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Chen S, Barnstable CJ, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao S, Tombran-Tink J. A PEDF peptide mimetic effectively relieves dry eye in a diabetic murine model by restoring corneal nerve, barrier, and lacrimal gland function. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:1-12. [PMID: 38103731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study investigated effectiveness of a novel PEDF peptide mimetic to alleviate dry eye-like pathologies in a Type I diabetic mouse model established using streptozotocin. METHODS Mice were treated topically for 3-6 weeks with Ppx (a 17-mer PEDF mimetic) 2x/day or vehicle. Corneal sensitivity, tear film, epithelial and endothelial injury were measured using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, phenol red cotton thread wetting, fluorescein sodium staining, and ZO1 expression, respectively. Inflammatory and parasympathetic nerve markers and activation of the MAPK/JNK pathways in the lacrimal glands were measured. RESULTS Diabetic mice exhibited features of dry eye including reduced corneal sensation and tear secretion and increased corneal epithelium injury, nerve degeneration, and edema. Ppx reversed these pathologies and restored ZO1 expression and morphological integrity of the endothelium. Upregulation of IL-1β and TNFα, increased activation of P-38, JNK, and ERK, and higher levels of M3ACHR in diabetic lacrimal glands were also reversed by the peptide treatment. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that topical application of a synthetic PEDF mimetic effectively alleviates diabetes-induced dry eye by restoring corneal sensitivity, tear secretion, and endothelial barrier and lacrimal gland function. These findings have significant implications for the potential treatment of dry eye using a cost-effective and reproducible approach with minimal invasiveness and no obvious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Colin James Barnstable
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA; Skyran Biologics Inc., Harrisburg, PA, USA, 17112
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Joyce Tombran-Tink
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA; Skyran Biologics Inc., Harrisburg, PA, USA, 17112.
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Wang Y, Liu X, Quan X, Qin X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Chao Z, Jia C, Qin H, Zhang H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor and its role in microvascular-related diseases. Biochimie 2022; 200:153-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Globally, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the foremost cause of end-stage renal disease. With the incidence of diabetes increasing day by day, DN's occurrence is expected to surge to pandemic proportions. Current available therapeutic interventions associated with DN emphasize blood pressure, glycemia and lipid control while ignoring DN's progression mechanism at a molecular level. This review sheds light on the molecular insights involved in DN to help understand the initiation and progression pattern. Further, we summarize novel strategies with reported applications in developing a nanomedicine-based platform for DN-targeted drug delivery to improve drug efficacy and safety.
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Wetzel MD, Stanley K, Maity S, Madesh M, Bopassa JC, Awad AS. Homoarginine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy independent of nitric oxide synthase-3. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14766. [PMID: 33713581 PMCID: PMC7955794 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we showed that homoarginine supplementation confers kidney protection in diabetic mouse models. In this study we tested whether the protective effect of homoarginine is nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3)-independent in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Experiments were conducted in NOS3 deficient (NOS3-/- ) mice and their wild type littermate using multiple low doses of vehicle or streptozotocin and treated with homoarginine via drinking water for 24 weeks. Homoarginine supplementation for 24 weeks in diabetic NOS3-/- mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, increased blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes and kidney fibrosis, kidney fibrotic markers, and kidney macrophage recruitment compared with vehicle-treated diabetic NOS3-/- mice. Furthermore, homoarginine supplementation restored kidney mitochondrial function following diabetes. Importantly, there were no significant changes in kidney NOS1 or NOS2 mRNA expression between all groups. In addition, homoarginine supplementation improved cardiac function and reduced cardiac fibrosis following diabetes. These data demonstrate that the protective effect of homoarginine is independent of NOS3, which will ultimately change our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which homoarginine induce renal and cardiac protection in DN. Homoarginine protective effect in DN could be mediated via improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Wetzel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Kristen Stanley
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Soumya Maity
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Jean C. Bopassa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Alaa S. Awad
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
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Wetzel MD, Gao T, Venkatachalam M, Morris SM, Awad AS. l-Homoarginine supplementation prevents diabetic kidney damage. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14235. [PMID: 31552707 PMCID: PMC6759505 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
l-homoarginine is an endogenous, non-proteinogenic amino acid that has emerged as a new player in health and disease. Specifically, low l-homoarginine levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and reduced kidney function. However, the role of l-homoarginine in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is not known. Experiments were conducted in 6-week-old Ins2Akita mice supplemented with l-homoarginine via drinking water or mini osmotic pump for 12 weeks. Both plasma and kidney l-homoarginine levels were significantly reduced in diabetic mice compared to nondiabetic controls. Untreated Ins2Akita mice showed significant increases in urinary albumin excretion, histological changes, glomerular macrophage recruitment, the inflammatory cytokine KC-GRO/CXCL1, and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) excretion as an indicator of oxidative stress, along with a significant reduction in kidney nitrate + nitrite levels compared to control mice at 18 weeks of age. In contrast, l-homoarginine supplementation for 12 weeks in Ins2Akita mice, via either drinking water or mini osmotic pump, significantly reduced albuminuria, renal histological changes, glomerular macrophage recruitment, KC-GRO/CXCL1 levels, urinary TBARS excretion, and largely restored kidney nitrate + nitrite levels. These data demonstrate that l-homoarginine supplementation attenuates specific features of DN in mice and could be a potential new therapeutic tool for treating diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Wetzel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvania
| | - Manjeri Venkatachalam
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Sidney M. Morris
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Alaa S. Awad
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvania
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Diabetic nephropathy: serum miR-9 confers a poor prognosis in and is associated with level changes of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1583-1590. [PMID: 28667418 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the serum level of miR-9 and the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and related molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Thirty-five healthy subjects and 140 DN patients were divided into five groups: control, DN I-II, DN III, DN IV and DN V. Serum level of miR-9 was measured by real-time qPCR. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) lipids, fasting glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c), creatinine, fibrinogen and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured. The results show that the levels of miR-9, PEDF and VEGF are increased with DN progression (P < 0.05). miR-9, VEGF and PEDF are independent risk factors of DN (R2 = 0.430). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that miR-9 level is positively related to the levels of VEGF, PEDF, cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HBA1c, creatinine, fibrinogen and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum miR-9 is a potential marker for conferring a poor prognosis in DN and associated with the levels of VEGF, PEDF and biochemical indices.
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Zhang T, Zhu Q, Shao Y, Wang K, Wu Y. Paeoniflorin prevents TLR2/4-mediated inflammation in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Biosci Trends 2017. [PMID: 28626209 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is an effective Chinese traditional medicine with anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying renoprotective mechanism of Paeoniflorin. In vivo, db/db mice were intraperitoneally injected with Paeoniflorin at a dose of 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg respectively. The immunostaining of TLR2, TLR4, CD68, NF-kB p65 and the mRNA level of inflammatory factors, together with the protein expression of TLR2/4 signaling were evaluated. Our data demonstrated that Paeoniflorin could decrease the urinary albumin excretion rate and inhibit macrophage infiltration and activation through blockage of the TLR2/4 signaling pathway compared with the db/db group in vivo. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were categorized into control, bovin serum albumin (BSA)-stimulated, advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-stimulated, Paeoniflorin intervention and oxidized phospholipid (OxPAPC)-inhibited groups. The cell viability, the optimal stimulated time and concentration were measured as well as the TLR2/4 signaling activation determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA. Our data demonstrated that Paeoniflorin reduced the AGEs-induced TLR2/4 activation and inflammatory responses, which was consistent with the TLR2/4 inhibitor group. These findings indicate that Paeoniflorin prevents macrophage activation via inhibition of TLR2/4 signaling expression in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei
| | - Qijin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei
| | - Yunxia Shao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei
| | - Yonggui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei
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Cai T, Wu XY, Zhang XQ, Shang HX, Zhang ZW, Liao L, Dong JJ. Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Diabetic Kidney Disease by Decreasing Bim and Inhibiting Apoptosis of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:249-255. [PMID: 28151018 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Calcium dobesilate is a vascular protective compound used for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic venous insufficiency. The aim of this study was to determine whether calcium dobesilate can protect PTECs from glucose-induced apoptosis and the potential mechanism of this effect. It is indicated that high glucose promoted abnormal apoptosis of HK2 cells, which was inhibited by treatment of calcium dobesilate, while Bim expression decreased in response to calcium dobesilate in high-glucose-treated HK2 cells. These findings confirmed the therapeutic effects of calcium dobesilate on DKD and emphasized the importance of it as a potentially crucial drug in treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tai'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Shang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Zhang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Jun Dong
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan, China
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Sylvetsky AC, Issa NT, Chandran A, Brown RJ, Alamri HJ, Aitcheson G, Walter M, Rother KI. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Declines in Response to an Oral Glucose Load and Is Correlated with Vitamin D and BMI but Not Diabetes Status in Children and Young Adults. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 87:301-306. [PMID: 28399539 PMCID: PMC5495608 DOI: 10.1159/000466692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is associated with obesity and diabetes complications in adults, yet little is known about PEDF in younger individuals. We investigated the relationship between PEDF and various metabolic biomarkers in young healthy volunteers (HV) and similar-aged patients with diabetes (type 1 and type 2). METHODS A fasting blood sample was collected in 48 HV, 11 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and 11 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) 12-25 years of age. In 9 healthy subjects, PEDF was also serially measured during a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS PEDF was positively correlated with BMI and systolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with vitamin D. Upon multivariable analysis, BMI and vitamin D were independent predictors of PEDF. Prior to adjustment, PEDF was highest in T2D patients (7,168.9 ± 4417.4 ng/mL) and lowest in individuals with T1D (2,967.7 ± 947.1 ng/mL) but did not differ by diagnosis when adjusted for BMI and vitamin D. Among volunteers who underwent an OGTT, PEDF declined by ∼20% in response to an oral glucose load. CONCLUSION PEDF was acutely regulated by a glucose load and was correlated with BMI but not with diabetes. The negative correlation with vitamin D, independent of BMI, raises the question whether PEDF plays a compensatory role in bone matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH,Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University,Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
| | - Najy T. Issa
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
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Rubin A, Salzberg AC, Imamura Y, Grivitishvilli A, Tombran-Tink J. Identification of novel targets of diabetic nephropathy and PEDF peptide treatment using RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:936. [PMID: 27855634 PMCID: PMC5114726 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of type1 and type 2 diabetes. Understanding how diabetes regulate transcriptome dynamics in DN is important for understanding the biology of the disease and for guiding development of new treatments. Results We analyzed the kidney transcriptome of a DN mouse model, D2.B6-Ins2Akita/MatbJ, before/after treatment with P78-PEDF. Age, weight, and gender-matched mice and wild-type (wt) littermates were treated at 6 weeks (early treatment) or 12 weeks (late treatment) of age for the duration of 6 weeks. Animals were implanted with an osmotic mini pump delivering 0.3 ug/g/day P78-PEDF or vehicle. Using RNA-seq, we identified14,316 transcripts (12,328 coding;1,988 non-coding) that were significant and reliably expressed (FPKM > =1) in diabetic kidneys. Expression of 1,129 (7.9%) including 901 coding genes was altered by diabetes with log2 fold changes (FC) between -86.2 and +86.0 (q < 0.05) compared to wt. Of these, 164 (14.5%) showed increased and 965 (85.5%) decreased expression with FC > 1.5. Coding genes with highest FC in diabetic kidneys include Nhej1 (32.04), Ept1 (8.6), Srd5a2 (-6.55), Aif1 (-6.05), and Angptl7 (-4.71). Early and late stage diabetic groups receiving continuous infusion of P78 showed altered expression of 316/14,316 (2.2%) transcripts, including 121 coding genes compared to non-treated diabetic controls. Of these, 183 were upregulated and 133 downregulated with FC +50.9–-93.3 (q < 0.05). P78 reversed diabetes-induced changes in 138/1129 (12.2%) transcripts, including 49/901 (5.44%) coding genes. Nhej1 (-37.94), Tceanc2 (5.76), Ept1 (-4.45), Ugt1a2 (3.03), and Tmsb15l (-3.0) showed the highest FC with treatment. The DNA repair gene, Nhej1 with the greatest FC in diabetic kidneys was completely restored to control levels by both early and late P78 treatments. Expression of other coding genes regulated by diabetes with FC > =(+/-) 1.5 and completely reversed by P78 include Mamdc4, Kdm4b, Tmem252, Selm, and Hpd. RT and QRT-PCR validated expression of gene with FC > (+/-)2.0. Transcriptome changes were also observed between early and late-stage treatments. Precursor non-coding miRNAs showed the highest fold changes in expression in the diabetic and P78 treatment groups. Several diabetic-induced changes were reversed in direction of expression by treatment including Gm24083, GM25953, miR1905, Gm25535, Gm27903, and miR196a1 with FC > =(+/-)20. From Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), mitochondrial dysfunction, Nrf-2- mediated oxidative stress and renal injury pathways emerged as key mechanisms in DN. DN-enriching genes in these pathways were reduced in number or regulated in the opposite direction by treatment. Conclusions Unique biomarkers and canonical pathways identified in this study may hold the key to understanding mechanisms of DN pathobiology with value for clinical translation. Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are principal events in DN and that P78-PEDF holds promise for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubin
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Functional Genome Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Functional Genome Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Anzor Grivitishvilli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Joyce Tombran-Tink
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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