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Anand-Ivell R, Heng K, Antonio L, Bartfai G, Casanueva FF, Maggi M, O'Neill TW, Punab M, Rastrelli G, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Tournoy J, Vanderschueren D, Wu FC, Huhtaniemi IT, Ivell R. Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) as an indicator of leydig cell insufficiency (LCI) in Middle-aged and older men with hypogonadism: reference range and threshold. Aging Male 2024; 27:2346322. [PMID: 38676285 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2024.2346322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a circulating biomarker for Leydig cell functional capacity in men, also indicating Leydig Cell Insufficiency (LCI) and potential primary hypogonadism. Using results from large cohort studies we explore sources of biological and technical variance, and establish a reference range for adult men. It is constitutively secreted with little within-individual variation and reflects testicular capacity to produce testosterone. The main INSL3 assays available indicate good concordance with low technical variance; there is no effect of ethnicity. INSL3 declines with age from 35 years at about 15% per decade. Like low calculated free testosterone, and to a lesser extent low total testosterone, reduced INSL3 is significantly associated with increasing age-related morbidity, including lower overall sexual function, reflecting LCI. Consequently, low INSL3 (≤0.4 ng/ml; ca. <2 SD from the population mean) might serve as an additional biochemical marker in the assessment of functional hypogonadism (late-onset hypogonadism, LOH) where testosterone is in the borderline low range. Excluding individuals with low LCI (INSL3 ≤ 0.4 ng/ml) leads to an age-independent (> 35 years) reference range (serum) for INSL3 in the eugonadal population of 0.4 - 2.3 ng/ml, with low INSL3 prospectively identifying individuals at risk of increased future morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee Heng
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Leen Antonio
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Leuven, KU, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gyorgy Bartfai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Albert Szent-Gyorgy Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS), CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology and Andrology Unit, "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Endocrinology and Andrology Unit, "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Jos Tournoy
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Leuven, KU, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Cw Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Sackett-Lundeen L, Hermida-Ayala RG, Geng YJ. Does Patient-Applied Testosterone Replacement Therapy Pose Risk for Blood Pressure Elevation? Circadian Medicine Perspectives. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4165-4184. [PMID: 35950658 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed medication package inserts, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports, and journal publications concerning the 10 nonbiosimilar patient-applied (PA) testosterone (T) replacement therapies (TRTs) for intraday serum T patterning and blood pressure (BP) effects. Blood T concentration is circadian rhythmic in young adult eugonadal males, being highest around awakening and lowest before bedtime. T level and 24 h variation are blunted in primary and secondary hypogonadism. Utilized as recommended, most PA-TRTs achieve nonphysiologic T 24 h patterning. Only Androderm® , an evening PA transdermal patch, closely replicates the normal T circadian rhythmicity. Accurate determination of risk for BP elevation and hypertension (HTN) by PA-TRTs is difficult due to limitations of office BP measurements (OBPM) and suboptimal methods and endpoints of ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). OBPM is subject to "White Coat" pressor effect resulting in unrepresentative BP values plus masked normotension and masked HTN, causing misclassification of approximately 45% of trial participants, both before and during treatment. Change in guideline-recommended diagnostic thresholds over time causes misclassification of an additional approximately 15% of participants. ABPM is improperly incorporated into TRT safety trials. It is done for 24 h rather than preferred 48 h; BP is oversampled during wakefulness, biasing derived 24 h mean values; 24 h mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) are inappropriate primary outcomes, because of not being best predictors of risk for major acute cardiovascular events (MACE); "daytime" and "nighttime" BP means referenced to clock time are reported rather than biologically relevant wake-time and sleep-time BP means; most importantly, asleep SBP mean and dipping, strongest predictors of MACE, are disregarded. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-20, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Smolensky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies (atlanTTic), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Linda Sackett-Lundeen
- American Association for Medical Chronobiology and Chronotherapeutics, Roseville, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ramon G Hermida-Ayala
- Circadian Ambulatory Technology & Diagnostics (CAT&D), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Benderradji H, Barbotin AL, Leroy-Billiard M, Prasivoravong J, Marcelli F, Decanter C, Robin G, Mitchell V, Rigot JM, Bongiovanni A, Sauve F, Buée L, Maurage CA, Cartigny M, Villers A, Prevot V, Catteau-Jonard S, Sergeant N, Giacobini P, Pigny P, Leroy C. Defining Reference Ranges for Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone on a Large Cohort of Normozoospermic Adult Men Highlights New Potential Physiological Functions of AMH on FSH Secretion and Sperm Motility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1878-1887. [PMID: 35396994 PMCID: PMC9202722 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies to date have attempted to measure serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in adult men, and solid references ranges have not yet been defined in a large cohort. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed, first, to establish the reference ranges for serum AMH and AMH-to-total testosterone ratio (AMH/tT) in adult males. Second, we investigated the relationship between serum AMH and both reproductive hormones and semen parameters. METHODS This single-center retrospective study included 578 normozoospermic adult men. Serum AMH concentrations were determined with an automated sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS The median serum AMH was 43.5 pmol/L. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentile values for serum AMH and AMH/tT were 16.4 and 90.3 pmol/L and 0.45 and 3.43, respectively. AMH was positively correlated with inhibin B and sperm concentration and negatively correlated with age, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progressive sperm motility. Interestingly, using immunofluorescence, we documented for the first time that AMH type II receptor (AMH-R2) is expressed in ejaculated human spermatozoa and gonadotrophic cells in the postmortem pituitary gland. CONCLUSIONS We establish a new age-specific reference range for serum AMH and AMH/tT. Moreover, AMH-R2 expression in human spermatozoa and gonadotrophic cells, together with the relationship between serum AMH levels and sperm motility or mean FSH levels, highlight new potential functions of AMH in regulating sperm motility or FSH secretion in adult men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Benderradji
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Laure Barbotin
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Reproductive Biology-Spermiology-CECOS, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maryse Leroy-Billiard
- Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Prasivoravong
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Marcelli
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Decanter
- Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Geoffroy Robin
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Mitchell
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Reproductive Biology-Spermiology-CECOS, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rigot
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, BioImaging Center Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florent Sauve
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Lille, France
| | - Maryse Cartigny
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, DevGen, Reference Centre for Genital Development Abnormalities, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Catteau-Jonard
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (UMR-S1172), CHU Lille, Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Pigny
- Department of Biochemistry & Hormonology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Inserm,UMR-S 1277,Lille, France
| | - Clara Leroy
- Department of Andrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, DevGen, Reference Centre for Genital Development Abnormalities, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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Ivell R, Alhujaili W, Kohsaka T, Anand-Ivell R. Physiology and evolution of the INSL3/RXFP2 hormone/receptor system in higher vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113583. [PMID: 32800774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the insulin-like peptide hormone INSL3 and its cognate receptor RXFP2 (relaxin-family peptide receptor 2) have existed throughout chordate evolution, their physiological diversification appears to be linked closely with mammalian emergence and radiation. In contrast, they have been lost in birds and reptiles. Both hormone and receptor are expressed from autosomal genes which have maintained their synteny across vertebrate evolution. Whereas the INSL3 gene comprises only two exons closely linked to the JAK3 gene, RXFP2 is normally encoded by 18 exons. Both genes, however, are subject to alternative splicing to yield a variety of possibly inactive or antagonistic molecules. In mammals, the INSL3-RXFP2 dyad has maintained a probably primitive association with gametogenesis, seen also in fish, whereby INSL3 promotes the survival, growth and differentiation of male germ cells in the testis and follicle development in the ovary. In addition, however, the INSL3/RXFP2 system has adopted a typical 'neohormone' profile, essential for the promotion of internal fertilisation and viviparity; fetal INSL3 is essential for the first phase of testicular descent into a scrotum, and also appears to be associated with male phenotype, in particular horn and skeletal growth. Circulating INSL3 is produced exclusively by the mature testicular Leydig cells in male mammals and acts as a potent biomarker for testis development during fetal and pubertal development as well as in ageing. As such it can be used also to monitor seasonally breeding animals as well as to investigate environmental or lifestyle conditions affecting development. Nevertheless, most information about INSL3 and RXFP2 comes from a very limited selection of species; it will be especially useful to gain further information from a more diverse range of animals, especially those whose evolution has led them to express unusual reproductive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK.
| | - Waleed Alhujaili
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK
| | - Tetsuya Kohsaka
- Dept. of Applied Life Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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Yang Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y. Thifluzamide induces the toxic effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) via inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115031. [PMID: 32806454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thifluzamide is widely used in treatment of rice diseases and has potential toxicity on aquatic organism. Although previous studies have focused on the toxic effect of thifluzamide in zebrafish, no consistent conclusions have been reached. To help to elucidate the toxic mechanism, qualities of liver and mitochondria were evaluated. The global changes in the transcriptome of zebrafish after exposure to thifluzamide were measured. Based on this, the expression and activities of chitinase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were further assayed. And the targeted site of thifluzamide in zebrafish was confirmed by dock study and co-exposure study. Here we report that developmental inhibition was observed along with presence of liver and mitochondrial damage. The expression of SDHa-d and genes related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replicate and mitochondrial complexes were significantly altered. And, as the top differentially expressed genes, the expression of chia.1-6 did show apparent changes, but differences of chitinase activity between exposure groups and the controls did not reach significance. In line with that, dock study showed that the binding potentials of thifluzamide toward zebrafish chitinase and SDH exhibited in the following order: SDH> chitinase. And sdhb-sdhc-sdhd (Qp site) showed the highest binding activity toward thifluzamide. The joint exposure (thifluzamide + Q10) significantly improved the survival of zebrafish compared with single thifluzamide exposure. These results indicate that SDH, especially Qp-site, may be the target of thifluzamide in zebrafish and inhibition of SDH activity may be at least in partial responsible for the toxicity of thifluzamide in zebrafish. In addition, the antagonistic effect of Q10 on thifluzamide toxicity in zebrafish suggests that Q10 may be a useful adjunct to detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Albrethsen J, Johannsen TH, Jørgensen N, Frederiksen H, Sennels HP, Jørgensen HL, Fahrenkrug J, Petersen JH, Linneberg A, Nordkap L, Bang AK, Andersson AM, Juul A. Evaluation of Serum Insulin-like Factor 3 Quantification by LC-MS/MS as a Biomarker of Leydig Cell Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5811414. [PMID: 32211773 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a marker for Leydig cell function and the clinical use of serum INSL3 measurements has been suggested by several groups. AIM (1) To establish a reference range for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of serum INSL3 in healthy boys and men; and (2) to compare the associations of serum INSL3 and testosterone (T) to pubertal stage, lifestyle factors, diurnal variation, body composition, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation. RESULTS In a reference range based on LC-MS/MS analysis of serum from 1073 boys and men, INSL3 increased from levels close to the detection limit (0.03 µg/L) in prepubertal boys to a maximum mean level of 1.3 µg/L (95% CI, 0.9-2.7) in young men (19-40 years of age) and decreased slightly in older men (0.1 µg/L per decade). Serum T, but not INSL3, was associated with body mass index or body fat percentage and with alcohol consumption. Smoking was positively associated with serum T, but negatively associated with INSL3. There were significant diurnal variations in both INSL3 and T in men (P < 0.001), but serum INSL3 varied substantially less, compared with serum T (± 11% vs ± 26%). Mean serum INSL3 increased after hCG stimulation, but less than T (+ 17% vs + 53%). In both healthy men and in patients suspected of testicular failure, baseline serum INSL3 was more closely associated to the hCG-induced increase in serum T than baseline T itself. CONCLUSION Measurement of serum INSL3 by LC-MS/MS has promise as a marker of testicular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Albrethsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Holm Johannsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette P Sennels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Loevendahl Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loa Nordkap
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Kirstine Bang
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Anand-Ivell R, Byrne CJ, Arnecke J, Fair S, Lonergan P, Kenny DA, Ivell R. Prepubertal nutrition alters Leydig cell functional capacity and timing of puberty. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225465. [PMID: 31751436 PMCID: PMC6872131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leydig cell functional capacity reflects the numbers and differentiation status of the steroidogenic Leydig cells in the testes and becomes more or less fixed in early adulthood with the final establishment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis after puberty. Factors influencing Leydig cell functional capacity and its role in puberty are poorly understood. Using a bovine model of dairy bulls fed four different nutritional regimes from 1 month to 12 months, and applying circulating Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) as an accurate biomarker of Leydig cell functional capacity, showed that a high plane of nutrition in the first 6 months of life, but not later, significantly increased INSL3 in young adulthood. Moreover, INSL3 concentration at 4 months indicated a marked differential in early feeding regime and correlated well (negatively) with the timing of puberty, as reflected by the age in days for the first production of an ejaculate with >50 million sperm and >10% forward motility, as well as with testis size at 18 months. Reversing the diet at 6 months was unable to rectify the trend in either parameter, unlike for other parameters such as testosterone, body weight, and scrotal circumference. This study has shown that early prepubertal nutrition is a key factor in the development of Leydig cell functional capacity in early adulthood and appears to be a key driver in the dynamic progression of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Anand-Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Colin J. Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonas Arnecke
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Fair
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Yates AP, Jopling HM, Burgoyne NJ, Hayden K, Chaloner CM, Tetlow L. Paediatric reference intervals for plasma anti-Müllerian hormone: comparison of data from the Roche Elecsys assay and the Beckman Coulter Access assay using the same cohort of samples. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:536-547. [PMID: 30889973 PMCID: PMC6688133 DOI: 10.1177/0004563219830733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Autoanalyser methods for the measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone have been
introduced into clinical laboratories but few reports of paediatric
reference intervals using these new assays have been published. Methods After prior evaluation of the Roche Elecsys anti-Müllerian hormone assay
against the Beckman Coulter modified second generation anti-Müllerian
Hormone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using samples from adult females,
a cohort of paediatric samples which had previously been assessed using the
Beckman Coulter Access anti-Müllerian hormone assay was analysed using the
Roche Elecsys anti-Müllerian hormone assay. Results The Roche Elecsys anti-Müllerian hormone assay measured significantly lower
than the Beckman Coulter modified second generation anti-Müllerian Hormone
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the paediatric cohort measured with
the Roche Elecsys assay, male levels are very high from birth to puberty
after which they fall towards postpubertal female levels. Male results were
similar to those previously obtained using the Beckman Coulter Access
anti-Müllerian hormone assay on the same cohort. Roche Elecsys
anti-Müllerian hormone in the females was very low in the neonatal and
prepubertal years and the postpubertal trend, with a steady rise from 15
years, was smoother than previously modelled using the Beckman Coulter
Access anti-Müllerian hormone assay. Conclusion Anti-Müllerian hormone levels measured with the Roche Elecsys assay were
significantly lower than the Beckman Coulter modified second generation
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suggesting the need for new reference
ranges. In the paediatric cohort, Roche Elecsys anti-Müllerian hormone
levels between boys and girls showed good prepubertal delineation and small
but statistically significant differences to previously measured levels
using the Beckman Coulter Access anti-Müllerian hormone assay on the same
sample cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Yates
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen M Jopling
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Katharine Hayden
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Chaloner
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Lesley Tetlow
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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9
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Steggink LC, van Beek AP, Boer H, Meijer C, Lubberts S, Oosting SF, de Jong IJ, van Ginkel RJ, Lefrandt JD, Gietema JA, Nuver J. Insulin-like factor 3, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in testicular cancer patients: effects of β-hCG and cancer treatment. Andrology 2019; 7:441-448. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Steggink
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - A. P. van Beek
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - H. Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - C. Meijer
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - S. Lubberts
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - S. F. Oosting
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - I. J. de Jong
- Department of Urology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - R. J. van Ginkel
- Division of Surgical Oncology; Department of Surgery; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. D. Lefrandt
- Division of Vascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Nuver
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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11
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Bauman WA, La Fountaine MF, Cirnigliaro CM, Kirshblum SC, Spungen AM. Administration of increasing doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in men with spinal cord injury to investigate dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:247-258. [PMID: 29142294 PMCID: PMC5839914 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-017-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective. OBJECTIVES To determine the optimum gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) dose to identify dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING Metropolitan Area Hospitals, New York and New Jersey, USA. METHODS SCI men (16 hypogonadal (HG = serum testosterone <12.1 nmol/l) and 14 eugonadal (EG)) and able-bodied (AB) men (27 HG and 11 EG) were studied. GnRH (10, 50, and 100 μg) was randomly administered intravenously on three separate visits. Blood samples were collected post-GnRH for serum-luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH). RESULTS HG and EG men had a similar proportion of clinically acceptable gonadotropin responses to all three GnRH doses. The incremental gonadotropin responses to GnRH were not significantly different across the groups. However, in the SCI-HG group, GnRH of 100 μg resulted in the greatest integrated FSH response, and in the SCI-EG group, GnRH of 50 μg resulted in the greatest integrated LH response compared with the AB groups. A consistent, but not significant, absolute increase in gonadotropin release was observed in the SCI groups at all GnRH doses. CONCLUSIONS Lower doses of GnRH did not improve the ability to identify the clinical dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, the absolutely higher SCI-HG FSH response to GnRH of 100 μg and a higher SCI-EG LH response to GnRH of 50 μg, along with a higher gonadotropin release at all GnRH doses, albeit not significant, suggests a hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in persons with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Bauman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National, Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael F La Fountaine
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National, Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher M Cirnigliaro
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National, Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Steven C Kirshblum
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ann M Spungen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National, Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Morgan K, Ruffman T, Bilkey DK, McLennan IS. Circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) associates with the maturity of boys' drawings: Does AMH slow cognitive development in males? Endocrine 2017; 57:528-534. [PMID: 28593614 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High levels of circulating anti-Müllerian hormone are unique to developing males, but the function of anti-Müllerian hormone in boys is unknown. In mice, anti-Müllerian hormone contributes to the male biases in the brain, but its receptors are present throughout non-sexually dimorphic portions of the brain. In humans, the speed of maturation is the most overt difference between girls and boys. We postulate that this is because anti-Müllerian hormone slows the maturation of the male human brain. METHODS One hundred and fourty three 5-year or 6-year-old boys and 38 age-matched girls drew a person and donated a blood sample. The children's drawings were blind-scored to generate a maturity index. The level of anti-Müllerian hormone and the other Sertoli cell hormone, inhibin B, were measured by ELISA. The relationship between the children's age, hormones and maturity index were examined by linear regression analysis. RESULTS The girls drew more complex and realistic person than the boys (32%, p = 0.001), with their drawings also being larger (39%, p = 0.037) and more coloured-in (235%, p = 0.0005). The maturity index in boys correlated with age (+r = 0.43, p < 0.0005) and anti-Müllerian hormone level (-r = -0.29, p < 0.0005). The association between maturity index and anti-Müllerian hormone level persisted when corrected for age and for inhibin B (r = -0.24, p = 0.0005). The calculated effect of the median level of anti-Müllerian hormone (1 nM) was equal to 0.81 months of development. The size and colouring of the drawings did not correlate with the boys' age, anti-Müllerian hormone or inhibin B. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study provides the first indicative evidence that circulating anti-Müllerian hormone may influence the development of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Morgan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ted Ruffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - David K Bilkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian S McLennan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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13
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Bauman WA, La Fountaine MF, Cirnigliaro CM, Kirshblum SC, Spungen AM. Testicular responses to hCG stimulation at varying doses in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2017; 55:659-663. [PMID: 28220820 PMCID: PMC5501758 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective. OBJECTIVES To test whether provocative stimulation of the testes identifies men with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), a population in which serum testosterone concentrations are often depressed, possibly due to gonadal dysfunction. To accomplish this objective, conventional and lower than the conventional doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were administered. METHODS Thirty men with chronic SCI (duration of injury >1 year; 18 and 65 years old; 16 eugonadal (>12.1 nmol l-1) and 14 hypogonadal (⩽12.1 nmol l-1)) or able-bodied (AB) men (11 eugonadal and 27 hypogonadal) were recruited for the study. Stimulation tests were performed to quantify testicular responses to the intramuscular administration of hCG at three dose concentrations (ithat is, 400, 2000 and 4000 IU). The hCG was administered on two consecutive days, and blood was collected for serum testosterone in the early morning prior to each of the two injections; subjects returned on day 3 for a final blood sample collection. RESULTS The average gonadal response in the SCI and AB groups to each dose of hCG was not significantly different in the hypogonadal or eugonadal subjects, with the mean serum testosterone concentrations in all groups demonstrating an adequate response. CONCLUSIONS This work confirmed the absence of primary testicular dysfunction without additional benefit demonstrated of provocative stimulation of the testes with lower than conventional doses of hCG. Our findings support prior work that suggested a secondary testicular dysfunction that occurs in a majority of those with SCI and depressed serum testosterone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Bauman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F. La Fountaine
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ
| | - Christopher M. Cirnigliaro
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Steven C. Kirshblum
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, NJ
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ann M. Spungen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Chong YH, Pankhurst MW, McLennan IS. The Testicular Hormones AMH, InhB, INSL3, and Testosterone Can Be Independently Deficient in Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:548-553. [PMID: 27470300 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late-onset hypogonadism is symptomatically diverse and not fully explained by circulating testosterone level. The adult testes secrete four distinct hormones (testosterone, AMH, INSL3, and InhB) into the circulation. Testosterone and InhB have proven dynamic regulation, with limited information available for AMH and INSL3. During aging, there is cellular senescence, which may underlie the diversity of hypogonadism. This leads to the postulate that the relative levels (profile) of the four testicular hormones in older men are variable and cannot be evaluated by the measurement of one hormone. Methods 111 men aged 19-50 years and 98 men aged 70-90 years were examined. The circulating levels of the testicular hormones were measured using ELISAs, and the variation in the levels of hormones was analyzed by various correlative analyses. Results All four hormones were largely or totally independent. Some men were deficient in multiple hormones, but no man had multiple elevated hormones. The average hormonal levels were lower in older men, with diverse profiles of the four testicular hormones. Hence, some men had one or more hormones below the reference range, with testosterone the most conserved. Consequently, testosterone levels were not indicative of the complete state of the endocrine testes. Conclusions The four hormones vary independently of each other, in younger and older men. This indicates that they are regulated dynamically rather than influenced by endocrine cell number. Older men exhibited diverse profiles of low levels of testicular hormones, suggesting that the testes age differently between men. Testosterone alone inadequately describes gonadal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Harng Chong
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Pankhurst
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian S McLennan
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Qayyum R, Akbar S. Serum anti-mullerian hormone and all-cause mortality in men. Endocrine 2016; 54:225-231. [PMID: 27503320 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have examined an association of anti-mullerian hormone to various risk factors for mortality, however, to the best of our knowledge, no study has reported a direct relationship between anti-mullerian hormone and all-cause mortality. Therefore, we examined the relationship between baseline anti-mullerian hormone levels and subsequent all-cause mortality in men during median follow-up of 9.4 (range = 0-13) years. We used the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999-2004 combined with National Death Index for vital status information through December 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were fit to estimate hazard ratios for all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for age, ethnic background, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, c-reactive protein, total cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and androstenedione. Of the 989 men, 30 % were older than 65 years, 51 % were Caucasians, 33 % had hypertension, 27 % were active smokers, and 11 % had diabetes. Mean serum anti-mullerian hormone level of the population was 7.2 (6.3) ng/mL. During the 8943 person-years of follow-up, 164 (17 %) men died. In unadjusted analysis, each unit increase in serum anti-mullerian hormone level was associated with a 13 % lower risk of death (HR = 0.87; 95 %CI = 0.83-0.92). In multivariable models, the inverse association between serum anti-mullerian hormone levels and mortality remained significant (HR = 0.94; 95 %CI = 0.90-0.98) and was independent of confounding variables. Similarly, individuals in the highest quartile had significantly lower risk of death as compared to individuals in the lowest quartile (unadjusted HR = 0.13, 95 %CI = 0.07-0.25; adjusted HR = 0.36, 95 %CI = 0.16-0.81). We found an independent and inverse association between serum anti-mullerian hormone levels and all-cause mortality in men. The mechanism underlying this association is unknown. Further studies are needed to validate our findings in men and to examine this association in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Qayyum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sana Akbar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
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Pankhurst MW, Chong YH, McLennan IS. Relative levels of the proprotein and cleavage-activated form of circulating human anti-Müllerian hormone are sexually dimorphic and variable during the life cycle. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/9/e12783. [PMID: 27147497 PMCID: PMC4873634 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a gonadal hormone, which induces aspects of the male phenotype, and influences ovarian follicular recruitment. AMH is synthesized as a proprotein (proAMH), which is incompletely cleaved to the receptor‐competent AMHN,C. AMH ELISAs have not distinguished between proAMH and AMHN,C; consequently, the physiological ranges of circulating proAMH and AMHN,C are unknown. A novel proAMH ELISA has been used to assay serum proAMH in humans. Total AMH was also measured, enabling the AMHN,C concentration to be calculated. Stored serum from 131 boys, 80 younger, and 106 older men were examined, with serum from 14 girls and 18 women included for comparison. The mean levels of proAMH and AMHN,C in pM were respectively: boys (253, 526), men (7.7, 36), elderly men (5.7, 19), girls (3.3, 15), and women (5.2, 27) (boys vs. men, P < 0.001; girls vs. women, P = 0.032). The proportion of proAMH as a percentage of total AMH (API) was approximately twofold higher in boys than men (P < 0.001) with little overlap between the ranges, with girls also exhibiting lesser cleavage of their AMH than women (P < 0.001). The API varied within each population group. In young men, the API did not correlate with circulating levels of the other testicular hormones (testosterone, InhB, and INSL3). In conclusion, the cleavage of circulating AMH varies extensively within the human population, with most individuals having significant levels of proAMH. The physiological and clinical relevance of circulating proAMH needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pankhurst
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yih Harng Chong
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian S McLennan
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hannan MA, Kawate N, Fukami Y, Weerakoon WWPN, Büllesbach EE, Inaba T, Tamada H. Effects of long-acting GnRH antagonist, degarelix acetate, on plasma insulin-like peptide 3, testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations, and scrotal circumference in male goats. Theriogenology 2016; 88:228-235. [PMID: 27793455 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that plasma insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) concentrations increased soon after endogenous and exogenous stimulations of LH in male goats and bulls. However, the effects of LH suppression on INSL3 secretion are unknown in domestic animals. Here, we examined the effects of a long-acting GnRH antagonist (degarelix acetate; 4 mg/kg) on the secretions of plasma INSL3 and testosterone in two phases, an immediate and a long-term phase in male goats (n = 6; aged, 13-16 months). During the immediate phase, blood was taken at 15-minute intervals for 8 hours on Days -5, 0, and 3. The GnRH antagonist was administered after 2-hour sampling of Day 0. Moreover, a daily blood sample was taken from Day 0 to Day 7, followed by twice a week until 9 weeks and finally at week 10. The scrotal circumference was recorded before treatment and continued biweekly until week 10. Concentrations of LH, INSL3, and testosterone in plasma were determined by EIA and the pulsatile nature of secretion analyzed using pulse XP software. The mean concentrations, pulse frequency (per hour), and pulse amplitude (peak-nadir) of plasma LH and testosterone reduced from pretreatment to posttreatment Day 0 and Day 3 (P < 0.05). A decline in mean concentrations, pulse frequency, and pulse amplitude of INSL3 was exhibited on posttreatment Day 3 compared with pretreatment (P < 0.01). During long-term sampling, a decline (P < 0.01) in plasma testosterone and INSL3 concentrations was observed 1 day after treatment and remained lower until 8.5 weeks after treatment, and thereafter returned to pretreatment levels. A reduction in scrotal circumference was recorded 4 weeks after treatment and remained lower until 10 weeks after treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the acute regulation of INSL3 by LH was confirmed by reduction of plasma INSL3 levels within 3 days after GnRH antagonist treatment in male goats. Although the onset of suppression of testosterone was more rapid than that of INSL3, the low levels persisted for 8.5 weeks for both hormones, and subsequently the concentrations returned to pretreatment levels. A significant reduction in testicular size was also observed. The quick, long-lasting, and transient suppression of testosterone and INSL3 after a single injection implies a potential application of this antagonist in reversible long-term chemical castration in male goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hannan
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Kawate
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Y Fukami
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - W W P N Weerakoon
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - E E Büllesbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - T Inaba
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Tamada
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Acute regulation of plasma insulin-like peptide 3 concentrations by luteinizing hormone in male goats. Theriogenology 2016; 86:749-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pankhurst MW, Leathart BLA, Batchelor NJ, McLennan IS. The Anti-Müllerian Hormone Precursor (proAMH) Is Not Converted to the Receptor-Competent Form (AMHN,C) in the Circulating Blood of Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1622-9. [PMID: 26828745 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a gonadal hormone that regulates aspects of male sexual differentiation and ovarian function. AMH is synthesized as the AMH proprotein precursor (proAMH), which is converted to a receptor-binding form (AMHN,C) by proteolytic cleavage. ProAMH appears to be the predominant species in the ovary, whereas AMHN,C is the prevalent form in circulation. The aim of this study was to determine whether cleavage of proAMH occurs before it is released from the gonad or while in circulation. The individual half-lives of the proAMH and AMHN,C were also determined, as this has important implications for understanding the mechanisms of AMH signaling. Recombinant human (rh)-proAMH or rh-AMHN,C was injected iv into mice. AMH levels were analyzed in a series of repeated blood samples using an assay that detects human, but not murine, AMH. The degree of cleavage of injected proAMH was assessed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The elimination half-life curves were biphasic. The fast-phase elimination was estimated at 6 and 11 minutes for rh-proAMH and rh-AMHN,C, respectively. The slow-phase half-life estimates were 2.4 and 3.8 hours for rh-proAMH and rh-AMHN,C, respectively. Immunoprecipitation of rh-proAMH 1 hour after injection determined that no detectable conversion of proAMH to AMHN,C was occurring in circulation. The data suggest that the ratio of proAMH to AMHN,C in the circulation is not altered after it is released from the gonads and that the levels of these 2 circulating forms are likely to reflect AMH activity in the gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pankhurst
- Department of Anatomy (M.W.P., B.-L.A.L., N.J.B., I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; and Brain Health Research Centre (I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Brandi-Lee A Leathart
- Department of Anatomy (M.W.P., B.-L.A.L., N.J.B., I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; and Brain Health Research Centre (I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nicola J Batchelor
- Department of Anatomy (M.W.P., B.-L.A.L., N.J.B., I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; and Brain Health Research Centre (I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian S McLennan
- Department of Anatomy (M.W.P., B.-L.A.L., N.J.B., I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; and Brain Health Research Centre (I.S.M.), University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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