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Yoshie S, Murono S, Hazama A. Approach for Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Fibrosis of Asthmatic Airway Remodeling Focusing on Cl - Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:289. [PMID: 38203460 PMCID: PMC10779031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling caused by asthma is characterized by structural changes of subepithelial fibrosis, goblet cell metaplasia, submucosal gland hyperplasia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and angiogenesis, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea, which cause marked quality of life deterioration. In particular, fibrosis exacerbated by asthma progression is reportedly mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is well known that the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling is closely associated with several signaling pathways, including the TGF-β1/Smad, TGF-β1/non-Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling has not yet been fully clarified. Given that Cl- transport through Cl- channels causes passive water flow and consequent changes in cell volume, these channels may be considered to play a key role in EMT, which is characterized by significant morphological changes. In the present article, we highlight how EMT, which causes fibrosis and carcinogenesis in various tissues, is strongly associated with activation or inactivation of Cl- channels and discuss whether Cl- channels can lead to elucidation of the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yoshie
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hazama
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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2
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Ha JG, Cho HJ. Unraveling the Role of Epithelial Cells in the Development of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14229. [PMID: 37762530 PMCID: PMC10531804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of CRS is multifactorial and complex yet needs to be completed. Recent evidence emphasizes the crucial part played by epithelial cells in the development of CRS. The epithelial cells act as physical barriers and play crucial roles in host defense, including initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. This review aims to present a comprehensive understanding of the significance of nasal epithelial cells in CRS. New research suggests that epithelial dysfunction plays a role in developing CRS through multiple mechanisms. This refers to issues with a weakened barrier function, disrupted mucociliary clearance, and irregular immune responses. When the epithelial barrier is compromised, it can lead to the passage of pathogens and allergens, triggering inflammation in the body. Furthermore, impaired mucociliary clearance can accumulate pathogens and secretions of inflammatory mediators, promoting chronic inflammation. Epithelial cells can release cytokines and chemokines, which attract and activate immune cells. This can result in an imbalanced immune response that continues to cause inflammation. The interaction between nasal epithelial cells and various immune cells leads to the production of cytokines and chemokines, which can either increase or decrease inflammation. By comprehending the role of epithelial cells in CRS, we can enhance our understanding of the disease's pathogenesis and explore new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gyun Ha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong 14353, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Khalfaoui L, Symon FA, Couillard S, Hargadon B, Chaudhuri R, Bicknell S, Mansur AH, Shrimanker R, Hinks TC, Pavord ID, Fowler SJ, Brown V, McGarvey LP, Heaney LG, Austin CD, Howarth PH, Arron JR, Choy DF, Bradding P. Airway remodelling rather than cellular infiltration characterizes both type2 cytokine biomarker-high and -low severe asthma. Allergy 2022; 77:2974-2986. [PMID: 35579040 PMCID: PMC9790286 DOI: 10.1111/all.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most recognizable phenotype of severe asthma comprises people who are blood eosinophil and FeNO-high, driven by type 2 (T2) cytokine biology, which responds to targeted biological therapies. However, in many people with severe asthma, these T2 biomarkers are suppressed but poorly controlled asthma persists. The mechanisms driving asthma in the absence of T2 biology are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To explore airway pathology in T2 biomarker-high and -low severe asthma. METHODS T2 biomarker-high severe asthma (T2-high, n = 17) was compared with biomarker-intermediate (T2-intermediate, n = 21) and biomarker-low (T2-low, n = 20) severe asthma and healthy controls (n = 28). Bronchoscopy samples were processed for immunohistochemistry, and sputum for cytokines, PGD2 and LTE4 measurements. RESULTS Tissue eosinophil, neutrophil and mast cell counts were similar across severe asthma phenotypes and not increased when compared to healthy controls. In contrast, the remodelling features of airway smooth muscle mass and MUC5AC expression were increased in all asthma groups compared with health, but similar across asthma subgroups. Submucosal glands were increased in T2-intermediate and T2-low asthma. In spite of similar tissue cellular inflammation, sputum IL-4, IL-5 and CCL26 were increased in T2-high versus T2-low asthma, and several further T2-associated cytokines, PGD2 and LTE4 , were increased in T2-high and T2-intermediate asthma compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Eosinophilic tissue inflammation within proximal airways is suppressed in T2 biomarker-high and T2-low severe asthma, but inflammatory and structural cell activation is present, with sputum T2-associated cytokines highest in T2 biomarker-high patients. Airway remodelling persists and may be important for residual disease expression beyond eosinophilic exacerbations. Registered at ClincialTrials.gov: NCT02883530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Leicester Respiratory NIHR BRC, Glenfield HospitalUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Fiona A. Symon
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Leicester Respiratory NIHR BRC, Glenfield HospitalUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Simon Couillard
- NIHR Oxford Respiratory BRC, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Beverley Hargadon
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Leicester Respiratory NIHR BRC, Glenfield HospitalUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Rekha Chaudhuri
- Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, and Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Steve Bicknell
- Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, and Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Adel H. Mansur
- University of Birmingham and Heartlands HospitalUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Rahul Shrimanker
- NIHR Oxford Respiratory BRC, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Timothy S. C. Hinks
- NIHR Oxford Respiratory BRC, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ian D. Pavord
- NIHR Oxford Respiratory BRC, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Stephen J. Fowler
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Vanessa Brown
- Wellcome‐Wolfson‐ Centre for Experimental MedicineQueen's University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesBelfastUK
| | - Lorcan P. McGarvey
- Wellcome‐Wolfson‐ Centre for Experimental MedicineQueen's University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesBelfastUK
| | - Liam G. Heaney
- Wellcome‐Wolfson‐ Centre for Experimental MedicineQueen's University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesBelfastUK
| | | | - Peter H. Howarth
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | | | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Leicester Respiratory NIHR BRC, Glenfield HospitalUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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4
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Philp AR, Miranda F, Gianotti A, Mansilla A, Scudieri P, Musante I, Vega G, Figueroa CD, Galietta LJV, Sarmiento JM, Flores CA. KCa3.1 differentially regulates trachea and bronchi epithelial gene expression in a chronic-asthma mouse model. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:273-282. [PMID: 35658672 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00134.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are potentially exploitable as pharmacological targets to treat asthma. This study evaluated the role of KCa3.1 channels, encoded by Kcnn4, in regulating the gene expression of mouse airway epithelium and the development of asthma traits. We used the ovalbumin (OVA) challenge as an asthma model in wild type and Kcnn4-/- mice, performed histological analysis, and measured serum IgE to evaluate asthma traits. We analyzed gene expression of isolated epithelial cells of trachea or bronchi using mRNA sequencing and gene ontology and performed Ussing chamber experiments in mouse trachea to evaluate anion secretion. Gene expression of epithelial cells from mouse airways differed between trachea and bronchi, indicating regional differences in the inflammatory and transepithelial transport properties of proximal and distal airways. We found that Kcnn4 silencing reduced mast cell numbers, mucus, and collagen in the airways, and reduced the amount of epithelial anion secretion in the OVA-challenged animals. Additionally, gene expression was differentially modified in the trachea and bronchi, with Kcnn4 genetic silencing significantly altering the expression of genes involved in the TNF pathway, supporting the potential of KCa3.1 as a therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Philp
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Los Rios, Chile.,Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fernando Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Agustín Mansilla
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Los Rios, Chile.,Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | - Génesis Vega
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Los Rios, Chile
| | | | - Luis J V Galietta
- TIGEM, Pozzuoli, Italia.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José M Sarmiento
- Departamento de Fisiología, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos A Flores
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Los Rios, Chile.,Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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5
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Palomba NP, Martinello K, Cocozza G, Casciato S, Mascia A, Di Gennaro G, Morace R, Esposito V, Wulff H, Limatola C, Fucile S. ATP-evoked intracellular Ca 2+ transients shape the ionic permeability of human microglia from epileptic temporal cortex. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:44. [PMID: 33588880 PMCID: PMC7883449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular Ca2+ modulates several microglial activities, such as proliferation, migration, phagocytosis, and inflammatory mediator secretion. Extracellular ATP, the levels of which significantly change during epileptic seizures, activates specific receptors leading to an increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Here, we aimed to functionally characterize human microglia obtained from cortices of subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy, focusing on the Ca2+-mediated response triggered by purinergic signaling. Methods Fura-2 based fluorescence microscopy was used to measure [Ca2+]i in primary cultures of human microglial cells obtained from surgical specimens. The perforated patch-clamp technique, which preserves the cytoplasmic milieu, was used to measure ATP-evoked Ca2+-dependent whole-cell currents. Results In human microglia extracellular ATP evoked [Ca2+]i increases depend on Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space and on Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular compartments. Extracellular ATP also induced a transient fivefold potentiation of the total transmembrane current, which was completely abolished when [Ca2+]i increases were prevented by removing external Ca2+ and using an intracellular Ca2+ chelator. TRAM-34, a selective KCa3.1 blocker, significantly reduced the ATP-induced current potentiation but did not abolish it. The removal of external Cl− in the presence of TRAM-34 further lowered the ATP-evoked effect. A direct comparison between the ATP-evoked mean current potentiation and mean Ca2+ transient amplitude revealed a linear correlation. Treatment of microglial cells with LPS for 48 h did not prevent the ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization but completely abolished the ATP-mediated current potentiation. The absence of the Ca2+-evoked K+ current led to a less sustained ATP-evoked Ca2+ entry, as shown by the faster Ca2+ transient kinetics observed in LPS-treated microglia. Conclusions Our study confirms a functional role for KCa3.1 channels in human microglia, linking ATP-evoked Ca2+ transients to changes in membrane conductance, with an inflammation-dependent mechanism, and suggests that during brain inflammation the KCa3.1-mediated microglial response to purinergic signaling may be reduced. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02096-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Esposito
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Fucile
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy
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6
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Roach KM, Bradding P. Ca 2+ signalling in fibroblasts and the therapeutic potential of K Ca3.1 channel blockers in fibrotic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1003-1024. [PMID: 31758702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Ca2+ signalling in fibroblasts is of great interest in fibrosis-related diseases. Intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) is a ubiquitous secondary messenger, regulating a number of cellular functions such as secretion, metabolism, differentiation, proliferation and contraction. The intermediate conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel KCa 3.1 is pivotal in Ca2+ signalling and plays a central role in fibroblast processes including cell activation, migration and proliferation through the regulation of cell membrane potential. Evidence from a number of approaches demonstrates that KCa 3.1 plays an important role in the development of many fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. The KCa 3.1 selective blocker senicapoc was well tolerated in clinical trials for sickle cell disease, raising the possibility of rapid translation to the clinic for people suffering from pathological fibrosis. This review after analysing all the data, concludes that targeting KCa 3.1 should be a high priority for human fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy M Roach
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter Bradding
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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7
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Hynes D, Harvey BJ. Dexamethasone reduces airway epithelial Cl - secretion by rapid non-genomic inhibition of KCNQ1, KCNN4 and KATP K + channels. Steroids 2019; 151:108459. [PMID: 31330137 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basolateral membrane K+ channels play a key role in basal and agonist stimulated Cl- transport across airway epithelial cells by generating a favourable electrical driving force for Cl- efflux. The K+ channel sub-types and molecular mechanisms of regulation by hormones and secretagoues are still poorly understood. Here we have identified the type of K+ channels involved in cAMP and Ca2+ stimulated Cl- secretion and uncovered a novel anti-secretory effect of dexamethasone mediated by inhibition of basolateral membrane K+ channels in a human airway cell model of 16HBE14o- cells commonly used for ion transport studies. Dexamethasone produced a rapid inhibition of transepithelial chloride ion secretion under steady state conditions and after stimulation with cAMP agonist (forskolin) or a Ca2+ mobilizing agonist (ATP). Our results show three different types of K+ channels are targeted by dexamethasone to reduce airway secretion, namely Ca2+-activated secretion via KCNN4 (KCa3.1) channels and cAMP-activated secretion via KCNQ1 (Kv7.1) and KATP (Kir6.1,6.2) channels. The down-regulation of KCNN4 and KCNQ1 channel activities by dexamethasone involves rapid non-genomic activation of PKCα and PKA signalling pathways, respectively. Dexamethasone signal transduction for PKC and PKA activation was demonstrated to occur through a rapid non-genomic pathway that did not implicate the classical nuclear receptors for glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids but occurred via a novel signalling cascade involving sequentially a Gi-protein coupled receptor, PKC, adenylyl cyclase Type IV, cAMP, PKA and ERK1/2 activation. The rapid, non-genomic, effects of dexamethasone on airway epithelial ion transport and cell signalling introduces a new paradigm for glucocorticoid actions in lung epithelia which may serve to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the steroid and enhance its therapeutic potential in treating airway hypersecretion in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Hynes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Centro di Estudios Cientificos CECs, Valdivia, Chile.
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8
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Identification of Clotrimazole Derivatives as Specific Inhibitors of Arenavirus Fusion. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01744-18. [PMID: 30626681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01744-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are a large family of emerging enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fevers. For cell entry, human-pathogenic arenaviruses use different cellular receptors and endocytic pathways that converge at the level of acidified late endosomes, where the viral envelope glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion. Inhibitors of arenavirus entry hold promise for therapeutic antiviral intervention and the identification of "druggable" targets is of high priority. Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform, we identified the clotrimazole-derivative TRAM-34, a highly selective antagonist of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1, as a specific entry inhibitor for arenaviruses. TRAM-34 specifically blocked entry of most arenaviruses, including hemorrhagic fever viruses, but not Lassa virus and other enveloped viruses. Anti-arenaviral activity was likewise observed with the parental compound clotrimazole and the derivative senicapoc, whereas structurally unrelated KCa3.1 inhibitors showed no antiviral effect. Deletion of KCa3.1 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology did not affect the antiarenaviral effect of TRAM-34, indicating that the observed antiviral effect of clotrimazoles was independent of the known pharmacological target. The drug affected neither virus-cell attachment, nor endocytosis, suggesting an effect on later entry steps. Employing a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay that bypasses endocytosis, we demonstrate that TRAM-34 specifically inhibits arenavirus-mediated membrane fusion. In sum, we uncover a novel antiarenaviral action of clotrimazoles that currently undergo in vivo evaluation in the context of other human diseases. Their favorable in vivo toxicity profiles and stability opens the possibility to repurpose clotrimazole derivatives for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.IMPORTANCE Emerging human-pathogenic arenaviruses are causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality and represent serious public health problems. The current lack of a licensed vaccine and the limited treatment options makes the development of novel antiarenaviral therapeutics an urgent need. Using a recombinant pseudotype platform, we uncovered that clotrimazole drugs, in particular TRAM-34, specifically inhibit cell entry of a range of arenaviruses, including important emerging human pathogens, with the exception of Lassa virus. The antiviral effect was independent of the known pharmacological drug target and involved inhibition of the unusual membrane fusion mechanism of arenaviruses. TRAM-34 and its derivatives currently undergo evaluation against a number of human diseases and show favorable toxicity profiles and high stability in vivo Our study provides the basis for further evaluation of clotrimazole derivatives as antiviral drug candidates. Their advanced stage of drug development will facilitate repurposing for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.
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9
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Alagha K, Bourdin A, Vernisse C, Garulli C, Tummino C, Charriot J, Vachier I, Suehs C, Chanez P, Gras D. Goblet cell hyperplasia as a feature of neutrophilic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:781-788. [PMID: 30710420 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) is a pathological finding classically reported across asthma severity levels and usually associated with smoking. Multiple biological mechanisms may contribute to excessive mucus production. OBJECTIVE We aimed to decipher the clinical meanings and biological pathways related to GCH in non-smokers with asthma. METHODS Cough and sputum assessment questionnaire (CASA-Q) responses at entry and 1 year later were compared to clinical and functional outcomes in 59 asthmatic patients. GCH was assessed through periodic-acid shift (PAS) staining on endobronchial biopsies obtained at entry in a subset of 32 patients. RESULTS Periodic-acid shift-staining analysis revealed a double wave distribution discriminating patients with (>10% of the epithelial area) or without GCH. CASA-Q scores were mostly driven by overall asthma severity (P < 0.0001). CASA-Q scores remained stable at 1 year and were independently associated with BAL eosinophil content irrespective of the presence of GCH. GCH was unrelated to the presence of bronchiectasis at CT, GERD or chronic rhinosinusitis, but correlated well with neutrophilic inflammatory patterns observed upon BAL cellular analysis (P = 0.002 at multivariate analysis). BALF bacterial loads were unrelated to GCH or to CASA-Q. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Goblet cell hyperplasia is disconnected from chronic cough and sputum when assessed by a specific questionnaire. GCH is related to neutrophilic asthma whereas symptoms are related to airway eosinophilia. The clinical counterpart of GCH is unlikely assessed by the CASA-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuder Alagha
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,PhyMedExp, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, INSERM U1046, CNRS, UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Vernisse
- PhyMedExp, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, INSERM U1046, CNRS, UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Garulli
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Tummino
- Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy Charriot
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vachier
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carey Suehs
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
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10
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a medical condition characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix compounds such as collagen in tissues. Fibrotic lesions are present in many diseases and can affect all organs. The excessive extracellular matrix accumulation in these conditions can often have serious consequences and in many cases be life-threatening. A typical event seen in many fibrotic conditions is a profound accumulation of mast cells (MCs), suggesting that these cells can contribute to the pathology. Indeed, there is now substantialv evidence pointing to an important role of MCs in fibrotic disease. However, investigations from various clinical settings and different animal models have arrived at partly contradictory conclusions as to how MCs affect fibrosis, with many studies suggesting a detrimental role of MCs whereas others suggest that MCs can be protective. Here, we review the current knowledge of how MCs can affect fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Azimi I, Monteith GR. Plasma membrane ion channels and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R517-R525. [PMID: 27619258 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of studies have suggested that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be important in the progression of cancer in patients through metastasis and/or therapeutic resistance. A number of pathways have been investigated in EMT in cancer cells. Recently, changes in plasma membrane ion channel expression as a consequence of EMT have been reported. Other studies have identified specific ion channels able to regulate aspects of EMT induction. The utility of plasma membrane ion channels as targets for pharmacological modulation make them attractive for therapeutic approaches to target EMT. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the key plasma membrane ion channel types and highlight some of the studies that are beginning to define changes in plasma membrane ion channels as a consequence of EMT and also their possible roles in EMT induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Azimi
- The School of PharmacyThe University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory R Monteith
- The School of PharmacyThe University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Singh J, Shah R, Singh D. Inundation of asthma target research: Untangling asthma riddles. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 41:60-85. [PMID: 27667568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inveterate inflammatory disorder, delineated by the airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway wall remodeling. Although, asthma is a vague term, and is recognized as heterogenous entity encompassing different phenotypes. Targeting single mediator or receptor did not prove much clinical significant, as asthma is complex disease involving myriad inflammatory mediators. Asthma may probably involve a large number of different types of molecular and cellular components interacting through complex pathophysiological pathways. This review covers the past, present, and future therapeutic approaches and pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma. Furthermore, review describe importance of targeting several mediators/modulators and receptor antagonists involved in the physiopathology of asthma. Novel targets for asthma research include Galectins, Immunological targets, K + Channels, Kinases and Transcription Factors, Toll-like receptors, Selectins and Transient receptor potential channels. But recent developments in asthma research are very promising, these include Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) abated airway obstruction in mouse model of asthma and Calcium-sensing receptor obliterate inflammation and in bronchial hyperresponsiveness allergic asthma. All these progresses in asthma targets, and asthma phenotypes exploration are auspicious in untangling of asthma riddles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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13
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Ion Channels in Brain Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091513. [PMID: 27618016 PMCID: PMC5037790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma exhibit a high metastatic tropism to the brain. Development of brain metastases severely worsens the prognosis of cancer patients and constrains curative treatment options. Metastasizing to the brain by cancer cells can be dissected in consecutive processes including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, evasion from the primary tumor, intravasation and circulation in the blood, extravasation across the blood-brain barrier, formation of metastatic niches, and colonization in the brain. Ion channels have been demonstrated to be aberrantly expressed in tumor cells where they regulate neoplastic transformation, malignant progression or therapy resistance. Moreover, many ion channel modulators are FDA-approved drugs and in clinical use proposing ion channels as druggable targets for future anti-cancer therapy. The present review article aims to summarize the current knowledge on the function of ion channels in the different processes of brain metastasis. The data suggest that certain channel types involving voltage-gated sodium channels, ATP-release channels, ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors and gap junction-generating connexins interfere with distinct processes of brain metastazation.
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14
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Virk H, Arthur G, Bradding P. Mast cells and their activation in lung disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:60-76. [PMID: 26845625 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and their activation contribute to lung health via innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory pathogens. They are also involved in the normal response to tissue injury. However, mast cells are involved in disease processes characterized by inflammation and remodeling of tissue structure. In these diseases mast cells are often inappropriately and chronically activated. There is evidence for activation of mast cells contributing to the pathophysiology of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. They may also play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and lung cancer. The diverse mechanisms through which mast cells sense and interact with the external and internal microenvironment account for their role in these diseases. Newly discovered mechanisms of redistribution and interaction between mast cells, airway structural cells, and other inflammatory cells may offer novel therapeutic targets in these disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Virk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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15
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Köhler R, Oliván-Viguera A, Wulff H. Endothelial Small- and Intermediate-Conductance K Channels and Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarization as Drug Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:65-104. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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