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Caputo V, Negri I, Moudoud L, Libera M, Bonizzi L, Clementi M, Diotti RA. Anti-HIV Humoral Response Induced by Different Anti-Idiotype Antibody Formats: An In Silico and In Vivo Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5737. [PMID: 38891926 PMCID: PMC11171986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in vaccinology, there is currently no effective anti-HIV vaccine. One strategy under investigation is based on the identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies to include in vaccine preparation. Taking into account the benefits of anti-idiotype molecules and the diverse biological attributes of different antibody formats, our aim was to identify the most immunogenic antibody format. This format could serve as a foundational element for the development of an oligo-polyclonal anti-idiotype vaccine against HIV-1. For our investigation, we anchored our study on an established b12 anti-idiotype, referred to as P1, and proposed four distinct formats: two single chains and two minibodies, both in two different orientations. For a deeper characterization of these molecules, we used immunoinformatic tools and tested them on rabbits. Our studies have revealed that a particular minibody conformation, MbVHVL, emerges as the most promising candidate. It demonstrates a significant binding affinity with b12 and elicits a humoral anti-HIV-1 response in rabbits similar to the Fab format. This study marks the first instance where the minibody format has been shown to provoke a humoral response against a pathogen. Furthermore, this format presents biological advantages over the Fab format, including bivalency and being encoded by a monocistronic gene, making it better suited for the development of RNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caputo
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Negri
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Louiza Moudoud
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Libera
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ‘Vita-Salute’ San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Antonia Diotti
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Immunization with EmCRT-Induced Protective Immunity against Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in BALB/c Mice. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100279. [PMID: 36288020 PMCID: PMC9610995 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. The identification of the antigens eliciting acquired immunity during infection is important for vaccine development against Echinococcus infection. Here, we identified that E. multilocularis calreticulin (EmCRT), a ubiquitous protein with a Ca2+-binding ability, could be recognized by the sera of mice infected with E. multilocularis. The native EmCRT was expressed on the surface of E. multilocularis larvae as well as in the secreted products of metacestode vesicles and protoscoleces (PSCs). The coding DNA for EmCRT was cloned from the mRNA of the E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles and a recombinant EmCRT protein (rEmCRT) was expressed in E. coli. Mice immunized with soluble rEmCRT formulated with Freund’s adjuvant (FA) produced a 43.16% larval vesicle weight reduction against the challenge of E. multilocularis PSCs compared to those that received the PBS control associated with a high titer of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses as well as high levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10), produced by splenocytes. Our results suggest that EmCRT is an immunodominant protein secreted by E. multilocularis larvae and a vaccine candidate that induces partial protective immunity in vaccinated mice against Echinococcus infection.
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Grzelak S, Bień-Kalinowska J, Stachyra A. Trichinella britovi recombinant proteins produced in Pichia pastoris expression system for specific IgG antibody detection in the sera of mice and pigs infected with Trichinella spp. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108386. [PMID: 36179852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis, a disease caused by infection with Trichinella spp, poses an economic problem in the animal sector and a recurrent health problem for humans. Discovering the new diagnostic tests may be achieved by identification and production of species- and stage-specific recombinant proteins of Trichinella genus which are recognized by the host antibodies after infection. In this study the T. britovi proteins identified earlier in excretory-secretory (ES) products: CTRL, ES21 and HSP20, were cloned and produced using a eukaryotic Pichia pastoris system. Their immunodiagnostic properties were verified by measuring the abundance of specific IgG antibodies in sera from mice and pigs experimentally infected with T. britovi or T. spiralis. The rTbCTRL and the rTbES21 proteins were more effectively produced and stable than rTbHSP20. The most sensitive protein for serodiagnostic purposes occurred to be CTRL; anti-rTbCTRL IgG level increased at 41 days post infection (dpi) in pigs infected with T. britovi and 45 dpi for those infected with T. spiralis. The rTbES21 protein was the most specific for the T. britovi species, as no antibody titers were observed in pigs infected with T. spiralis. Following the multiple-antigen strategy, the combination of rTbCTRL + rTbES21 was applied in ELISA, but no significant difference in IgG level was detected in the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Bień-Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
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El-Dardiry MA, Abdel-Aal AA, Abdeltawab MSA, El-Sherbini M, Hassan MA, Abdel-Aal AA, Badawi M, Anis SE, Khaled BEA, Al-Antably AS. Effect of mast cell stabilization on angiogenesis in primary and secondary experimental Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:567. [PMID: 34742326 PMCID: PMC8572477 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are known to affect the primary and secondary immune responses against parasites, and this effect is partially mediated through the release of pro-angiogenic mediators. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of the mast cell stabilizer (MCS), ketotifen, with and without albendazole, an anti-parasitic prescription medicine, on the inflammatory response against Trichinella spiralis, with the overall aim to investigate its effect on angiogenesis accompanying nurse cell formation. METHODS The effect of ketotifen and albendazole was explored in eight groups of female BALB/c mice. Four groups were sensitized with a small dose of T. spiralis larvae. The drug regimen was then applied to both sensitized (challenged) and non-sensitized mice. The parasite load was assessed by histopathological examination of the small intestine and muscle tissue, and angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Sensitized mice showed a significantly lower parasite load and a more pronounced inflammatory response than mice receiving a single infective dose of T. spiralis larvae. All treated groups showed a significant reduction in parasite count compared to the control groups (groups IAa and IBa), reaching approximately an 98.8% reduction in adult parasite count in the sensitized group treated with albendazole (groups IIAb and IIBb). MCS significantly decreased the parasite count during both the intestinal or muscular phases, reduced tissue inflammation, and decreased local VEGF expression, both in the non-sensitized and sensitized groups. CONCLUSION Sensitization with a low dose of T. spiralis larvae was found to confer a partial protective immunity against re-infection and to positively affect the study outcomes, thus underlining the importance of vaccination, but after extensive studies. The anti-angiogenic effect of MCS protects against larval encystation during the muscle phase. The anti-angiogenic potential of albendazole suggests that the action of this anti-helminthic during trichinellosis is not confined to structural damage to the parasite cuticle but includes an effect on host immunopathological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A El-Dardiry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Amany A Abdel-Aal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Postgraduate Studies & Scientific Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda S A Abdeltawab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona El-Sherbini
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Hassan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdel-Aal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal Badawi
- Department of Pathology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shady E Anis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bahaa-Eldin A Khaled
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer S Al-Antably
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Grzelak S, Stachyra A, Bień-Kalinowska J. The first analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi adult worm excretory-secretory proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with LC-MS/MS. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Srey MT, Taccogna A, Oksov Y, Lustigman S, Tai PY, Acord J, Selkirk ME, Lamb TJ, Guiliano DB. Vaccination with novel low-molecular weight proteins secreted from Trichinella spiralis inhibits establishment of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008842. [PMID: 33206649 PMCID: PMC7673540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis muscle stage larvae (mL1) produce excretory-secreted products (ESPs), a complex mixture of protein, which are believed to be important for establishing or maintaining an infection niche within skeletal muscle and the intestine. Studies of both whole ESPs and individual cloned proteins have shown that some ESPs are potent immunogens capable of eliciting protective immune responses. Here we describe two novel proteins, Secreted from Muscle stage Larvae SML-4 and SML-5 which are 15 kDa and 12 kDa respectively. The genes encoding these proteins are highly conserved within the Trichinellids, are constituents of mL1 ESP and localized in the parasite stichosome. While SML-5 is only expressed in mL1 and early stages of adult nematode development, SML-4 is a tyvosylated glycoprotein also produced by adult nematodes, indicating it may have a function in the enteral phase of the infection. Vaccination with these proteins resulted in an impaired establishment of adult stages and consequently a reduction in the burden of mL1 in BALB/c mice. This suggests that both proteins may be important for establishment of parasite infection of the intestine and are prophylactic vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellina T. Srey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Alessia Taccogna
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yelena Oksov
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yi Tai
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John Acord
- Cambridge Healthcare Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Murray E. Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - David B. Guiliano
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
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Xu D, Tang B, Wang Y, Zhang L, Qu Z, Shi W, Wang X, Sun Q, Sun S, Liu M. The immune protection induced by a serine protease from the Trichinella spiralis adult administered as DNA and protein vaccine. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105622. [PMID: 32645301 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), which is an important public health problem. In this study, a gene encoding a serine protease from adult worms of T. spiralis (Ts-Adsp) was screened from a cDNA library of adult worms and was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression system. The gene Ts-Adsp was subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+), which was named pcDNA3.1(+)-Adsp. Previous studies have found that recombinant Ts-Adsp protein (rTs-Adsp) can elicit partial protection against T. spiralis infection in mice. Our aim was to explore the protective effect of combining a DNA vaccine with the rTs-Adsp protein against T. spiralis. One week after the last vaccination, the serum and spleen were obtained. The levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and cytokine production in serum and spleen cells were analyzed. The results showed that the levels of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses increased in the pcDNA3.1(+)-Adsp/rTs-Adsp group mice and demonstrated that a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response was induced by pcDNA3.1(+)-Adsp/rTs-Adsp after vaccination. Moreover, mice vaccinated with pcDNA3.1(+)-Adsp/rTs-Adsp displayed a 69.50% reduction in muscle larvae burden. This study suggested that mixed immunity could improve the muscle larvae reduction rate.
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A Multiple Antigen Peptide Vaccine Containing CD4 + T Cell Epitopes Enhances Humoral Immunity against Trichinella spiralis Infection in Mice. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2074803. [PMID: 32377530 PMCID: PMC7199560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2074803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiepitope peptide vaccine has some advantages over traditional recombinant protein vaccine due to its easy and fast production and possible inclusion of multiple protective epitopes of pathogens. However, it is usually poorly immunogenic and needs to conjugate to a large carrier protein. Peptides conjugated to a central lysine core to form multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) will increase the immunogenicity of peptide vaccine. In this study, we constructed a MAP consisting of CD4+ T cell and B cell epitopes of paramyosin (Pmy) of Trichinella spiralis (Ts-Pmy), which has been proved to be a good vaccine candidate in our previous work. The immunogenicity and induced protective immunity of MAP against Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection were evaluated in mice. We demonstrated that mice immunized with MAP containing CD4+ T cell and B cell epitopes (MAP-TB) induced significantly higher protection against the challenge of T. spiralis larvae (35.5% muscle larva reduction) compared to the MAP containing B cell epitope alone (MAP-B) with a 12.4% muscle larva reduction. The better protection induced by immunization of MAP-TB was correlated with boosted antibody titers (both IgG1 and IgG2a) and mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine production secreted by the splenocytes of immunized mice. Further flow cytometry analysis of lymphocytes in spleens and draining lymph nodes demonstrated that mice immunized with MAP-TB specifically enhanced the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells, while inhibiting follicular regulatory CD4+ T (Tfr) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Immunofluorescence staining of spleen sections also confirmed that MAP-TB vaccination enhanced the formation of GCs. Our results suggest that CD4+ T cell epitope of Ts-Pmy is crucial in vaccine component for inducing better protection against T. spiralis infection.
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Stachyra A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Grzelak S, Gondek M, Bień-Kalinowska J. The Immunological Properties of Recombinant Multi-Cystatin-Like Domain Protein From Trichinella Britovi Produced in Yeast. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2420. [PMID: 31681308 PMCID: PMC6797592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a globally-distributed zoonotic parasitic disease caused by nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. One of the most common species of Trichinella known to affect human health is T. britovi; however, it is relatively poorly investigated. A thorough knowledge of the proteins expressed by Trichinella is important when developing immunological detection methods and vaccines and studying its interactions with the host. The present study uses the Pichia pastoris expression system to produce a soluble TbCLP antigen which induces strong antibody responses in the host during natural infection. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of TbCLP antigen production in yeasts, which are able to carry out post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and disulfide bond formation; they also indicate that the glycosylated TbCLP antigen had immunogenic effects in the tested mice and induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response, and was associated with a reduced larval burden after challenge with T. britovi. Subsequent in vitro stimulation of mice splenocytes revealed that TbCLP most likely possesses immunomodulatory properties and may play a significant role in the early phase of infection, affecting host immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Gondek
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Yang Y, Bai X, Li C, Tong M, Zhang P, Cai W, Liu X, Liu M. Molecular Characterization of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase From Trichinella spiralis and Its Potential in Inducing Immune Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 31069178 PMCID: PMC6491450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a major food-borne parasite worldwide. Trichinellosis caused by T. spiralis is not only a public health problem, but also an economic hazard in food safety. The development of effective vaccines to prevent Trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is urgently needed for controlling of this zoonosis. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) is involved in energy production in glycolysis and is also associated with many non-glycolysis functions in the parasite, such as adhesion to host cells, plasminogen binding, and invasion. FBPA has been considered as a potential vaccine candidate or as a target for chemotherapeutic treatment. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of FBPA of T. spiralis and an evaluation of its potential as a vaccine candidate antigen against T. spiralis infection in mice. The results of qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the Ts-FBPA gene was expressed at various developmental stages of T. spiralis and was also detected in excretory–secretory products (ES) of T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML). Immunostaining with anti-Ts-FBPA mouse sera indicated that it localized principally to the surface and embryos of this parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Ts-FBPA (rTs-FBPA) resulted in a Th1/Th2 mixed humoral and cellular immune response with Th2 predominant, as well as remarkably elevated IgE levels. Moreover, mice vaccinated with rTs-FBPA displayed a 48.7% reduction in adult worm burden and 52.5% reduction in muscle larval burden. These studies indicated that Ts-FBPA is a promising target for developing an effective vaccine to prevent and control Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peihao Zhang
- Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Wang J, Jiang Y, Yang W, Shi C, Huang H, Sun H, Liu G, Wang C, Yang G, Cai Y. Vaccination with DNA encoding ES 43-kDa /45-kDa antigens significantly reduces Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Zhang N, Li W, Fu B. Vaccines against Trichinella spiralis: Progress, challenges and future prospects. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1447-1458. [PMID: 29873198 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis, the causative agent of trichinellosis, is able to infect a wide range of carnivores and omnivores including human beings. In the past 30 years, a mass of vaccination efforts has been performed to control T. spiralis infection with the purpose of reduction in worm fecundity or decrease in muscle larval and adult burdens. Here, we summarize the development of veterinary vaccines against T. spiralis infection. During recent years, increasing numbers of new vaccine candidates have been developed on the protective immunity against T. spiralis infection in murine model. The vaccine candidates were not only selected from excretory-secretory (ES) antigens, but also from the recombinant functional proteins, such as proteases and some other antigens participated in T. spiralis intracellular processes. However, immunization with a single antigen generally revealed lower protective effects against T. spiralis infection in mice compared to that with the inactivated whole worms or crude extraction and ES productions. Future study of T. spiralis vaccines should focus on evaluation of the protective efficacy of antigens and/or ligands delivered by nanoparticles that could elicit Th2-type immune response on experimental pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Yang Z, Li W, Yang Z, Pan A, Liao W, Zhou X. A novel antigenic cathepsin B protease induces protective immunity in Trichinella-infected mice. Vaccine 2017; 36:248-255. [PMID: 29199042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease that remains a public health hazard and an economic problem in food safety. Vaccines against the parasite can be an effective way to control this disease; however, commercial vaccines against Trichinella infection are not yet available. Trichinella cathepsin B proteins appear to be promising targets for vaccine development. Here, we reported for the first time the characterization of a novel cDNA that encodes Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) cathepsin B-like protease 2 gene (TsCPB2). The recombinant mature TsCPB2 protein was successfully expressed in E. coli system and purified with Ni-affinity chromatography. TsCPB2 expression was detected at all the developmental stages of T. spiralis and it was expressed as an excretory-secretory protein of T. spiralis muscle larvae. Immunization with TsCPB2 antigen induced a combination of humoral and cellular immune responses, which manifested as a mixed Th1/Th2 response, as well as remarkably elevated IgE level. Moreover, vaccination of mice with TsCPB2 that were subsequently challenged with T. spiralis larvae resulted in a 52.3% (P < .001) reduction in worm burden and a 51.2% (P < .001) reduction in muscle larval burden. Our results suggest that TsCPB2 induces protective immunity in Trichinella-infected mice and might be a novel vaccine candidate against trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshou Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zifan Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xingwang Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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14
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Gu Y, Sun X, Li B, Huang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Vaccination with a Paramyosin-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine Elicits Significant Protective Immunity against Trichinella spiralis Infection in Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1475. [PMID: 28824599 PMCID: PMC5540943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonosis and remains a serious public health problem. Interrupting parasite transmission via vaccination of livestocks with a potent vaccine is a practical approach to prevent human Trichinellosis. Our previous studies have identified that paramyosin of Trichinella spiralis (Ts-Pmy) is a good vaccine candidate against Trichinellosis. In this study, a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEP) was constructed by using four CD4+ T cell epitopes (P2, P3, P4, and P5) and one B cell epitope (YX1) from Ts-Pmy and expressed as a soluble recombinant protein (rMEP) in Escherichia coli. Mice immunized with rMEP vaccine produced significant higher muscle larval reduction (55.4%) than that induced by immunization of parental rTs-Pmy (34.4%) against T. spiralis infection. The better protection is associated with rMEP induced high levels of anti-rMEP specific IgG and subclass IgG1/IgG2a, elevated T cell proliferation of splenocytes and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5. The cellular response to individual T cell epitope also showed that splenocytes from mice immunized with rMEP strongly response to the stimulation of synthetic epitope peptide P2, P3, and P4, but not to P5, suggesting that most of T cell epitopes are exposed and processed well during immunization that may contribute to the high protection induced by the immunization of rMEP. This study implies that epitope vaccine is a promising approach for the development of vaccines against Trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, HoustonTX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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15
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Zhao L, Shao S, Chen Y, Sun X, Sun R, Huang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Trichinella spiralis Calreticulin Binds Human Complement C1q As an Immune Evasion Strategy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:636. [PMID: 28620388 PMCID: PMC5449505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multicellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis regulates host immune responses by producing a variety of immunomodulatory molecules to escape from host immune attack, but the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion are not well understood. Here, we identified that T. spiralis calreticulin (Ts-CRT), a Ca2+-binding protein, facilitated T. spiralis immune evasion by interacting with the first component of human classical complement pathway, C1q. In the present study, Ts-CRT was found to be expressed on the surface of different developmental stages of T. spiralis as well as in the secreted products of adult and muscle larval worms. Functional analysis identified that Ts-CRT was able to bind to human C1q, resulting in the inhibition of C1q-initiated complement classical activation pathway reflected by reduced C4/C3 generation and C1q-dependent lysis of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Moreover, recombinant Ts-CRT (rTs-CRT) binding to C1q suppressed C1q-induced THP-1-derived macrophages chemotaxis and reduced monocyte–macrophages release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). Blocking Ts-CRT on the surface of newborn larvae (NBL) of T. spiralis with anti-Ts-CRT antibody increased the C1q-mediated adherence of monocyte–macrophages to larvae and impaired larval infectivity. All of these results suggest that T. spiralis-expressed Ts-CRT plays crucial roles in T. spiralis immune evasion and survival in host mostly by directly binding to host complement C1q, which not only reduces C1q-mediated activation of classical complement pathway but also inhibits the C1q-induced non-complement activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Lee SH, Kim SS, Lee DH, Kim AR, Quan FS. Evaluation of protective efficacy induced by virus-like particles containing a Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory (ES) protein in mice. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:384. [PMID: 27378450 PMCID: PMC4932752 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequent outbreaks of human trichinellosis globally underscore the need to develop effective vaccine. We hypothesized that a novel vaccine could improve vaccine efficacy against Trichinella spiralis. METHODS In this study, we developed virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the 53 KDa excretory/secretory (ES) protein of T. spiralis and the influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) as a core protein, and investigated the protective efficacy of the VLPs alone or with cholera toxin (CT) in a mouse model. RESULTS Intramuscular immunization induced T. spiralis-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses before and after challenge infections in the sera. These antibody responses were significantly enhanced in mice immunized with adjuvanted VLPs. Upon challenge infection, vaccinated mice showed significantly reduced worm burden in the diaphragm. Protective immune responses and efficacy of protection were significantly improved by immunization with VLPs together with CT adjuvant. CONCLUSIONS Our results are informative for a better understanding of the protective immunity induced by T. spiralis VLPs, and will provide insight into designing safe and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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17
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Yang J, Zhu W, Huang J, Wang X, Sun X, Zhan B, Zhu X. Partially protective immunity induced by the 14-3-3 protein from Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:63-68. [PMID: 27387374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is considered to be an emerging or re-emerging infectious parasitic disease. The development of vaccines to prevent Trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is important for disease control. In a previous study, we identified Ts14-3-3 as an immunodominant protein from Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) adult worms recognized by early infection sera from pigs and mice. In this study, we further confirmed that Ts14-3-3 mRNA is expressed in both adult worms and in the larval stages of T. spiralis. Immunostaining with anti-Ts14-3-3 mouse sera further confirmed that native Ts14-3-3 is highly expressed on the surface of T. spiralis muscle larvae. The immune recognition by infected sera, its expression in both adult and larval stages and its exposure on the surface of the parasite led us to explore Ts14-3-3 as a vaccine antigen. Recombinant Ts14-3-3 formulated with an ISA50v2 adjuvant produced strong total IgG and balanced IgG1 and IgG2a responses in vaccinated mice and stimulated mouse splenocytes to produce high levels of Th1 (INF-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL4, IL5) cytokines. These results indicate that Ts14-3-3 is highly immunogenic and is able to induce balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses. These vaccine-induced immune responses resulted in a reduction in muscle larvae of up to 46.2% in vaccinated mice upon subsequent larval challenge relative to the number of larvae in mice received PBS control. The significant reduction in muscle larvae in vaccinated mice suggests that Ts14-3-3 is a promising vaccine target for potential use in domestic pigs to prevent trichinellosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 9 Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Gu Y, Huang J, Wang X, Wang L, Yang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Identification and characterization of CD4 + T cell epitopes present in Trichinella spiralis paramyosin. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:59-62. [PMID: 27353726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonosis and vaccinating swine with a potent vaccine is a practical approach to prevent Trichinella infections in China. Paramyosin of T. spiralis (Ts-Pmy) was shown in our previous work to be a good vaccine candidate against Trichinella infections. Because CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in effective immunity against T. spiralis infection, identifying CD4+ T cell epitopes of paramyosin is crucial for constructing a chimeric subunit epitope vaccine. Twelve CD4+ T cell epitopes of Ts-Pmy with the highest scores were predicted and synthesized as peptides. Five of the twelve peptides, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P12, induced strong splenocyte proliferation and secretion of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 from rTs-Pmy-immunized mouse splenocytes. To assess the immunogenicity of CD4+ T cell epitopes in vivo, splenocytes from mice immunized with individual peptides were stimulated with the corresponding peptides. P2, P3, P4 and P5 induced strong cell proliferation and secretion of both Th1 (INF-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines. The results indicate that the peptides P2, P3, P4 and P5 are immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes of Ts-Pmy. This study will facilitate the design of an effective epitope-based multivalent subunit vaccine against Trichinella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaohuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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