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Inoue A, Lattari E, Carmo EC, Oliveira BRR, Silva EB, Santos TM. Reliability of Time to Exhaustion Above the Power Output at VO 2peak in Trained Mountain Bikers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:654-664. [PMID: 37621379 PMCID: PMC10446956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, no study has investigated the reliability of the time to exhaustion (TTE) test during constant-load trials in Olympic distance cross-country mountain bike (XCO-MTB) athletes. Thus, the aim was to analyze the reliability of the TTE test at intensities above peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in trained XCO-MTB athletes. Fifteen male XCO-MTB athletes (mean ± SD: age 31.5 ± 6.6 years, stature 174.0 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 67.2 ± 5.1 kg, VO2peak 64.5 ± 4.7 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 2 TTE tests on the cycle ergometer with 4 different intensities above the maximal work rate in the incremental test (Wmax) (105%, 120%, 130%, and 140% of Wmax). There was moderate reliability between TTE tests at 105% (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.81, p ≤ 0.001; coefficient of variation (CV) = 9.1%; standard error of measurement (SEM) = 18.3%), and 120% (ICC = 0.88, p ≤ 0.001; CV = 6.6%; SEM = 9.3%) Wmax. For intensities of 130% (ICC = 0.53, p = 0.018; CV = 9.2%; SEM = 15.8%) and 140% (ICC = 0.56, p = 0.012; CV = 12.2%; SEM = 13.5%) Wmax, the reliability results proved to be questionable. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 2 TTE tests in all intensities (p > 0.05). Caution should be taken when assessing TTE above VO2peak or when using it as a performance indicator, given its moderate to questionable reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Inoue
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Postgraduate Program, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRAZIL
- Research Group on Exercise and Health Science, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRAZIL
| | - Eduardo Lattari
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, RJ, BRAZIL
| | - Everton C Carmo
- Physical Education Department, Senac University Center, Santo Amaro, SP, BRAZIL
| | - Bruno R R Oliveira
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BRAZIL
| | - Elirez B Silva
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Postgraduate Program, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRAZIL
- Research Group on Exercise and Health Science, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRAZIL
| | - Tony M Santos
- Physical Education Department, Pernambuco Federal University, Recife, PE, BRAZIL
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2
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Arriel RA, Souza HLR, Sasaki JE, Marocolo M. Current Perspectives of Cross-Country Mountain Biking: Physiological and Mechanical Aspects, Evolution of Bikes, Accidents and Injuries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12552. [PMID: 36231848 PMCID: PMC9565958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mountain biking (MTB) is a cycling modality performed on a variety of unpaved terrain. Although the cross-country Olympic race is the most popular cross-country (XC) format, other XC events have gained increased attention. XC-MTB has repeatedly modified its rules and race format. Moreover, bikes have been modified throughout the years in order to improve riding performance. Therefore, the aim of this review was to present the most relevant studies and discuss the main results on the XC-MTB. Limited evidence on the topic suggests that the XC-MTB events present a variation in exercise intensity, demanding cardiovascular fitness and high power output. Nonetheless, these responses and demands seem to change according to each event. The characteristics of the cyclists differ according to the performance level, suggesting that these parameters may be important to achieve superior performance in XC-MTB. Moreover, factors such as pacing and ability to perform technical sections of the circuit might influence general performance. Bicycles equipped with front and rear suspension (i.e., full suspension) and 29″ wheels have been shown to be effective on the XC circuit. Lastly, strategies such as protective equipment, bike fit, resistance training and accident prevention measures can reduce the severity and the number of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Hiago L. R. Souza
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Jeffer Eidi Sasaki
- Laboratory UFTM, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38061-500, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
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3
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Schneeweiss P, Schellhorn P, Haigis D, Niess AM, Martus P, Krauss I. Effect of Two Different Training Interventions on Cycling Performance in Mountain Bike Cross-Country Olympic Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040053. [PMID: 35447863 PMCID: PMC9031322 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve performance in endurance sports, it is important to include both high-intensity and low-intensity training, but there is neither a universally accepted practice nor clear scientific evidence that allows reliable statements about the predominance of a specific training method. This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of a polarized training model (POL) to a low-intensity training model (LIT) on physiological parameters and mountain bike cross-country Olympic (XCO) race performance in eighteen competitive XCO athletes (17.9 ± 3.6 years). The superiority of one of the two methods could not be shown in this study. The results did not show statistically significant differences between POL and LIT, as both interventions led to slight improvements. However, a small tendency toward better effects for POL was seen for cycling power output during the race (4.4% vs. –2.2%), at the 4 mmol/L (6.1% vs. 2.8%) and individual anaerobic lactate threshold (5.1% vs. 2.3%), and for maximal aerobic performance (4.4% vs. 2.6%), but not for maximal efforts lasting 10 to 300 s. Despite the lack of significant superiority in this and some other studies, many athletes and coaches prefer POL because it produces at least equivalent effects and requires less training time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schneeweiss
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Philipp Schellhorn
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Haigis
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Michael Niess
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Inga Krauss
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Brunyé TT, Yau K, Okano K, Elliott G, Olenich S, Giles GE, Navarro E, Elkin-Frankston S, Young AL, Miller EL. Toward Predicting Human Performance Outcomes From Wearable Technologies: A Computational Modeling Approach. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738973. [PMID: 34566701 PMCID: PMC8458818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable technologies for measuring digital and chemical physiology are pervading the consumer market and hold potential to reliably classify states of relevance to human performance including stress, sleep deprivation, and physical exertion. The ability to efficiently and accurately classify physiological states based on wearable devices is improving. However, the inherent variability of human behavior within and across individuals makes it challenging to predict how identified states influence human performance outcomes of relevance to military operations and other high-stakes domains. We describe a computational modeling approach to address this challenge, seeking to translate user states obtained from a variety of sources including wearable devices into relevant and actionable insights across the cognitive and physical domains. Three status predictors were considered: stress level, sleep status, and extent of physical exertion; these independent variables were used to predict three human performance outcomes: reaction time, executive function, and perceptuo-motor control. The approach provides a complete, conditional probabilistic model of the performance variables given the status predictors. Construction of the model leverages diverse raw data sources to estimate marginal probability density functions for each of six independent and dependent variables of interest using parametric modeling and maximum likelihood estimation. The joint distributions among variables were optimized using an adaptive LASSO approach based on the strength and directionality of conditional relationships (effect sizes) derived from meta-analyses of extant research. The model optimization process converged on solutions that maintain the integrity of the original marginal distributions and the directionality and robustness of conditional relationships. The modeling framework described provides a flexible and extensible solution for human performance prediction, affording efficient expansion with additional independent and dependent variables of interest, ingestion of new raw data, and extension to two- and three-way interactions among independent variables. Continuing work includes model expansion to multiple independent and dependent variables, real-time model stimulation by wearable devices, individualized and small-group prediction, and laboratory and field validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad T Brunyé
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kenny Yau
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kana Okano
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace Elliott
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sara Olenich
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ester Navarro
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Seth Elkin-Frankston
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Alexander L Young
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eric L Miller
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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5
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Næss S, Sollie O, Gløersen ØN, Losnegard T. Exercise Intensity and Pacing Pattern During a Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike Race. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702415. [PMID: 34349670 PMCID: PMC8326908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the power profiles and pacing patterns in relation to critical power (CP) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) output during a cross-country Olympic (XCO) mountain bike race. Methods: Five male and two female national competitive XCO cyclists completed a UCI Cat. 1 XCO race. The races were 19 km and 23 km and contained five (female) and six (male) laps, respectively. Power output (PO) during the race was measured with the cyclists’ personal power meters. On two laboratory tests using their own bikes and power meters, CP and work capacity above CP (W') were calculated using three time trials of 12, 7, and 3 min, while MAP was established based on a 3-step submaximal test and the maximal oxygen uptake from the 7-min time trial. Results: Mean PO over the race duration (96 ± 7 min) corresponded to 76 ± 9% of CP and 63 ± 4% of MAP. 40 ± 8% of race time was spent with PO > CP, and the mean duration and magnitude of the bouts >CP was ~8 s and ~120% of CP. From the first to last lap, time >CP and accumulated W' per lap decreased with 9 ± 6% and 45 ± 17%, respectively. For single >CP bouts, mean magnitude and mean W' expended decreased by 25 ± 8% and 38 ± 15% from the first to the last lap, respectively. Number and duration of bouts did not change significantly between laps. Conclusion: The highly variable pacing pattern in XCO implies the need for rapid changes in metabolic power output, as a result of numerous separate short-lived >CP actions which decrease in magnitude in later laps, but with little lap-to-lap variation in number and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan Næss
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Sollie
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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García-De Frutos JM, Orquín-Castrillón FJ, Marcos-Pardo PJ, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084225. [PMID: 33923545 PMCID: PMC8073758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-De Frutos
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Fco. Javier Orquín-Castrillón
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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7
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Sprint Interval Training on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1145-1161. [PMID: 32034701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two forms of interval training commonly discussed in the literature are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). HIIT consists of repeated bouts of exercise that occur at a power output or velocity between the second ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). SIT is performed at a power output or velocity above those associated with VO2max. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to systematically review published randomized and pair-matched trials to determine which mode of interval training, HIIT versus SIT, leads to a greater improvement in TT performance in active and trained individuals. The second objective of this review is to perform a subgroup analysis to determine if there is a distinction between HIIT programs that differ in work-bout duration. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus (1800-present) and Medline with Full Text (1946-present) were used to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for the review if they met the following criteria: (1) individuals (males and females) who were considered at least moderately trained (~ 3-h per week of activity) as specified by the authors of the included studies; (2) between the ages of 18 and 45 years; (3) randomized or pair-matched trials that included a HIIT and a SIT group; (4) provided detailed information about the interval training program; (5) were at least 2 weeks in duration; (6) included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance. RESULTS A total of 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for the subjective and objective analysis. The pooled analysis was based on a random-effects model. There was no difference in the change in TT performance when comparing all HIIT versus SIT (0.9%; 90% CI - 1.2-1.9%, p = 0.18). However, subgroup analysis based on duration of work interval indicated a 2% greater improvement in TT performance following long-HIIT (≥ 4 min) when compared to SIT. There was no difference in change in VO2max/peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) between groups. There was a moderate effect (ES = 0.70) in favor of HIIT over SIT in maximal aerobic power (MAP) or maximal aerobic velocity (MAV). CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis indicate that long-HIIT may be the optimal form of interval training to augment TT performance. Additional research that directly compares HIIT exercise differing in work-bout duration would strengthen these results and provide further insight into the mechanisms behind the observed benefits of long-HIIT.
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9
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Martin S, Hadmas R, Dobreanu D. Resting metabolic rate changes over 4 months of elite general roller ski training. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Hebisz R, Hebisz P, Borkowski J, Zatoń M. Effects of concomitant high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on exercise capacity and response to exercise- induced muscle damage in mountain bike cyclists with different training backgrounds. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-183170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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McEwan G, Arthur R, Phillips SM, Gibson NV, Easton C. Interval running with self-selected recovery: Physiology, performance, and perception. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1058-1067. [PMID: 29842843 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study (1) compared the physiological responses and performance during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session incorporating externally regulated (ER) and self-selected (SS) recovery periods and (2) examined the psychophysiological cues underpinning SS recovery durations. Following an incremental maximal exercise test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 14 recreationally active males completed 2 HIIT sessions on a non-motorised treadmill. Participants performed 12 × 30 s running intervals at a target intensity of 105% MAS interspersed with 30 s (ER) or SS recovery periods. During SS, participants were instructed to provide themselves with sufficient recovery to complete all 12 efforts at the required intensity. A semi-structured interview was undertaken following the completion of SS. Mean recovery duration was longer during SS (51 ± 15 s) compared to ER (30 ± 0 s; p < .001; d = 1.46 ± 0.46). Between-interval heart rate recovery was higher (SS: 19 ± 9 b min-1; ER: 8 ± 5 b min-1; p < .001; d = 1.43 ± 0.43) and absolute time ≥90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) was lower (SS: 335 ± 193 s; ER: 433 ± 147 s; p = .075; d = 0.52 ± 0.39) during SS compared to ER. Relative time ≥105% MAS was greater during SS (90 ± 6%) compared to ER (74 ± 20%; p < .01; d = 0.87 ± 0.40). Different sources of afferent information underpinned decision-making during SS. The extended durations of recovery during SS resulted in a reduced time ≥90% HRmax but enhanced time ≥105% MAS, compared with ER exercise. Differences in the afferent cue utilisation of participants likely explain the large levels of inter-individual variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary McEwan
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Rosemary Arthur
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Shaun M Phillips
- b Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Neil V Gibson
- c Oriam: Scotland's Sports Performance Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Chris Easton
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
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12
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Girard J, Feng B, Chapman C. The effects of high-intensity interval training on athletic performance measures: a systematic review. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2018.1462588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Girard
- Physical Therapy Department, Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, NH, USA
| | - Brian Feng
- Physical Therapy Department, Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, NH, USA
| | - Chris Chapman
- Physical Therapy Department, Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, NH, USA
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13
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Abstract
Cross-country mountain biking (XCO) is a popular high-intensity endurance cycling event, but XCO pacing strategy has not been fully examined. This study examined the pacing strategies of different XCO athletes during a laboratory-simulated XCO performance test. Brazilian cyclists classified as performance-cohort level 3 performed an XCO race simulation. The simulation consisted of four 10-km laps with a gradient of 0-10%. No group-vs-time interaction was found in lap time (P = .169), absolute (P = .719) and relative (P = .607) power output, ratings of perceived exertion (P = .182), or heart rate (P = .125). There was a time main effect, as athletes decreased power output by 0.3 W/kg throughout the XCO simulation, thereby resulting in a 1.6-min decrement per lap. The power output corresponding to the onset of blood lactate accumulation adequately represented the mean power of the first lap. These results showed that 2 groups of cyclists with different training status adopted similar pacing strategies during an XCO race simulation, as they both used a fast-starting pacing strategy followed by positive pacing that resulted in a linear decrease in power output at every lap.
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Modena R, Boccia G, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of top-level youth cross-country cyclists. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:901-906. [PMID: 28671853 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the literature there is a lack of data about the development of top level athletes in cross-country mountain biking (XCO). The purpose of this study was to analyze anthropometric and physiological characteristics of some of the best XCO bikers aged between 13 and 16. The study involved 45 bikers (26 males and 19 females) belonging to a youth national team. The evaluations, consisting of anthropometric measures, incremental cycling tests (VO2max, PPO, P@RCP), and 30 s Wingate Tests (PMax, PMean), were conducted over a lapse of 4 years. Our findings showed in bikers, already at young age, a specific athletic profile advantageous for XCO performance. At the age of 16, just before entering the junior category and competing at international level, male and female bikers showed physiological values normalized to the body mass comparable to those reported in literature for high level athletes (VO2max>70 and >60 ml/kg/min, PPO >6.5 and >5.5 W/kg, respectively in males and females). The production of high power-to-weight ratios and high peaks of anaerobic power attests the presence of highly developed aerobic and anaerobic systems in young XCO cyclists reflecting the high physiological demand of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Roberto Modena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,c Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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Garcia-Tabar I, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga EM. On-field prediction vs monitoring of aerobic capacity markers using submaximal lactate and heart rate measures. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:462-473. [PMID: 28181710 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the use of a single blood lactate concentration measurement taken following a 5-minute running bout at 10 km·h-1 (BLC10 ) and the speed associated with 90% of maximal heart rate (S90 ) to predict and monitor fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds in athletes. Three complementary studies were undertaken. Study I: A cross-sectional study examining the associations of BLC10 and S90 with running speeds at FBLC of 3 (S3mM) and 4 mmol·L-1 (S4mM) in 100 athletes. Study II: A cross-validation study assessing the predictive capacity of BLC10 and S90 to estimate FBLC thresholds in real practice. Study III: A longitudinal study examining whether training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds could be monitored using BLC10 and S90 in 80 athletes tested before and after an intensified training period. Study I: BLC10 (r=-.87 to -.89) and S90 (r=.73-.79) were very largely (P<.001) related to FBLC thresholds. Study II: Predictive models yielded robust correlations between estimated and measured FBLC thresholds (r=.75-.91; P<.001). The limits of agreements, however, revealed that prediction of FBLC thresholds could be biased up to 9%-15%. Study III: BLC10 was very largely related to training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds (r=-.72 to -.76; P<.001). Increases in S90 were associated with improvements in FBLC thresholds, but decreases in S90 led to unclear changes in FBLC thresholds. This study supports the use of BLC10 as a simple, low-cost, non-fatiguing, and time-efficient functional variable to monitor, but not predict, FBLC thresholds in athletes. The present results also question the use of S90 to detect declines in endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Tabar
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - E M Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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