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Bernal RTI, Malta DC, Teixeira RA, Leyland AH, Katikireddi VS, Brickley EB, Pinto EP, Ichiara MYT, Allik M, Dundas R, Barreto ML. Prevalence of adult smokers in Brazilian capitals according to socioeconomic deprivation. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 26:e230044. [PMID: 37878832 PMCID: PMC10599255 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720230044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of adult smokers in the 26 capitals and the Federal District according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (Índice Brasileiro de Privação - IBP). METHODS Dataset on smoking were obtained from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases by Survey (Vigitel) system for the 26 capitals and the Federal District, in the period from 2010 to 2013. The IBP classifies the census sectors according to indicators such as: income less than ½ minimum wage, illiterate population and without sanitary sewage. In the North and Northeast regions, the census sectors were grouped into four categories (low, medium, high and very high deprivation) and in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions into three (low, medium and high deprivation). Prevalence estimates of adult smokers were obtained using the indirect estimation method in small areas. To calculate the prevalence ratios, Poisson models are used. RESULTS The positive association between prevalence and deprivation of census sector categories was found in 16 (59.3%) of the 27 cities. In nine (33.3%) cities, the sectors with the greatest deprivation had a higher prevalence of smokers when compared to those with the least deprivation, and in two (7.4%) there were no differences. In Aracaju, Belém, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Macapá and Salvador, the prevalence of adult smokers was three times higher in the group of sectors with greater deprivation compared to those with less deprivation. CONCLUSION Sectors with greater social deprivation had a higher prevalence of smoking, compared with less deprivation, pointing to social inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Tomie Ivata Bernal
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Nursing, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Nursing, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Renato Azeredo Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Nursing, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Alastair Hay Leyland
- University of Glasgow, Medical Research Council, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing – Glasgow, UK
| | - Vittal Srinivasa Katikireddi
- University of Glasgow, Medical Research Council, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing – Glasgow, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bailey Brickley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology – London, UK
| | - Elzo Pereira Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Center for Integration of Data and Knowledge for Health – Salvador (BA) Brazil
| | | | - Mirjam Allik
- University of Glasgow, Medical Research Council, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing – Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruth Dundas
- University of Glasgow, Medical Research Council, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing – Glasgow, UK
| | - Mauricio Lima Barreto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Center for Integration of Data and Knowledge for Health – Salvador (BA) Brazil
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Espinoza MA, Severino R, Balmaceda C, Abbott T, Cabieses B. The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:160. [PMID: 37608366 PMCID: PMC10463281 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy (LE) has usually been used as a metric to monitor population health. In the last few years, metrics such as Quality-Adjusted-Life-Expectancy (QALE) and Health-Adjusted-Life- Expectancy (HALE) have gained popularity in health research, given their capacity to capture health related quality of life, providing a more comprehensive approach to the health concept. We aimed to estimate the distribution of the LE, QALEs and HALEs across Socioeconomic Status in the Chilean population. METHODS Based on life tables constructed using Chiang II´s method, we estimated the LE of the population in Chile by age strata. Probabilities of dying were estimated from mortality data obtained from national registries. Then, life tables were stratified into five socioeconomic quintiles, based on age-adjusted years of education (pre-school, early years to year 1, primary level, secondary level, technical or university). Quality weights (utilities) were estimated for age strata and SES, using the National Health Survey (ENS 2017). Utilities were calculated using the EQ-5D data of the ENS 2017 and the validated value set for Chile. We applied Sullivan´s method to adjust years lived and convert them into QALEs and HALEs. RESULTS LE at birth for Chile was estimated in 80.4 years, which is consistent with demographic national data. QALE and HALE at birth were 69.8 and 62.4 respectively. Men are expected to live 6.1% less than women. However, this trend is reversed when looking at QALEs and HALEs, indicating the concentration of higher morbidity in women compared to men. The distribution of all these metrics across SES showed a clear gradient in favour of a better-off population-based on education quintiles. The absolute and relative gaps between the lowest and highest quintile were 15.24 years and 1.21 for LE; 18.57 HALYs and 1.38 for HALEs; and 21.92 QALYs and 1.41 for QALEs. More pronounced gradients and higher gaps were observed at younger age intervals. CONCLUSION The distribution of LE, QALE and HALEs in Chile shows a clear gradient favouring better-off populations that decreases over people´s lives. Differences in LE favouring women contrast with differences in HALEs and QALEs which favour men, suggesting the need of implementing gender-focused policies to address the case-mix complexity. The magnitude of inequalities is greater than in other high-income countries and can be explained by structural social inequalities and inequalities in access to healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Antonio Espinoza
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 2, Santiago, Chile.
- Unit of Health Technology Assessment, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro para la Prevención y Control del Cancer, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Severino
- Unit of Health Technology Assessment, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Balmaceda
- Unit of Health Technology Assessment, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para la Prevención y Control del Cancer, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tomas Abbott
- Unit of Health Technology Assessment, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para la Prevención y Control del Cancer, Santiago, Chile
| | - Baltica Cabieses
- Centro para la Prevención y Control del Cancer, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Blukacz A, Cabieses B, Markkula N. Inequities in mental health and mental healthcare between international immigrants and locals in Chile: a narrative review. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:197. [PMID: 33148258 PMCID: PMC7640394 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health in a context of international migration is a particularly pressing issue, as migration is recognised as a social determinant of physical and mental health. As Chile is increasingly becoming a receiving country of South-South migration, immigrants face mental health inequities, with regards to outcomes and access to care.In order to identify and synthetize mental healthcare inequities faced by international migrants with regards to locals in Chile, a narrative review of the literature on national mental healthcare policies in Chile and a narrative review of the literature on migrants' mental healthcare in Chile were conducted, with a focus on describing mental health outcomes, policy environment and persisting gaps and barriers for both topics. The existing literature on mental healthcare in Chile, both for the general population and for international migrants, following the social determinant of health framework and categorised in terms of i) Inequities in mental health outcomes; ii) Description of the mental health policy environment and iii) Identification of the main barriers to access mental healthcare.Despite incremental policy efforts to improve the reach of mental healthcare in Chile, persisting inequities are identified for both locals and international migrants: lack of funding and low prioritisation, exacerbation of social vulnerability in the context of a mixed health insurance system, and inadequacy of mental healthcare services. International migrants may experience specific layers of vulnerability linked to migration as a social determinant of health, nested in a system that exacerbates social vulnerability.Based on the findings, the article discusses how mental health is a privilege for migrant populations as well as locals experiencing layers of social vulnerability in the Chilean context. International migrants' access to comprehensive and culturally relevant mental healthcare in Chile and other countries is an urgent need in order to contribute to reducing social vulnerability and fostering mechanisms of social inclusion.International migration, social determinants of mental health, mental health inequities, social vulnerability, review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Blukacz
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida Las Condes 12461, Las Condes, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida Las Condes 12461, Las Condes, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Niina Markkula
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O.Box 22, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Cabieses B, Oyarte M. Health access to immigrants: identifying gaps for social protection in health. Rev Saude Publica 2020; 54:20. [PMID: 32074219 PMCID: PMC7017981 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the access to and effective use of health services available among international migrants and Chileans. METHODS Secondary analysis of the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN – Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional ), version 2017. Indicators of access to the health system (having health insurance) and effective use of health services (perceived need, appointment or coverage, barriers and need satisfaction) were described in immigrants and local population, self-reported. Gaps by immigrant status were estimated using logistic regressions, with complex samples. RESULTS Immigrants were 7.5 times more likely to have no health insurance than local residents. Immigrants presented less perceived need than local residents, together with a greater lack of appointments (OR: 1.7 95%CI: 1.2–2.5), coverage (OR: 2.7 95%CI: 2.0–3.7) and unsatisfied need. The difference between immigrants and locals was not statistically significant in barriers to health care access (α = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Disadvantages persist regarding the access to and use of health services by immigrants as opposed to Chileans compared with information from previous years. It is necessary to reduce the gaps between immigrants and people born in Chile, especially in terms of health system access. This is the first barrier to effective use of services. The generation of concrete strategies and health policies that consider an approach of social participation of the immigrant community is suggested to bring the health system closer to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltica Cabieses
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina. Santiago, región metropolitana, Chile
| | - Marcela Oyarte
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Subdepartamento de estudios y evaluación de proyectos. Santiago, región metropolitana, Chile
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Bernales M, Cabieses B, McIntyre AM, Chepo M, Flaño J, Obach A. [Social determinants of the health of international migrant children in Chile: qualitative evidence.]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2019; 60:566-578. [PMID: 30550118 DOI: 10.21149/9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the social determinants of health (SDH) of international migrant children, from the perceptions of caregivers, health workers and local authorities in eight municipalities in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS A secondary analysis of data was conducted from a qualitative study that took place between 2014 and 2017. The original study involved semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The secondary thematic analysis of data included all emerging issues related to international migrant children and their living conditions, including use of health services. RESULTS Findings were grouped according to the model of social determinants of health, which allow a reflection on living conditions of international migrant children and their health situation. CONCLUSIONS This research shows the impact of SDH on international migrant children in Chile, highlighting relevant issues around this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Bernales
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María McIntyre
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Chepo
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Flaño
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Obach
- Programa de Estudios Sociales en Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
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Agudelo-Suárez AA, Vivares-Builes AM, Muñoz-Pino N, Martínez-Martínez JM, Reid A, Ronda-Pérez E. Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Native and Immigrant Populations in the PELFI Study in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101796. [PMID: 31117196 PMCID: PMC6572568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quality of life and its relationship to oral health is an important consideration in the determinants of health of vulnerable groups. The aim of this study is to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and its related factors in native and immigrant population families from the Platform of Longitudinal Studies on Immigrant Families (PELFI) study in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 401 adults aged 18 years and older from Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, and Morocco. The OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and three summary variables were used (prevalence, extent, and severity). Sociodemographic and self-perceived health variables were included. Bivariate analyzes were carried out to summarize the variables of the OHIP-14 according to sociodemographic and health variables, and bivariate analyzes of the OHIP-14 dimensions was conducted by country of origin. Multivariate linear models were used to investigate predictors for the dimensions of the OHIP-14. Multivariate logistic models were used to estimate the association of OHRQoL with immigration status using crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (OR-95% CI). It was found that 14.8% of men and 23.8% of women reported negative impacts in terms of OHRQoL (statistically significant differences: p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences according to the country of origin in the prevalence and severity outcomes of the OHIP-14 in women (p < 0.05), and severe outcomes were observed in Moroccan women. In women, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in OHRQoL were observed according to age and marital status. There were some differences between OHIP-14 summary outcomes according to the health variables. Some sociodemographic and health variables were predictors for the OHIP-14 and their dimensions with differences by sex. Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between OHRQoL and immigration status for Moroccan women. Differences in OHRQoL were found according to sociodemographic and health variables. Further research could clarify the predictors of OHRQoL through epidemiological surveillance and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Agudelo-Suárez
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
- Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Natalia Muñoz-Pino
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Martínez
- Research and Analysis Service, IT/EP. MC Mutual, 08029 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Statistics, Technical University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | - Elena Ronda-Pérez
- Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CISAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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