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Pan Q, Luo J, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Lu K, Chen T. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Olpax6.2 acquires maternal inheritance and germ cells expression, but was functionally degenerated in the eye. Gene 2023; 872:147439. [PMID: 37094695 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication provides raw material for the evolution of genetic and phenotypic complexity. It has remained a long-standing mystery how duplicated genes evolve into new genes by neofunctionalization via the acquisition of new expression and/or activity and simultaneous loss of the old expression and activity. Fishes have many gene duplicates from whole genome duplication, making them excellent for studying the evolution of gene duplicates. In the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes), an ancestral pax6 gene has given rise to Olpax6.1 and Olpax6.2. Here we report that medaka Olpax6.2 is evolving towards neofunctionalization. A chromosomal syntenic analysis indicated that Olpax6.1 and Olpax6.2 are structurally co-homologous to the single pax6 in other organisms. Interestingly, Olpax6.2 maintains all conserved coding exons but loses the non-coding exons of Olpax6.1, and has 4 promoters versus 8 in Olpax6.1. RT-PCR revealed that Olpax6.2 maintained expression in the brain eye, pancreas as Olpax6.1. Surprisingly, Olpax6.2 also exhibited maternal inheritance and gonadal expression by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and RNA transcriptome analysis. The expression and distribution of Olpax6.2 is not different from Olpax6.1 in the adult brain, eye and pancreas, but exhibited overlapping and distinct expression in early embryogenesis. We show that ovarian Olpax6.2 expression occurs in female germ cells. Olpax6.2 knockout showed no obvious defect in eye development, while Olpax6.1 F0 mutant have severe defects in eye development. Thus, Olpax6.2 has acquired maternal inheritance and germ cell expression, but was functionally degenerated in the eye, making this gene as an excellent model to study the neofunctionalization of duplicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junzhi Luo
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuewen Jiang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Lu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Su X, Chen W, Cai Q, Liang P, Chen Y, Cong P, Huang J. Production of non-mosaic genome edited porcine embryos by injection of CRISPR/Cas9 into germinal vesicle oocytes. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:335-342. [PMID: 31378649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs represent a great promise for generating models of human diseases and producing new breeds. Generation of genetically edited pigs using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or zygote cytoplasmic microinjection is a tedious process due to the low developmental rate or mosaicism of the founder (F0). Herein, we developed a method termed germinal vesicle oocyte gene editing (GVGE) to produce non-mosaic porcine embryos by editing maternal alleles during the GV to MⅡ transition. Injection of Cas9 mRNA and X-linked Dmd gene-specific gRNA into GV oocytes did not affect their developmental potential. The MⅡ oocytes edited during in vitro maturation (IVM) could develop into blastocysts after parthenogenetic activation (PA) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Genotyping results indicated that the maternal gene X-linked Dmd could be efficiently edited during oocyte maturation. Up to 81.3% of the edited IVF embryos were non-mosaic Dmd gene mutant embryos. In conclusion, GVGE might be a valuable method for the generation of non-mosaic maternal allele edited F0 embryos in a short simple step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Su
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Puping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Junjiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Chromatin dynamics underlying the precise regeneration of a vertebrate limb - Epigenetic regulation and cellular memory. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:16-25. [PMID: 30991117 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, tissue regeneration, and organ regrowth are all regeneration phenomena observed in vertebrates after an injury. However, the ability to regenerate differs greatly among species. Mammals can undergo wound healing and tissue regeneration, but cannot regenerate an organ; for example, they cannot regrow an amputated limb. In contrast, amphibians and fish have much higher capabilities for organ-level regeneration. In addition to medical studies and those in conventional mammalian models such as mice, studies in amphibians and fish have revealed essential factors for and mechanisms of regeneration, including the regrowth of a limb, tail, or fin. However, the molecular nature of the cellular memory needed to precisely generate a new appendage from an amputation site is not fully understood. Recent reports have indicated that organ regeneration is closely related to epigenetic regulation. For example, the methylation status of genomic DNA is related to the expression of regeneration-related genes, and histone-modification enzymes are required to control the chromatin dynamics for regeneration. A proposed mechanism of cellular memory involving an inheritable system of epigenetic modification led us to hypothesize that epigenetic regulation forms the basis for cellular memory in organ regeneration. Here we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in organ regeneration and discuss the relationship between organ regeneration and epigenetic memory.
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Horb M, Wlizla M, Abu-Daya A, McNamara S, Gajdasik D, Igawa T, Suzuki A, Ogino H, Noble A, Robert J, James-Zorn C, Guille M. Xenopus Resources: Transgenic, Inbred and Mutant Animals, Training Opportunities, and Web-Based Support. Front Physiol 2019; 10:387. [PMID: 31073289 PMCID: PMC6497014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two species of the clawed frog family, Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis, are widely used as tools to investigate both normal and disease-state biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and developmental biology. To support both frog specialist and non-specialist scientists needing access to these models for their research, a number of centralized resources exist around the world. These include centers that hold live and frozen stocks of transgenic, inbred and mutant animals and centers that hold molecular resources. This infrastructure is supported by a model organism database. Here, we describe much of this infrastructure and encourage the community to make the best use of it and to guide the resource centers in developing new lines and libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Horb
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Anita Abu-Daya
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sean McNamara
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Dominika Gajdasik
- School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Anna Noble
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Xenbase, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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5
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Gonadal, Not Maternal, Acquisition of Duplicated pax6 Orthologs in Megalobrama Amblycephala. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071710. [PMID: 30959850 PMCID: PMC6480603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
: The highly conserved transcription factor Pax6 is involved in the development of the eyes, brain, and pancreas in vertebrates and invertebrates, whereas the additional expression pattern in other organs is still elusive. In this study, we cloned and characterized two pax6 homologs in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), named Mapax6a and Mapax6b. The protein alignment and phylogenetic tree showed that Mapax6a and Mapax6b were highly conserved compared with their counterparts in other species. Genomic information analysis revealed that the synteny conservation of Wilms tumor, Aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation loci was also maintained in this species. By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the expression of Mapax6a was later than that of Mapax6b which was found in the blastula stage, while the expression of Mapax6a started from the somite stage, and both of them persisted in a subsequent stage during the embryonic development. By RNA and protein detection, Mapax6a and Mapax6b were detected in the eye and brain as canonic patterns, and most importantly, they were also enriched in germ cells of the testis and ovary. Therefore, our findings validate the duplication of pax6 in fish, confirm the classical expression patterns in the brain and eye, and, for the first time, present a new acquisition of Mapax6a and Mapax6b in gonadal germ cells in particular. Therefore, our results enrich the expression pattern and evolutionary relationship of pax6 by suggesting that duplicated Mapax6 is involved in gametogenesis in Megalobrama amblycephala.
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6
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Houston DW. Oocyte Host-Transfer and Maternal mRNA Depletion Experiments in Xenopus. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot096982. [PMID: 29321286 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot096982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This protocol details the oocyte host-transfer method in Xenopus, using transplantation by intraperitoneal injection. This approach is suitable for the overexpression of mRNAs and for the use of antisense oligonucleotides to deplete maternal mRNAs, which are not replaced until zygotic genome activation in the mid-blastula transition. Xenopus oocyte host-transfer can also be used for highly efficient mutagenesis in the F0 generation by prefertilization injection of genome editing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1324
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7
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Aguero T, Newman K, King ML. Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot096974. [PMID: 29321284 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot096974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection of Xenopus oocytes has proven to be a valuable tool in a broad array of studies that require expression of DNA or RNA into functional protein. These studies are diverse and range from expression cloning to receptor-ligand interaction to nuclear programming. Oocytes offer a number of advantages for such studies, including their large size (∼1.2 mm in diameter), capacity for translation, and enormous nucleus (0.3-0.4 mm). They are cost effective, easily manipulated, and can be injected in large numbers in a short time period. Oocytes have a large maternal stockpile of all the essential components for transcription and translation. Consequently, the investigator needs only to introduce by microinjection the specific DNA or RNA of interest for synthesis. Oocytes translate virtually any exogenous RNA regardless of source, and the translated proteins are folded, modified, and transported to the correct cellular locations. Here we present procedures for the efficient microinjection of oocytes and their subsequent care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Aguero
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Karen Newman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Mary Lou King
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
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8
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Aslan Y, Tadjuidje E, Zorn AM, Cha SW. High-efficiency non-mosaic CRISPR-mediated knock-in and indel mutation in F0 Xenopus. Development 2017; 144:2852-2858. [PMID: 28694259 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in CRISPR-mediated genome editing has enabled the mutation and insertion of virtually any DNA sequence, particularly in cell culture where selection can be used to recover relatively rare homologous recombination events. The efficient use of this technology in animal models still presents a number of challenges, including the time to establish mutant lines, mosaic gene editing in founder animals, and low homologous recombination rates. Here we report a method for CRISPR-mediated genome editing in Xenopus oocytes with homology-directed repair (HDR) that provides efficient non-mosaic targeted insertion of small DNA fragments (40-50 nucleotides) in 4.4-25.7% of F0 tadpoles, with germline transmission. For both CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HDR gene editing and indel mutation, the gene-edited F0 embryos are uniformly heterozygous, consistent with a mutation in only the maternal genome. In addition to efficient tagging of proteins in vivo, this HDR methodology will allow researchers to create patient-specific mutations for human disease modeling in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetki Aslan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sang-Wook Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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9
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Ratzan W, Falco R, Salanga C, Salanga M, Horb ME. Generation of a Xenopus laevis F1 albino J strain by genome editing and oocyte host-transfer. Dev Biol 2017; 426:188-193. [PMID: 26993591 PMCID: PMC5025372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Completion of the Xenopus laevis genome sequence from inbred J strain animals has facilitated the generation of germline mutant X. laevis using targeted genome editing. In the last few years, numerous reports have demonstrated that TALENs are able to induce mutations in F0 Xenopus embryos, but none has demonstrated germline transmission of such mutations in X. laevis. In this report we used the oocyte host-transfer method to generate mutations in both tyrosinase homeologs and found highly-penetrant germline mutations; in contrast, embryonic injections yielded few germline mutations. We also compared the distribution of mutations in several F0 somatic tissues and germ cells and found that the majority of mutations in each tissue were different. These results establish that X. laevis J strain animals are very useful for generating germline mutations and that the oocyte host-transfer method is an efficient technique for generating mutations in both homeologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Ratzan
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Rosalia Falco
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Cristy Salanga
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Matthew Salanga
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marko E Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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10
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Tandon P, Conlon F, Furlow JD, Horb ME. Expanding the genetic toolkit in Xenopus: Approaches and opportunities for human disease modeling. Dev Biol 2017; 426:325-335. [PMID: 27109192 PMCID: PMC5074924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The amphibian model Xenopus, has been used extensively over the past century to study multiple aspects of cell and developmental biology. Xenopus offers advantages of a non-mammalian system, including high fecundity, external development, and simple housing requirements, with additional advantages of large embryos, highly conserved developmental processes, and close evolutionary relationship to higher vertebrates. There are two main species of Xenopus used in biomedical research, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis; the common perception is that both species are excellent models for embryological and cell biological studies, but only Xenopus tropicalis is useful as a genetic model. The recent completion of the Xenopus laevis genome sequence combined with implementation of genome editing tools, such as TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) and CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated nucleases), greatly facilitates the use of both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis for understanding gene function in development and disease. In this paper, we review recent advances made in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis with TALENs and CRISPR-Cas and discuss the various approaches that have been used to generate knockout and knock-in animals in both species. These advances show that both Xenopus species are useful for genetic approaches and in particular counters the notion that Xenopus laevis is not amenable to genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States.
| | - Frank Conlon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States
| | - J David Furlow
- Deparment of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marko E Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
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11
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Yasue A, Kono H, Habuta M, Bando T, Sato K, Inoue J, Oyadomari S, Noji S, Tanaka E, Ohuchi H. Relationship between somatic mosaicism of Pax6 mutation and variable developmental eye abnormalities-an analysis of CRISPR genome-edited mouse embryos. Sci Rep 2017; 7:53. [PMID: 28246397 PMCID: PMC5428340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system is a rapid gene-targeting technology that does not require embryonic stem cells. To demonstrate dosage effects of the Pax6 gene on eye formation, we generated Pax6-deficient mice with the CRISPR/Cas system. Eyes of founder embryos at embryonic day (E) 16.5 were examined and categorized according to macroscopic phenotype as class 1 (small eye with distinct pigmentation), class 2 (pigmentation without eye globes), or class 3 (no pigmentation and no eyes). Histologically, class 1 eyes were abnormally small in size with lens still attached to the cornea at E16.5. Class 2 eyes had no lens and distorted convoluted retinas. Class 3 eyes had only rudimentary optic vesicle-like tissues or histological anophthalmia. Genotyping of neck tissue cells from the founder embryos revealed somatic mosaicism and allelic complexity for Pax6. Relationships between eye phenotype and genotype were developed. The present results demonstrated that development of the lens from the surface ectoderm requires a higher gene dose of Pax6 than development of the retina from the optic vesicle. We further anticipate that mice with somatic mosaicism in a targeted gene generated by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing will give some insights for understanding the complexity in human congenital diseases that occur in mosaic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Kono
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Munenori Habuta
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Junji Inoue
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Tokushima University, 2-24 Shinkura-cho, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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12
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Shigeta M, Sakane Y, Iida M, Suzuki M, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi A, Fujii S, Yamamoto T, Suzuki KIT. Rapid and efficient analysis of gene function using CRISPR-Cas9 inXenopus tropicalisfounders. Genes Cells 2016; 21:755-71. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Shigeta
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Midori Iida
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics; Kyushu Institute of Technology; 680-4 Kawazu Iizuka Fukuoka 820-8502 Japan
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Institute for Amphibian Biology; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kashiwagi
- Institute for Amphibian Biology; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics; Kyushu Institute of Technology; 680-4 Kawazu Iizuka Fukuoka 820-8502 Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T. Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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13
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Lienkamp SS. Using Xenopus to study genetic kidney diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:117-24. [PMID: 26851624 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern sequencing technology is revolutionizing our knowledge of inherited kidney disease. However, the molecular role of genes affected by the rapidly rising number of identified mutations is lagging behind. Xenopus is a highly useful, but underutilized model organism with unique properties excellently suited to decipher the molecular mechanisms of kidney development and disease. The embryonic kidney (pronephros) can be manipulated on only one side of the animal and its formation observed directly through the translucent skin. The moderate evolutionary distance between Xenopus and humans is a huge advantage for studying basic principles of kidney development, but still allows us to analyze the function of disease related genes. Optogenetic manipulations and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas are exciting additions to the toolbox for disease modelling and will facilitate the use of Xenopus in translational research. Therefore, the future of Xenopus in kidney research is bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren S Lienkamp
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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