1
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England H, Herdean A, Matthews J, Hughes DJ, Roper CD, Suggett DJ, Voolstra CR, Camp EF. A portable multi-taxa phenotyping device to retrieve physiological performance traits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21826. [PMID: 39294209 PMCID: PMC11411053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organismal phenotyping to identify fitness traits is transforming our understanding of adaptive responses and ecological interactions of species within changing environments. Here we present a portable Multi-Taxa Phenotyping (MTP) system that can retrieve a suite of metabolic and photophysiological parameter across light, temperature, and/or chemical gradients, using real time bio-optical (oxygen and chlorophyll a fluorescence) measurements. The MTP system integrates three well-established technologies for the first time: an imaging Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorometer, custom-designed well plates equipped with optical oxygen sensors, and a thermocycler. We demonstrate the ability of the MTP system to distinguish phenotypic performance characteristics of diverse aquatic taxa spanning corals, mangroves and algae based on metabolic parameters and Photosystem II dynamics, in a high-throughput capacity and accounting for interactions of different environmental gradients on performance. Extracted metrics from the MTP system can not only provide information on the performance of aquatic taxa exposed to differing environmental gradients, but also provide predicted phenotypic responses of key aquatic organisms to environmental change. Further work validating how rapid phenotyping tools such as the MTP system predict phenotypic responses to long term environmental changes in situ are urgently required to best inform how these tools can support management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley England
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Andrei Herdean
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jennifer Matthews
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Hughes
- National Sea Simulator, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine D Roper
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- KAUST Reefscape Restoration Initiative (KRRI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Emma F Camp
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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2
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González-Ferreras AM, Barquín J, Blyth PSA, Hawksley J, Kinsella H, Lauridsen R, Morris OF, Peñas FJ, Thomas GE, Woodward G, Zhao L, O'Gorman EJ. Chronic exposure to environmental temperature attenuates the thermal sensitivity of salmonids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8309. [PMID: 38097543 PMCID: PMC10721842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism, the biological processing of energy and materials, scales predictably with temperature and body size. Temperature effects on metabolism are normally studied via acute exposures, which overlooks the capacity for organisms to moderate their metabolism following chronic exposure to warming. Here, we conduct respirometry assays in situ and after transplanting salmonid fish among different streams to disentangle the effects of chronic and acute thermal exposure. We find a clear temperature dependence of metabolism for the transplants, but not the in-situ assays, indicating that chronic exposure to warming can attenuate salmonid thermal sensitivity. A bioenergetic model accurately captures the presence of fish in warmer streams when accounting for chronic exposure, whereas it incorrectly predicts their local extinction with warming when incorporating the acute temperature dependence of metabolism. This highlights the need to incorporate the potential for thermal acclimation or adaptation when forecasting the consequences of global warming on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia M González-Ferreras
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres 15, 39011, Santander, Spain.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jose Barquín
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres 15, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Penelope S A Blyth
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jack Hawksley
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Hugh Kinsella
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rasmus Lauridsen
- Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Salmon and Trout Research Centre, East Stoke, Wareham, BH20 6BB, UK
- Six Rivers Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Olivia F Morris
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Francisco J Peñas
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres 15, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Gareth E Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
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3
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Powell-Palm MJ, Henley EM, Consiglio AN, Lager C, Chang B, Perry R, Fitzgerald K, Daly J, Rubinsky B, Hagedorn M. Cryopreservation and revival of Hawaiian stony corals using isochoric vitrification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4859. [PMID: 37612315 PMCID: PMC10447501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Corals are under siege by both local and global threats, creating a worldwide reef crisis. Cryopreservation is an important intervention measure and a vital component of the modern coral conservation toolkit, but preservation techniques are currently limited to sensitive reproductive materials that can only be obtained a few nights per year during spawning. Here, we report the successful cryopreservation and revival of cm-scale coral fragments via mL-scale isochoric vitrification. We demonstrate coral viability at 24 h post-thaw using a calibrated oxygen-uptake respirometry technique, and further show that the method can be applied in a passive, electronics-free configuration. Finally, we detail a complete prototype coral cryopreservation pipeline, which provides a platform for essential next steps in modulating post-thaw stress and initiating long-term growth. These findings pave the way towards an approach that can be rapidly deployed around the world to secure the biological genetic diversity of our vanishing coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Powell-Palm
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - E Michael Henley
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA.
| | - Anthony N Consiglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Claire Lager
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Brooke Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Riley Perry
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Kendall Fitzgerald
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science and Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
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4
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Mallon J, Banaszak AT, Donachie L, Exton D, Cyronak T, Balke T, Bass AM. A low-cost benthic incubation chamber for in-situ community metabolism measurements. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13116. [PMID: 35402104 PMCID: PMC8992662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic incubation chambers facilitate in-situ metabolism studies in shallow water environments. They are used to isolate the water surrounding a study organism or community so that changes in water chemistry can be quantified to characterise physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification. Such field measurements capture the biological processes taking place within the benthic community while incorporating the influence of environmental variables that are often difficult to recreate in ex-situ settings. Variations in benthic chamber designs have evolved for a range of applications. In this study, we built upon previous designs to create a novel chamber, which is (1) low-cost and assembled without specialised equipment, (2) easily reproducible, (3) minimally invasive, (4) adaptable to varied substrates, and (5) comparable with other available designs in performance. We tested the design in the laboratory and field and found that it achieved the outlined objectives. Using non-specialised materials, we were able to construct the chamber at a low cost (under $20 USD per unit), while maintaining similar performance and reproducibility with that of existing designs. Laboratory and field tests demonstrated minimal leakage (2.08 ± 0.78% water exchange over 4 h) and acceptable light transmission (86.9 ± 1.9%), results comparable to those reported for other chambers. In the field, chambers were deployed in a shallow coastal environment in Akumal, Mexico, to measure productivity of seagrass, and coral-, algae-, and sand-dominated reef patches. In both case studies, production rates aligned with those of comparable benthic chamber deployments in the literature and followed established trends with light, the primary driver of benthic metabolism, indicating robust performance under field conditions. We demonstrate that our low-cost benthic chamber design uses locally accessible and minimal resources, is adaptable for a variety of field settings, and can be used to collect reliable and repeatable benthic metabolism data. This chamber has the potential to broaden accessibility and applications of in-situ incubations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mallon
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anastazia T. Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | | | - Dan Exton
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Thorsten Balke
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Bass
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Schrumpf A, Lengerer A, Schmid N, Kazda M. Portable Measurement System for in situ Estimation of Oxygen and Carbon Fluxes of Submerged Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765089. [PMID: 34804099 PMCID: PMC8604185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of submerged plants is commonly characterized by oxygen development. The turnover rates of carbon dioxide and other inorganic carbon species, however, are assessed only at distinct points in time after incubation or calculated through shifts in pH and total alkalinity. A novel three parameter measurement system was developed in order to improve this issue and to gain a better understanding of the metabolism of aquatic plants. It allows the simultaneous and continuous assessment of oxygen concentration, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH with optical sensors without the need of taking water samples. Plants or plant parts can be enclosed in a chamber, while the surrounding water is either flushed through or circulated within the system. The method was evaluated in regards to measurement time and possible stress reactions during measurement. Its applicability in situ was confirmed with Elodea nuttallii and Ceratophyllum demersum. The measurement system will enable deeper insights into the metabolism and response of aquatic plants to changing environmental conditions, especially related to carbon fixation.
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6
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Alderdice R, Pernice M, Cárdenas A, Hughes DJ, Harrison PL, Boulotte N, Chartrand K, Kühl M, Suggett DJ, Voolstra CR. Hypoxia as a physiological cue and pathological stress for coral larvae. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:571-587. [PMID: 34716959 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocean deoxygenation events are intensifying worldwide and can rapidly drive adult corals into a state of metabolic crisis and bleaching-induced mortality, but whether coral larvae are subject to similar stress remains untested. We experimentally exposed apo-symbiotic coral larvae of Acropora selago to deoxygenation stress with subsequent reoxygenation aligned to their night-day light cycle, and followed their gene expression using RNA-Seq. After 12 h of deoxygenation stress (~2 mg O2 /L), coral planulae demonstrated a low expression of HIF-targeted hypoxia response genes concomitant with a significantly high expression of PHD2 (a promoter of HIFα proteasomal degradation), similar to corresponding adult corals. Despite exhibiting a consistent swimming phenotype compared to control samples, the differential gene expression observed in planulae exposed to deoxygenation-reoxygenation suggests a disruption of pathways involved in developmental regulation, mitochondrial activity, lipid metabolism, and O2 -sensitive epigenetic regulators. Importantly, we found that treated larvae exhibited a disruption in the expression of conserved HIF-targeted developmental regulators, for example, Homeobox (HOX) genes, corroborating how changes in external oxygen levels can affect animal development. We discuss how the observed deoxygenation responses may be indicative of a possible acclimation response or alternatively may imply negative latent impacts for coral larval fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Alderdice
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Anny Cárdenas
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David J Hughes
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter L Harrison
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadine Boulotte
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Chartrand
- Centre of Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - David J Suggett
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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7
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Dellisanti W, Chung JTH, Chow CFY, Wu J, Wells ML, Chan LL. Experimental Techniques to Assess Coral Physiology in situ Under Global and Local Stressors: Current Approaches and Novel Insights. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656562. [PMID: 34163371 PMCID: PMC8215126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are declining worldwide due to global changes in the marine environment. The increasing frequency of massive bleaching events in the tropics is highlighting the need to better understand the stages of coral physiological responses to extreme conditions. Moreover, like many other coastal regions, coral reef ecosystems are facing additional localized anthropogenic stressors such as nutrient loading, increased turbidity, and coastal development. Different strategies have been developed to measure the health status of a damaged reef, ranging from the resolution of individual polyps to the entire coral community, but techniques for measuring coral physiology in situ are not yet widely implemented. For instance, while there are many studies of the coral holobiont response in single or limited-number multiple stressor experiments, they provide only partial insights into metabolic performance under more complex and temporally and spatially variable natural conditions. Here, we discuss the current status of coral reefs and their global and local stressors in the context of experimental techniques that measure core processes in coral metabolism (respiration, photosynthesis, and biocalcification) in situ, and their role in indicating the health status of colonies and communities. We highlight the need to improve the capability of in situ studies in order to better understand the resilience and stress response of corals under multiple global and local scale stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dellisanti
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Jeffery T H Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Cher F Y Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Centre for Biological Diversity, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leo L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Alderdice R, Suggett DJ, Cárdenas A, Hughes DJ, Kühl M, Pernice M, Voolstra CR. Divergent expression of hypoxia response systems under deoxygenation in reef-forming corals aligns with bleaching susceptibility. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:312-326. [PMID: 33197302 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of marine life to low oxygen is accelerating worldwide via climate change and localized pollution. Mass coral bleaching and mortality have recently occurred where reefs have experienced chronic low oxygen events. However, the mechanistic basis of tolerance to oxygen levels inadequate to sustain normal functioning (i.e. hypoxia) and whether it contributes to bleaching susceptibility, remain unknown. We therefore experimentally exposed colonies of the environmentally resilient Acropora tenuis, a common reef-building coral from the Great Barrier Reef, to deoxygenation-reoxygenation stress that was aligned to their natural night-day light cycle. Specifically, the treatment involved removing the 'night-time O2 buffer' to challenge the inherent hypoxia thresholds. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that coral possess a complete and active hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated hypoxia response system (HRS) homologous to other metazoans. As expected, A. tenuis exhibited bleaching resistance and showed a strong inducibility of HIF target genes in response to deoxygenation stress. We applied this same approach in parallel to a colony of Acropora selago, known to be environmnetally susceptible, which conversely exhibited a bleaching phenotype response. This phenotypic divergence of A. selago was accompanied by contrasting gene expression profiles indicative of varied effectiveness of their HIF-HRS. Based on our RNA-Seq analysis, we propose (a) that the HIF-HRS is central for corals to manage deoxygenation stress and (b) that key genes of this system (and the wider gene network) may contribute to variation in coral bleaching susceptibility. Our analysis suggests that heat shock protein (hsp) 70 and 90 are important for low oxygen stress tolerance and further highlights how hsp90 expression might also affect the inducibility of coral HIF-HRS in overcoming a metabolic crisis under deoxygenation stress. We propose that differences in coral HIF-HRS could be central in regulating sensitivity to other climate change stressors-notably thermal stress-that commonly drive bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Alderdice
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Anny Cárdenas
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David J Hughes
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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9
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Edmunds PJ, Burgess SC. Emergent properties of branching morphologies modulate the sensitivity of coral calcification to high PCO2. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217000. [PMID: 32179545 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experiments with coral fragments (i.e. nubbins) have shown that net calcification is depressed by elevated PCO2 Evaluating the implications of this finding requires scaling of results from nubbins to colonies, yet the experiments to codify this process have not been carried out. Building from our previous research demonstrating that net calcification of Pocillopora verrucosa (2-13 cm diameter) was unaffected by PCO2 (400 and 1000 µatm) and temperature (26.5 and 29.7°C), we sought generality to this outcome by testing how colony size modulates PCO2 and temperature sensitivity in a branching acroporid. Together, these taxa represent two of the dominant lineages of branching corals on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Two trials conducted over 2 years tested the hypothesis that the seasonal range in seawater temperature (26.5 and 29.2°C) and a future PCO2 (1062 µatm versus an ambient level of 461 µatm) affect net calcification of an ecologically relevant size range (5-20 cm diameter) of colonies of Acropora hyacinthus As for P. verrucosa, the effects of temperature and PCO2 on net calcification (mg day-1) of A. verrucosa were not statistically detectable. These results support the generality of a null outcome on net calcification of exposing intact colonies of branching corals to environmental conditions contrasting seasonal variation in temperature and predicted future variation in PCO2 While there is a need to expand beyond an experimental culture relying on coral nubbins as tractable replicates, rigorously responding to this need poses substantial ethical and logistical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Scott C Burgess
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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10
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Dellisanti W, Tsang RHL, Ang P, Wu J, Wells ML, Chan LL. Metabolic performance and thermal and salinity tolerance of the coral Platygyra carnosa in Hong Kong waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:111005. [PMID: 32275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress-tolerant coral species, such as Platygyra spp., are considered to be well adapted to survive in marginal reefs, but their physiological response to short term exposure to abnormally high temperature and lowered salinity remains poorly understood. Using non-invasive techniques to quantitatively assess the health of Platygyra carnosa (e.g. respiration, photosynthesis, biocalcification and whiteness), we identified the plasticity of its energetics and physiological limits. Although these indicators suggest that it can survive to increasing temperature (25-32 °C), its overall energetics were seriously diminished at temperatures >30 °C. In contrast, it was well adapted to hyposaline waters (31-21 psu) but with reduced biocalcification, indicating short term adaptation for expected future changes in salinity driven by increased amounts and intensities of precipitation. Our findings provide useful insights to the effect of these climate drivers on P. carnosa metabolism and thus better forecast changes in their health status under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dellisanti
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ryan H L Tsang
- Marine Science Laboratory, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Put Ang
- Marine Science Laboratory, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, USA; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Leo L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Roth F, Wild C, Carvalho S, Rädecker N, Voolstra CR, Kürten B, Anlauf H, El‐Khaled YC, Carolan R, Jones BH. An in situ approach for measuring biogeochemical fluxes in structurally complex benthic communities. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roth
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Wild
- Faculty of Biology and ChemistryMarine Ecology DepartmentUniversity of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Susana Carvalho
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Nils Rädecker
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R. Voolstra
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Kürten
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Holger Anlauf
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf C. El‐Khaled
- Faculty of Biology and ChemistryMarine Ecology DepartmentUniversity of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Ronan Carolan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Core Labs Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Burton H. Jones
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Red Sea Research Center Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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12
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van Heuven SMAC, Webb AE, de Bakker DM, Meesters E, van Duyl FC, Reichart GJ, de Nooijer LJ. In-situ incubation of a coral patch for community-scale assessment of metabolic and chemical processes on a reef slope. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5966. [PMID: 30533295 PMCID: PMC6282943 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pressures threaten the health of coral reefs globally. Some of these pressures directly affect coral functioning, while others are indirect, for example by promoting the capacity of bioeroders to dissolve coral aragonite. To assess the coral reef status, it is necessary to validate community-scale measurements of metabolic and geochemical processes in the field, by determining fluxes from enclosed coral reef patches. Here, we investigate diurnal trends of carbonate chemistry, dissolved organic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients on a 20 m deep coral reef patch offshore from the island of Saba, Dutch Caribbean by means of tent incubations. The obtained trends are related to benthic carbon fluxes by quantifying net community calcification (NCC) and net community production (NCP). The relatively strong currents and swell-induced near-bottom surge at this location caused minor seawater exchange between the incubated reef and ambient water. Employing a compensating interpretive model, the exchange is used to our advantage as it maintains reasonably ventilated conditions, which conceivably prevents metabolic arrest during incubation periods of multiple hours. No diurnal trends in carbonate chemistry were detected and all net diurnal rates of production were strongly skewed towards respiration suggesting net heterotrophy in all incubations. The NCC inferred from our incubations ranges from −0.2 to 1.4 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 (−0.2 to 1.2 kg CaCO3 m−2 year−1) and NCP varies from −9 to −21.7 mmol m−2 h−1 (net respiration). When comparing to the consensus-based ReefBudget approach, the estimated NCC rate for the incubated full planar area (0.36 kg CaCO3 m−2 year−1) was lower, but still within range of the different NCC inferred from our incubations. Field trials indicate that the tent-based incubation as presented here, coupled with an appropriate interpretive model, is an effective tool to investigate, in situ, the state of coral reef patches even when located in a relatively hydrodynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M A C van Heuven
- Department of Ocean Sciences, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Alice E Webb
- Department of Ocean Sciences, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Didier M de Bakker
- Department of Marine Microbiology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, Den Helder, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Meesters
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, Den Helder, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur C van Duyl
- Department of Marine Microbiology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Reichart
- Department of Ocean Sciences, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart J de Nooijer
- Department of Ocean Sciences, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Hoorn, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
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13
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Camp EF, Smith DJ, Evenhuis C, Enochs I, Manzello D, Woodcock S, Suggett DJ. Acclimatization to high-variance habitats does not enhance physiological tolerance of two key Caribbean corals to future temperature and pH. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0442. [PMID: 27194698 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are acclimatized to populate dynamic habitats that neighbour coral reefs. Habitats such as seagrass beds exhibit broad diel changes in temperature and pH that routinely expose corals to conditions predicted for reefs over the next 50-100 years. However, whether such acclimatization effectively enhances physiological tolerance to, and hence provides refuge against, future climate scenarios remains unknown. Also, whether corals living in low-variance habitats can tolerate present-day high-variance conditions remains untested. We experimentally examined how pH and temperature predicted for the year 2100 affects the growth and physiology of two dominant Caribbean corals (Acropora palmata and Porites astreoides) native to habitats with intrinsically low (outer-reef terrace, LV) and/or high (neighbouring seagrass, HV) environmental variance. Under present-day temperature and pH, growth and metabolic rates (calcification, respiration and photosynthesis) were unchanged for HV versus LV populations. Superimposing future climate scenarios onto the HV and LV conditions did not result in any enhanced tolerance to colonies native to HV. Calcification rates were always lower for elevated temperature and/or reduced pH. Together, these results suggest that seagrass habitats may not serve as refugia against climate change if the magnitude of future temperature and pH changes is equivalent to neighbouring reef habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Coral Reef Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- Coral Reef Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Chris Evenhuis
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ian Enochs
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Derek Manzello
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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14
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Baussant T, Nilsen M, Ravagnan E, Westerlund S, Ramanand S. Physiological responses and lipid storage of the coral Lophelia pertusa at varying food density. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:266-284. [PMID: 28569653 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1297274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa to deep-sea reef ecosystem functioning, current knowledge of key physiological responses to available food resources is scarce. Scenarios with varying food density may help to understand how corals deal with seasonal variations in the dark ocean and might be used to study consequences of anthropogenic activities potentially affecting food availability. Thus, the physiological responses of L. pertusa to varying food (Artemia salina nauplii) concentration, ranging from 20% to 300% of carbon equivalent turned over by basal coral respiration, were investigated. A starvation group was also included. Measurements of respiration, growth, mucus production, and energy reserves (storage fatty acids) were performed at several time intervals over 26 weeks. In general, data showed a stronger effect of experimental time on measured responses, but no significant influence of food density treatment. In starved corals, respiration rate declined to 52% of initial respiration, while skeleton growth rate was maintained at the same rate as Artemia-fed corals throughout the investigation. Mucus production measured as the sum of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) was also similar across food treatments, but POC production exceeded that of DOC at the highest food density. No marked effect was observed on storage fatty acids. These results confirm that L. pertusa is highly resilient to environmental conditions with suboptimal food densities over a time scale of months. Regulation of several physiological processes, including respiration and mucus production, possibly in combination with an opportunistic feeding strategy, contributed to this tolerance to maintain viable corals. Thus, it appears that L. pertusa is well adapted to life in the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Baussant
- a Department of Environment , International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Marianne Nilsen
- a Department of Environment , International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
- b Department of Research and Development , Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL), Campus Sogndal , Sogndal , Norway
| | - Elisa Ravagnan
- a Department of Environment , International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Stig Westerlund
- a Department of Environment , International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Sreerekha Ramanand
- a Department of Environment , International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
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15
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Camp EF, Nitschke MR, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Houlbreque F, Gardner SG, Smith DJ, Zampighi M, Suggett DJ. Reef-building corals thrive within hot-acidified and deoxygenated waters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2434. [PMID: 28550297 PMCID: PMC5446402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are deteriorating under climate change as oceans continue to warm and acidify and thermal anomalies grow in frequency and intensity. In vitro experiments are widely used to forecast reef-building coral health into the future, but often fail to account for the complex ecological and biogeochemical interactions that govern reefs. Consequently, observations from coral communities under naturally occurring extremes have become central for improved predictions of future reef form and function. Here, we present a semi-enclosed lagoon system in New Caledonia characterised by diel fluctuations of hot-deoxygenated water coupled with tidally driven persistently low pH, relative to neighbouring reefs. Coral communities within the lagoon system exhibited high richness (number of species = 20) and cover (24-35% across lagoon sites). Calcification rates for key species (Acropora formosa, Acropora pulchra, Coelastrea aspera and Porites lutea) for populations from the lagoon were equivalent to, or reduced by ca. 30-40% compared to those from the reef. Enhanced coral respiration, alongside high particulate organic content of the lagoon sediment, suggests acclimatisation to this trio of temperature, oxygen and pH changes through heterotrophic plasticity. This semi-enclosed lagoon therefore provides a novel system to understand coral acclimatisation to complex climatic scenarios and may serve as a reservoir of coral populations already resistant to extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Fanny Houlbreque
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Marco Zampighi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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Kerr R, da Cunha LC, Kikuchi RKP, Horta PA, Ito RG, Müller MN, Orselli IBM, Lencina-Avila JM, de Orte MR, Sordo L, Pinheiro BR, Bonou FK, Schubert N, Bergstrom E, Copertino MS. The Western South Atlantic Ocean in a High-CO2 World: Current Measurement Capabilities and Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 57:740-752. [PMID: 26616429 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An international multi-disciplinary group of 24 researchers met to discuss ocean acidification (OA) during the Brazilian OA Network/Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (BrOA/SOLAS) Workshop. Fifteen members of the BrOA Network (www.broa.furg.br) authored this review. The group concluded that identifying and evaluating the regional effects of OA is impossible without understanding the natural variability of seawater carbonate systems in marine ecosystems through a series of long-term observations. Here, we show that the western South Atlantic Ocean (WSAO) lacks appropriate observations for determining regional OA effects, including the effects of OA on key sensitive Brazilian ecosystems in this area. The impacts of OA likely affect marine life in coastal and oceanic ecosystems, with further social and economic consequences for Brazil and neighboring countries. Thus, we present (i) the diversity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems in the WSAO and emphasize their roles in the marine carbon cycle and biodiversity and their vulnerabilities to OA effects; (ii) ongoing observational, experimental, and modeling efforts that investigate OA in the WSAO; and (iii) highlights of the knowledge gaps, infrastructure deficiencies, and OA-related issues in the WSAO. Finally, this review outlines long-term actions that should be taken to manage marine ecosystems in this vast and unexplored ocean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Kerr
- LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia C da Cunha
- Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Ruy K P Kikuchi
- Departamento de Oceanografia & INCT AmbTropic, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil
| | - Rosane G Ito
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Marius N Müller
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Iole B M Orselli
- LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Jannine M Lencina-Avila
- IMAGES ESPACE-DEV, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Manoela R de Orte
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil
| | - Laura Sordo
- Grupo de Ecologia e Plantas Marinhas (ALGAE), Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve (UALG), Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara R Pinheiro
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Frédéric K Bonou
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Nadine Schubert
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ellie Bergstrom
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil
| | - Margareth S Copertino
- LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
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