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Patil H, Yi H, Cho KI, Ferreira PA. Proteostatic Remodeling of Small Heat Shock Chaperones─Crystallins by Ran-Binding Protein 2─and the Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase and Chaperone Activities of Its Cyclophilin Domain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1967-1989. [PMID: 38657106 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in protein phase transitions promote protein aggregation─a neurodegeneration hallmark. The modular Ran-binding protein 2 (Ranbp2) is a cytosolic molecular hub for rate-limiting steps of phase transitions of Ran-GTP-bound protein ensembles exiting nuclear pores. Chaperones also regulate phase transitions and proteostasis by suppressing protein aggregation. Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency promotes the age-dependent neuroprotection of the chorioretina against phototoxicity by proteostatic regulations of neuroprotective substrates of Ranbp2 and by suppressing the buildup of polyubiquitylated substrates. Losses of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities of the cyclophilin domain (CY) of Ranbp2 recapitulate molecular effects of Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency. These CY impairments also stimulate deubiquitylation activities and phase transitions of 19S cap subunits of the 26S proteasome that associates with Ranbp2. However, links between CY moonlighting activity, substrate ubiquitylation, and proteostasis remain incomplete. Here, we reveal the Ranbp2 regulation of small heat shock chaperones─crystallins in the chorioretina by proteomics of mice with total or selective modular deficits of Ranbp2. Specifically, loss of CY PPIase of Ranbp2 upregulates αA-Crystallin, which is repressed in adult nonlenticular tissues. Conversely, impairment of CY's chaperone activity opposite to the PPIase pocket downregulates a subset of αA-Crystallin's substrates, γ-crystallins. These CY-dependent effects cause age-dependent and chorioretinal-selective declines of ubiquitylated substrates without affecting the chorioretinal morphology. A model emerges whereby inhibition of Ranbp2's CY PPIase remodels crystallins' expressions, subdues molecular aging, and preordains the chorioretina to neuroprotection by augmenting the chaperone capacity and the degradation of polyubiquitylated substrates against proteostatic impairments. Further, the druggable Ranbp2 CY holds pan-therapeutic potential against proteotoxicity and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Haiqing Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kyoung-In Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Paulo A Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Patil H, Cho KI, Ferreira PA. Proteostatic remodeling of small heat shock chaperones - crystallins by Ran-binding protein 2 and the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and chaperone activities of its cyclophilin domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577462. [PMID: 38352504 PMCID: PMC10862737 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Disturbances in phase transitions and intracellular partitions of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling substrates promote protein aggregation - a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The modular Ran-binding protein 2 (Ranbp2) is a cytosolic molecular hub for rate-limiting steps of disassembly and phase transitions of Ran-GTP-bound protein ensembles exiting nuclear pores. Chaperones also play central roles in phase transitions and proteostasis by suppressing protein aggregation. Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency promotes the age-dependent neuroprotection of the chorioretina against photo-oxidative stress by proteostatic regulations of Ranbp2 substrates and by countering the build-up of poly-ubiquitylated substrates. Further, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities of the cyclophilin domain (CY) of Ranbp2 modulate the proteostasis of selective neuroprotective substrates, such as hnRNPA2B1, STAT3, HDAC4 or L/M-opsin, while promoting a decline of ubiquitylated substrates. However, links between CY PPIase activity on client substrates and its effect(s) on ubiquitylated substrates are unclear. Here, proteomics of genetically modified mice with deficits of Ranbp2 uncovered the regulation of the small heat shock chaperones - crystallins by Ranbp2 in the chorioretina. Loss of CY PPIase of Ranbp2 up-regulates αA-crystallin proteostasis, which is repressed in non-lenticular tissues. Conversely, the αA-crystallin's substrates, γ-crystallins, are down-regulated by impairment of CY's C-terminal chaperone activity. These CY-dependent effects cause the age-dependent decline of ubiquitylated substrates without overt chorioretinal morphological changes. A model emerges whereby the Ranbp2 CY-dependent remodeling of crystallins' proteostasis subdues molecular aging and preordains chorioretinal neuroprotection by augmenting the chaperone buffering capacity and the decline of ubiquitylated substrates against proteostatic impairments. Further, CY's moonlighting activity holds pan -therapeutic potential against neurodegeneration.
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Noori L, Saqagandomabadi V, Di Felice V, David S, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bucchieri F, Cappello F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Scalia F. Putative Roles and Therapeutic Potential of the Chaperone System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:217. [PMID: 38334609 PMCID: PMC10854686 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The putative pathogenic roles and therapeutic potential of the chaperone system (CS) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are reviewed to provide a bibliographic and conceptual platform for launching research on the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of CS components. Various studies suggest that dysfunction of the CS contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS and MS, and here, we identify some of the implicated CS members. The physiology and pathophysiology of the CS members can be properly understood if they are studied or experimentally or clinically manipulated for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, bearing in mind that they belong to a physiological system with multiple interacting and dynamic components, widespread throughout the body, intra- and extracellularly. Molecular chaperones, some called heat shock protein (Hsp), are the chief components of the CS, whose canonical functions are cytoprotective. However, abnormal chaperones can be etiopathogenic factors in a wide range of disorders, chaperonopathies, including ALS and MS, according to the data reviewed. Chaperones typically form teams, and these build functional networks to maintain protein homeostasis, the canonical role of the CS. However, members of the CS also display non-canonical functions unrelated to protein homeostasis. Therefore, chaperones and other members of the CS, if abnormal, may disturb not only protein synthesis, maturation, and migration but also other physiological processes. Thus, in elucidating the role of CS components in ALS and MS, one must look at protein homeostasis abnormalities and beyond, following the clues emerging from the works discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noori
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical University of Babol, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Vahid Saqagandomabadi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Sabrina David
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore—Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore—Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.N.); (V.S.); (V.D.F.); (S.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy; (E.C.d.M.); (A.J.L.M.)
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Fornari Laurindo L, Aparecido Dias J, Cressoni Araújo A, Torres Pomini K, Machado Galhardi C, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, Santos de Argollo Haber L, Donizeti Roque D, Dib Bechara M, Vialogo Marques de Castro M, de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira E, José Tofano R, Jasmin Santos German Borgo I, Maria Barbalho S. Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305933. [PMID: 38259497 PMCID: PMC10800801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy has led to a higher incidence of age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Within this framework, neuroinflammation emerges as a significant contributing factor. It involves the activation of microglia and astrocytes, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). These instances result in neuronal damage and neurodegeneration through activated nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathways and decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Due to limited effectiveness regarding the inhibition of neuroinflammatory targets using conventional drugs, there is challenging growth in the search for innovative therapies for alleviating neuroinflammation in CNS diseases or even before their onset. Our results indicate that interventions focusing on Interleukin-Driven Immunomodulation, Chemokine (CXC) Receptor Signaling and Expression, Cold Exposure, and Fibrin-Targeted strategies significantly promise to mitigate neuroinflammatory processes. These approaches demonstrate potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects, addressing conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease. While the findings are promising, immunomodulatory therapies often face limitations due to Immune-Related Adverse Events. Therefore, the conduction of randomized clinical trials in this matter is mandatory, and will pave the way for a promising future in the development of new medicines with specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Aparecido Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Machado Galhardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza Santos de Argollo Haber
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Domingos Donizeti Roque
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dib Bechara
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Vialogo Marques de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Tofano
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Jasmin Santos German Borgo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (FOB-USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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van Noort JM, Baker D, Kipp M, Amor S. The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a series of unfortunate events. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:1-17. [PMID: 37410892 PMCID: PMC10711360 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the chronic inflammatory destruction of myelinated axons in the central nervous system. Several ideas have been put forward to clarify the roles of the peripheral immune system and neurodegenerative events in such destruction. Yet, none of the resulting models appears to be consistent with all the experimental evidence. They also do not answer the question of why MS is exclusively seen in humans, how Epstein-Barr virus contributes to its development but does not immediately trigger it, and why optic neuritis is such a frequent early manifestation in MS. Here we describe a scenario for the development of MS that unifies existing experimental evidence as well as answers the above questions. We propose that all manifestations of MS are caused by a series of unfortunate events that usually unfold over a longer period of time after a primary EBV infection and involve periodic weakening of the blood-brain barrier, antibody-mediated CNS disturbances, accumulation of the oligodendrocyte stress protein αB-crystallin and self-sustaining inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M van Noort
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Richards CM, McRae SA, Ranger AL, Klegeris A. Extracellular histones as damage-associated molecular patterns in neuroinflammatory responses. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:533-558. [PMID: 36368030 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and the linker histone H1 primarily bind DNA and regulate gene expression within the nucleus. Evidence collected mainly from the peripheral tissues illustrates that histones can be released into the extracellular space by activated or damaged cells. In this article, we first summarize the innate immune-modulatory properties of extracellular histones and histone-containing complexes, such as nucleosomes, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), described in peripheral tissues. There, histones act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are a class of endogenous molecules that trigger immune responses by interacting directly with the cellular membranes and activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, 9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). We then focus on the available evidence implicating extracellular histones as DAMPs of the central nervous system (CNS). It is becoming evident that histones are present in the brain parenchyma after crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or being released by several types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. However, studies on the DAMP-like effects of histones on CNS cells are limited. For example, TLR4 is the only known molecular target of CNS extracellular histones and their interactions with other PRRs expressed by brain cells have not been observed. Nevertheless, extracellular histones are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders characterized by sterile neuroinflammation; therefore, detailed studies on the role these proteins and their complexes play in these pathologies could identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Seamus A McRae
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Athena L Ranger
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
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Emerging therapeutic roles of small heat shock protein-derived mini-chaperones and their delivery strategies. Biochimie 2022; 208:56-65. [PMID: 36521577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The small heat shock protein (sHsp) family is a group of proteins in which some are induced in response to external stimuli, such as environmental and pathological stresses, while others are constitutively expressed. They show chaperone-like activity, protect cells from apoptosis, and maintain cytoskeletal architecture. Short sequences or fragments ranging from approximately 19-20 residues in sHsps were shown to display chaperone activity in vitro. These sequences are termed sHsp-derived mini-peptides/mini-chaperones. These peptides offer an advantage in providing protective and therapeutic effects over full-length proteins owing to their small molecular weight and easy uptake into the cells. Research on sHsp mini-chaperone therapy has recently received attention and advanced tremendously. sHsp mini-chaperones have shown a wide range of therapeutic effects, such as anti-aggregation of proteins, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, senolytic, and anti-platelet activity. The administration of mini-chaperones into the several disease animal models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and thrombosis through various routes reduced symptoms or prevented the progression of the disease. However, it was found that the therapeutic potential of sHsp mini-chaperones is limited by their short turnover and enzymatic degradation in circulation. Nonetheless, carrier molecules approach such as nanoparticles, cell penetration peptides, and extracellular vesicles increased their efficacy by enhancing the uptake, retention time, protection from enzymatic degradation, and site-specific delivery without altering their biological activity. In this context, this review highlights the recent advances in the therapeutic potential of sHsp-derived mini-chaperones, their effect in experimental animal models, and approaches for increasing their efficacy.
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Lei T, Xiao Z, Bi W, Cai S, Yang Y, Du H. Targeting small heat shock proteins to degrade aggregates as a potential strategy in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101769. [PMID: 36283618 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are aging-related diseases that involve the death of neurons in the brain. Dysregulation of protein homeostasis leads to the production of toxic proteins or the formation of aggregates, which is the pathological basis of NDs. Small heat shock proteins (HSPB) is involved in the establishment of a protein quality control (PQC) system to maintain cellular homeostasis. HSPB can be secreted into the extracellular space and delivered by various routes, especially extracellular vehicles (EVs). HSPB plays an important role in influencing the aggregation phase of toxic proteins involved in heat shock transcription factor (HSF) regulation, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis pathways. HSPB conferred neuroprotective effects by resisting toxic protein aggregation, reducing autophagy and reducing neuronal apoptosis. The HSPB treatment strategies, including targeted PQC system therapy and delivery of EVs-HSPB, can improve disease manifestations for NDs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the impact of HSPB in NDs and the feasibility of new technology to enhance HSPB expression and EVs-HSPB delivery for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wangyu Bi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanglin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs), or stress proteins, are abundant and highly conserved, present in all organisms and in all cells. Selected HSPs, also known as chaperones, play crucial roles in folding and unfolding of proteins, assembly of multiprotein complexes, transport and sorting of proteins into correct subcellular compartments, cell-cycle control and signaling, and protection of cells against stress and apoptosis. More recently, HSPs have been shown to be key players in immune responses: during antigen presentation as well as cross-priming, they chaperone and transfer antigenic peptides to class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complexes. In addition, extracellular HSPs can stimulate and cause maturation of professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. They also chaperone several toll-like receptors, which play a central role in innate immune responses. HSPs constitute a large family of proteins that are often classified based on their molecular weight as Hsp10, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, etc. This unit contains a table that lists common HSPs and summarizes their characteristics including (a) name, (b) subcellular localization, (c) known function, (d) chromosome assignment, (e) brief comments, and (f) references. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Hagymasi
- Department of Immunology and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joseph P Dempsey
- Department of Immunology and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Pramod K Srivastava
- Department of Immunology and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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Van den Broek B, Wuyts C, Sisto A, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Somers V, Timmerman V, Hellings N, Irobi J. Oligodendroglia-derived extracellular vesicles activate autophagy via LC3B/BAG3 to protect against oxidative stress with an enhanced effect for HSPB8 enriched vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:58. [PMID: 35513867 PMCID: PMC9069805 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The contribution of native or modified oligodendroglia-derived extracellular vesicles (OL-EVs) in controlling chronic inflammation is poorly understood. In activated microglia, OL-EVs contribute to the removal of cytotoxic proteins following a proteotoxic stress. Intracellular small heat shock protein B8 (HSPB8) sustain this function by facilitating autophagy and protecting cells against oxidative stress mediated cell death. Therefore, secretion of HSPB8 in OL-EVs could be beneficial for neurons during chronic inflammation. However, how secreted HSPB8 contribute to cellular proteostasis remains to be elucidated. Methods We produced oligodendroglia-derived EVs, either native (OL-EVs) or HSPB8 modified (OL-HSPB8-EVs), to investigate their effects in controlling chronic inflammation and cellular homeostasis. We analyzed the impact of both EV subsets on either a resting or activated microglial cell line and on primary mixed neural cell culture cells. Cells were activated by stimulating with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta or with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Results We show that OL-EVs and modified OL-HSPB8-EVs are internalized by C20 microglia and by primary mixed neural cells. The cellular uptake of OL-HSPB8-EVs increases the endogenous HSPB8 mRNA expression. Consistently, our results revealed that both EV subsets maintained cellular homeostasis during chronic inflammation with an increase in the formation of autophagic vesicles. Both EV subsets conveyed LC3B-II and BAG3 autophagy markers with an enhanced effect observed for OL-HSPB8-EVs. Moreover, stimulation with either native or modified OL-HSPB8-EVs showed a significant reduction in ubiquitinated protein, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial depolarization, with OL-HSPB8-EVs exhibiting a more protective effect. Both EV subsets did not induce cell death in the C20 microglia cell line or the primary mixed neural cultures. Conclusion We demonstrate that the functions of oligodendroglia secreted EVs enriched with HSPB8 have a supportive role, comparable to the native OL-EVs. Further development of engineered oligodendroglia derived EVs could be a novel therapeutic strategy in countering chronic inflammation. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00863-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Immunology and Infections, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wuyts
- Department of Immunology and Infections, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Angela Sisto
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Department of Immunology and Infections, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology and Infections, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Department of Immunology and Infections, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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Malik A, Khan JM, Alhomida AS, Ola MS. Modulation of the Structure and Stability of Novel Camel Lens Alpha-Crystallin by pH and Thermal Stress. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050273. [PMID: 35621572 PMCID: PMC9140948 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-crystallin protein performs structural and chaperone functions in the lens and comprises alphaA and alphaB subunits at a molar ratio of 3:1. The highly complex alpha-crystallin structure challenges structural biologists because of its large dynamic quaternary structure (300−1000 kDa). Camel lens alpha-crystallin is a poorly characterized molecular chaperone, and the alphaB subunit possesses a novel extension at the N-terminal domain. We purified camel lens alpha-crystallin using size exclusion chromatography, and the purity was analyzed by gradient (4−12%) sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alpha-crystallin was equilibrated in the pH range of 1.0 to 7.5. Subsequently, thermal stress (20−94 °C) was applied to the alpha-crystallin samples, and changes in the conformation and stability were recorded by dynamic multimode spectroscopy and intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopic methods. Camel lens alpha-crystallin formed a random coil-like structure without losing its native-like beta-sheeted structure under two conditions: >50 °C at pH 7.5 and all temperatures at pH 2.0. The calculated enthalpy of denaturation, as determined by dynamic multimode spectroscopy at pH 7.5, 4.0, 2.0, and 1.0 revealed that alpha-crystallin never completely denatures under acidic conditions or thermal denaturation. Alpha-crystallin undergoes a single, reversible thermal transition at pH 7.5. The thermodynamic data (unfolding enthalpy and heat capacity change) and chaperone activities indicated that alpha-crystallin does not completely unfold above the thermal transition. Camels adapted to live in hot desert climates naturally exhibit the abovementioned unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
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Berg SIT, Knapp J, Braunstein M, Shirriff C. The small heat shock protein HSPB5 attenuates the severity of lupus nephritis in lupus-prone mice. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:192-202. [PMID: 35137667 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2027921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. The current treatments for LN are accompanied with severe immunotoxicity and have limits of effectiveness. Since our in vitro experiments demonstrated that a small heat shock protein (HSP), alpha-B crystallin (HSPB5; CRYAB), selectively modulates myeloid cells towards anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic phenotypes, the aim of this study was to investigate whether HSPB5 can attenuate the severity of LN. MRL/lpr mice were treated intravenously with HSPB5 at 2.5 or 10 μg/dose twice per week after disease onset, from 11 to 21 weeks of age. Disease progression was monitored by weekly measurements of proteinuria, and sera, spleens, and kidneys were collected for assessment at the terminal time point. Treatment with 10 μg HSPB5 substantially reduced endocapillary proliferation and tubular atrophy, which significantly reduced proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Compared to vehicle, 10 μg HSPB5 treatment substantially decreased activation/proliferation of splenocytes, increased IL-10+ macrophages, T and B regulatory cells (Treg, Breg), increased serum IL-10, and lowered expression of IL-6 in kidneys, which correlated with improved kidney function and pathology. This study demonstrated the utility of exogenous human HSPB5 to attenuate severe nephropathy in MRL/lpr mice and provides evidence in favour of a novel therapeutic approach for lupus nephritis.
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13
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Alpha B-Crystallin in Muscle Disease Prevention: The Role of Physical Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031147. [PMID: 35164412 PMCID: PMC8840510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HSPB5 or alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB), originally identified as lens protein, is one of the most widespread and represented of the human small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). It is greatly expressed in tissue with high rates of oxidative metabolism, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles, where HSPB5 dysfunction is associated with a plethora of human diseases. Since HSPB5 has a major role in protecting muscle tissues from the alterations of protein stability (i.e., microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filament components), it is not surprising that this sHSP is specifically modulated by exercise. Considering the robust content and the protective function of HSPB5 in striated muscle tissues, as well as its specific response to muscle contraction, it is then realistic to predict a specific role for exercise-induced modulation of HSPB5 in the prevention of muscle diseases caused by protein misfolding. After offering an overview of the current knowledge on HSPB5 structure and function in muscle, this review aims to introduce the reader to the capacity that different exercise modalities have to induce and/or activate HSPB5 to levels sufficient to confer protection, with the potential to prevent or delay skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders.
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HSPB5 suppresses renal inflammation and protects lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice from severe renal damage. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:267. [PMID: 36510250 PMCID: PMC9743758 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammatory disease of the kidneys affecting patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Current immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies are associated with serious side effects and fail to protect 20-40% of LN patients from end-stage renal disease. In this study, we investigated whether a small heat shock protein, HSPB5, can reduce kidney inflammation and the clinical manifestations of the disease in NZB/W F1 mice. Furthermore, we investigated whether HSPB5 can enhance the effects of methylprednisolone, a standard-of-care drug in LN, in an endotoxemia mouse model. METHODS NZB/W F1 mice were treated with HSPB5, methylprednisolone, or vehicle from 23 to 38 weeks of age. Disease progression was evaluated by weekly proteinuria scores. At the end of the study, the blood, urine, spleens, and kidneys were collected for the assessment of proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, kidney histology, serum IL-6 and anti-dsDNA levels, immune cell populations, and their phenotypes, as well as the transcript levels of proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines in the kidneys. HSPB5 was also evaluated in combination with methylprednisolone in a lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia mouse model; serum IL-6 levels were measured at 24 h post-endotoxemia induction. RESULTS HSPB5 significantly reduced terminal proteinuria and BUN and substantially improved kidney pathology. Similar trends, although to a lower extent, were observed with methylprednisolone treatment. Serum IL-6 levels and kidney expression of BAFF, IL-6, IFNγ, MCP-1 (CCL2), and KIM-1 were reduced, whereas nephrin expression was significantly preserved compared to vehicle-treated mice. Lastly, splenic Tregs and Bregs were significantly induced with HSPB5 treatment. HSPB5 in combination with methylprednisolone also significantly reduced serum IL-6 levels in endotoxemia mice. CONCLUSIONS HSPB5 treatment reduces kidney inflammation and injury, providing therapeutic benefits in NZB/W F1 mice. Given that HSPB5 enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of methylprednisolone, there is a strong interest to develop HSBP5 as a therapeutic for the treatment of LN.
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Auler N, Tonner H, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Antibody and Protein Profiles in Glaucoma: Screening of Biomarkers and Identification of Signaling Pathways. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121296. [PMID: 34943212 PMCID: PMC8698915 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Currently, the only therapeutic option is to lower intraocular pressure. The onset of the disease is often delayed because patients do not notice visual impairment until very late, which is why glaucoma is also known as “the silent thief of sight”. Therefore, early detection and definition of specific markers, the so-called biomarkers, are immensely important. For the methodical implementation, high-throughput methods and omic-based methods came more and more into focus. Thus, interesting targets for possible biomarkers were already suggested by clinical research and basic research, respectively. This review article aims to join the findings of the two disciplines by collecting overlaps as well as differences in various clinical studies and to shed light on promising candidates concerning findings from basic research, facilitating conclusions on possible therapy options. Abstract Glaucoma represents a group of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, constituting the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. To date, chronically elevated intraocular pressure has been identified as the main risk factor and the only treatable symptom. However, there is increasing evidence in the recent literature that IOP-independent molecular mechanisms also play an important role in the progression of the disease. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that glaucoma has an autoimmune component. The main focus nowadays is elucidating glaucoma pathogenesis, finding early diagnostic options and new therapeutic approaches. This review article summarizes the impact of different antibodies and proteins associated with glaucoma that can be detected for example by microarray and mass spectrometric analyzes, which (i) provide information about expression profiles and associated molecular signaling pathways, (ii) can possibly be used as a diagnostic tool in future and, (iii) can identify possible targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Van den Broek B, Wuyts C, Irobi J. Extracellular vesicle-associated small heat shock proteins as therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114009. [PMID: 34673130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. EVs are nanosized carriers that play an essential role in intercellular communication and cellular homeostasis by transporting an active molecular cargo, including a large variety of proteins. Recent publications demonstrate that small heat shock proteins (HSPBs) exhibit a beneficial role in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it is defined that HSPBs target the autophagy and the apoptosis pathway, playing a prominent role in chaperone activity and cell survival. This review elaborates on the therapeutic potential of EVs and HSPBs, in particular HSPB1 and HSPB8, in neurodegenerative diseases. We conclude that EVs and HSPBs positively influence neuroinflammation, central nervous system (CNS) repair, and protein aggregation in CNS disorders. Moreover, we propose the use of HSPB-loaded EVs as advanced nanocarriers for the future development of neurodegenerative disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wuyts
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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With or without You: Co-Chaperones Mediate Health and Disease by Modifying Chaperone Function and Protein Triage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113121. [PMID: 34831344 PMCID: PMC8619055 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of molecular chaperones that regulate essential protein refolding and triage decisions to maintain protein homeostasis. Numerous co-chaperone proteins directly interact and modify the function of HSPs, and these interactions impact the outcome of protein triage, impacting everything from structural proteins to cell signaling mediators. The chaperone/co-chaperone machinery protects against various stressors to ensure cellular function in the face of stress. However, coding mutations, expression changes, and post-translational modifications of the chaperone/co-chaperone machinery can alter the cellular stress response. Importantly, these dysfunctions appear to contribute to numerous human diseases. Therapeutic targeting of chaperones is an attractive but challenging approach due to the vast functions of HSPs, likely contributing to the off-target effects of these therapies. Current efforts focus on targeting co-chaperones to develop precise treatments for numerous diseases caused by defects in protein quality control. This review focuses on the recent developments regarding selected HSP70/HSP90 co-chaperones, with a concentration on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. We also discuss therapeutic approaches that highlight both the utility and challenges of targeting co-chaperones.
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18
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Marta M, Baker D, Creeke P, Pryce G, Gnanapavan S, Giovannoni G. Antigen-specific tolerization in human autoimmunity: Inhibition of interferon-beta1a anti-drug antibodies in multiple sclerosis: A case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103284. [PMID: 34624642 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-specific tolerance in auto-immune diseases is the goal for effective treatment with minimal side-effects. Whilst this is achievable in animal models, notably via intravenous delivery of the model-specific autoantigen following transient CD4 T cell depletion, specific multiple sclerosis autoantigens remain unproven. However, anti-drug antibodies to human therapeutic proteins represent a model human autoimmune condition, which may be used to examine immune-tolerance induction. Some people with MS (PwMS) on interferon-beta1a (IFNβ1a) develop neutralizing antibodies to IFNβ1a that do not disappear in repeated tests over years. METHODS One PwMS was recruited, as part of a planned phase IIa trial (n = 15), who had developed neutralizing antibodies to subcutaneous IFNβ1a. Mitoxantrone (12 mg/m2) was administered as a lymphocyte depleting agent followed by four days of (88 μg/day + three 132 μg/day) intravenous IFNβ1a. Subcutaneous IFNβ1a three times a week was maintained during follow-up. IFNβ1a neutralizing antibody responses in serum were measured during treatment and three-monthly for 12 months. FINDINGS One participant was recruited and, within 6 months of tolerization, the neutralizing antibodies were undetectable. The tolerization treatment was well tolerated. However, the study was terminated after the first enrolment, on ethical grounds, as treatment alternatives became available and the potential risks of mitoxantrone use increased. INTERPRETATION The data suggest that it may be possible to induce antigen-specific tolerance by providing tolerogenic antigen following transient immune depletion. Further studies are warranted. FUNDING The study was supported by an unrestricted research grant from Merck-Serono.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marta
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board:Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Creeke
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharmilee Gnanapavan
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board:Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board:Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Sprague-Piercy MA, Rocha MA, Kwok AO, Martin RW. α-Crystallins in the Vertebrate Eye Lens: Complex Oligomers and Molecular Chaperones. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:143-163. [PMID: 33321054 PMCID: PMC8062273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-121428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Crystallins are small heat-shock proteins that act as holdase chaperones. In humans, αA-crystallin is expressed only in the eye lens, while αB-crystallin is found in many tissues. α-Crystallins have a central domain flanked by flexible extensions and form dynamic, heterogeneous oligomers. Structural models show that both the C- and N-terminal extensions are important for controlling oligomerization through domain swapping. α-Crystallin prevents aggregation of damaged β- and γ-crystallins by binding to the client protein using a variety of binding modes. α-Crystallin chaperone activity can be compromised by mutation or posttranslational modifications, leading to protein aggregation and cataract. Because of their high solubility and their ability to form large, functional oligomers, α-crystallins are particularly amenable to structure determination by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solution NMR, as well as cryo-electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Sprague-Piercy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Megan A Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Ashley O Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Simon S, Aissat A, Degrugillier F, Simonneau B, Fanen P, Arrigo AP. Small Hsps as Therapeutic Targets of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084252. [PMID: 33923911 PMCID: PMC8072646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that regulate fundamental cellular processes in normal and pathological cells. Here, we have reviewed the role played by HspB1, HspB4 and HspB5 in the context of Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a severe monogenic autosomal recessive disease linked to mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator protein (CFTR) some of which trigger its misfolding and rapid degradation, particularly the most frequent one, F508del-CFTR. While HspB1 and HspB4 favor the degradation of CFTR mutants, HspB5 and particularly one of its phosphorylated forms positively enhance the transport at the plasma membrane, stability and function of the CFTR mutant. Moreover, HspB5 molecules stimulate the cellular efficiency of currently used CF therapeutic molecules. Different strategies are suggested to modulate the level of expression or the activity of these small heat shock proteins in view of potential in vivo therapeutic approaches. We then conclude with other small heat shock proteins that should be tested or further studied to improve our knowledge of CFTR processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Creteil University, F-94010 Creteil, France; (A.A.); (F.D.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdel Aissat
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Creteil University, F-94010 Creteil, France; (A.A.); (F.D.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Fanny Degrugillier
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Creteil University, F-94010 Creteil, France; (A.A.); (F.D.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Benjamin Simonneau
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Creteil University, F-94010 Creteil, France; (A.A.); (F.D.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Pascale Fanen
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Creteil University, F-94010 Creteil, France; (A.A.); (F.D.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - André-Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France;
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Saglam A, Calof AL, Wray S. Novel factor in olfactory ensheathing cell-astrocyte crosstalk: Anti-inflammatory protein α-crystallin B. Glia 2021; 69:1022-1036. [PMID: 33314354 PMCID: PMC9469687 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in CNS neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration that may help or hinder recovery, depending on the context of the injury. Although pro-inflammatory factors that promote astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to be secreted by reactive microglia, anti-inflammatory factors that suppress astrocyte activation are not well-characterized. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), glial cells that wrap axons of olfactory sensory neurons, have been shown to moderate astrocyte reactivity, creating an environment conducive to regeneration. Similarly, astrocytes cultured in medium conditioned by cultured OECs (OEC-CM) show reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), a pro-inflammatory protein that induces neurotoxic reactivity in astrocytes. In this study, we screened primary and immortalized OEC lines to identify these factors and discovered that Alpha B-crystallin (CryAB), an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by OECs via exosomes, coordinating an intercellular immune response. Our results showed that: (a) OEC exosomes block nuclear NFκB translocation in astrocytes while exosomes from CryAB-null OECs could not; (b) OEC exosomes could be taken up by astrocytes, and (c) CryAB treatment suppressed neurotoxicity-associated astrocyte transcripts. Our results indicate CryAB, as well as other factors secreted by OECs, are potential agents that can ameliorate, or even reverse, the growth-inhibitory environment created by neurotoxic reactive astrocytes following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Wang F, Jiang Z, Lou B, Duan F, Qiu S, Cheng Z, Ma X, Yang Y, Lin X. αB-Crystallin Alleviates Endotoxin-Induced Retinal Inflammation and Inhibits Microglial Activation and Autophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641999. [PMID: 33777038 PMCID: PMC7991093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
αB-Crystallin, a member of the small heat shock protein (sHSP) family, plays an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective role by inhibiting microglial activation in several diseases. However, its effect on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is unclear. Autophagy may be associated with microglial activation, and αB-crystallin is involved in the regulation of autophagy in some cells. The role of αB-crystallin in microglial autophagy is unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of αB-crystallin on retinal microglial autophagy, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation in both cultured BV2 cells and the EIU mouse model. Our results show that αB-crystallin reduced the release of typical proinflammatory cytokines at both the mRNA and protein level, inhibited microglial activation in morphology, and suppressed the expression of autophagy-related molecules and the number of autophagolysosomes in vitro. In the EIU mouse model, αB-crystallin treatment alleviated the release of ocular inflammatory cytokines and the representative signs of inflammation, reduced the apoptosis of ganglion cells, and rescued retinal inflammatory structural and functional damage, as evaluated by optical coherence tomographic and electroretinography. Taken together, these results indicate that αB-crystallin inhibits the activation of microglia and supresses microglial autophagy, ultimately reducing endotoxin-induced neuroinflammation. In conclusion, αB-crystallin provides a novel and promising option for affecting microglial autophagy and alleviating symptoms of ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingsheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixing Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Klegeris A. Regulation of neuroimmune processes by damage- and resolution-associated molecular patterns. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:423-429. [PMID: 32985460 PMCID: PMC7996015 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammatory processes are essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis, but they also contribute to various neurological disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, and demyelinating or neurodegenerative diseases. Immune mechanisms in the central nervous system and periphery are regulated by a diverse group of endogenous proteins, which can be broadly divided into the pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and anti-inflammatory resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs), even though there is notable overlap between the DAMP- and RAMP-like activities for some of these molecules. Both groups of molecular patterns were initially described in peripheral immune processes and pathologies; however, it is now evident that at least some, if not all, of these immunomodulators also regulate neuroimmune processes and contribute to neuroinflammation in diverse central nervous system disorders. The review of recent literature demonstrates that studies on DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system still lag behind the much broader research effort focused on their peripheral counterparts. Nevertheless, this review also reveals that over the last five years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the neuroimmune functions of several well-established DAMPs, including high-mobility group box 1 protein and interleukin 33. Novel neuroimmune functions have been demonstrated for other DAMPs that previously were considered almost exclusively as peripheral immune regulators; they include mitochondrial transcription factor A and cytochrome C. RAMPs of the central nervous system are an emerging area of neuroimmunology with very high translational potential since some of these molecules have already been used in preclinical and clinical studies as candidate therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic potential of DAMP antagonists and neutralizing antibodies in central nervous system neuroinflammatory diseases is also supported by several of the identified studies. It can be concluded that further studies of DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system will continue to be an important and productive field of neuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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24
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Malik A, Almaharfi HA, Khan JM, Hisamuddin M, Alamery SF, Haq SH, Ahmed MZ. Protection of ζ-crystallin by α-crystallin under thermal stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:289-298. [PMID: 33278428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. Several factors including post-translational modification, thermal and solar radiations promote cataractogenesis. The camel lens proteins survive very harsh desert conditions and resist cataractogenesis. The folding and aggregation mechanism of camel lens proteins are poorly characterized. The camel lens contains three ubiquitous crystallins (α-, β-, and γ-crystallin) and a novel protein (ζ-crystallin) in large amounts. In this study, a sequence similarity search of camel α-crystallin with that of other organisms showed that the camel αB-crystallin consists of an extended N-terminal domain. Our results indicate that camel α-crystallin efficiently prevented aggregation of ζ-crystallin, with or without an obligate cofactor up to 89 °C. It performed a quick and efficient holdase function irrespective of the unfolding stage or aggregation. Camel α-crystallin exhibits approximately 20% chaperone activity between 30 and 40 °C and is completely activated above 40 °C. Camel α-crystallin underwent a single reversible thermal transition without loss of β-sheet secondary structure. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and ANS binding experiments revealed two transitions which corresponded to activation of its chaperone function. In contrast to earlier studies, camel α-crystallin completely protected lens proteins during thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajar Ahmed Almaharfi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Hisamuddin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Freeh Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Hyder Haq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Wenzel TJ, Kwong E, Bajwa E, Klegeris A. Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs) as Endogenous Regulators of Glia Functions in Neuroinflammatory Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:483-494. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200702143719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, facilitate the survival and health of all cells
within the Central Nervous System (CNS) by secreting a range of growth factors and contributing to
tissue and synaptic remodeling. Microglia and astrocytes can also secrete cytotoxins in response to
specific stimuli, such as exogenous Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), or endogenous
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Excessive cytotoxic secretions can induce the death
of neurons and contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease
(AD). The transition between various activation states of glia, which include beneficial and detrimental
modes, is regulated by endogenous molecules that include DAMPs, cytokines, neurotransmitters,
and bioactive lipids, as well as a diverse group of mediators sometimes collectively referred to as
Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs). RAMPs are released by damaged or dying CNS
cells into the extracellular space where they can induce signals in autocrine and paracrine fashions by
interacting with glial cell receptors. While the complete range of their effects on glia has not been described
yet, it is believed that their overall function is to inhibit adverse CNS inflammatory responses,
facilitate tissue remodeling and cellular debris removal. This article summarizes the available evidence
implicating the following RAMPs in CNS physiological processes and neurodegenerative diseases:
cardiolipin (CL), prothymosin α (ProTα), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), heat shock protein
(HSP) 10, HSP 27, and αB-crystallin. Studies on the molecular mechanisms engaged by RAMPs could
identify novel glial targets for development of therapeutic agents that effectively slow down neuroinflammatory
disorders including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Wenzel
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Evan Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ekta Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
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26
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Degrugillier F, Aissat A, Prulière-Escabasse V, Bizard L, Simonneau B, Decrouy X, Jiang C, Rotin D, Fanen P, Simon S. Phosphorylation of the Chaperone-Like HspB5 Rescues Trafficking and Function of F508del-CFTR. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144844. [PMID: 32650630 PMCID: PMC7402320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis is a lethal monogenic autosomal recessive disease linked to mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. The most frequent mutation is the deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 of the protein. This F508del-CFTR mutation leads to misfolded protein that is detected by the quality control machinery within the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted for destruction by the proteasome. Modulating quality control proteins as molecular chaperones is a promising strategy for attenuating the degradation and stabilizing the mutant CFTR at the plasma membrane. Among the molecular chaperones, the small heat shock protein HspB1 and HspB4 were shown to promote degradation of F508del-CFTR. Here, we investigated the impact of HspB5 expression and phosphorylation on transport to the plasma membrane, function and stability of F508del-CFTR. We show that a phosphomimetic form of HspB5 increases the transport to the plasma membrane, function and stability of F508del-CFTR. These activities are further enhanced in presence of therapeutic drugs currently used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (VX-770/Ivacaftor, VX-770+VX-809/Orkambi). Overall, this study highlights the beneficial effects of a phosphorylated form of HspB5 on F508del-CFTR rescue and its therapeutic potential in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Degrugillier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Abdel Aissat
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Département de Génétique, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Virginie Prulière-Escabasse
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, Service d’ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Lucie Bizard
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Benjamin Simonneau
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Xavier Decrouy
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Chong Jiang
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Rotin
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Pascale Fanen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Département de Génétique, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France; (F.D.); (A.A.); (V.P.-E.); (L.B.); (B.S.); (X.D.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-49-81-68-55
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27
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Hampton DW, Amor S, Story D, Torvell M, Bsibsi M, van Noort JM, Chandran S. HspB5 Activates a Neuroprotective Glial Cell Response in Experimental Tauopathy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:574. [PMID: 32595446 PMCID: PMC7300208 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neuronal death during tauopathies is associated with aggregation of modified, truncated or mutant forms of tau protein. Such aggregates are neurotoxic, promote spreading of tau aggregation, and trigger release of pro-inflammatory factors by glial cells. Counteracting such pathogenic effects of tau by simultaneously inhibiting protein aggregation as well as pro-inflammatory glial cell responses would be of significant therapeutic interest. Here, we examined the use of the small heat-shock protein HspB5 for this purpose. As a molecular chaperone, HspB5 counteracts aggregation of a wide range of abnormal proteins. As a TLR2 agonist, it selectively activates protective responses by CD14-expressing myeloid cells including microglia. We show that intracerebral infusion of HspB5 in transgenic mice with selective neuronal expression of mutant human P301S tau has significant neuroprotective effects in the superficial, frontal cortical layers. Underlying these effects at least in part, HspB5 induces several potent neuroprotective mediators in both astrocytes and microglia including neurotrophic factors and increased potential for removal of glutamate. Together, these findings highlight the potentially broad therapeutic potential of HspB5 in neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hampton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Story
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Siddarthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Villoslada P, Steinman L. New targets and therapeutics for neuroprotection, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:443-459. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1757647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
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29
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Xia QP, Cheng ZY, He L. The modulatory role of dopamine receptors in brain neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105908. [PMID: 31622861 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a general pathological feature of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, primarily caused by activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as the infiltration of peripheral immune cells. Inhibition of neuroinflammation is an important strategy in the treatment of brain disorders. Dopamine (DA) receptor, a significant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is classified into two families: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3 and D4) receptor families, according to their downstream signaling pathways. Traditionally, DA receptor forms a wide variety of psychological activities and motor functions, such as voluntary movement, working memory and learning. Recently, the role of DA receptor in neuroinflammation has been investigated widely, mainly focusing on nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, renin-angiotensin system, αB-crystallin, as well as invading peripheral immune cells, including T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes. This review briefly outlined the functions and signaling pathways of DA receptor subtypes as well as its role in inflammation-related glial cells, and subsequently summarized the mechanisms of DA receptors affecting neuroinflammation. Meaningfully, this article provided a theoretical basis for drug development targeting DA receptors in inflammation-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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30
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Steinman L, Ho PP, Robinson WH, Utz PJ, Villoslada P. Antigen-specific tolerance to self-antigens in protein replacement therapy, gene therapy and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:46-53. [PMID: 31476445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trials of antigen-specific tolerance have been undertaken in the clinic for over fifty years and the results of these antigen-specific clinical trials are described in this review. Antigen-specific tolerization of the immune system in protein replacement therapy for hemophilia A is an accepted treatment. Clinical trials are ongoing for autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and rheumatoid arthritis with various antigen-specific strategies. Trials for tolerization in celiac disease aim for antigen specific tolerance to gluten, an environmental trigger, which may then halt the progression to autoimmunity targeting a self-antigen, tissue transglutaminase. Although many promising approaches have been demonstrated in pre-clinical models, this review will focus primarily on clinical trials of antigen-specific tolerance that have been taken to the clinic and with initial results reported in the peer reviewed literature. A separate article on approaches with CAR-T cells appears in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Peggy P Ho
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - William H Robinson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Paul J Utz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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31
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Erni ST, Fernandes G, Buri M, Perny M, Rutten RJ, van Noort JM, Senn P, Grandgirard D, Roccio M, Leib SL. Anti-inflammatory and Oto-Protective Effect of the Small Heat Shock Protein Alpha B-Crystallin (HspB5) in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:570. [PMID: 31244750 PMCID: PMC6573805 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common long-term deficit after pneumococcal meningitis (PM), occurring in up to 30% of surviving patients. The infection and the following overshooting inflammatory host response damage the vulnerable sensory cells of the inner ear, resulting in loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, ultimately leading to elevated hearing thresholds. Here, we tested the oto-protective properties of the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin (HspB5) with previously reported anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective functions, in an experimental model of PM-induced hearing loss. We analyzed the effect of local and systemic delivery of HspB5 in an infant rat model of PM, as well as ex vivo, using whole mount cultures. Cytokine secretion profile, hearing thresholds and inner ear damage were assessed at predefined stages of the disease up to 1 month after infection. PM was accompanied by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leukocyte and neutrophil infiltration in the perilymphatic spaces of the cochlea with neutrophils extracellular trap formation during the acute phase of the disease. Elevated hearing thresholds were measured after recovery from meningitis. Intracisternal but not intraperitoneal administration of HspB5 significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 IFN-γ and IL-10 in the acute phase of the disease. This resulted in a greater outer hair cell survival, as well as improved hearing thresholds at later stages. These results suggest that high local concentrations of HspB5 are needed to prevent inner ear damage in acute PM. HspB5 represents a promising therapeutic option to improve the auditory outcome and counteract hearing loss after PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia T Erni
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Fernandes
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Buri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Perny
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Pascal Senn
- Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie (ORL) et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Roccio
- Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8463-8470. [PMID: 30962374 PMCID: PMC6486735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820039116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of antigen-specific immune tolerance in autoimmune disease is a long-sought goal. We studied diseases with abundant information on the autoimmune target: in multiple sclerosis (MS), various myelin antigens are known targets of T cells and antibodies, whereas in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), the aquaporin-4 channel is attacked by T cells and antibodies. We tested whether engineered dendritic cells might induce a tolerogenic immune response in these two conditions. In this in-human clinical study, individual regulatory T cells, secreting IL-10, a key tolerogenic cytokine, were detected after treatment. These results might lead to more extensive trials with this approach in autoimmune conditions where the antigenic target has been identified, including MS, NMO, myasthenia gravis, and Graves disease. There are adaptive T-cell and antibody autoimmune responses to myelin-derived peptides in multiple sclerosis (MS) and to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Strategies aimed at antigen-specific tolerance to these autoantigens are thus indicated for these diseases. One approach involves induction of tolerance with engineered dendritic cells (tolDCs) loaded with specific antigens. We conducted an in-human phase 1b clinical trial testing increasing concentrations of autologous tolDCs loaded with peptides from various myelin proteins and from AQP4. We tested this approach in 12 patients, 8 with MS and 4 with NMOSD. The primary end point was the safety and tolerability, while secondary end points were clinical outcomes (relapses and disability), imaging (MRI and optical coherence tomography), and immunological responses. Therapy with tolDCs was well tolerated, without serious adverse events and with no therapy-related reactions. Patients remained stable clinically in terms of relapse, disability, and in various measurements using imaging. We observed a significant increase in the production of IL-10 levels in PBMCs stimulated with the peptides as well as an increase in the frequency of a regulatory T cell, known as Tr1, by week 12 of follow-up. In this phase 1b trial, we concluded that the i.v. administration of peptide-loaded dendritic cells is safe and feasible. Elicitation of specific IL-10 production by peptide-specific T cells in MS and NMOSD patients indicates that a key element in antigen specific tolerance is activated with this approach. The results warrant further clinical testing in larger trials.
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33
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Asendorf T, Henderson R, Schmidli H, Friede T. Sample size re‐estimation for clinical trials with longitudinal negative binomial counts including time trends. Stat Med 2018; 38:1503-1528. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.8061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Asendorf
- Department of Medical StatisticsUniversity Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Robin Henderson
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and PhysicsNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Heinz Schmidli
- Statistical Methodology GroupNovartis Pharma AG Basel Switzerland
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical StatisticsUniversity Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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34
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. This disorder is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, immune-mediated disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. In most patients, reversible episodes of neurological dysfunction lasting several days or weeks characterize the initial stages of the disease (that is, clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting MS). Over time, irreversible clinical and cognitive deficits develop. A minority of patients have a progressive disease course from the onset. The pathological hallmark of MS is the formation of demyelinating lesions in the brain and spinal cord, which can be associated with neuro-axonal damage. Focal lesions are thought to be caused by the infiltration of immune cells, including T cells, B cells and myeloid cells, into the central nervous system parenchyma, with associated injury. MS is associated with a substantial burden on society owing to the high cost of the available treatments and poorer employment prospects and job retention for patients and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Solari
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Fondation Eugène Devic EDMUS Contre la Sclérose en Plaques, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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35
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Kourtis N, Tavernarakis N. Small heat shock proteins and neurodegeneration: recent developments. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:94-102. [PMID: 30133417 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMembers of the small heat shock protein (sHSP) family are molecular chaperones with a critical role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under unfavorable conditions. The chaperone properties of sHSPs prevent protein aggregation, and sHSP deregulation underlies the pathology of several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the clientele of sHSPs is broad, and the mechanisms of sHSP-mediated neuroprotection diverse. Nonetheless, the crosstalk of sHSPs with the neurodegeneration-promoting signaling pathways remains poorly understood. Here, we survey recent findings on the role and regulation of sHSPs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Kourtis
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
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36
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Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, Amor S. Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2018; 154:204-219. [PMID: 29513402 PMCID: PMC5980185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to the ageing community. Neuronal damage is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple sclerosis, although such damage is also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases and paraneoplastic disorders. Despite the different aetiologies, for example, infections, genetic mutations, trauma and protein aggregations, neuronal damage is frequently associated with chronic activation of an innate immune response in the CNS. The growing awareness that the immune system is inextricably involved in shaping the brain during development as well as mediating damage, but also regeneration and repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of how astrocytes and microglia, as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes, shape the neuroimmune response during development, and how aberrant responses that arise due to genetic or environmental triggers may predispose the CNS to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the known interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain, and review the current concepts on how immune cells enter and leave the CNS. A better understanding of neuroimmune interactions during development and disease will be key to further manipulating these responses and the development of effective therapies to improve quality of life, and reduce the impact of neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Stephenson
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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37
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Zhu Z, Reiser G. The small heat shock proteins, especially HspB4 and HspB5 are promising protectants in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2018; 115:69-79. [PMID: 29425965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a group of proteins with molecular mass between 12 and 43 kDa. Currently, 11 members of this family have been classified, namely HspB1 to HspB11. HspB1, HspB2, HspB5, HspB6, HspB7, and HspB8, which are expressed in brain have been observed to be related to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Alexander's disease, multiple sclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Specifically, sHsps interact with misfolding and damaging protein aggregates, like Glial fibrillary acidic protein in AxD, β-amyloid peptides aggregates in Alzheimer's disease, Superoxide dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cytosine-adenine-guanine/polyglutamine (CAG/PolyQ) in Huntington's disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, to reduce the toxicity or increase the clearance of these protein aggregates. The degree of HspB4 expression in brain is still debated. For neuroprotective mechanisms, sHsps attenuate mitochondrial dysfunctions, reduce accumulation of misfolded proteins, block oxidative/nitrosative stress, and minimize neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation, which are molecular mechanisms commonly accepted to mirror the progression and development of neurodegenerative diseases. The increasing incidence of the neurodegenerative diseases enhanced search for effective approaches to rescue neural tissue from degeneration with minimal side effects. sHsps have been found to exert neuroprotective functions. HspB5 has been emphasized to reduce the paralysis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, providing a therapeutic basis for the disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the properties and the mechanisms of protection orchestrated by sHsps in the nervous system, highlighting the promising therapeutic role of sHsps in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhu
- Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration (Neurobiochemie), Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration (Neurobiochemie), Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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38
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Droho S, Keener ME, Mueller NH. Heparan sulfate mediates cell uptake of αB-crystallin fused to the glycoprotein C cell penetration peptide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:598-604. [PMID: 29408057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Droho
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mitchell E Keener
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Niklaus H Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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39
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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40
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Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin supports reactive astrogliosis in demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1745-E1754. [PMID: 28196893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621314114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heat shock protein αB-crystallin (CRYAB) has been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Earlier studies have indicated that CRYAB inhibits inflammation and attenuates clinical disease when administered in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS. In this study, we evaluated the role of CRYAB in primary demyelinating events. Using the cuprizone model of demyelination, a noninflammatory model that allows the analysis of glial responses in MS, we show that endogenous CRYAB expression is associated with increased severity of demyelination. Moreover, we demonstrate a strong correlation between the expression of CRYAB and the extent of reactive astrogliosis in demyelinating areas and in in vitro assays. In addition, we reveal that CRYAB is differentially phosphorylated in astrocytes in active demyelinating MS lesions, as well as in cuprizone-induced lesions, and that this phosphorylation is required for the reactive astrocyte response associated with demyelination. Furthermore, taking a proteomics approach to identify proteins that are bound by the phosphorylated forms of CRYAB in primary cultured astrocytes, we show that there is clear differential binding of protein targets due to the specific phosphorylation of CRYAB. Subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of these targets reveals implications for intracellular pathways and biological processes that could be affected by these modifications. Together, these findings demonstrate that astrocytes play a pivotal role in demyelination, making them a potential target for therapeutic intervention, and that phosphorylation of CRYAB is a key factor supporting the pathogenic response of astrocytes to oligodendrocyte injury.
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Holtman IR, Bsibsi M, Gerritsen WH, Boddeke HWGM, Eggen BJL, van der Valk P, Kipp M, van Noort JM, Amor S. Identification of highly connected hub genes in the protective response program of human macrophages and microglia activated by alpha B-crystallin. Glia 2017; 65:460-473. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge R. Holtman
- Department of Medical Physiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen AV the Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H. Gerritsen
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam HV the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W. G. M. Boddeke
- Department of Medical Physiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen AV the Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Medical Physiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen AV the Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam HV the Netherlands
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Neuroanatomy; University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Johannes M. van Noort
- Delta Crystallon BV; Beverwijk ED the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam HV the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam HV the Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London United Kingdom
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42
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von Kutzleben S, Pryce G, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Depletion of CD52-positive cells inhibits the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease, but deletes an immune-tolerance promoting CD8 T-cell population. Implications for secondary autoimmunity of alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2017; 150:444-455. [PMID: 27925187 PMCID: PMC5343359 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine whether CD52 lymphocyte depletion can act to promote immunological tolerance induction by way of intravenous antigen administration such that it could be used to either improve efficiency of multiple sclerosis (MS) inhibition or inhibit secondary autoimmunities that may occur following alemtuzumab use in MS. Relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in ABH mice and immune cell depletion was therapeutically applied using mouse CD52 or CD4 (in conjunction with CD8 or CD20) depleting monoclonal antibodies. Immunological unresponsiveness was then subsequently induced using intravenous central nervous system antigens and responses were assessed clinically. A dose–response of CD4 monoclonal antibody depletion indicated that the 60–70% functional CD4 T‐cell depletion achieved in perceived failed trials in MS was perhaps too low to even stop disease in animals. However, more marked (~75–90%) physical depletion of CD4 T cells by CD4 and CD52 depleting antibodies inhibited relapsing disease. Surprisingly, in contrast to CD4 depletion, CD52 depletion blocked robust immunological unresponsiveness through a mechanism involving CD8 T cells. Although efficacy was related to the level of CD4 T‐cell depletion, the observations that CD52 depletion of CD19 B cells was less marked in lymphoid organs than in the blood provides a rationale for the rapid B‐cell hyper‐repopulation that occurs following alemtuzumab administration in MS. That B cells repopulate in the relative absence of T‐cell regulatory mechanisms that promote immune tolerance may account for the secondary B‐cell autoimmunities, which occur following alemtuzumab treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie von Kutzleben
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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43
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Puentes F, Malaspina A, van Noort JM, Amor S. Non-neuronal Cells in ALS: Role of Glial, Immune cells and Blood-CNS Barriers. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:248-57. [PMID: 26780491 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological dysfunction and motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is strongly associated with neuroinflammation reflected by activated microglia and astrocytes in the CNS. In ALS endogenous triggers in the CNS such as aggregated protein and misfolded proteins activate a pathogenic response by innate immune cells. However, there is also strong evidence for a neuroprotective immune response in ALS. Emerging evidence also reveals changes in the peripheral adaptive immune responses as well as alterations in the blood brain barrier that may aid traffic of lymphocytes and antibodies into the CNS. Understanding the triggers of neuroinflammation is key to controlling neuronal loss. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the roles of non-neuronal cells as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses in ALS. Existing ALS animal models, in particular genetic rodent models, are very useful to study the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration. We also discuss the approaches used to target the pathogenic immune responses and boost the neuroprotective immune pathways as novel immunotherapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Neuroscience Centre, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Neuroscience Centre, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | - Sandra Amor
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Neuroscience Centre, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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