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Yang P, Deng F, Yuan M, Chen M, Zeng L, Ouyang Y, Chen X, Zhao B, Yang Z, Tian Z. Metabolomics reveals the defense mechanism of histidine supplementation on high-salt exposure-induced hepatic oxidative stress. Life Sci 2023; 314:121355. [PMID: 36596407 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study mainly evaluated the protective mechanism of histidine against the hepatic oxidative stress after high-salt exposure (HSE) through combined analysis of non-targeted metabolomics and biological metabolic networks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats were fed with normal-salt diet or HSE ± histidine in addition to drinking water for 14 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the hepatic metabolites. The metabolic profile was analyzed by SIMCA-14.1, the metabolic correlation network was performed using Gephi-0.9.2, and pathway enrichment was analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 online website. KEY FINDINGS Results indicated that HSE disturbed the hepatic metabolic profile, generated abnormal liver metabolism and exacerbated oxidative stress. Histidine supplementation significantly reversed the hepatic metabolic profile. Of note, 14 differential metabolic pathways were enriched after histidine supplementation, most of which played an important role in ameliorating redox and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. Histidine administration decreased the levels of hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione S-transferase and Glutathione reductases). Histidine effectively enhanced the endogenous synthesis of glutathione by increasing the levels of glutamate and cysteine, thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the glutathione system. After histidine administration, lysine, glutamate, and hypotaurine owned a higher metabolic centrality in the correlation network. In addition, histidine could also effectively increase the endogenous synthesis of NO by enhancing the L-arginine/NO pathway. SIGNIFICANCE This study offers new insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the antioxidant protective effect of histidine on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fenfen Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mengdi Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanan Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang M, Yang F, Wang G, Liu D, Li X, Yang L, Wang Z. Copper-induced oxidative stress, transcriptome changes, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114136. [PMID: 36242823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common contaminant in aquatic environments, which could cause physiological dysfunction in aquatic organisms. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of copper toxicity in freshwater fish over the past decade. In this research, the oxidative stress, liver transcriptome, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (C. carpio) in response to Cu exposure were studied, by exposing juvenile carp to 0.2 mg/ml Cu2+ for 30 days. The results revealed that Cu2+ could induce significant changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) activity. The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities indicate that Cu can induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. RNA-seq analysis of the liver identified 1069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after treatment with 2.0 mg/L Cu2+. Among the DEGs, 490 genes were upregulated and 579 genes were downregulated. GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that Cu could affect the fatty acid biosynthetic process, carnitine biosynthetic process, and activity of carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter. Meanwhile, the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway also included the lipid metabolism pathway. In addition, Cu2+ exposure increased bacterial richness and changed bacterial composition. At the phylum level, we found that the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was increased in the treatment carps, which can regulate intestinal epithelium function and reduce inflammation and immune responses. At the genus level, the abundances of 11 genera were significantly altered after exposure to Cu2+. The altered composition of the microbial community caused by Cu exposure may play a useful role in compensation of the intestinal lesions by Cu exposure. Furthermore, we found that Cu2+ exposure could cause histological alterations such as structural damage to the liver and intestines. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms related to Cu toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Puyang Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem; The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengxiao Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lianlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
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Jiang H, Bao J, Xing Y, Cao G, Li X, Chen Q. Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:990737. [PMID: 36212869 PMCID: PMC9538530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.990737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milky disease caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata fungus has significantly harmed the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis aquaculture industry. However, the effect of M. bicuspidata infection on the metabolism and intestinal flora of the crab remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the changes in the metabolism and intestinal flora E. sinensis after 48 h of infection with M. bicuspidata, using metabolomic and metagenomic analyses. Metabolomic analysis results revealed 420 significantly different metabolites between the infected and control groups, and these metabolites were enriched in 58 metabolic pathways. M. bicuspidata infection decreased the levels of metabolites related to amino acid biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as lysine, histidine, linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic acid metabolism. These results indicated that M. bicuspidata infection significantly affected the energy metabolism, growth, and immunity of E. sinensis. The results of metagenomic analysis showed that the anaerobes and ascomycetes populations significantly increased and decreased, respectively, after M. bicuspidata infection. These changes in intestinal flora significantly upregulated metabolic and synthetic pathways while downregulating immunity-related pathways. The results of integrated metabolomic and metagenomic analyses showed that 55 differentially expressed genes and 28 operational taxonomic units were correlated with 420 differential metabolites. Thus, the intestinal flora changes caused by M. bicuspidata infection also affected the metabolites. This study provides novel insights into the metabolic-and intestinal microflora-based effects of M. bicuspidata infection in E. sinensis, as well as a theoretical basis for the interaction between fungi and crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Jiang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Bao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuenan Xing
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gangnan Cao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qijun Chen,
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Gao Y, Liu P, Wang D, Liu J, Yang L, Kang Y, Han B, Yin J, Zhu J, Wang K, Li C. Isolation and characterization of a novel protein from Momordica charantia L. Positively regulates lipid metabolism activity in vivo and in vitro. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Xia YT, Wu QY, Hok-Chi Cheng E, Ting-Xia Dong T, Qin QW, Wang WX, Wah-Keung Tsim K. The inclusion of extract from aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis in feeding of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceo-latus♂) promotes growth and immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:521-529. [PMID: 35792347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years in China; however, its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract of aerial part of S. baicalensis, named as SBA, having anti-microbial property has been applied in fish aquaculture. To extend the usage of SBA in fish feeding, SBA was employed to feed pearl gentian grouper (a hybrid of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂), and subsequently the total fish output, the levels of digestive enzymes and inflammatory cytokines were determined. Feeding the fish with different doses of SBA for two months, the body length and weight were significantly increased by 5%-10%. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver and muscle of SBA-fed fish were doubled, which could account the growth promoting effect of SBA. Besides, the activity of digestive enzyme, lipase, and the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines were markedly stimulated by 2-3 times under the feeding of 3% SBA-containing diet. The results indicated the growth promoting activity of SBA in culture of pearl gentian grouper, as well as the effect of SBA in strengthening the immunity. These beneficial effects of SBA feeding can increase the total yield of pearl gentian grouper in aquaculture. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Teng Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Yun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edwin Hok-Chi Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yang P, Zhou L, Chen M, Zeng L, Ouyang Y, Zheng X, Chen X, Yang Z, Tian Z. Supplementation of amino acids and organic acids prevents the increase in blood pressure induced by high salt in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:891-903. [PMID: 34994761 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A high-salt (HS) diet leads to metabolic disorders in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats, and promotes the development of hypertension. According to the changes in the metabolites of SS rats, a set of combined dietary supplements containing amino acids and organic acids (AO) were designed. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of AO supplementation on the blood pressure of SS rats after the HS diet and clarify the mechanism of AO by metabolomics and biochemical analyses. The results showed that AO supplementation avoided the elevation of blood pressure induced by the HS diet in SS rats, increased the renal antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase), reduced the H2O2 and MDA levels, and restored the normal antioxidant status of the serum and kidneys. AO also reversed the decrease in the nitric oxide (NO) levels and NO synthase activity induced by the HS feed, which involved the L-arginine/NO pathway. Metabolomics analysis showed that AO administration increased the levels of amino acids such as cysteine, glycine, hypotaurine, and lysine in the renal medulla and the levels of leucine, isoleucine, and serine in the renal cortex. Of note, lysine, hypotaurine and glycine had higher metabolic centrality in the metabolic correlation network of the renal medulla after AO administration. In conclusion, AO intervention could prevent HS diet-induced hypertension in SS rats by restoring the metabolic homeostasis of the kidneys. Hence, AO has the potential to become a functional food additive to improve salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Luxin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Li Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yanan Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xuewei Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhe Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Xia Y, Cheng EH, Zheng BZ, Wu Q, Dong TT, Duan R, Qin Q, Wang W, Tsim KW. Feeding containing the aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis promotes the growth and nutritive value of rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4827-4838. [PMID: 34531995 PMCID: PMC8441375 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Teng Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Edwin Hok‐Chi Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Brody Zhong‐Yu Zheng
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Qi‐Yun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Tina Ting‐Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi‐Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen‐Xiong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Karl Wah‐Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Hu Y, Feng L, Jiang W, Wu P, Liu Y, Kuang S, Tang L, Zhou X. Lysine deficiency impaired growth performance and immune response and aggravated inflammatory response of the skin, spleen and head kidney in grown-up grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:556-568. [PMID: 34258445 PMCID: PMC8245797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This dissertation was primarily focused on the immune response, inflammatory response and molecular mechanisms in the skin, head kidney and spleen of grown-up grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six iso-nitrogen diets differing in lysine concentrations (5.6, 8.5, 11.6, 14.4, 17.5 and 20.7 g/kg) were fed to 540 grass carp (164.85 ± 0.79 g) for 60 d. After that, grass carp were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 d. This study revealed that lysine deficiency (1) suppressed the growth performance of the fish and decreased their ability to resist skin lesion morbidity, (2) impaired the immune organ's immune response by decreasing the gene expressions of mucin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2B, β-defensin-1 and LEAP-2A and the production of antibacterial compounds of grown-up grass carp, and (3) aggravated the inflammatory response of immune organs in the fish by increasing the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon γ2 [IFN-γ2], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-15, IL-17D, IL-12p40, IL-6 and IL-8) and down-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-11, transforming growth factor β1 [TGF-β1], IL-10 and IL-4/13A), which were tightly correlated with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 signaling pathway, respectively. The different phenomenon in the skin, spleen and head kidney of fish may be correlated with the difference in gene subtype. In addition, using quadratic regression analysis of percent weight gain (PWG), skin lesion morbidity, and the lysozyme activities in the spleen and head kidney, the dietary lysine requirements for grown-up grass carp were estimated to be 13.58, 13.51, 14.56 and 14.18 g/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weidan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Li X, Zheng S, Wu G. Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Fish. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:133-168. [PMID: 33770406 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is increasingly important for providing humans with high-quality animal protein to improve growth, development and health. Farm-raised fish and shellfish now exceed captured fisheries for foods. More than 70% of the production cost is dependent on the supply of compound feeds. A public debate or concern over aquaculture is its environmental sustainability as many fish species have high requirements for dietary protein and fishmeal. Protein or amino acids (AAs), which are the major component of tissue growth, are generally the most expensive nutrients in animal production and, therefore, are crucial for aquatic feed development. There is compelling evidence that an adequate supply of both traditionally classified nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) in diets improve the growth, development and production performance of aquatic animals (e.g., larval metamorphosis). The processes for the utilization of dietary AAs or protein utilization by animals include digestion, absorption and metabolism. The digestibility and bioavailability of AAs should be carefully evaluated because feed production processes and AA degradation in the gut affect the amounts of dietary AAs that enter the blood circulation. Absorbed AAs are utilized for the syntheses of protein, peptides, AAs, and other metabolites (including nucleotides); biological oxidation and ATP production; gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis; and the regulation of acid-base balance, anti-oxidative reactions, and immune responses. Fish producers usually focus on the content or digestibility of dietary crude protein without considering the supply of AAs in the diet. In experiments involving dietary supplementation with AAs, inappropriate AAs (e.g., glycine and glutamate) are often used as the isonitrogenous control. At present, limited knowledge is available about either the cell- and tissue-specific metabolism of AAs or the effects of feed processing methods on the digestion and utilization of AAs in different fish species. These issues should be addressed to develop environment-friendly aquafeeds and reduce feed costs to sustain the global aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shixuan Zheng
- Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Huang Z, Aweya JJ, Zhu C, Tran NT, Hong Y, Li S, Yao D, Zhang Y. Modulation of Crustacean Innate Immune Response by Amino Acids and Their Metabolites: Inferences From Other Species. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574721. [PMID: 33224140 PMCID: PMC7674553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture production of crustaceans (mainly shrimp and crabs) has expanded globally, but disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections have hampered production in the last two decades. As invertebrates, crustaceans lack an adaptive immune system and mainly defend and protect themselves using their innate immune system. The immune system derives energy and metabolites from nutrients, with amino acids constituting one such source. A growing number of studies have shown that amino acids and their metabolites are involved in the activation, synthesis, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, as well as in the activation of immune related signaling pathways, reduction of inflammatory response and regulation of oxidative stress. Key enzymes in amino acid metabolism have also been implicated in the regulation of the immune system. Here, we reviewed the role played by amino acids and their metabolites in immune-modulation in crustaceans. Information is inferred from mammals and fish where none exists for crustaceans. Research themes are identified and the relevant research gaps highlighted for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishu Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yujian Hong
- Guangdong Yuequn Marine Biological Research and Development Co., Ltd., Jieyang, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Chen J, Zhang D, Tan Q, Liu M, Hu P. Arginine affects growth and integrity of grass carp enterocytes by regulating TOR signaling pathway and tight junction proteins. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:539-549. [PMID: 30729411 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary arginine (Arg) could improve the intestinal structure and absorption of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus); however, the mechanism of Arg on intestinal morphology improvement was unclear. The present study aimed to explain the possible mechanism of the positive effect of Arg on intestinal epithelial cells of grass carp. An in vitro study was conducted through a primary culture model to assess the growth, cell viability, mRNA expressions of TOR signal pathway, and tight junction proteins of enterocytes after culture in the medium with 6 levels of Arg (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mmol/L). The results showed that 0.5 mmol/L Arg improved the cell number and decreased the lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities in culture medium (P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity in cell lysis buffer was depressed by 1 and 2 mmol/L Arg (P < 0.05). The nitric oxide (NO) content showed an increasing trend with the Arg content (P < 0.05), whereas the NO synthase activity showed an opposite trend to NO. TOR expression was higher in 0.2 and 0.5 mmol/L groups, whereas S6K1 expression in 1.0 mmol/L and 2.0 mmol/L groups were lower (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of occludin, claudin 3, and claudin c in 0.5 mmol/L group were the highest, while ZO-1 and claudin b expressions were higher in 0.2 and 0.5 mmol/L groups (P < 0.05). This study indicated that Arg enhanced the growth and integrity of intestinal epithelial cells of grass carp through upregulation of mRNA expression of TOR signal pathway and tight junction proteins at an optimal Arg content of 0.2-0.5 mmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dianfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingsong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Mengmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Alak G, Parlak V, Aslan ME, Ucar A, Atamanalp M, Turkez H. Borax Supplementation Alleviates Hematotoxicity and DNA Damage in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to Copper. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:536-542. [PMID: 29926392 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals have harmful effects on health of both ecosystems and organisms to their accumulation ability. Copper (Cu) is an essential element for organism survival, but EPA considers Cu as a priority pollutant. On the other hand, boron has well-defined biological effects in living organisms including cytoprotection and genoprotection, although borax (BX) metabolism is poorly described in fish. Moreover, the effects of boron supplementation against Cu-induced hematotoxicity and DNA damage in aquatic organisms are still undetermined. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to provide an overview of the strategy for therapeutic potential of BX against Cu exposure in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this aim, fish were fed with different doses of BX and/or copper (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg of BX; 500 and 1000 mg/kg of Cu) for 21 days in pretreatment and combined treatment options. At the end of the treatments (pre and combined), the hematological index (total erythrocytes count (RBC), total leucocytes count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), total platelet count (PLT), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV)), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and nuclear abnormalities in blood samples of treated and untreated fish were investigated. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent increases in hematological indices, 8-OH-dG level, and rates of nuclear abnormalities were observed after exposure to Cu in both treatment group fish as compared to untreated group. On the contrary, treatments with BX doses alone did not alter these hematological and DNA damage endpoints. Moreover, both pretreatment and combined treatments with BX significantly alleviated Cu-induced hematotoxicity and genotoxicity. In a conclusion, the obtained data firstly revealed that borax exhibited hematoprotective and genoprotective effects against copper-induced toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Alak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Enes Aslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
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Çilingir Yeltekin A, Oğuz AR. Antioxidant responses and DNA damage in primary hepatocytes of Van fish (Alburnus tarichi, Güldenstadt 1814) exposed to nonylphenol or octylphenol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 41:415-423. [PMID: 29722550 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1461899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphenols, a nonionic surface-active agent group, such as nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are important endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). In this study, the dose- and time-dependent effects of NP and OP were investigated in the primary hepatocyte culture of Van Fish. In this study, samples were taken at different times and biochemical parameters were studied separately. The effects of the chemicals used on SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA, and 8-OHdG were investigated in hepatocyte culture. The antioxidants SOD and CAT were observed to increase in all groups in the primary hepatocyte cultures at the 24th hour after NP and OP administration, whereas the GSH-Px level was observed to increase with OP at the 24th hour and with NP at the 48th hour. The MDA level was observed to reach its highest value for both chemicals in the 24th hour, and the 8-OHdG level was observed to increase toward the end of the follow-up time, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, different doses of NP and OP were found to induce an increase in the levels of antioxidants and the MDA level in Van Fish primary hepatocyte culture. DNA damage, on the other hand, may be considered to appear after longer-term exposure to NP and OP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Regaib Oğuz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Jiang J, Xu S, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Wu P, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X. Lysine and methionine supplementation ameliorates high inclusion of soybean meal inducing intestinal oxidative injury and digestive and antioxidant capacity decrease of yellow catfish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:319-328. [PMID: 29098470 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco with initial average weight 16.6 ± 0.17 g were fed three extruded diets for 56 days. Fish meal (FM) diet was formulated as the normal control with 380 g FM and 200 g soybean meal (SBM) kg-1 diet. The SBM diet was prepared with 220 g FM and 360 g SBM kg-1 diet without Lys or Met supplementation. The SBM supplement (SBMS) diet was similar to SBM diet and supplemented with Lys and Met to ensure their levels similar to FM diet. The results showed fish fed SBM diet had lower percent weight gain and specific growth rate than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Whole body protein content of fish fed FM and SBMS diets were higher than that of fish fed SBM diet (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic and intestosomatic indexes of fish fed SBM diet were significantly lower than that of fish fed FM and SBMS diets (P < 0.05). The activities of pepsin in stomach, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in intestine, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase in proximal intestine, Na+, K+-ATPase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in distal intestine were significantly higher in fish fed FM and SBMS diets compared to SBM diet. The activities of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, superoxide anion scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging in the intestine showed the same changes (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in intestine were significantly decreased in fish fed SBMS diet compared to SBM diet. These results indicated high inclusion of SBM induced intestinal oxidative injury and digestive and antioxidant capacity decrease. The Lys and Met supplementation could ameliorate these adverse effects on yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shangxiao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weidan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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