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Asaro C, Koch FH, Potter KM. Denser forests across the USA experience more damage from insects and pathogens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3666. [PMID: 36871063 PMCID: PMC9985637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests across much of the United States are becoming denser. Trees growing in denser stands experience more competition for essential resources, which can make them more vulnerable to disturbances. Forest density can be expressed in terms of basal area, a metric that has been used to assess vulnerability of some forests to damage by certain insects or pathogens. A raster map of total tree basal area (TBA) for the conterminous United States was compared with annual (2000-2019) survey maps of forest damage due to insects and pathogens. Across each of four regions, median TBA was significantly higher within forest areas defoliated or killed by insects or pathogens than in areas without recorded damage. Therefore, TBA may serve as a regional-scale indicator of forest health and a first filter for identifying areas that merit finer-scale analysis of forest conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Asaro
- USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA
| | - Frank H Koch
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kevin M Potter
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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2
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Iacopetti G, Selvi F, Bussotti F, Pollastrini M, Jucker T, Bouriaud O. Tree diversity and identity modulate the growth response of thermophilous deciduous forests to climate warming. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iacopetti
- Dept of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Univ. of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Federico Selvi
- Dept of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Univ. of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Dept of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Univ. of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Dept of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Univ. of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Laboratoire de l'Inventaire Forestier, Inst. National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière Nancy France
- Univ. Stefan cel Mare of Suceava Suceava Romania
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3
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Probert AF, Wegmann D, Volery L, Adriaens T, Bakiu R, Bertolino S, Essl F, Gervasini E, Groom Q, Latombe G, Marisavljevic D, Mumford J, Pergl J, Preda C, Roy HE, Scalera R, Teixeira H, Tricarico E, Vanderhoeven S, Bacher S. Identifying, reducing, and communicating uncertainty in community science: a focus on alien species. Biol Invasions 2022; 24:3395-3421. [PMID: 36277057 PMCID: PMC9579088 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Community science (also often referred to as citizen science) provides a unique opportunity to address questions beyond the scope of other research methods whilst simultaneously engaging communities in the scientific process. This leads to broad educational benefits, empowers people, and can increase public awareness of societally relevant issues such as the biodiversity crisis. As such, community science has become a favourable framework for researching alien species where data on the presence, absence, abundance, phenology, and impact of species is important in informing management decisions. However, uncertainties arising at different stages can limit the interpretation of data and lead to projects failing to achieve their intended outcomes. Focusing on alien species centered community science projects, we identified key research questions and the relevant uncertainties that arise during the process of developing the study design, for example, when collecting the data and during the statistical analyses. Additionally, we assessed uncertainties from a linguistic perspective, and how the communication stages among project coordinators, participants and other stakeholders can alter the way in which information may be interpreted. We discuss existing methods for reducing uncertainty and suggest further solutions to improve data reliability. Further, we make suggestions to reduce the uncertainties that emerge at each project step and provide guidance and recommendations that can be readily applied in practice. Reducing uncertainties is essential and necessary to strengthen the scientific and community outcomes of community science, which is of particular importance to ensure the success of projects aimed at detecting novel alien species and monitoring their dynamics across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F. Probert
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 15, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 15, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lara Volery
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 15, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tim Adriaens
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Herman Teirlinckgebouw, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder-Kamez, Tirane, Albania
| | - Sandro Bertolino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Franz Essl
- Global Change, Macroecology-Group, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - Guillaume Latombe
- Global Change, Macroecology-Group, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | | | - John Mumford
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
| | - Jan Pergl
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina Preda
- Ovidius University of Constanta, Al. Universitatii nr.1, Corp B, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Helen E. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, OX10 8BB UK
| | | | - Heliana Teixeira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elena Tricarico
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI Italy
| | - Sonia Vanderhoeven
- Belgian Biodiversity Platform - Département du Milieu Naturel et Agricole - Service Public de Wallonie, Avenue Maréchal Juin 23, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sven Bacher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 15, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Klapwijk MJ, Bonsall MB. Associational Effects and Indirect Interactions-The Dynamical Effects of Consumer and Resource Traits on Generalist-Resource Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.854222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophic interaction modifications occur in food webs when the direct or indirect interaction between two species is affected by a third species. These behavioral modification effects are often referred to as associational effects. Changes in focal resource availability and consumption by a generalist herbivore can affect a range of outcomes from resource exclusion to multiple resources coexisting with the focal plant species. Here, we investigate the indirect interaction between a focal and alternative resource mediated by a generalist consumer. Using theoretical approaches we analyse the conceptual link between associational effects (both resistance and susceptibility) and the theory of apparent competition and resource switching. We find that changes in focal resource traits have the potential to affect the long-term outcome of indirect interactions. Inclusion of density-dependence expands generalist life-histories and broadens the range where, through associational effects, the availability of alternative resources positively influence a focal resource. We conclude that different forms of associational effects could, in the long-term, lead to a range of indirect interaction dynamics, including apparent competition and apparent mutualism. Our work aims to connects the theoretical body of work on indirect interactions to the concepts of associational effects. The indirect interactions between multiple resources need more thorough investigation to appreciate the range of associational effects that could result from the dynamical interaction between a generalist consumers and its focal and alternative resources.
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5
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Gippet JMW, George L, Bertelsmeier C. Local coexistence of native and invasive ant species is associated with micro-spatial shifts in foraging activity. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Marcolin E, Pividori M, Colombari F, Manetti MC, Pelleri F, Conedera M, Gehring E. Impact of the Asian gall wasp
Dryocosmus kuriphilus
on the radial growth of the European chestnut
Castanea sativa. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Conedera
- WSL Swiss Federal Research InstituteInsubric Ecosystems Research Group Cadenazzo Switzerland
| | - Eric Gehring
- WSL Swiss Federal Research InstituteInsubric Ecosystems Research Group Cadenazzo Switzerland
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Jactel H, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B. Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:277-296. [PMID: 32903046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological research conducted over the past five decades has shown that increasing tree species richness at forest stands can improve tree resistance to insect pest damage. However, the commonality of this finding is still under debate. In this review, we provide a quantitative assessment (i.e., a meta-analysis) of tree diversity effects on insect herbivory and discuss plausible mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. We provide recommendations and working hypotheses that can serve to lay the groundwork for research to come. Based on more than 600 study cases, our quantitative review indicates that insect herbivory was, on average, lower in mixed forest stands than in pure stands, but these diversity effects were contingent on herbivore diet breadth and tree species composition. In particular, tree species diversity mainly reduced damage of specialist insect herbivores in mixed stands with phylogenetically distant tree species. Overall, our findings provide essential guidance for forest pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France;
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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8
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Gil-Tapetado D, Castedo-Dorado F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Lombardero MJ. Gall size of Dryocosmus kuriphilus limits down-regulation by native parasitoids. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Guyot V, Jactel H, Imbaud B, Burnel L, Castagneyrol B, Heinz W, Deconchat M, Vialatte A. Tree diversity drives associational resistance to herbivory at both forest edge and interior. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9040-9051. [PMID: 31463002 PMCID: PMC6706233 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree diversity is increasingly acknowledged as an important driver of insect herbivory. However, there is still a debate about the direction of associational effects that can range from associational resistance (i.e., less damage in mixed stands than in monocultures) to the opposite, associational susceptibility. Discrepancies among published studies may be due to the overlooked effect of spatially dependent processes such as tree location within forests. We addressed this issue by measuring crown defoliation and leaf damage made by different guilds of insect herbivores on oaks growing among conspecific versus heterospecific neighbors at forest edges versus interior, in two closed sites in SW France forests. Overall, oaks were significantly less defoliated among heterospecific neighbors (i.e., associational resistance), at both forest edge and interior. At the leaf level, guild diversity and leaf miner herbivory significantly increased with tree diversity regardless of oak location within stands. Other guilds showed no clear response to tree diversity or oak location. We showed that herbivore response to tree diversity varied among insect feeding guilds but not between forest edges and interior, with inconsistent patterns between sites. Importantly, we show that oaks were more defoliated in pure oak plots than in mixed plots at both edge and forest interior and that, on average, defoliation decreased with increasing tree diversity from one to seven species. We conclude that edge conditions could be interacting with tree diversity to regulate insect defoliation, but future investigations are needed to integrate them into the management of temperate forests, notably by better understanding the role of the landscape context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Guyot
- DYNAFOR, INRA, Université de ToulouseCastanet TolosanFrance
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. BordeauxCestasFrance
- LTSER Zone Atelier «PYRÉNÉES GARONNE»Auzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | | | | | - Laurent Burnel
- DYNAFOR, INRA, Université de ToulouseCastanet TolosanFrance
- LTSER Zone Atelier «PYRÉNÉES GARONNE»Auzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | | | - Wilfried Heinz
- DYNAFOR, INRA, Université de ToulouseCastanet TolosanFrance
- LTSER Zone Atelier «PYRÉNÉES GARONNE»Auzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | - Marc Deconchat
- DYNAFOR, INRA, Université de ToulouseCastanet TolosanFrance
- LTSER Zone Atelier «PYRÉNÉES GARONNE»Auzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | - Aude Vialatte
- DYNAFOR, INRA, Université de ToulouseCastanet TolosanFrance
- LTSER Zone Atelier «PYRÉNÉES GARONNE»Auzeville‐TolosaneFrance
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10
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Gehring E, Bellosi B, Quacchia A, Conedera M. Evaluating Dryocosmus Kuriphilus-induced Damage on Castanea Sativa. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30222155 DOI: 10.3791/57564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu has become a major pest for Castaneasativa since its arrival in Europe. Its galling activity results in the formation of different gall types and prevents the development of normal shoots. Repeated and uncontrolled attacks cause, besides the production of galls and the attendant gall-related reduction in leaf area, progressive corruption of the branch architecture, including the death of branch parts, and an increase in dormant bud activation. Thus far, there have been few attempts to quantify branch architecture damage. Further, the different methods for assessing infestation degree (MAID) that have been developed focus only on the galls' presence and abundance. Using the leaf area to sapwood area relationship as a green biomass indicator, we developed in a previous study a damage composite index (DCI) that takes into account the most important branch architectural features, allowing for realistic damage assessment during the entire epidemic process. The aim of this study is to present this novel method and highlight differences in the damage description with respect to other broadly used indices. Results show how the DCI depicts branch damage better, especially during the epidemic peak, compared to MAID, which tend to underestimate it. We conclude by suggesting how to properly evaluate the overall impact of the pest by means of our composite damage index, the infestation degree using classic methods, and crown transparency evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gehring
- Insubric Ecosystem Research Group, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Université de Neuchâtel;
| | - Bruno Bellosi
- Insubric Ecosystem Research Group, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute
| | - Ambra Quacchia
- Insubric Ecosystem Research Group, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute
| | - Marco Conedera
- Insubric Ecosystem Research Group, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute
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11
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Ecological Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer in Forests at the Epicenter of the Invasion in North America. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Invasive alien pests threaten the carbon stored in Europe's forests. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 29691396 PMCID: PMC5915461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests mitigate climate change by sequestering large amounts of carbon (C). However, forest C storage is not permanent, and large pulses of tree mortality can thwart climate mitigation efforts. Forest pests are increasingly redistributed around the globe. Yet, the potential future impact of invasive alien pests on the forest C cycle remains uncertain. Here we show that large parts of Europe could be invaded by five detrimental alien pests already under current climate. Climate change increases the potential range of alien pests particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe. We estimate the live C at risk from a potential future invasion as 1027 Tg C (10% of the European total), with a C recovery time of 34 years. We show that the impact of introduced pests could be as severe as the current natural disturbance regime in Europe, calling for increased efforts to halt the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. Invasive alien pests can cause large-scale forest mortality and release carbon stored in forests. Here the authors show that climate change increases the potential range of alien pests and that their impact on the carbon cycle could be as severe as the current natural disturbance regime in Europe’s forests.
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13
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Borowiec N, Capdevielle X, Castagneyrol B, Maltoni A, Robin C, Selvi F, Van Halder I, Vétillard F, Jactel H. Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Muzika RM. Opportunities for silviculture in management and restoration of forests affected by invasive species. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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16
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Guyot V, Castagneyrol B, Vialatte A, Deconchat M, Jactel H. Tree diversity reduces pest damage in mature forests across Europe. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2015.1037. [PMID: 27122011 PMCID: PMC4881340 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest pest damage is expected to increase with global change. Tree diversity could mitigate this impact, but unambiguous demonstration of the diversity–resistance relationship is lacking in semi-natural mature forests. We used a network of 208 forest plots sampled along two orthogonal gradients of increasing tree species richness and latitudes to assess total tree defoliation in Europe. We found a positive relationship between tree species richness and resistance to insect herbivores: overall damage to broadleaved species significantly decreased with the number of tree species in mature forests. This pattern of associational resistance was frequently observed across tree species and countries, irrespective of their climate. These findings confirm the greater potential of mixed forests to face future biotic disturbances in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Guyot
- INRA, DYNAFOR, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France INRA, BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | | | - Aude Vialatte
- INRA, DYNAFOR, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France INPT-ENSAT, DYNAFOR, Université de Toulouse, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Hervé Jactel
- INRA, BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
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17
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Prediction of Dominant Forest Tree Species Using QuickBird and Environmental Data. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Tree Species Classification in Temperate Forests Using Formosat-2 Satellite Image Time Series. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Colombari F, Battisti A. Native and introduced parasitoids in the biocontrol ofDryocosmus kuriphilusin Veneto (Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/epp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Colombari
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padova; Agripolis 35020, Legnaro (Italy)
| | - A. Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padova; Agripolis 35020, Legnaro (Italy)
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