang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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2
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Mebarek S, Buchet R, Pikula S, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Brizuela L, Corti G, Collacchi F, Anghieri G, Magrini A, Ciancaglini P, Millan JL, Davies O, Bottini M. Do Media Extracellular Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles Bound to the Extracellular Matrix Represent Distinct Types of Vesicles? Biomolecules 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 38254642 PMCID: PMC10813234 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. Several pieces of experimental evidence indicated that matrix vesicles and media vesicles isolated from the same types of mineralizing cells have distinct lipid and protein composition as well as functions. These findings support the view that matrix vesicles and media vesicles released by mineralizing cells have different functions in mineralized tissues due to their location, which is anchored to the extracellular matrix versus free-floating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Mebarek
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Rene Buchet
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Leyre Brizuela
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Giada Corti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Collacchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Genevieve Anghieri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Owen Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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3
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Yu F, Duan Y, Liu C, Huang H, Xiao X, He Z. Extracellular vesicles in atherosclerosis and vascular calcification: the versatile non-coding RNAs from endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1193660. [PMID: 37469665 PMCID: PMC10352799 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification in the innermost layers of arteries. Vascular calcification (VC), the deposition of calcium and phosphate within the arterial wall, is an important characteristic of AS natural history. However, medial arterial calcification (MAC) differs from intimal calcification and cannot simply be explained as the consequence of AS. Endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are directly involved in AS and VC processes. Understanding the communication between ECs and VSMCs is critical in revealing mechanisms underlying AS and VC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are found as intercellular messengers in kinds of physiological processes and pathological progression. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) encapsulated in EVs are involved in AS and VC, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). The effects of ncRNAs have not been comprehensively understood, especially encapsulated in EVs. Some ncRNAs have demonstrated significant roles in AS and VC, but it remains unclear the functions of the majority ncRNAs detected in EVs. In this review, we summarize ncRNAs encapsulated in EC-EVs and VSMC-EVs, and the signaling pathways that are involved in AS and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yingjie Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chongmei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang People's Hospital, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangxiu He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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4
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Negri AL. Role of prolyl hydroxylase/HIF-1 signaling in vascular calcification. Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:205-209. [PMID: 36755843 PMCID: PMC9900523 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are largely associated with vascular calcification, an actively regulated process in which vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) change into cells similar to osteocytes/chondrocytes, known as trans-differentiation. Cellular and systemic response to low oxygen (hypoxia) is regulated by the prolyl hydroxylase/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 pathway. Recent studies highlighted that hypoxia-mediated activation of HIF-1 induces trans-differentiation of VSMCs into bone-forming type through an increase in osteo-/chondrogenic genes. Inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway abolished osteochondrogenic differentiation of VSMCs. Hypoxia strongly enhanced elevated phosphate-induced VSMC osteogenic trans-differentiation and calcification. HIF-1 was shown to be essential for phosphate enhanced VSMC calcification. O2-dependent degradation HIF-1 is triggered by the prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHD). Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, daprodustat and roxadustat, increase high phosphate-induced VC in VSMCs, stabilizing HIF-1α and activating the HIF-1 pathway in these cells. Whether the use of these PHD inhibitors to treat anemia in CKD patients will favor the development and progression of vascular calcification remains to be explored.
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Yao J, Cai L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhuang W, Liang J, Li H. Exosomes: mediators regulating the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:153. [PMID: 36221105 PMCID: PMC9555104 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of human mortality worldwide, mainly due to atherosclerosis (AS), and the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key event in the development of AS. Exosomes contain a variety of specific nucleic acids and proteins that mediate intercellular communication. The role of exosomes in AS has attracted attention. This review uses the VSMC phenotypic transition in AS as the entry point, introduces the effect of exosomes on AS from different perspectives, and discusses the status quo, deficiencies, and potential future directions in this field to provide new ideas for clinical research and treatment of AS. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linqian Cai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingrui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Afliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Ye C, Zheng F, Wu N, Zhu GQ, Li XZ. Extracellular vesicles in vascular remodeling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2191-2201. [PMID: 35022541 PMCID: PMC9433397 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling contributes to the development of a variety of vascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Phenotypic transformation of vascular cells, oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular calcification are closely associated with vascular remodeling. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released from almost all types of cells and can be detected in nearly all body fluids including blood and urine. EVs affect vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, calcification, and lipid plaque formation; and thereby impact vascular remodeling in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. EVs may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for vascular remodeling and cardiovascular diseases. This review includes a comprehensive analysis of the roles of EVs in the vascular remodeling in vascular diseases, and the prospects of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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7
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Wu YY, Shan SK, Lin X, Xu F, Zhong JY, Wu F, Duan JY, Guo B, Li FXZ, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Lei LM, Ou-Yang WL, Tang KX, Li CC, Ullah MHE, Yuan LQ. Cellular Crosstalk in the Vascular Wall Microenvironment: The Role of Exosomes in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:912358. [PMID: 35677687 PMCID: PMC9168031 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.912358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is prevalent in aging, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and certain genetic disorders. However, the pathogenesis of vascular calcification is not well-understood. It has been progressively recognized that vascular calcification depends on the bidirectional interactions between vascular cells and their microenvironment. Exosomes are an essential bridge to mediate crosstalk between cells and organisms, and thus they have attracted increased research attention in recent years. Accumulating evidence has indicated that exosomes play an important role in cardiovascular disease, especially in vascular calcification. In this review, we introduce vascular biology and focus on the crosstalk between the different vessel layers and how their interplay controls the process of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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New Therapeutics Targeting Arterial Media Calcification: Friend or Foe for Bone Mineralization? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040327. [PMID: 35448514 PMCID: PMC9027727 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of arterial media calcification, a highly complex and multifactorial disease, puts patients at high risk for developing serious cardiovascular consequences and mortality. Despite the numerous insights into the mechanisms underlying this pathological mineralization process, there is still a lack of effective treatment therapies interfering with the calcification process in the vessel wall. Current anti-calcifying therapeutics may induce detrimental side effects at the level of the bone, as arterial media calcification is regulated in a molecular and cellular similar way as physiological bone mineralization. This especially is a complication in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, who are the prime targets of this pathology, as they already suffer from a disturbed mineral and bone metabolism. This review outlines recent treatment strategies tackling arterial calcification, underlining their potential to influence the bone mineralization process, including targeting vascular cell transdifferentiation, calcification inhibitors and stimulators, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death and oxidative stress: are they a friend or foe? Furthermore, this review highlights nutritional additives and a targeted, local approach as alternative strategies to combat arterial media calcification. Paving a way for the development of effective and more precise therapeutic approaches without inducing osseous side effects is crucial for this highly prevalent and mortal disease.
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Fan S, Hu Y. Integrative analyses of biomarkers and pathways for heart failure. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35346191 PMCID: PMC8962515 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Heart failure (HF) is the most common potential cause of death, causing a huge health and economic burden all over the world. So far, some impressive progress has been made in the study of pathogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to this disease remain to be fully elucidated.
Methods
The microarray data sets of GSE76701, GSE21610 and GSE8331 were retrieved from the gene expression comprehensive database (GEO). After merging all microarray data and adjusting batch effects, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined. Functional enrichment analysis was performed based on Gene Ontology (GO) resources, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) resources, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), response pathway database and Disease Ontology (DO). Protein protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using string database. Combined with the above important bioinformatics information, the potential key genes were selected. The comparative toxicological genomics database (CTD) is used to explore the interaction between potential key genes and HF.
Results
We identified 38 patients with heart failure and 16 normal controls. There were 315 DEGs among HF samples, including 278 up-regulated genes and 37 down-regulated genes. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that most DEGs were significantly enriched in BMP signal pathway, transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signal pathway, extracellular matrix, basement membrane, glycosaminoglycan binding, sulfur compound binding and so on. Similarly, GSEA enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in extracellular matrix and extracellular matrix related proteins. BBS9, CHRD, BMP4, MYH6, NPPA and CCL5 are central genes in PPI networks and modules.
Conclusions
The enrichment pathway of DEGs and GO may reveal the molecular mechanism of HF. Among them, target genes EIF1AY, RPS4Y1, USP9Y, KDM5D, DDX3Y, NPPA, HBB, TSIX, LOC28556 and XIST are expected to become new targets for heart failure. Our findings provide potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the further study of heart failure and contribute to the development of advanced prediction, diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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Li T, Yu H, Zhang D, Feng T, Miao M, Li J, Liu X. Matrix Vesicles as a Therapeutic Target for Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825622. [PMID: 35127686 PMCID: PMC8814528 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. It is a cell-active process regulated by vascular cells rather than pure passive calcium (Ca) deposition. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted extensive attention because of their essential role in the process of VC. Matrix vesicles (MVs), one type of EVs, are especially critical in extracellular matrix mineralization and the early stages of the development of VC. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have the potential to undergo phenotypic transformation and to serve as a nucleation site for hydroxyapatite crystals upon extracellular stimulation. However, it is not clear what underlying mechanism that MVs drive the VSMCs phenotype switching and to result in calcification. This article aims to review the detailed role of MVs in the progression of VC and compare the difference with other major drivers of calcification, including aging, uremia, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We will also bring attention to the novel findings in the isolation and characterization of MVs, and the therapeutic application of MVs in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang Feng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael Miao
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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11
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Ramos AP, Sebinelli HG, Ciancaglini P, Rosato N, Mebarek S, Buchet R, Millán JL, Bottini M. The functional role of soluble proteins acquired by extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e34. [PMID: 38938684 PMCID: PMC11080634 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanosized particles released by all cell types during physiological as well as pathophysiological processes to carry out diverse biological functions, including acting as sources of cellular dumping, signalosomes and mineralisation nanoreactors. The ability of EVs to perform specific biological functions is due to their biochemical machinery. Among the components of the EVs' biochemical machinery, surface proteins are of critical functional significance as they mediate the interactions of EVs with components of the extracellular milieu, the extracellular matrix and neighbouring cells. Surface proteins are thought to be native, that is, pre-assembled on the EVs' surface by the parent cells before the vesicles are released. However, numerous pieces of evidence have suggested that soluble proteins are acquired by the EVs' surface from the extracellular milieu and further modulate the biological functions of EVs during innate and adaptive immune responses, autoimmune disorders, complement activation, coagulation, viral infection and biomineralisation. Herein, we will describe the methods currently used to identify the EVs' surface proteins and discuss recent knowledge on the functional relevance of the soluble proteins acquired by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Heitor Gobbi Sebinelli
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Dipartimento di Medicina SperimentaleUniversita’ di Roma “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Saida Mebarek
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | - Rene Buchet
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | | | - Massimo Bottini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
- Sanford Burnham PrebysLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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12
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Extracellular vesicles and the extracellular matrix: a new paradigm or old news? Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2335-2345. [PMID: 33125481 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are implicated in a variety of functions affecting the extracellular matrix (ECM), including matrix degradation, cross-linking of matrix proteins and matrix calcification. These processes are important in many physiological contexts such as angiogenesis and wound healing, and dysregulation of ECM homeostasis contributes to a wide range of diseases including fibrosis, cancer and arthritis. Most studies of EV have focussed on their roles in cell:cell communication, but EV can exist as integral components of the ECM. By far the most well-characterised ECM-resident EV are matrix vesicles (MV) in bone, but the broader role of EV in the ECM is not well understood. This review will explore what is known of the roles of EV in the ECM and will also highlight the similarities and differences between MV and other EV.
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13
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Chen NX, O'Neill KD, Dominguez JM, Moe SM. Regulation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of matrix vesicles induced calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells. Vasc Med 2021; 26:585-594. [PMID: 34338093 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211024721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased oxidative stress is associated with vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have previously demonstrated that cellular-derived matrix vesicles (MV), but not media-derived MV, are endocytosed in the presence of phosphorus by recipient normal rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and induce calcification through ERK1/2 and [Ca2+]i signaling. We hypothesized that these changes were mediated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. METHODS MV were co-cultured with recipient VSMC in the presence of high phosphorus and ROS production and cell signaling assessed. RESULTS The results demonstrated MV endocytosis led to increased ROS production in recipient VSMC with no increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), indicating the ROS was not from the mitochondria. The use of inhibitors demonstrated that endocytosis of these MV by VSMC led to a signaling cascade in the cytoplasm beginning with ERK1/2 signaling, then increased [Ca2+]i and stimulation of ROS production, mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX)1/4. Media-derived MV did not induce this cascade, indicating endocytosis itself was not a factor. Furthermore, inhibition of either ERK1/2 activation or [Ca2+]i reduced vascular calcification. CONCLUSION We conclude that endocytosis of pro-mineralizing MV can induce a series of signaling events in normal VSMC that culminate in generation of ROS via activation of NOX1/4. Understanding these pathways will allow the development of future targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kalisha D O'Neill
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James M Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roduebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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14
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Chen F, Han J, Wang D. Identification of key microRNAs and the underlying molecular mechanism in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11454. [PMID: 34123589 PMCID: PMC8164840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCII) is a pathological process with severe complications such as paraplegia and paralysis. Aberrant miRNA expression is involved in the development of SCII. Differences in the experimenters, filtering conditions, control selection, and sequencing platform may lead to different miRNA expression results. This study systematically analyzes the available SCII miRNA expression data to explore the key differently expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and the underlying molecular mechanism in SCII. A systematic bioinformatics analysis was performed on 23 representative rat SCII miRNA datasets from PubMed. The target genes of key DEmiRNAs were predicted on miRDB. The DAVID and TFactS databases were utilized for functional enrichment and transcription factor binding analyses. In this study, 19 key DEmiRNAs involved in SCII were identified, 9 of which were upregulated (miR-144-3p, miR-3568, miR-204, miR-30c, miR-34c-3p, miR-155-3p, miR-200b, miR-463, and miR-760-5p) and 10 downregulated (miR-28-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-702-3p, miR-291a-3p, miR-199a-3p, miR-352, miR-743b-3p, miR-125b-2-3p, miR-129-1-3p, and miR-136). KEGG enrichment analysis on the target genes of the upregulated DEmiRNAs revealed that the involved pathways were mainly the cGMP-PKG and cAMP signaling pathways. KEGG enrichment analysis on the target genes of the downregulated DEmiRNAs revealed that the involved pathways were mainly the Chemokine and MAPK signaling pathways. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the target genes of the upregulated DEmiRNAs were markedly enriched in biological processes such as brain development and the positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. Target genes of the downregulated DEmiRNAs were mainly enriched in biological processes such as intracellular signal transduction and negative regulation of cell proliferation. According to the transcription factor analysis, the four transcription factors, including SP1, GLI1, GLI2, and FOXO3, had important regulatory effects on the target genes of the key DEmiRNAs. Among the upregulated DEmiRNAs, miR-3568 was especially interesting. While SCII causes severe neurological deficits of lower extremities, the anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) of miR-3568 improve neurological function. Cleaved caspase-3 and Bax was markedly upregulated in SCII comparing to the sham group, and miR-3568 AMO reduced the upregulation. Bcl-2 expression levels showed a opposite trend as cleaved caspase-3. The expression of GATA6, GATA4, and RBPJ decreased after SCII and miR-3568 AMO attenuated this upregulation. In conclusion, 19 significant DEmiRNAs in the pathogenesis of SCII were identified, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were validated. The DEmiRNAs could serve as potential intervention targets for SCII. Moreover, inhibition of miR-3568 preserved hind limb function after SCII by reducing apoptosis, possibly through regulating GATA6, GATA4, and RBPJ in SCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China
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15
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Patel K, Chandrasegaran S, Clark IM, Proctor CJ, Young DA, Shanley DP. TimiRGeN: R/Bioconductor package for time series microRNA-mRNA integration and analysis. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:3604-3609. [PMID: 33993215 PMCID: PMC8545325 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The analysis of longitudinal datasets and construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide a valuable means to disentangle the complexity of microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA interactions. However, there are no computational tools that can integrate, conduct functional analysis and generate detailed networks from longitudinal miRNA–mRNA datasets. Results We present TimiRGeN, an R package that uses time point-based differential expression results to identify miRNA–mRNA interactions influencing signaling pathways of interest. miRNA–mRNA interactions can be visualized in R or exported to PathVisio or Cytoscape. The output can be used for hypothesis generation and directing in vitro or further in silico work such as GRN construction. Availability and implementation TimiRGeN is available for download on Bioconductor (https://bioconductor.org/packages/TimiRGeN) and requires R v4.0.2 or newer and BiocManager v3.12 or newer. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Patel
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - S Chandrasegaran
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C J Proctor
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - D A Young
- Life Science Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, upon, UK Tyne, NE1 4EP
| | - D P Shanley
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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16
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Woodward HJ, Zhu D, Hadoke PWF, MacRae VE. Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4620. [PMID: 33924852 PMCID: PMC8125640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Woodward
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Victoria E. MacRae
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
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17
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Jiang W, Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen C, Yang H, Lin Q, Hu M, Qin X. The Cell Origin and Role of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:639740. [PMID: 33969008 PMCID: PMC8102685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.639740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the arterial wall, which results in vessel lumen stenosis and vascular remodeling. Studies increasingly show that arterial calcification is a cell mediated, reversible and active regulated process similar to physiological bone mineralization. The osteoblasts and chondrocytes-like cells are present in large numbers in the calcified lesions, and express osteogenic transcription factor and bone matrix proteins that are known to initiate and promote arterial calcification. In addition, osteoclast-like cells have also been detected in calcified arterial walls wherein they possibly inhibit vascular calcification, similar to the catabolic process of bone mineral resorption. Therefore, tilting the balance between osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells to the latter maybe a promising therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. In this review, we have summarized the current findings on the origin and functions of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in the development and progression of vascular progression, and explored novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanman Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaodong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanzhen Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuning Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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18
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Yoshiko Y, Minamizaki T. Emerging roles of microRNAs as extracellular vesicle cargo secreted from osteoblasts. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:228-234. [PMID: 32535286 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have come into the spotlight as messengers, delivering cargo for cell-cell communication. Concomitantly, increasing attention has been focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) as EV cargo. Besides their well-known role in extracellular matrix mineralization, whether matrix vesicles (MVs) - which are in a broad sense a class of EV - also deliver miRNAs to regulate the function of recipient cells remains unclear. HIGHLIGHT We recently found that MVs budding from osteoblasts contain many miRNAs that can be transferred to the bone matrix. Of these, miR-125b was released into the bone marrow microenvironment during bone resorption, where it targeted the transcriptional repressor Prdm1 in osteoclast precursors, resulting in increased expression of anti-osteoclastogenic factors and suppression of osteoclastogenesis, thereby increasing bone mass in mice. CONCLUSION Beyond their well-established action in bone mineralization, MVs play a role in the transport of miRNAs from osteoblasts into the bone matrix. Similar to the miR-125b axis in osteoclastogenesis, it seems likely that other miRNAs that accumulate in bone via MV transport may also act as mediators of cell-cell communication in the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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19
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De Maré A, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. The Role of Sclerostin in Bone and Ectopic Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093199. [PMID: 32366042 PMCID: PMC7246472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a 22-kDa glycoprotein that is mainly secreted by the osteocytes, is a soluble inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling. Therefore, when present at increased concentrations, it leads to an increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Serum sclerostin levels are known to be increased in the elderly and in patients with chronic kidney disease. In these patient populations, there is a high incidence of ectopic cardiovascular calcification. These calcifications are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although data are still controversial, it is likely that there is a link between ectopic calcification and serum sclerostin levels. The main question, however, remains whether sclerostin exerts either a protective or deleterious role in the ectopic calcification process.
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20
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Li X, Wang X, Liu YS, Wang XD, Zhou J, Zhou H. Downregulation of miR-3568 Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats and Apoptosis in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes Through Targeting TRIM62. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32116696 PMCID: PMC7031202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA-3568 (miR-3568) has been reported to be associated with atherosclerosis. Only few data describe the expression and underlying mechanism of miR-3568 in regulating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury such as apoptosis. In this study, we therefore sought to investigate the potential function of miR-3568 in simulated I/R-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes and related signaling pathways involved. Flow cytometry was performed to examine the cell apoptosis. The expression of miR-3568, Survivin, Bcl-2, ERK, JNK, p38, AKT, and STAT3 was measured by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. The correlation between TRIM62 and p-STAT3 was measured by co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination. We found that miR-3568 expression in simulated I/R-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes was increased in a time-dependent manner. miR-3568 mimic transfection in H9C2 cardiomyocytes significantly enhanced cell apoptosis, decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and Survivin, and activated STAT3 signaling, which were reversed by miR-3568 inhibitor. The direct interaction between miR-3568 and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of TRIM62 mRNA was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. TRIM62 overexpression or AG490, a selective inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3 significantly, significantly inhibited I/R and miR-3568 mimic induced cell apoptosis and STAT3 activation. TRIM62 was found to interact with and induce ubiquitination of p-STAT3. The facilitating role of miR-3568 in I/R injury was also observed in our in vivo rat models. In conclusion, our study suggests that miR-3568 promotes simulated I/R-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes through targeting TRIM62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ji'AN Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Ji'ani, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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The Epigenetic Landscape of Vascular Calcification: An Integrative Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030980. [PMID: 32024140 PMCID: PMC7037112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an important complication among patients of advanced age, those with chronic kidney disease, and those with diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of VC encompasses passive occurrence of physico-chemical calcium deposition, active cellular secretion of osteoid matrix upon exposure to metabolically noxious stimuli, or a variable combination of both processes. Epigenetic alterations have been shown to participate in this complex environment, through mechanisms including DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications, and chromatin changes. Despite such importance, existing reviews fail to provide a comprehensive view of all relevant reports addressing epigenetic processes in VC, and cross-talk between different epigenetic machineries is rarely examined. We conducted a systematic review based on PUBMED and MEDLINE databases up to 30 September 2019, to identify clinical, translational, and experimental reports addressing epigenetic processes in VC; we retrieved 66 original studies, among which 60.6% looked into the pathogenic role of non-coding RNA, followed by DNA methylation (12.1%), histone modification (9.1%), and chromatin changes (4.5%). Nine (13.6%) reports examined the discrepancy of epigenetic signatures between subjects or tissues with and without VC, supporting their applicability as biomarkers. Assisted by bioinformatic analyses blending in each epigenetic component, we discovered prominent interactions between microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification regarding potential influences on VC risk.
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22
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Disthabanchong S, Srisuwarn P. Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:417-426. [PMID: 31831120 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in prevalence and severity of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease is a result of complex interactions between changes in the vascular bed, mineral metabolites, and other uremic factors. Vascular calcification can occur in the intima and the media of arterial wall. Under permissive conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can transform to osteoblast-like phenotype. The membrane-bound vesicles released from transformed VSMCs and the apoptotic bodies derived from dying VSMCs serve as nucleating structures for calcium crystal formation. Alterations in the quality and the quantity of endogenous calcification inhibitors also give rise to an environment that potentiates calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinee Disthabanchong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Praopilad Srisuwarn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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23
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Blaser MC, Aikawa E. Roles and Regulation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Mineral Metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:187. [PMID: 30622949 PMCID: PMC6308298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is a multifaceted disease that is a leading independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have identified a calcification-prone population of extracellular vesicles as the putative elementary units of vascular microcalcification in diseased heart valves and vessels. Their action is highly context-dependent; extracellular vesicles released by smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages may promote or inhibit mineralization, depending on the phenotype of their originating cells and/or the extracellular environment to which they are released. In particular, emerging roles for vesicular microRNAs, bioactive lipids, metabolites, and protein cargoes in driving this pro-calcific switch underpin the necessity of innovative strategies to employ next-generation sequencing and omics technologies in order to better understand the pathobiology of these nano-sized entities. Furthermore, a recent body of work has emerged that centers on the novel re-purposing of extracellular vesicles and exosomes as potential therapeutic avenues for cardiovascular calcification. This review aims to highlight the role of extracellular vesicles as constituents of cardiovascular calcification and summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the biophysical nature of vesicle accumulation, aggregation, and mineralization. We also comprehensively discuss the latest evidence that extracellular vesicles act as key mediators and regulators of cell/cell communication, osteoblastic/osteoclastic differentiation, and cell/matrix interactions in cardiovascular tissues. Lastly, we highlight the importance of robust vesicle isolation and characterization when studying these phenomena, and offer a brief primer on working with cardiovascular applications of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Bao N, Fang B, Lv H, Jiang Y, Chen F, Wang Z, Ma H. Upregulation of miR-199a-5p Protects Spinal Cord Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury via Downregulation of ECE1 in Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1293-1303. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Zhang C, Zhang K, Huang F, Feng W, Chen J, Zhang H, Wang J, Luo P, Huang H. Exosomes, the message transporters in vascular calcification. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4024-4033. [PMID: 29892998 PMCID: PMC6111818 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is caused by hydroxyapatite deposition in the intimal and medial layers of the vascular wall, leading to severe cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. VC occurrences involve complicated mechanism networks, such as matrix vesicles or exosomes production, osteogenic differentiation, reduced cell viability, aging and so on. However, with present therapeutic methods targeting at VC ineffectively, novel targets for VC treatment are demanded. Exosomes are proven to participate in VC and function as initializers for mineral deposition. Secreted exosomes loaded with microRNAs are also demonstrated to modulate VC procession in recipient vascular smooth muscle cells. In this review, we targeted at the roles of exosomes during VC, especially at their effects on transporting biological information among cells. Moreover, we will discuss the potential mechanisms of exosomes in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanji Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
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Iordachescu A, Hulley P, Grover LM. A novel method for the collection of nanoscopic vesicles from an organotypic culture model. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7622-7632. [PMID: 29568511 PMCID: PMC5819369 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanovesicles, exosomes and other membrane bound particles excreted by cells are currently gaining research attention since they have been shown to play a significant role in many biologically related processes. Vesicles are now thought to mediate cellular communication, transmission of some diseases and pathologically mediated calcification. Matrix vesicles have long been proposed to be central to the controlled mineralisation of bone. They remain relatively poorly studied, however, since they are challenging to extract from biological media. One difficulty is the presence of a mineral content in comparison to pure lipid vesicles, meaning that standard separation process such as ultracentrifugation are unable to precisely separate on the basis of size or weight. In this paper we report the separation of matrix vesicles from an organotypic bone culture system using a process of immunoprecipitation. Matrix vesicles were extracted using polymeric beads that were modified with an antibody for tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), a surface marker abundant in bone-derived vesicles. The vesicles isolated were positive for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the substrate for TNALP and were demonstrated to have a high-binding affinity to type I collagen, the principal collagen type found in bone. This protocol enables more detailed study of the process and regulation of mineralisation. Cellular nanovesicles have been shown to play a significant role in many biological processes. Organotypic bone culture systems are a source of physiologically-relevant mineralisation vesicles, which can be immuno-selected for investigation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iordachescu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Philippa Hulley
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Cui L, Houston DA, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. Characterisation of matrix vesicles in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation. Bone 2016; 87:147-58. [PMID: 27072517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of matrix vesicles (MVs) has been repeatedly highlighted in the formation of cartilage, bone, and dentin since their discovery in 1967. These nano-vesicular structures, which are found in the extracellular matrix, are believed to be one of the sites of mineral nucleation that occurs in the organic matrix of the skeletal tissues. In the more recent years, there have been numerous reports on the observation of MV-like particles in calcified vascular tissues that could be playing a similar role. Therefore, here, we review the characteristics MVs possess that enable them to participate in mineral deposition. Additionally, we outline the content of skeletal tissue- and soft tissue-derived MVs, and discuss their key mineralisation mediators that could be targeted for future therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - D A Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Krohn JB, Hutcheson JD, Martínez-Martínez E, Aikawa E. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification: expanding current paradigms. J Physiol 2016; 594:2895-903. [PMID: 26824781 PMCID: PMC4887674 DOI: 10.1113/jp271338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries. New evidence on the mechanisms of mineralization identified calcification-competent extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and macrophages as the mediators of calcification in diseased heart valves and atherosclerotic plaques. However, the regulation of EV release and the mechanisms of interaction between EVs and the extracellular matrix leading to the formation of destabilizing microcalcifications remain unclear. This review focuses on current limits in our understanding of EVs in cardiovascular disease and opens up new perspectives on calcific EV biogenesis, release and functions within and beyond vascular calcification. We propose that, unlike bone-derived matrix vesicles, a large population of EVs implicated in cardiovascular calcification are of exosomal origin. Moreover, the milieu-dependent loading of EVs with microRNA and calcification inhibitors fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein suggests a novel role for EVs in intercellular communication, adding a new mechanism to the pathogenesis of vascular mineralization. Similarly, the cell type-dependent enrichment of annexins 2, 5 or 6 in calcifying EVs posits one of several emerging factors implicated in the regulation of EV release and calcifying potential. This review aims to emphasize the role of EVs as essential mediators of calcification, a major determinant of cardiovascular mortality. Based on recent findings, we pinpoint potential targets for novel therapies to slow down the progression and promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona B Krohn
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
Vascular calcification can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The initiating factors and clinical consequences depend on the underlying disease state and location of the calcification. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is complex and involves a transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells to an osteo/chondrocytic cell that expresses RUNX2 and produces matrix vesicles. The imbalance of promoters (such as hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia) and inhibitors (e.g., fetuin-A) is critical in the development of vascular calcification. The altered mineral metabolism and deficiency in inhibitors are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is one reason why vascular calcification is so prevalent in that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Herencia C, Rodríguez-Ortiz ME, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Martinez-Moreno JM, Canalejo R, Montes de Oca A, Díaz-Tocados JM, Peralbo-Santaella E, Marín C, Canalejo A, Rodriguez M, Almaden Y. Angiotensin II prevents calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells by enhancing magnesium influx. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1129-44. [PMID: 26268950 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low magnesium levels are associated with VC, and recent in vitro studies confirm a protective role of magnesium, which is mediated by its entry into the VSMCs through the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channel. The role of Angiotensin II (Ang II) on VC is still unclear. As Ang II is able to stimulate TRPM7 activity, we hypothesize that it might prevent VC. Thus, the aim of this study was to dissect the direct effect of Ang II on VC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We worked with a model of high phosphate (HP)-induced calcification in human aortic smooth muscle cells, which resembles the CKD-related VC. RESULTS Addition of Ang II to cells growing in HP decreased calcification, which was associated with the upregulation of the osteogenic factors BMP2, Runx2/Cbfa1, Osterix and ALP. A reduction of magnesium entry into the HP-calcifying cells was found. The treatment with Ang II avoided this reduction, which was reversed by the cotreatment with the TRPM7-inhibitor 2-APB. The protective effect of Ang II was related to AT1R-induced ERK1/2 MAPKinase activation. HP-induced calcification was also associated with the upregulation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, while its downregulation was related to attenuation of calcification by Ang II. CONCLUSION As hypothesized, Ang II prevented phosphate-induced calcification in VSMCs, which appears mediated by the increase of magnesium influx and by the activation of the ERK1/2 and the inhibition of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Herencia
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Juan R Muñoz-Castañeda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Julio Manuel Martinez-Moreno
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Canalejo
- Department of Environmental Biology and Public Health, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Addy Montes de Oca
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Díaz-Tocados
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Esther Peralbo-Santaella
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Marín
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Canalejo
- Department of Environmental Biology and Public Health, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
- Nefrology Service, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Almaden
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
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