1
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Kumar R, Bera BC, Anand T, Pavulraj S, Kurian Mathew M, Gupta RP, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bacteriophage conjugated haemagglutinin based subunit vaccine against equine influenza virus in a murine model. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1707-1726. [PMID: 38528300 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of equines caused by the H3N8 subtype of Influenza A virus i.e. equine influenza virus (EIV). Vaccination is an important and effective tool for the control of EI in equines. Most of the commercial influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated hen's eggs which has several inherent disadvantages. Hence, subunit vaccine based on recombinant haemagglutinin (HA) antigen, being the most important envelope glycoprotein has been extensively exploited for generating protective immune responses, against influenza A and B viruses. We hypothesized that novel vaccine formulation using baculovirus expressed recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein coupled with bacteriophage will generate strong protective immune response against EIV. In the present study, the recombinant HA1 protein was produced in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus having cloned HA gene of EIV (Florida clade 2 sublineage) and the purified rHA1 was chemically coupled with bacteriophage using a crosslinker to produce rHA1-phage vaccine candidate. The protective efficacy of vaccine preparations of rHA1-phage conjugate and only rHA1 proteins were evaluated in mouse model through assessing serology, cytokine profiling, clinical signs, gross and histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry, and virus quantification. Immunization of vaccine preparations have stimulated moderate antibody response (ELISA titres-5760 ± 640 and 11,520 ± 1280 for rHA1 and rHA1-phage, respectively at 42 dpi) and elicited strong interferon (IFN)-γ expression levels after three immunizations of vaccine candidates. The immunized BALB/c mice were protected against challenge with wild EIV and resulted in reduced clinical signs and body weight loss, reduced pathological changes, decreased EIV antigen distribution, and restricted EIV replication in lungs and nasopharynx. In conclusion, the immune responses with moderate antibody titer and significantly higher cytokine responses generated by the rHA1-phage vaccine preparation without any adjuvant could be a novel vaccine candidate for quick vaccine preparation through further trials of vaccine in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | | | - Taruna Anand
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Dr, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Manu Kurian Mathew
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India
| | - R P Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | | | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India.
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2
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Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:588-598. [PMID: 35709134 PMCID: PMC9184697 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite vaccination, equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV)
infections still cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in horses.
Recently, concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV was suggested as a new
approach; however, there have been no reports of concurrent vaccination with
recombinant canarypox EIV and inactivated EHV vaccines. In this study, we aimed
to compare the EIV-specific immune responses induced by concurrent
administrations of a recombinant canarypox EIV vaccine and an inactivated
bivalent EHV vaccine with those induced by a single recombinant canarypox EIV
vaccine in experimental horse and mouse models. Serum and peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from immunized animals after
vaccination. EIV-specific serum antibody levels, serum hemagglutinin inhibition
(HI) titers, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were measured by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HI assay, and quantitative polymerase chain
reaction, respectively. Concurrent EIV and EHV vaccine administration
significantly increased IFN-γ production, without compromising humoral
responses. Our data demonstrate that concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV
vaccines can enhance EIV-specific cellular responses in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-bee Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
| | - Jong-pil Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Corresponding author: Eun-Ju Ko, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3366, E-mail:
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3
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Mashin VV, Sergeev AN, Martynova NN, Oganov MD, Sergeev AA, Kataeva VV, Zagidullin NV. Ensuring Viral Safety of Equine Immunoglobulins during Production. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:283-288. [PMID: 35571872 PMCID: PMC9076163 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine blood plasma/serum and intermediates must be monitored for the presence of live viruses pathogenic in humans during production of equine immunoglobulins. Information concerning low-cost and simple methods for the detection of live horse viruses pathogenic and non-pathogenic to humans was gained using data of modern domestic and foreign literature. These methods are based on cultivation of these viruses on sensitive biosystems. The presented information can be used to set up blood plasma/serum control of horses at different stages of immunoglobulin production, i.e., when taking blood from horses during their quarantine period, when collecting blood from immunized horses, and before bottling the medicinal intermediate in the primary package.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Mashin
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. N. Sergeev
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - N. N. Martynova
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - M. D. Oganov
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. A. Sergeev
- AVVAPharmaceuticals Ltd., Representative Moscow Office, Office 8, 4/3 Aviamotornaya St., Moscow, 111116 Russia
| | - V. V. Kataeva
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - N. V. Zagidullin
- Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines JSC, 10 2nd Volkonskii Pereulok, Moscow, 127473 Russia
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Abstract
Horses are the third major mammalian species, along with humans and swine, long known to be subject to acute upper respiratory disease from influenza A virus infection. The viruses responsible are subtype H7N7, which is believed extinct, and H3N8, which circulates worldwide. The equine influenza lineages are clearly divergent from avian influenza lineages of the same subtypes. Their genetic evolution and potential for interspecies transmission, as well as clinical features and epidemiology, are discussed. Equine influenza is spread internationally and vaccination is central to control efforts. The current mechanism of international surveillance and virus strain recommendations for vaccines is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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5
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Su H, Zhao Y, Zheng L, Wang S, Shi H, Liu X. Effect of the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies on evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. AMB Express 2020; 10:98. [PMID: 32462233 PMCID: PMC7253569 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, and vaccination with an inactivated virus is currently the major prevention method in China. To further understand the effect of the selection pressure from antibodies on the evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus, F/98 (A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98), which is the vaccine representative of H9N2 avian influenza virus in East China, was used for serial passaging for 20 generations in chickens with and without vaccination. After plaque purification from trachea and lung tissues, 390 quasispecies were obtained. The second-generation quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies had undergone 100% antigen variation, while after passaging to the fifth generation, only 30-40% of the quasispecies displayed antigen variation when there was no selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, implying that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of F/98. We found for the first time that there were three mutation hotspots in the HA genes of the quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, which were K131R, A168T, and N201D. Moreover, under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, 10 amino acids (67-76) of the NA protein of all quasispecies were deleted, and PB2 of the quasispecies had undergone a high-frequency R355K mutation. However, without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, NP had undergone two high-frequency mutations, namely, V186I and L466I, and a high-frequency mutation of L77I appeared in the NS gene. This result shows that the vaccine antibody selection pressure could control and regulate gene variation of the F/98 virus. Compared to that of the parental virus F/98, the EID50 of the twentieth passaged virus under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies did not change, while the EID50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies was significantly enhanced by 794 times. Furthermore, the twentieth passaged virus with selection pressure from vaccine antibodies lost its lethal ability in embryonated chicken eggs, whereas the EID50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies increased to 6.3 times that of the F/98 strain. All the above results show that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of H9N2 avian influenza virus and plays a role in regulating and controlling gene mutation of H9N2 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880 USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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Mathew MK, Virmani N, Bera BC, Anand T, Kumar R, Balena V, Sansanwal R, Pavulraj S, Sundaram K, Virmani M, Tripathi BN. Protective efficacy of inactivated reverse genetics based equine influenza vaccine candidate adjuvanted with Montanide TM Pet Gel in murine model. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1753-1762. [PMID: 31656240 PMCID: PMC6943333 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a leading cause for respiratory illness in equines. Major control
measures involve vaccination which requires continuous harmonization owing to antigenic
drift. The present study focused on assessing the protective efficacy of an inactivated
recombinant equine influenza virus (rgEIV) vaccine candidate adjuvanted with
MontanideTM Pet Gel in murine model. The rgEIV was generated using reverse
genetics by incorporating HA and NA segments from EIV/H3N8, clade 2-Florida sublineage in
an A/WSN/33 /H1N1 backbone and inactivated by formalin. The vaccine was
prepared by mixing inactivated rgEIV with MontanideTM Pet Gel adjuvant followed
by intranasal inoculation into BALB/c mice intranasally. The immune responses and
protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by measurement of antibody titer,
immunoglobulin subtyping, cytokines, clinical signs and pathological lesions after
immunization and challenge with wild EIV. Serology and cytokine expression pattern
indicated that the vaccine activated mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses of vaccine. Booster
immunization stimulated strong antibody responses (HAI titre: 192 ± 28.6) at 42 days post
immunization and the predominant antibody subtype was IgG1. Upregulation of interferon
(IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 and
IL-2 levels indicates effective induction of Th1 type response. We
found that vaccination has protected mice against equine influenza virus challenge as
adjudged through a lack of nonappearance of visible clinical signs of disease, no loss of
body weight loss, reduced pathology in the lungs and markedly reduced virus shedding from
the respiratory tract. Therefore, we conclude that recombinant EIV vaccine candidate
adjuvanted with MontanideTM Pet Gel could aid in quick harmonization of the
vaccines through replacement of HA and NA genes for control of EIV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kurian Mathew
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Bera
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004 Haryana, India
| | | | - Rekha Sansanwal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Karthik Sundaram
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Virmani
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004 Haryana, India
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7
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30237788 PMCID: PMC6135912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes H. van der Kolk
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Pavulraj S, Virmani N, Bera BC, Joshi A, Anand T, Virmani M, Singh R, Singh RK, Tripathi BN. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated equine influenza (H3N8) virus vaccine in murine model. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:188-196. [PMID: 29103691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) are responsible for acute contagious respiratory infection in equines and the disease remains a major threat for equine population throughout the world despite vaccination strategies in place. The present study was aimed to assess the suitability of BALB/c mice as a potential small animal model for preliminary screening of EI vaccine candidates. For this, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated EIV (H3N8) vaccine in BALB/c mouse model after challenge with homologous H3N8 virus (Clade 2 virus, Florida sublineage) through serology, clinical signs, gross and histopathology lesions with grading, immunohistochemistry and virus quantification. Serological responses in immunized mice were evaluated by haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and antibodies were subtyped by ELISA. The vaccine induced optimum protective antibody titre on 49 dpi along with balanced Th1/Th2 responses. Immunized mice were well protected against EIV challenge as evident by significant rise in serum antibody titre which concurred with mild clinical signs, early recovery, lower gross and histopathological lesions score, less severe intensity of viral antigen distribution, restricted virus replication in respiratory tract and less virus detection in nasal washes for short duration. The duration of the viral load was also lower and only for brief period as compared to unvaccinated challenged mice. In conclusion, induction of H3N8 specific antibody response and protection against H3N8 challenge proves that egg grown inactivated H3N8 whole virus vaccine would provide an effective intercession against H3N8 virus. In addition, BALB/c mouse can serve as an attractive tool for adjudging protective efficacy of vaccine candidates prior to final testing in equines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Pavulraj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| | | | - Alok Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125003, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Meenakshi Virmani
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125003, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
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