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Uvelli A, Ribaudo C, Gualtieri G, Coluccia A, Ferretti F. The association between violence against women and chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:321. [PMID: 38834977 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Violence against women is a phenomenon that involves at least 35% of women worldwide. Violence can be sexual, physical, and/or psychological, perpetrated by the partner, another family member, or a stranger. Violence is a public health problem because its consequences include higher morbidity, higher mortality, and short and long-term physical and psychological health diseases. Most studies prove an association between any type of violence and some chronic pain diagnoses but no one has done a complete collection of this evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether this association is statistically significant, including the largest number of studies. Through the inclusion of 37 articles, the association has been demonstrated. Compared with no history of violence, women who did experience violence showed 2 times greater odds of developing chronic pain. The impact of violence was significant also on fibromyalgia separately, but not on pelvic pain.PROSPERO registrationPROSPERO CRD42023425477.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Uvelli
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Carola Ribaudo
- AOUC Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gualtieri
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, Siena, 53100, Italy
- AOUS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Anna Coluccia
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferretti
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, Siena, 53100, Italy
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Aslamzai M, Del D, Sajid SA. The Impact of Negative Moral Character on Health and the Role of Spirituality: A Narrative Literature Review. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:1117-1153. [PMID: 38091205 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Although negative moral character is highly prevalent, it is not included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Along with the modification of WHO ICD-11, spirituality should be acknowledged for its potetnial role in the prevention of negative moral traits. This study aimed to explore the effects of negative moral character on health and determine the role of spirituality in improving negative moral traits. This narrative literature review was conducted from 2020 to 2023 in Kabul, Afghanistan. The articles were obtained from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. As demonstrated in this narrative literature review, most of the relevant experimental and observational studies have found that negative moral character can have significant negative impact on overall health and well-being. Many studies have established the positive role of spirituality in improving negative moral character. These studies concluded that facilities must be available within schools, universities, and communities for everyone to gain knowledge of spirituality and improve their negative moral character. Considering the adverse impacts of negative moral character on health, the current study proposes the addition of moral disorder to the WHO International Classification of Diseases. According to this literature review, spirituality will improve negative moral character and strengthen excellent moral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Aslamzai
- Department of Neonatology, Kabul University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Delaqa Del
- Department of Medicine, Nangarhar Medical Faculty, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
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Gunarathne L, Bhowmik J, Apputhurai P, Nedeljkovic M. Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293295. [PMID: 37939106 PMCID: PMC10631698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health issue, with notably high prevalence rates observed within Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This systematic review aimed to examine the risk factors and consequences associated with IPV against women in LMICs. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using three databases: Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2010 to January 2022. The study included only peer-reviewed journal articles in English that investigated IPV against women in LMICs. Out of 167 articles screened, 30 met the inclusion criteria, comprising both quantitative and mixed-method studies. Risk factors of IPV were categorised as: demographic risk factors (23 studies), family risk factors (9 studies), community-level factors (1 studies), and behavioural risk factors (14 studies), while consequences of IPV were categorised as mental health impacts (13 studies), physical impacts (5 studies), and societal impacts (4 studies). In this study, several risk factors were identified including lower levels of education, marriage at a young age, poor wealth indices, rural residential areas, and acceptance of gender norms that contribute to the prevalence of IPV in LMICs. It is essential to address these factors through effective preventive policies and programs. Moreover, this review highlights the necessity of large-scale, high-quality policy-driven research to further examine risk factors and consequences, ultimately guiding the development of interventions aimed at preventing IPV against women in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakma Gunarathne
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jahar Bhowmik
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pragalathan Apputhurai
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maja Nedeljkovic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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de Almeida MM, da Silva LAV, Bastos FI, Guimarães MDC, Coutinho C, de Brito AM, Cavalcante S, Dourado I. Factors associated with symptoms of major depression disorder among transgender women in Northeast Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267795. [PMID: 36048808 PMCID: PMC9436078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transgender women (TGW) are one of the most vulnerable groups, including higher prevalence of HIV and mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression than in the general population. Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is one of the most important mental health conditions due to an increasing trend in prevalence in the general population. This study aims at describing the prevalence of symptoms of MDD (SMDD) and associated factors among TGW in capitals of three States in Northeast Brazil. METHODS TGW n = (864) were selected from the cities of Salvador (n = 166), Recife (n = 350), and Fortaleza (n = 348) using Respondent Driven Sampling methodology. Symptoms of MDD were defined according to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare those with mild/moderate or moderately severe/severe symptoms of depression with those with no depression, respectively, using complex sample design. Weighted Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval were estimated. RESULTS 51.1% of the sample was classified as mild/moderate and 18.9% as moderately severe/severe SMDD. Mild/moderate SMDD was associated with a history of sexual violence (OR = 2.06, 95%CI: 1.15-3.68), history of physical violence (OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.20-3.67),) and poor self-rated quality of life (OR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.31-3.49).). Moderately severe/severe SMDD was associated with history of sexual violence (OR = 3.02, 95%CI: 1.17-7.77), history of physical violence (OR = 4.34, 95% CI:1.88-6.96), poor self-rated quality of life (OR = 3.32, 95%CI:1.804-6.12), lack of current social support (OR = 2.53, 95%IC: 1.31-4.88) and lack of family support in childhood (OR = 2.17, 95%IC 1.16-4.05)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings strengthens the evidence of a higher prevalence of SMDD among TGW as compared to the general population. Public health policies and actions that target social determinants of risk and protection for MDD among TGW must be urgently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Augusto Vasconcelos da Silva
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Institute of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Brito
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Socorro Cavalcante
- Health Department of the State of Ceará and Municipality of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Inês Dourado
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Dokkedahl SB, Kirubakaran R, Bech-Hansen D, Kristensen TR, Elklit A. The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Syst Rev 2022; 11:163. [PMID: 35948921 PMCID: PMC9364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-02025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examines the association between psychological violence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, while comparing the specific subtypes of psychological violence and simultaneously focusing on methodological shortcomings. METHOD A systematic review and random-effects meta-analyses were applied on the three main outcomes: PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Four electronic databases were searched (PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science), and a total of 194 studies were included (k = 149 for meta-analyses). GRADEpro was used to evaluate the certainty of the evidence from the meta-analyses. RESULTS Psychological violence had strong associations with the three main outcomes, with the strongest association for PTSD in both female and male victims. Coercive control was particularly associated with PTSD for female victims, while emotional/verbal and dominance/isolation had the strongest association with depression. Although the identified studies were characterized by gender bias, psychological violence appear to affect male mental health too. DISCUSSION Findings from the meta-analyses support the notion that psychological violence is a traumatic experience, which is strongly association with PTSD and other common mental health problems linked to trauma. GRADEpro rated the certainty of evince to be low, and thus, our confidence in the estimated effect is limited. Gender bias, the applied terminology, and other methodological shortcomings are discussed. Despite the substantial amount of research on this topic, more research is needed before we can draw any final conclusions on the effect of psychological violence on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Dokkedahl
- Danish National Center of Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark. .,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - R Kirubakaran
- Prof. BV Moses Centre for Evidence-Informed Healthcare and Health Policy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - D Bech-Hansen
- Danish National Center of Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - T R Kristensen
- Centre for Persons Subjected to Violence, Center of Social Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Elklit
- Danish National Center of Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Aye WT, Lien L, Stigum H, Bjertness E. Childhood abuse and its association with adults' mental health problems: a cross-sectional study among men and women in the Yangon Region of Myanmar. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045870. [PMID: 34824104 PMCID: PMC8627399 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual childhood abuse, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to examine the association between childhood abuse and adult mental health problems, including mental distress and PTSD symptoms. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Childhood abuse was assessed with the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire, and mental distress and symptoms of PTSD were measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 10 and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, respectively. The Wald test and multiple linear regression analysis were applied for testing differences between proportions and the association between childhood abuse and adult mental health outcomes, respectively. SETTING Urban and rural areas of the Yangon Region, Myanmar. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2377 men and women aged 18-49 years were included. Institutionalised people, monks, nuns and individuals deemed too ill physically and/or mentally to participate were excluded. RESULTS Overall, 21.1% (95% CI 18.8 to 23.6) reported any form of childhood abuse, 10.4% (95% CI 8.9 to 12.4) physical abuse, 10.4% (95% CI 8.8 to 12.2) emotional abuse and 7.3% (95% CI 5.7 to 9.3) sexual abuse. Childhood abuse was more common in women (29.8%) than in men (12.4%). The prevalence of PTSD symptoms in the total sample was 6.6%. After adjusting for confounding variables, positive associations were found between childhood abuse with adult mental distress and PTSD symptoms among women and older men. CONCLUSIONS Childhood abuse is prevalent among both men and women in the Yangon Region of Myanmar and associated with adult mental health problems. Approximately 7% of people report PTSD symptoms. It should prompt local health professionals and policy makers to establish prevention programmes to eliminate violence against children and to organise services for victims of childhood abuse. Care should be taken in generalising findings for less populated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Thuzar Aye
- Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Preventive and Social Medicine Department, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Lars Lien
- National Norwegian Advisory Board for Concurrent Addiction and Mental Health Problems, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Hein Stigum
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Bjertness
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Nam SH, Lee DW, Seo HY, Hong YC, Yun JY, Cho SJ, Lee N. Empathy With Patients and Post-Traumatic Stress Response in Verbally Abused Healthcare Workers. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:770-778. [PMID: 34404121 PMCID: PMC8390940 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined the differential empathic capacity, post-traumatic symptoms, and coping strategies in healthcare workers (HCWs) according to the exposure of verbal or physical workplace violence (WPV). METHODS Using online survey, a total of 422 HCWs employed at a training general hospital of South Korea participated and completed self-reporting questionnaires including the WPV questionnaire with coping strategy, the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. RESULTS Those who experienced either only verbal violence or both physical and verbal violence had lower Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy scores (p<0.05). Posttraumatic stress symptom severity was higher among people who experienced verbal violence than physical violence. HCWs' exposure to verbal violence was associated with severe posttraumatic symptoms and a low level of empathy with patients (p<0.05). More than half of the victims of verbal violence responded that they did not take any action, receive organizational protection, or peer support, while most physically-abused HCWs received institutional intervention or help from others. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the critical importance of reducing verbal violence, which may represent a larger psychological burden compared to physical violence, by actively implementing effective strategies and policies at the institutional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-hyun Nam
- Human Rights Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-yeon Seo
- Public Health Medical Service, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-jun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nami Lee
- Human Rights Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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He Z, Ghose B, Yaya S, Cheng Z, Zhou Y. Perceived neighborhood safety and exercise behavior among community dwellers in Gauteng, South Africa. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23552. [PMID: 33371081 PMCID: PMC7748175 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Maintaining a physically active life is an important determinant of overall health and psychosocial wellbeing among adults. Physical exercise behavior can be influenced by various social and environmental circumstances including neighborhood safety. Using data from South Africa Quality of life Survey 2015/16, this study aimed to assess the hypothesis that lack of perceived neighborhood safety (PNS) can reduce the likelihood of engaging in physical exercise (PE). The participants were 30,002 men and women aged 18 years and above. The association between self-reported PE behavior and neighborhood safety were assessed by multivariable regression method while adjusting for potentially confounding factors. Less than a quarter (23.41%) of the participants reported taking exercise on daily basis whereas 27.90% reported never taking any. Respectively 6.0% and 38.1% of the participants reported feeling very unsafe walking in the neighborhood during day and night. In regression analysis, both the pooled and stratified models indicated that lack of PNS was inversely associated with regular PE. Lack of PNS (bit unsafe) during day was associated with lower odds of PE both among men (OR = 0.776, P < .001) and women (OR = 0.874, P < .001). The negative association between lack of PNS and PE during day was significant among those living with disability (OR = 0.758, P < .001). Further analysis showed that the negative association between lack of PNS with regular PE during day was significant in Johannesburg (OR = 0.800, P < .001), Tshwane (OR = 0.735, P < .001) and Emfuleni (OR = 0.619, P < .001) only, while that during night was significant in Johannesburg (OR = 0.737, P < .001), Ekurhuleni (OR = 0.673, P < .001), Emfuleni (OR = 0.418, P < .001), Lesedi (OR = 0.385, P < .001), Mogale City (OR = 0.693, P < .001), and Randfontein (OR = 0.565, P < .001). Overall, the findings highlight a significantly inverse association between lack of PNS and PE behavior. In light of the current findings, it is recommended that PE promotion programs pay special attention on population living in the neighborhoods fraught with crime concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei He
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing
| | | | - Sanni Yaya
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhaohui Cheng
- Chongqing Health Information Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing
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Baloushah S, Mohammadi N, Taghizadeh Z, Taha AA, Farnam F. A Whole Life Of Threats: A Qualitative Exploration Of Lived Experiences Of Palestinian Women Suffering From Intimate Partner Violence. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:547-554. [PMID: 31749637 PMCID: PMC6818532 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s216952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women is a widespread public health problem in the Palestinian community considered to be a traditional community. It is usually underreported due to cultural and religious issues. The present study was carried out in order to deepen the understanding of the feelings, thoughts, and perceptions of Palestinian women living in the Gaza Strip and suffering from intimate partner violence. Methods Hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted. The recruited 11 Palestinian women suffering from intimate partner violence were selected via purposive means. Semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted from May to Sept 2018 were used to understand their lived experience. Data was analyzed through the Van Manen method. Results In the process of data analysis, living in a threatening world was the main theme that was extracted from the data. The theme refers to the condition that participants were committed to their marriage and are compelled to remain in a threatening situation. That was interpreted as a whole life of threats, which was labeled as the main theme emerging from three sub-themes. This main theme included 3 subthemes namely “live in a physically threatening environment”, “live in psychologically threatening environment”, and “live in sexual threatening environment”. Conclusion As revealed in our study, the participant suffered extremely from intimate partner violence and its consequences, which negatively affected their lives. However, their concerns about their children and lack of support were barriers for them to get a divorce; therefore, abused women need help to deal with their current lives like access to social and psychological counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Baloushah
- Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooredin Mohammadi
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Taghizadeh
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma A Taha
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Farnaz Farnam
- Reproductive Health Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Further Exploration of Personal and Social Functioning: The Role of Interpersonal Violence, Service Engagement, and Social Network. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207:832-837. [PMID: 31365432 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social functioning (SF) has mainly been studied in major psychoses in relation to symptom severity, but other factors may interfere with the achievement of a functional remission. The aim of this study is to explore interpersonal violence (IV), service engagement (SE), and social network (SN), together with demographics, as predictors of SF in a sample of subjects with severe mental illness (SMI). Consecutive adult inpatients were evaluated using self-report and clinician-rated questionnaires. Findings suggest that IV, SE, SN, male sex, and illness duration explained 39.1% of SF variance in people affected by SMI. IV was the strongest predictor, followed by sex and duration of illness. Lifetime expression of violence is a stronger predictor than lifetime exposure to violence. Positive SE and SN were found to predict SF, whereas age was not associated. This study underlines the need of other non-symptom-related variables for the comprehension of SF in mental disorders.
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McLeod MN, Heller D, Manze MG, Echeverria SE. Police Interactions and the Mental Health of Black Americans: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:10-27. [PMID: 31482464 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Black Americans comprise 13% of the US population, yet data suggests that they represent 23% of those fatally shot by police officers. Data on non-lethal encounters with police in the Black community is less available but can understandably result in emotional trauma, stress responses, and depressive symptoms. The aim of this systematic literature review is to assess if interactions with the police are associated with mental health outcomes among Black Americans. Following pre-defined inclusion criteria, 11 articles were reviewed. Using a quality assessment tool, eight studies received a fair quality rating, two studies a poor rating, and one study received a good rating. The types of police interaction reported among study participants included police use of force during arrest, police stops, police searches, exposure to police killings, and interactions with police in the court system and varied mental health outcomes. Most of the studies (6 of 11) reviewed found statistically significant associations between police interactions and mental health (psychotic experiences, psychological distress, depression, PTSD, anxiety, suicidal ideation and attempts), indicating a nearly twofold higher prevalence of poor mental health among those reporting a prior police interaction compared to those with no interaction. Although better quality studies are needed, findings suggest an association between police interactions and negative mental health outcomes. Changes in law enforcement policy, development and implementation of a validated instrument for police experiences, improved community outreach, a federally mandated review of policy and practice in police departments, and expanded police training initiatives could reduce the potential negative mental health impact of police interactions on Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N McLeod
- Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Daliah Heller
- Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Meredith G Manze
- Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sandra E Echeverria
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 437-J Coleman Building, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
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Mental disorders and the risk of adult violent and psychological victimisation: a prospective, population-based study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 29:e13. [PMID: 30651151 PMCID: PMC8061251 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796018000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Psychiatric patients are at increased risk to become victim of violence. It remains unknown whether subjects of the general population with mental disorders are at risk of victimisation as well. In addition, it remains unclear whether the risk of victimisation differs across specific disorders. This study aimed to determine whether a broad range of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders at baseline predict adult violent (physical and/or sexual) and psychological victimisation at 3-year follow-up, also after adjustment for childhood trauma. Furthermore, this study aimed to examine whether specific types of childhood trauma predict violent and psychological victimisation at follow-up, after adjustment for mental disorder. Finally, this study aimed to examine whether the co-occurrence of childhood trauma and any baseline mental disorder leads to an incrementally increased risk of future victimisation. METHODS Data were derived from the first two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2): a psychiatric epidemiological cohort study among a nationally representative adult population. Mental disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0. Longitudinal associations between 12 mental disorders at baseline and violent and psychological victimisation at 3-year follow-up (n = 5303) were studied using logistic regression analyses, with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and childhood trauma. Furthermore, the moderating effect of childhood trauma on these associations was examined. RESULTS Associations with victimisation varied considerably across specific mental disorders. Only alcohol dependence predicted both violent and psychological victimisation after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and childhood trauma. Depression, panic disorder, social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence predicted subsequent psychological victimisation in the fully adjusted models. All types of childhood trauma independently predicted violent and psychological victimisation after adjustment for any mental disorder. The presence of any childhood trauma moderated the association between any anxiety disorder and psychological victimisation, whereas no interaction between mental disorder and childhood trauma on violent victimisation existed. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that members of the general population with mental disorders are at increased risk of future victimisation. However, the associations with violent and psychological victimisation vary considerably across specific disorders. Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of violent and psychological victimisation in individuals with these mental disorders - especially those with alcohol dependence - and individuals with a history of childhood trauma. Violence prevention programmes should be developed for people at risk. These programmes should not only address violent victimisation, but also psychological victimisation.
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Friborg O, Emaus N, Rosenvinge JH, Bilden U, Olsen JA, Pettersen G. Correction: Violence Affects Physical and Mental Health Differently: The General Population Based Tromsø Study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210822. [PMID: 30629696 PMCID: PMC6328115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136588.].
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Talevi D, Imburgia L, Luperini C, Zancla A, Collazzoni A, Rossi R, Pacitti F, Rossi A. Interpersonal violence: identification of associated features in a clinical sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 86:349-357. [PMID: 30220425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Violence is a burdensome problem in daily psychiatric practice, even though the diagnosisof a mental disorder is not sufficient to determine a violent behavior; therefore, other factors are involved. We predicted that the participants could be distributed in two groups (e.g. high versus low violence-maltreatment groups) because this grouping would better describe specific patterns of associations in a clinical sample. We aimed to investigate the relation between interpersonal violence and maltreating experiences in childhood. Affective states and personal functioning were also explored as meaningful outcomes. Consecutive patients (N = 101) admitted to a psychiatric unit were evaluated with the Risky Families Questionnaire, the Psychological Maltreatment Review, the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Personal and Social Performance Scale. Single, with average education and unemployed individuals showed significantly higher KIVS scores. High levels of interpersonal violence (IV) in childhood correlated with a harsh family climate in early life. Moreover, IV correlated with perceived parental maltreatment and did not with parental support. The cluster analysis identified two clusters of patients. The first (n = 41) showed negative dysfunctional experiences; the second (n = 60) showed a more positive perception of parental support.The impairment of social functioning and emotions regulation are both involved in this complex relation. The study supports the hypothesis of a clustering of patients that needs tailored management of violence causes and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Talevi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Imburgia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Chiara Luperini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Zancla
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alberto Collazzoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Rodolofo Rossi
- PhD programme Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Cracovia, 50, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Mental Health, ASL 1 Abruzzo, L'Aquila San Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali, 1, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni di Vincenzo, 16/B, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Mental Health, ASL 1 Abruzzo, L'Aquila San Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali, 1, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Work-related threats and violence and post-traumatic symptoms in four high-risk occupations: short- and long-term symptoms. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 92:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Picos AP, González RP, de la Iglesia Gutiérrez M. Exploring causes and consequences of sex workers' psychological health: Implications for health care policy. A study conducted in Spain. Health Care Women Int 2018; 39:844-858. [PMID: 29565214 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1452928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sokołowski A, Dragan WŁ. New Empirical Evidence on the Validity and the Reliability of the Early Life Stress Questionnaire in a Polish Sample. Front Psychol 2017; 8:365. [PMID: 28348540 PMCID: PMC5346571 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Early Life Stress Questionnaire (ELSQ) is widely used to estimate the prevalence of negative events during childhood, including emotional, physical, verbal, sexual abuse, negligence, severe conflicts, separation, parental divorce, substance abuse, poverty, and so forth. Objective: This study presents the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the ELSQ. It also verifies if early life stress (ELS) is a good predictor of psychopathology symptoms during adulthood. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from two samples. Sample 1 was selected by random quota method from across the country and included 609 participants aged 18-50 years, 306 women (50.2%) and 303 men (49.8%). Sample 2 contained 503 young adults (253 women and 250 men) aged 18–25. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to measure ELSQ internal consistency. The validity was based on the relation to psychopathological symptoms and substance misuse. Results: Results showed good internal consistency and validity. Exploratory factor analysis indicates a six-factor structure of the ELSQ. ELS was related to psychopathology in adulthood, including depressive, sociophobic, vegetative as well as pain symptoms. ELSQ score correlated also with alcohol use, but not nicotine dependence. Moreover, ELS was correlated with stress in adulthood. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Polish version of the ELSQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing ELS in the Polish population and may be applied in both clinical and community samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Sokołowski
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Behavioural Genetics Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ł Dragan
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Behavioural Genetics Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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Sheikh MA, Abelsen B, Olsen JA. Clarifying Associations between Childhood Adversity, Social Support, Behavioral Factors, and Mental Health, Health, and Well-Being in Adulthood: A Population-Based Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:727. [PMID: 27252668 PMCID: PMC4879780 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that socio-demographic factors, childhood socioeconomic status (CSES), childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs), social support and behavioral factors are associated with health and well-being in adulthood. However, the relative importance of these factors for mental health, health, and well-being has not been studied. Moreover, the mechanisms by which CTEs affect mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood are not clear. Using data from a representative sample (n = 12,981) of the adult population in Tromsø, Norway, this study examines (i) the relative contribution of structural conditions (gender, age, CSES, psychological abuse, physical abuse, and substance abuse distress) to social support and behavioral factors in adulthood; (ii) the relative contribution of socio-demographic factors, CSES, CTEs, social support, and behavioral factors to three multi-item instruments of mental health (SCL-10), health (EQ-5D), and subjective well-being (SWLS) in adulthood; (iii) the impact of CTEs on mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood, and; (iv) the mediating role of adult social support and behavioral factors in these associations. Instrumental support (24.16%, p < 0.001) explained most of the variation in mental health, while gender (21.32%, p < 0.001) explained most of the variation in health, and emotional support (23.34%, p < 0.001) explained most of the variation in well-being. Psychological abuse was relatively more important for mental health (12.13%), health (7.01%), and well-being (9.09%), as compared to physical abuse, and substance abuse distress. The subjective assessment of childhood financial conditions was relatively more important for mental health (6.02%), health (10.60%), and well-being (20.60%), as compared to mother's and father's education. CTEs were relatively more important for mental health, while, CSES was relatively more important for health and well-being. Respondents exposed to all three types of CTEs had a more than two-fold increased risk of being mentally unhealthy (RR Total Effect = 2.75, 95% CI: 2.19-3.10), an 89% increased risk of being unhealthy (RR Total Effect = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.47-1.99), and a 42% increased risk of having a low level of well-being in adulthood (RR Total Effect = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.29-1.52). Social support and behavioral factors mediate 11-18% (p < 0.01) of these effects. The study advances the theoretical understanding of how CTEs influence adult mental health, health, and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashhood A Sheikh
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø Tromsø, Norway
| | - Birgit Abelsen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan A Olsen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø Tromsø, Norway
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