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Rashkov GD, Stefanov MA, Yotsova EK, Borisova PB, Dobrikova AG, Apostolova EL. Impact of Sodium Nitroprusside on the Photosynthetic Performance of Maize and Sorghum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:118. [PMID: 38202426 PMCID: PMC10781006 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in regulating plant growth, development and photosynthetic performance. This study investigates the impact of varying concentrations (0-300 µM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on the functions of the photosynthetic apparatus in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Albanus) and maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under physiological conditions. Analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence signals (using PAM and the JIP-test) revealed an increased amount of open PSII reaction centers (qP increased), but it did not affect the number of active reaction centers per PSII antenna chlorophyll (RC/ABS). In addition, the smaller SNP concentrations (up to 150 μM) alleviated the interaction of QA with plastoquine in maize, while at 300 μM it predominates the electron recombination on QAQB-, with the oxidized S2 (or S3) states of oxygen evolving in complex ways in both studied plant species. At the same time, SNP application stimulated the electron flux-reducing end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side per reaction center (REo/RC increased up to 26%) and the probability of their reduction (φRo increased up to 20%). An increase in MDA (by about 30%) and H2O2 contents was registered only at the highest SNP concentration (300 µM). At this concentration, SNP differentially affected the amount of P700+ in studied plant species, i.e., it increased (by 10%) in maize but decreased (by 16%) in sorghum. The effects of SNP on the functions of the photosynthetic apparatus were accompanied by an increase in carotenoid content in both studied plants. Additionally, data revealed that SNP-induced changes in the photosynthetic apparatus differed between maize and sorghum, suggesting species specificity for SNP's impact on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emilia L. Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.D.R.); (M.A.S.); (E.K.Y.); (P.B.B.); (A.G.D.)
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2
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Allagulova CR, Lubyanova AR, Avalbaev AM. Multiple Ways of Nitric Oxide Production in Plants and Its Functional Activity under Abiotic Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11637. [PMID: 37511393 PMCID: PMC10380521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous signaling molecule that plays an important role in plant ontogenesis and responses to different stresses. The most widespread abiotic stress factors limiting significantly plant growth and crop yield are drought, salinity, hypo-, hyperthermia, and an excess of heavy metal (HM) ions. Data on the accumulation of endogenous NO under stress factors and on the alleviation of their negative effects under exogenous NO treatments indicate the perspectives of its practical application to improve stress resistance and plant productivity. This requires fundamental knowledge of the NO metabolism and the mechanisms of its biological action in plants. NO generation occurs in plants by two main alternative mechanisms: oxidative or reductive, in spontaneous or enzymatic reactions. NO participates in plant development by controlling the processes of seed germination, vegetative growth, morphogenesis, flower transition, fruit ripening, and senescence. Under stressful conditions, NO contributes to antioxidant protection, osmotic adjustment, normalization of water balance, regulation of cellular ion homeostasis, maintenance of photosynthetic reactions, and growth processes of plants. NO can exert regulative action by inducing posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins changing the activity of different enzymes or transcriptional factors, modulating the expression of huge amounts of genes, including those related to stress tolerance. This review summarizes the current data concerning molecular mechanisms of NO production and its activity in plants during regulation of their life cycle and adaptation to drought, salinity, temperature stress, and HM ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulpan R Allagulova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics-Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | - Alsu R Lubyanova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics-Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | - Azamat M Avalbaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics-Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
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Khan M, Al Azzawi TNI, Ali S, Yun BW, Mun BG. Nitric Oxide, a Key Modulator in the Alleviation of Environmental Stress-Mediated Damage in Crop Plants: A Meta-Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112121. [PMID: 37299100 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diatomic, gaseous, free radicle, lipophilic, diffusible, and highly reactive molecule with unique properties that make it a crucial signaling molecule with important physiological, biochemical, and molecular implications for plants under normal and stressful conditions. NO regulates plant growth and developmental processes, such as seed germination, root growth, shoot development, and flowering. It is also a signaling molecule in various plant growth processes, such as cell elongation, differentiation, and proliferation. NO also regulates the expression of genes encoding hormones and signaling molecules associated with plant development. Abiotic stresses induce NO production in plants, which can regulate various biological processes, such as stomatal closure, antioxidant defense, ion homeostasis, and the induction of stress-responsive genes. Moreover, NO can activate plant defense response mechanisms, such as the production of pathogenesis-related proteins, phytohormones, and metabolites against biotic and oxidative stressors. NO can also directly inhibit pathogen growth by damaging their DNA and proteins. Overall, NO exhibits diverse regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and defense responses through complex molecular mechanisms that still require further studies. Understanding NO's role in plant biology is essential for developing strategies for improved plant growth and stress tolerance in agriculture and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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4
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Niu L, Tang Y, Zhu B, Huang Z, Wang D, Chen Q, Yu J. Nitric oxide promotes adventitious root formation in cucumber under cadmium stress through improving antioxidant system, regulating glycolysis pathway and polyamine homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126606. [PMID: 36968381 PMCID: PMC10033535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) as a potentially toxic heavy metal that not only pollutes the environment but also interferes with plant growth. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates plant growth and development as well as abiotic stress response. However, the mechanism underpinning NO-induced adventitious root development under Cd stress remains unclear. In this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus 'Xinchun No. 4') was used as the experimental material to investigate the effect of NO on the development of adventitious roots in cucumber under Cd stress. Our results revealed that, as compared to Cd stress, 10 μM SNP (a NO donor) could considerably increase the number and length of adventitious roots by 127.9% and 289.3%, respectively. Simultaneously, exogenous SNP significantly increased the level of endogenous NO in cucumber explants under Cd stress. Our results revealed that supplementation of Cd with SNP significantly increased endogenous NO content by 65.6% compared with Cd treatment at 48 h. Furthermore, our study indicated that SNP treatment could improve the antioxidant capacity of cucumber explants under Cd stress by up-regulating the gene expression level of antioxidant enzymes, as well as reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion ( O 2 · - ) to alleviate oxidative damage and membrane lipid peroxidation. Application of NO resulted in a decrease of the O 2 · - , MDA, and H2O2 level by 39.6%, 31.4% and 60.8% as compared to Cd-alone treatment, respectively. Besides that, SNP treatment significantly increased the expression level of related genes involved in glycolysis processes and polyamine homeostasis. However, application of NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxy -2-phenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethy limidazoline -1-oxyl -3-oxide (cPTIO) and the inhibitor tungstate significantly reversed the positive role of NO in promoting the adventitious root formation under Cd stress. These results suggest that exogenous NO can increase the level of endogenous NO, improve antioxidation ability, promote glycolysis pathway and polyamine homeostasis to enhance the occurrence of adventitious roots in cucumber under Cd stress. In summary, NO can effectively alleviate the damage of Cd stress and significantly promote the development of adventitious root of cucumber under Cd stress.
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Kolupaev YE, Yemets AI, Yastreb TO, Blume YB. The role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulation of redox homeostasis at extreme temperatures in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128439. [PMID: 36824204 PMCID: PMC9941552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, as important signaling molecules (gasotransmitters), are involved in many functions of plant organism, including adaptation to stress factors of various natures. As redox-active molecules, NO and H2S are involved in redox regulation of functional activity of many proteins. They are also involved in maintaining cell redox homeostasis due to their ability to interact directly and indirectly (functionally) with ROS, thiols, and other molecules. The review considers the involvement of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plant responses to low and high temperatures. Particular attention is paid to the role of gasotransmitters interaction with other signaling mediators (in particular, with Ca2+ ions and ROS) in the formation of adaptive responses to extreme temperatures. Pathways of stress-induced enhancement of NO and H2S synthesis in plants are considered. Mechanisms of the NO and H2S effect on the activity of some proteins of the signaling system, as well as on the state of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems during adaptation to stress temperatures, were analyzed. Possibilities of practical use of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide donors as inductors of plant adaptive responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy E. Kolupaev
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla I. Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana O. Yastreb
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B. Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Neda Bagheenayat, Barzin G, Jafarinia M, Pishkar L, Entezari M. The Use of the Jip-Test to Investigate the Role of Nitric Oxide in Alleviation Drought Damage to Photosystem II in Salvia officinalis L. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022150055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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7
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Xu Q, Wei Q, Kong Y, Zhu L, Tian W, Huang J, Pan L, Jin Q, Zhang J, Zhu C. Unearthing the Alleviatory Mechanisms of Brassinolide in Cold Stress in Rice. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060833. [PMID: 35743864 PMCID: PMC9225285 DOI: 10.3390/life12060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress inhibits rice germination and seedling growth. Brassinolide (BR) plays key roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms whereby BR helps alleviate cold stress in rice seedlings. BR application to the growth medium significantly increased seed germination and seedling growth of the early rice cultivar “Zhongzao 39” after three days of cold treatment. Specifically, BR significantly increased soluble protein and soluble sugar contents after three days of cold treatment. Moreover, BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase; thereby alleviating cold-induced damage and increasing glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio while concomitantly reducing H2O2 content. BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2, and downregulated that of OsWRKY45, overall alleviating cold stress symptoms. Thus, BR not only upregulated cellular osmotic content and the antioxidant enzyme system to maintain the physiological balance of reactive oxygen species under cold but, additionally, it regulated the expression of cold-response-related genes to alleviate cold stress symptoms. These results provide a theoretical basis for rice breeding for cold resistance using young seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qianqian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Yali Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Lianfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Wenhao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Lin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 230039, China
| | - Qianyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
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Zheng S, Su M, Wang L, Zhang T, Wang J, Xie H, Wu X, Haq SIU, Qiu QS. Small signaling molecules in plant response to cold stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153534. [PMID: 34601338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is one of the harsh environmental stresses that adversely affect plant growth and crop yields in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, plants have evolved mechanisms to overcome the impact of cold stress. Progress has been made in understanding how plants perceive and transduce low-temperature signals to tolerate cold stress. Small signaling molecules are crucial for cellular signal transduction by initiating the downstream signaling cascade that helps plants to respond to cold stress. These small signaling molecules include calcium, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, phosphatidic acid, and sphingolipids. The small signaling molecules are involved in many aspects of cellular and physiological functions, such as inducing gene expression and activating hormone signaling, resulting in upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant accumulation, malondialdehyde reduction, and photosynthesis improvement. We summarize our current understanding of the roles of the small signaling molecules in cold stress in plants, and highlight their crosstalk in cold signaling transduction. These discoveries help us understand how the plateau plants adapt to the severe alpine environment as well as to develop new crops tolerating cold stress in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Min Su
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tengguo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Xuexia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Syed Inzimam Ul Haq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide regulation of temperature acclimation: a molecular genetic perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5789-5794. [PMID: 33544147 PMCID: PMC8355752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Kaya C, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. The role of nitrate reductase in brassinosteroid-induced endogenous nitric oxide generation to improve cadmium stress tolerance of pepper plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110483. [PMID: 32247238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to assess if nitrate reductase (NR) participated in brassinosteroid (BR)-induced cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance primarily by accelerating the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. Prior to initiating Cd stress (CdS), the pepper plants were sprayed with 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) every other day for 10 days. Thereafter the seedlings were subjected to control or CdS (0.1 mM CdCl2) for four weeks. Cadmium stress decreased the plant growth related attributes, water relations as well as the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but enhanced proline content, leaf Cd2+ content, oxidative stress-related traits, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), and the activities of antioxidant defence system-related enzymes as well as NR activity and endogenous nitric oxide content. EBR reduced leaf Cd2+ content and oxidative stress-related parameters, enhanced plant growth, regulated water relations, and led to further increases in proline content, AsA-GSH cycle-related enzymes' activities, antioxidant defence system-related enzymes as well as NR activity and endogenous nitric oxide content. The EBR and the inhibitor of NR (tungstate) reversed the positive effects of EBR by reducing NO content, showing that NR could be a potential contributor of EBR-induced generation of NO which plays an effective role in tolerance to CdS in pepper plants by accelerating the AsA-GSH cycle and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Agriculture Faculty, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Kolupaev YE, Horielova EI, Yastreb TO, Ryabchun NI, Reznik AM. Nitrogen Oxide Donor Enhances Cold-Induced Changes in Antioxidant and Osmoprotective Systems of Cereals. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382002009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Kolupaev YE, Karpets YV, Beschasniy SP, Dmitriev AP. Gasotransmitters and Their Role in Adaptive Reactions of Plant Cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452719050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Fernández-Espinosa MG, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide molecular targets: reprogramming plant development upon stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4441-4460. [PMID: 31327004 PMCID: PMC6736187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that need to complete their life cycle by the integration of different abiotic and biotic environmental signals, tailoring developmental cues and defense concomitantly. Commonly, stress responses are detrimental to plant growth and, despite the fact that intensive efforts have been made to understand both plant development and defense separately, most of the molecular basis of this trade-off remains elusive. To cope with such a diverse range of processes, plants have developed several strategies including the precise balance of key plant growth and stress regulators [i.e. phytohormones, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gasotransmitter involved in redox homeostasis that regulates specific checkpoints to control the switch between development and stress, mainly by post-translational protein modifications comprising S-nitrosation of cysteine residues and metals, and nitration of tyrosine residues. In this review, we have sought to compile those known NO molecular targets able to balance the crossroads between plant development and stress, with special emphasis on the metabolism, perception, and signaling of the phytohormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid during abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Guadalupe Fernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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14
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He H, Oo TL, Huang W, He LF, Gu M. Nitric oxide acts as an antioxidant and inhibits programmed cell death induced by aluminum in the root tips of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sci Rep 2019; 9:9516. [PMID: 31267033 PMCID: PMC6606607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) causes programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Our previous studies have confirmed that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits Al-induced PCD in the root tips of peanut. However, the mechanism by which NO inhibits Al-induced PCD is unclear. Here the effects of NO on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), expression of alternative oxidase (AhAOX) and cytochrome oxidase (AhCOX) were investigated in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root tips treated with Al. The results showed that Al stress induced rapid accumulation of H2O2 and MDA and increased the ratio of SOD/APX. The up-regulation of AhAOX and AhCOX expressions was not enough to inhibit PCD occurrence. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) decreased the ratio of SOD/APX and eliminated excess H2O2 and MDA, thereby inhibiting Al-induced PCD in the root tips of peanut. The expression of AhAOX and AhCOX was significantly enhanced in Al-induced PCD treated with SNP. But cPTIO (a NO specific scavenger) supply had the opposite effect. Taken together, these results suggested that lipid peroxidation induced by higher levels of H2O2 was an important cause of Al-induced PCD. NO-mediated inhibition of Al-induced PCD was related to a significant elimination of H2O2 accumulation by decreasing the ratio of SOD/APX and up-regulating the expression of AhAOX and AhCOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyi He
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China.,Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, P.R. China
| | - Thet Lwin Oo
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China
| | - Long-Fei He
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China.
| | - Minghua Gu
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P.R. China
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15
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Costa-Broseta Á, Perea-Resa C, Castillo MC, Ruíz MF, Salinas J, León J. Nitric oxide deficiency decreases C-repeat binding factor-dependent and -independent induction of cold acclimation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3283-3296. [PMID: 30869795 PMCID: PMC6598078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant tolerance to freezing temperatures is governed by endogenous components and environmental factors. Exposure to low non-freezing temperatures is a key factor in the induction of freezing tolerance in the process called cold acclimation. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cold acclimation was explored in Arabidopsis using triple nia1nia2noa1-2 mutants that are impaired in the nitrate-dependent and nitrate-independent pathways of NO production, and are thus NO deficient. Here, we demonstrate that cold-induced NO accumulation is required to promote the full cold acclimation response through C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF)-dependent gene expression, as well as the CBF-independent expression of other cold-responsive genes such as Oxidation-Related Zinc Finger 2 (ZF/OZF2). NO deficiency also altered abscisic acid perception and signaling and the cold-induced production of anthocyanins, which are additional factors involved in cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Costa-Broseta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Perea-Resa
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Fernanda Ruíz
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Salinas
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
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16
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Huang S, Jiang S, Liang J, Chen M, Shi Y. Current knowledge of bermudagrass responses to abiotic stresses. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:215-226. [PMID: 31481830 PMCID: PMC6711739 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is a common turfgrass found in parks, landscapes, sports fields, and golf courses. It is also grown as a forage crop for animal production in many countries. Consequently, bermudagrass has significant ecological, environmental, and economic importance. Like many other food crops, bermudagrass production also faces challenges from various abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review we will focus on abiotic stresses and their impacts on turfgrass quality and yield. Among the abiotic stresses, drought, salinity and cold stress are known to be the most damaging stresses that can directly affect the production of turfgrass worldwide. In this review, we also discuss the impacts of nutrient supply, cadmium, waterlogging, shade and wear stresses on bermudagrass growth and development. Detailed discussions on abiotic stress effects on bermudagrass morphology, physiology, and gene expressions should benefit our current understanding on molecular mechanisms controlling bermudagrass tolerance against various abiotic stresses. We believe that the rapid development of transcriptomics and proteomics, as well as bermudagrass stable transformation technologies will promote the production of new bermudagrass cultivars with desirable tolerance against abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University,
483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642,
China
| | - Shaofeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University,
109 Huan Cheng North 2nd Road, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004,
China
| | - Junsong Liang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University,
1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000,
China
| | - Miao Chen
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University,
Haida Road #1, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088,
China
| | - Yancai Shi
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
85 Yanshan Town, Guilin, Guangxi, 541006,
China
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17
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Duarte AA, da-Silva CJ, Marques AR, Modolo LV, Lemos Filho JP. Does oxidative stress determine the thermal limits of the regeneration niche of Vriesea friburgensis and Alcantarea imperialis (Bromeliaceae) seedlings? J Therm Biol 2019; 80:150-157. [PMID: 30784479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The predicted environmental changes may be detrimental to initial seedling growth, particularly the expected increase in air temperature. We therefore investigated the thermal limits for growth and development of Vriesea friburgensis and Alcantarea imperialis seedlings in the context of oxidative stress. The optimal temperatures for the growth of V. friburgensis and A. imperialis were 25 and 25-30 °C, respectively. Extreme temperatures (15, 30, or 35 °C) induced oxidative stress in both species with significant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO). Under oxidative stress, the amount of chlorophyll decreased in both species, more prominently in V. friburgensis, while carotenoid levels dramatically increased in A. imperialis. Notably, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase increased in A. imperialis at extreme temperatures. Similar results were observed for V. friburgensis; however, the activity of CAT remained unaffected regardless of temperature. Seedlings of A. imperialis survived at a wider range of temperatures than V. friburgensis, which had greater than 40% mortality when growing at 30 °C. Overall, precise control of cellular H2O2 and NO levels takes place during the establishment of A. imperialis seedlings, allowing the species to cope with relatively high temperatures. The thermal limits of the fundamental niches of the species investigated, determined based on the ability of seedlings to cope with oxidative stress, were distinct from the realized niches of these species. The results suggest that recruitment success is dependent on the ability of seedlings to handle extreme temperature-triggered oxidative stress, which limits the regeneration niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Aparecido Duarte
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Jovelina da-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luzia Valentina Modolo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Pires Lemos Filho
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Shin H, Min K, Arora R. Exogenous salicylic acid improves freezing tolerance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Cryobiology 2017; 81:192-200. [PMID: 29061524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA)-treatment has been reported to improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, its effect on freezing tolerance has not been well investigated. We investigated the effect of exogenous SA on freezing tolerance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. We also explored if nitric oxide (NO) and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediation was involved in this response, since these are known as primary signaling molecules involved in many physiological processes. A micro-centrifuge tube-based system used to apply SA to petiolate spinach leaves (0.5 mM over 4-d) was effective, as evident by SA content of leaf tissues. SA-treatment did not hamper leaf growth (fresh and dry weight; equatorial and longitudinal length) and was also not significantly different from 25% Hoagland controls vis-à-vis growth. SA application significantly improved freezing tolerance as evidenced by reduced ion-leakage and alleviated oxidative stress (lower accumulation of O2·- and H2O2) following freeze-thaw stress treatments (-6.5, -7.5, and -8.5 °C). Improved freezing tolerance of SA-treated leaves was paralleled by increased proline and ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation. A 9-d cold acclimation (CA) treatment also improved leaf freezing tolerance (compared to non-acclimated control) and was accompanied by accumulation of SA and proline. Our results indicate that increased freezing tolerance may be associated with accumulation of compatible solutes (proline) and antioxidants (AsA). Notably, the beneficial effect of SA on freezing tolerance was abolished when either H2O2- or NO-scavenger (1 μM N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA or 100 μM hemoglobin, HB, respectively) was added to SA as pretreatment. Our data suggest that SA-induced freezing tolerance in spinach may be mediated by NO and H2O2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Shin
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Kyungwon Min
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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19
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An update on nitric oxide and its benign role in plant responses under metal stress. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:39-52. [PMID: 28456602 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pollution due to heavy metal(loid)s has become common menace across the globe. This is due to unprecedented frequent geological changes coupled with increasing anthropogenic activities, and population growth rate. Heavy metals (HMs) presence in the soil causes toxicity, and hampers plant growth and development. Plants being sessile are exposed to a variety of stress and/or a network of different kinds of stresses throughout their life cycle. To sense and transduce these stress signal, the signal reactive nitrogen species (RNS) particularly nitric oxide (NO) is an important secondary messenger next to only reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide, a redox active molecule, colourless simple gas, and being a free radical (NO) has the potential in regulating multiple biological signaling responses in a variety of plants. Nitric oxide can counteract HMs-induced ROS, either by direct scavenging or by stimulating antioxidants defense team; therefore, it is also known as secondary antioxidant. The imbalance or cross talk of/between NO and ROS concentration along with antioxidant system leads to nitrosative and oxidative stress, or combination of both i.e., nitro-oxidative stress. Endogenous synthesis of NO also takes place in plants in the presence of heavy metals. During HM stress the different organelles of plant cells can biosynthesize NO in parallel to the ROS, such as in mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and apoplasts. In view of the above, an effort has been made in the present review article to trace current knowledge and latest advances in chemical properties, biological roles, mechanism of NO action along with the physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that occur in plants under different metal stress. A brief focus is also carried on ROS properties, roles, and their production.
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20
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Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiles of the Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Gossypium. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:8740901. [PMID: 27660755 PMCID: PMC5021877 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8740901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a group of significant and ubiquitous enzymes plays a critical function in plant growth and development. Previously this gene family has been investigated in Arabidopsis and rice; it has not yet been characterized in cotton. In our study, it was the first time for us to perform a genome-wide analysis of SOD gene family in cotton. Our results showed that 10 genes of SOD gene family were identified in Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, including 6 Cu-Zn-SODs, 2 Fe-SODs, and 2 Mn-SODs. The chromosomal distribution analysis revealed that SOD genes are distributed across 7 chromosomes in Gossypium arboreum and 8 chromosomes in Gossypium raimondii. Segmental duplication is predominant duplication event and major contributor for expansion of SOD gene family. Gene structure and protein structure analysis showed that SOD genes have conserved exon/intron arrangement and motif composition. Microarray-based expression analysis revealed that SOD genes have important function in abiotic stress. Moreover, the tissue-specific expression profile reveals the functional divergence of SOD genes in different organs development of cotton. Taken together, this study has imparted new insights into the putative functions of SOD gene family in cotton. Findings of the present investigation could help in understanding the role of SOD gene family in various aspects of the life cycle of cotton.
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21
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Niu L, Liao W. Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Plant Development and Abiotic Responses: Crosstalk with Nitric Oxide and Calcium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:230. [PMID: 26973673 PMCID: PMC4777889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a reactive oxygen species, is widely generated in many biological systems. It has been considered as an important signaling molecule that mediates various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Normal metabolism in plant cells results in H2O2 generation, from a variety of sources. Also, it is now clear that nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca(2+)) function as signaling molecules in plants. Both H2O2 and NO are involved in plant development and abiotic responses. A wide range of evidences suggest that NO could be generated under similar stress conditions and with similar kinetics as H2O2. The interplay between H2O2 and NO has important functional implications to modulate transduction processes in plants. Moreover, close interaction also exists between H2O2 and Ca(2+) in response to development and abiotic stresses in plants. Cellular responses to H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling systems are complex. There is quite a bit of interaction between H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling in responses to several stimuli. This review aims to introduce these evidences in our understanding of the crosstalk among H2O2, NO, and Ca(2+) signaling which regulates plant growth and development, and other cellular and physiological responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weibiao Liao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
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22
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B. Seabra A, C. Oliveira H. How nitric oxide donors can protect plants in a changing environment: what we know so far and perspectives. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.4.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Fan J, Hu Z, Xie Y, Chan Z, Chen K, Amombo E, Chen L, Fu J. Alleviation of cold damage to photosystem II and metabolisms by melatonin in Bermudagrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:925. [PMID: 26579171 PMCID: PMC4630300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a typical warm-season grass, Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L).Pers.] is widely applied in turf systems and animal husbandry. However, cold temperature is a key factor limiting resource utilization for Bermudagrass. Therefore, it is relevant to study the mechanisms by which Burmudagrass responds to cold. Melatonin is a crucial animal and plant hormone that is responsible for plant abiotic stress responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of melatonin in cold stress response of Bermudagrass. Wild Bermudagrass pre-treated with 100 μM melatonin was subjected to different cold stress treatments (-5°C for 8 h with or without cold acclimation). The results showed lower malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) values, higher levels of chlorophyll, and greater superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities after melatonin treatment than those in non-melatonin treatment under cold stress. Analysis of chlorophyll a revealed that the chlorophyll fluorescence transient (OJIP) curves were higher after treatment with melatonin than that of non-melatonin treated plants under cold stress. The values of photosynthetic fluorescence parameters increased after treatment with melatonin under cold stress. The analysis of metabolism showed alterations in 46 metabolites in cold-stressed plants after melatonin treatment. Among the measured metabolites, five sugars (arabinose, mannose, glucopyranose, maltose, and turanose) and one organic acid (propanoic acid) were significantly increased. However, valine and threonic acid contents were reduced in melatonin-treated plants. In summary, melatonin maintained cell membrane stability, increased antioxidant enzymes activities, improved the process of photosystem II, and induced alterations in Bermudagrass metabolism under cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Erick Amombo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Chen
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Jinmin Fu
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