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Pinto S, Croce L, Carlier L, Cosson E, Rotondi M. Thyroid dysfunction during gestation and gestational diabetes mellitus: a complex relationship. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02079-3. [PMID: 37024642 PMCID: PMC10372128 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and thyroid dysfunction during gestation (GTD) are the two most prevalent endocrinopathies during pregnancy. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the peculiar aspects of GDM and GTD, to highlight the potential interactions and clinical consequences of these two frequent clinical conditions. METHODS A literature review regarding GDM and GTD was carried out with particular interest on meta-analyses and human studies dealing with the (i) shared risk factors between GDM and GTD, (ii) the epidemiological link between GTD and GDM, (iii) physiopathologic link between GTD and GDM, (iv) clinical consequences of GDM and GTD, and (v) post-partum implications of GDM and GTD. RESULTS The association between GDM and GTD is common and may be explained by the insulin-resistance state due to maternal GTD, to alterations in the placentation process or to the many shared risk factors. Discrepant results of epidemiologic studies can be explained, at least in part, by the changes in diagnostic criteria and screening strategies throughout the years for both conditions. GDM and GTD impact pregnancy outcome and have post-partum long-term consequences, but more studies are needed to prove an additional adverse effect. CONCLUSIONS Based on the epidemiological and physio-pathological link between GDM and GTD, it could be suggested that a diagnosis of GTD could lead to screen GDM and the other way round.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pinto
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Avicenne Hospital, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Ambulatory Unit of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Jean Verdier Hospital, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Bondy, France
| | - L Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - L Carlier
- AP-HP, Ambulatory Unit of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Jean Verdier Hospital, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Bondy, France
| | - E Cosson
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Avicenne Hospital, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Bobigny, France
- UMR U1153 INSERM/U11125 INRA/CNAM/Université Paris 13, Unité de Recherche Epidémiologique Nutritionnelle, Bobigny, France
| | - M Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, PA, Italy.
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Engel SM, Villanger GD, Herring A, Nethery RC, Drover S, Zoeller RT, Meltzer HM, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Longnecker MP, Aase H. Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:218-228. [PMID: 36482860 PMCID: PMC10038840 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal thyroid function plays an important role in foetal brain development; however, little consensus exists regarding the relationship between normal variability in thyroid hormones and common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the association between mid-pregnancy maternal thyroid function and risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD in offspring. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Among children born 2003 or later, we randomly sampled singleton ADHD cases obtained through linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry (n = 298) and 554 controls. Concentrations of maternal triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), T3-Uptake, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) were measured in maternal plasma, collected at approximately 17 weeks' gestation. Indices of free T4 (FT4i) and free T3 (FT3i) were calculated. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and accounted for missing covariate data using multiple imputation. We used restricted cubic splines to assess non-linear trends and provide flexible representations. We examined effect measure modification by dietary iodine and selenium intake. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded women with clinically significant thyroid disorders (n = 73). RESULTS High maternal T3 was associated with increased risk of ADHD (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.26). For FT4i, both the lowest and highest quintiles were associated with an approximate 1.6-fold increase in risk of ADHD, with similar trends found for T4. The FT4i association was modified by dietary iodine intake such that the highest risk strata were confined to the low intake group. CONCLUSIONS Both high and low concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones, although within population reference ranges, increase the risk of ADHD in offspring. Increased susceptibility may be found among women with low dietary intake of iodine and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Engel
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | | | - Amy Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Rachel C. Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samantha Drover
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Evaluation of first and second trimester maternal thyroid profile on the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus and post load glycemia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280513. [PMID: 36638142 PMCID: PMC9838876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal thyroid alterations have been widely associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aims to 1) test the first and the second trimester full maternal thyroid profile on the prediction of GDM, both alone and combined with non-thyroid data; and 2) make that prediction independent of the diagnostic criteria, by evaluating the effectiveness of the different maternal variables on the prediction of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) post load glycemia. Pregnant women were recruited in Concepción, Chile. GDM diagnosis was performed at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy by an OGTT (n = 54 for normal glucose tolerance, n = 12 for GDM). 75 maternal thyroid and non-thyroid parameters were recorded in the first and the second trimester of pregnancy. Various combinations of variables were assessed for GDM and post load glycemia prediction through different classification and regression machine learning techniques. The best predictive models were simplified by variable selection. Every model was subjected to leave-one-out cross-validation. Our results indicate that thyroid markers are useful for the prediction of GDM and post load glycemia, especially at the second trimester of pregnancy. Thus, they could be used as an alternative screening tool for GDM, independently of the diagnostic criteria used. The final classification models predict GDM with cross-validation areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.867 (p<0.001) and 0.920 (p<0.001) in the first and the second trimester of pregnancy, respectively. The final regression models predict post load glycemia with cross-validation Spearman r correlation coefficients of 0.259 (p = 0.036) and 0.457 (p<0.001) in the first and the second trimester of pregnancy, respectively. This investigation constitutes the first attempt to test the performance of the whole maternal thyroid profile on GDM and OGTT post load glycemia prediction. Future external validation studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger cohorts and different populations.
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Zhang W, Liang H. Relationships Between Maternal Selected Metals (Cu, Mg, Zn and Fe), Thyroid Function and Blood Glucose Levels During Pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03455-5. [PMID: 36418636 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study were to understand the intake of selected metals (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)) during pregnancy; to detect serum Cu, Mg, Zn and Fe levels in pregnant women; to analyze the relationships among the selected metals, maternal thyroid function and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels; to investigate the impact of the selected metals and maternal thyroid function on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); and to provide clinical value for the rational intake of the selected metals and iodine during pregnancy to ensure normal fetal development. The population was recruited from pregnant women presenting to the obstetrics outpatient clinic of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (February 2021 to April 2022). Selected metal, thyroid hormone (TH (free thyroxine (FT4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) and FBG levels were measured in pregnant women during early, middle and late pregnancy. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the overall trends in selected metal, TH and FBG levels during pregnancy, and binary logistic regression models were used to assess the impacts of the selected metals and thyroid function on the risk of GDM. In addtion, the potential mediation effects of thyroid functions were explored in the mediation analyses. A total of 65 pregnant women were included in this study. Regression models showed that maternal Mg and Cu levels were positively associated with the risk of GDM, conversely, logFT4 was negatively associated with the risk of GDM. Mediation analyses suggested that the associations between the selected metals (Zn, Cu and Mg) and GDM might be mediated by FT3 levels, and that the Cu-GDM and Zn-GDM association could be explained by FT4 levels. Additionally, the Zn-GDM association could also potentially be mediated by the FT3/FT4 ratio. Our findings suggest that Mg, Cu and FT4 levels may act as influencing factors for the development of GDM, and maternal FT3, FT4 and the FT3/FT4 ratio might be the potential mediators of the associations between the selected metals and GDM risk during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiYi Zhang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - HongPing Liang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China.
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Subklinik Hipotiroidizm ile Gestasyonel Diabetes Mellitus Arasındaki İlişki. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1150439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Gebelikte en sık görülen metabolik bozukluk gestasyonel diyabetes mellitustur (GDM). GDM prevalansı yüzde 1,7 ile yüzde 11,6 arasında değişmektedir. Hipotiroidizmde glukoz oksidasyonu ve glikojen sentezi hızları azalır ve periferik dokularda glukoz kullanımı yavaşlar. Subklinik ve aşikar hipotiroidili hastalarda insülin direnci gelişir çünkü insülin kasların glikoz kullanımını yeterince sürdüremez. Literatüre göre, hipotiroidizm GDM gebeliklerinin yüzde 6-15'i ile bağlantılıdır. Ayrıca hipotiroidisi olan gebelerde GDM olma olasılığı 4,3 kat daha fazladır. Bu çalışma birinci trimester tiroid fonksiyon testleri ile GDM arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif kohort çalışma Mayıs 2021 ile Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında yapıldı. Çalışmaya GDM tanısı konan 100 gebe hasta ve 500 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edildi. GDM, 75 g glikoz yükleme testi kullanılarak teşhis edildi. TSH ve sT4 değerleri trimestere göre kabul edilen normal sınırlara göre değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: GDM olan ve olmayan hastalar arasında SKH açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardı (p=0.04). AUC ve ROC, TSH'nin GDM'yi öngörme performansını değerlendirmek için kullanıldı (AUC=0.586 ve p=0.006). GDM'yi öngörmek için TSH düzeyi cut-off değeri 1.58 olarak belirlendi. AUC'nin 0,586 (0,521-0,652) olduğu bulundu. Ayrıca seçicilik %58 ve duyarlılık %41'dir.
Sonuç: Literatürde tiroid fonksiyonlarını ve gestasyonel diabetes mellitus gelişimini araştıran birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bizim çalışmamızda da birinci trimesterde subklinik hipotiroidi tanısı ile GDM arasında ilişki bulundu. Çalışma, birinci trimester tiroid fonksiyon testi sonuçlarına dayanarak, gestasyonel diyabetes mellitus gelişimi açısından dikkatli ve uyanık olmanın önemini literatüre katmaktadır.
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Adverse Effects of Hypothyroidism on Fertility and Pregnancy: A Mini Review. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.16.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the effect of serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and fT3/fT4 ratio on the gestational diabetes. METHODS This multicenter study was conducted by analyzing retrospectively 495 pregnant women who admitted to the Tepecik training and Research Hospital, and Kocaeli Derince training and Research Hospital between January 2017 and December 2019. Seventy-eight pregnant women diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and 82 pregnant women without GDM diagnosis were included in the study. The relationship between thyroid markers (TSH, fT3, fT4 and fT3/fT4) and gestational diabetes was determined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Advanced age, low fT4 and high TSH levels were higher in GDM group, p < .05. Results of the logistic regression analysis revealed that the gestational week (OR 20.291, 95% CI 3.132-131-449, p = .002], fasting plasma glucose (OR 48,551, 95% CI 9.223-255.582, p < .001), HbA1c (OR 13,671, 95%CI 2.977-62.781, p =.001) and fT3/fT4 (OR 29.934, 95% CI 3.558-251836, p = .002) were the risk factors of GDM. DISCUSSION Advanced gestational week, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and fT3/fT4 ratio are among the risk factors for the development of the gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Demiral Sezer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omercan Topaloglu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences, Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
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Yanachkova V, Staynova R, Naseva E, Kamenov Z. The Role of Placental Growth Factor in the Prediction of Carbohydrate and Thyroid Disorders during Pregnancy. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020232. [PMID: 35208556 PMCID: PMC8877197 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: To assess whether placental growth factor (PlGF) levels may have a predictive value for the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective analysis was conducted at the Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment in Obstetrics and Gynecology “Dr. Shterev”, Sofia, Bulgaria, from December 2017 to December 2019. Using pregnant women’s electronic records, we analyzed and compared the data of 412 women diagnosed with GDM and 250 women without evidence for carbohydrate disorders. Thyroid function was tested in all patients at the time of performing GDM screening. The following measurements were compared and assessed: body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose levels, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (TSH), free thyroxine, and triiodothyronine (FT4 and FT3) levels, and serum placental growth factor (PlGF). The sensitivity and specificity of PlGF as a predictive marker for GDM and thyroid dysfunction were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: There were no significant differences between GDM and control groups in terms of age and BMI (p > 0.05). In patients with established GDM, the PlGF corrected multiple of the median (MoM) was significantly higher compared to the control group (0.9 vs. 0.7, p < 0.001). The ROC-AUC for the prediction of GDM and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy was 0.68 (95% CI 0.64–0.72) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.57–0.65), respectively. Conclusions: Our results underscore the potential role of PlGF as a biomarker in the prediction and diagnosis of GDM and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesselina Yanachkova
- Department of Endocrinology, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology “Dr Shterev”, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Radiana Staynova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Emilia Naseva
- Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Public Health “Prof. Tsekomir Vodenicharov, MD, DSc”, Medical University of Sofia, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Zdravko Kamenov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Wang Y, Sun F, Wu P, Huang Y, Ye Y, Yang X, Yuan J, Liu Y, Zeng H, Wen Y, Qi X, Yang CX, Wang Y, Liu G, Chen D, Li L, Pan XF, Pan A. A Prospective Study of Early-pregnancy Thyroid Markers, Lipid Species, and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e804-e814. [PMID: 34453541 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT While the associations between thyroid markers and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been extensively studied, the results are inconclusive and the mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the prospective associations of thyroid markers in early gestation with GDM risk, and examine the mediating effects through lipid species. METHODS This study included 6068 pregnant women from the Tongji-Shuangliu Birth Cohort. Maternal serum thyroid markers (free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody) were measured before 15 weeks. Deiodinase activity was assessed by fT3/fT4 ratio. Plasma lipidome were quantified in a subset of 883 participants. RESULTS Mean age of the participants was 26.6 ± 3.7 years, and mean gestational age was 10.3 ± 2.0 weeks. Higher levels of fT4 were associated with a decreased risk of GDM (OR = 0.73 comparing the extreme quartiles; 95% CI 0.54, 0.98, Ptrend = .043), while higher fT3/fT4 ratio was associated with an increased risk of GDM (OR = 1.43 comparing the extreme quartiles; 95% CI 1.06, 1.93, Ptrend = .010) after adjusting for potential confounders. Multiple linear regression suggested that fT3/fT4 ratio was positively associated with alkylphosphatidylcholine 36:1, phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen 38:6, diacylglyceride 18:0/18:1, sphingomyelin 34:1, and phosphatidylcholine 40:7 (false discovery rate [FDR] adjusted P < .05). Mediation analysis indicated 67.9% of the association between fT3/fT4 ratio and GDM might be mediated through the composite effect of these lipids. CONCLUSION Lower concentration of serum fT4 or higher fT3/fT4 ratio in early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of GDM. The association of fT3/fT4 ratio with GDM was largely mediated by specific lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fengjiang Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Science and Education, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Huayan Zeng
- Nutrition Department, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun-Xia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Zhang S, Wu Y, Pan W, Li G, Zhang D, Li S, Huang Q, Liu Z. FT3/FT4 mediated the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index or maternal weight gain during early pregnancy on gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:398-404. [PMID: 34995786 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal overweight or obesity during early pregnancy could increase the subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, whether these associations were mediated by thyroid hormones and their effect sizes were still unknown. This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of thyroid parameters between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)/maternal weight gain during early pregnancy with subsequent risk of GDM. METHODS This prospective mother-infant cohort study was conducted from 2018 to 2019. A total of 2,772 singleton pregnant women were included for analysis. Questionnaire survey, anthropometric measures, and thyroid function testing were conducted in early pregnancy. Deiodinase activity was evaluated using free-triiodothyronine-to-free-thyroxine ratio (FT3/FT4). A standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed during 24-28 weeks of gestation to diagnose GDM. Mediation analysis was performed on PROCESS 3.5 to examine the mediating effects of thyroid parameters between pre-pregnancy BMI/maternal weight gain during early pregnancy and the subsequent GDM risk. RESULTS FT3/FT4 ratio was a significant mediator between pre-pregnancy BMI or maternal weight gain and GDM, accounting for 16.5% and 18.6% of total effects, respectively. FT3 also mediated the association of pre-pregnancy BMI with GDM, accounting for 3.3% of total effects. Thyroid-stimulating hormone suppressed the effects of pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal weight gain on GDM risk, and the proportions of total effects were 2.4% and 6.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Deiodinase activity, as indicated by FT3/FT4 ratio, was the strongest mediator among thyroid parameters between pre-pregnancy BMI/maternal early weight gain and GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Huizhou First Mother and Child Health-care Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Guoyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shuyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Liu ZM, Li G, Wu Y, Zhang D, Zhang S, Hao YT, Chen W, Huang Q, Li S, Xie Y, Ye M, He C, Chen P, Pan W. Increased Central and Peripheral Thyroid Resistance Indices During the First Half of Gestation Were Associated With Lowered Risk of Gestational Diabetes-Analyses Based on Huizhou Birth Cohort in South China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:806256. [PMID: 35345468 PMCID: PMC8957094 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.806256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore the relationship of thyroid function and resistance indices with subsequent risk of gestational diabetes (GDM). DESIGN This was a longitudinal study embedded in the Huizhou Birth Cohort. METHODS A total of 2,927 women of singleton pregnancy were recruited from January to October of 2019. Thyroid central resistance indices were evaluated by Thyroid Feedback Quartile-Based index (TFQI), Thyrotrophy T4 Resistance Index (TT4RI), and TSH Index (TSHI) based on plasma-free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels during the first half of pregnancy. Thyroid peripheral sensitivity was assessed by free triiodothyronine (FT3) to FT4 ratio (FT3/FT4), a proxy of deiodinase activity. GDM was diagnosed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation by a standardized 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Multivariable linear and logistic regression was applied to examine the associations of thyroid markers with GDM risk. RESULTS FT3 and FT3/FT4 were positively associated with both fasting and post-load glucose levels, while TSH, TSHI, TT4RI, and TFQI were negatively associated with 1 and 2 h post-load glucose levels. Compared with the lowest quartile, GDM risk in the highest quartile increased by 44% [odds ratio (OR) = 1.44; 95%CI, 1.08-1.92; ptrend = 0.027] for FT3 and 81% (OR = 1.81; 95%CI, 1.33-2.46; ptrend < 0.001) for FT3/FT4, while it lowered by 37% (OR = 0.63; 95%CI, 0.47-0.86; ptrend = 0.002] for TSHI, 28% for TT4RI (OR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.54-0.97; ptrend = 0.06), and 37% for TFQI (OR = 0.63; 95%CI, 0.46-0.85; ptrend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study indicated that higher FT3 and FT3/FT4 and lower central thyroid resistance indices were associated with increased risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-min Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-min Liu, ; Wenjing Pan,
| | - Guoyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Hao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaojie Xie
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingtong Ye
- Huizhou First Mother and Child Health-Care Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Chun He
- Huizhou First Mother and Child Health-Care Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Huizhou First Mother and Child Health-Care Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Huizhou First Mother and Child Health-Care Hospital, Huizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-min Liu, ; Wenjing Pan,
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12
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Trouva A, Alvarsson M, Calissendorff J, Åsvold BO, Vanky E, Hirschberg AL. Thyroid Status During Pregnancy in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Effect of Metformin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:772801. [PMID: 35265033 PMCID: PMC8898827 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.772801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hypothyroidism are related conditions, and both are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Knowledge is lacking about the complex interaction between thyroid status and PCOS during pregnancy. We investigated the thyroid status and its association with pregnancy complications in PCOS, and in relation to metformin treatment. DESIGN Post-hoc analyses of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. METHODS 288 pregnant women with PCOS were randomized to treatment with metformin or placebo from first trimester to delivery. We measured serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) at gestational week (gw) 5-12, 19, 32 and 36 and related to metformin treatment and pregnancy complications. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-ab) were analyzed at inclusion and at gw 36. RESULTS The overall prevalence of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was 1.5% and 0%, respectively. The TSH level was not affected by metformin, whereas fT4 was significantly higher in the metformin group with less decrease throughout pregnancy compared to placebo, p<0.001. A lower decrease in fT4 during pregnancy correlated to less weight gain (r= -0.17, p=0.020) and tended to be associated with reduced odds ratio for gestational diabetes (OR 0.85 per 1 pmol/L, 95% CI 0.71;1.02). CONCLUSIONS In women with PCOS, metformin treatment during pregnancy was associated with less decrease in fT4 compared to placebo, while it did not affect TSH. A smaller decrease in fT4 correlated to less weight gain and tended to be associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT00159536 (The PregMet study); identifier NCT03259919 (The pilot study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Trouva
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anastasia Trouva,
| | - Michael Alvarsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Calissendorff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- Kristian Gerhard (K.G.) Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT) Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eszter Vanky
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Ovadia YS, Zangen S, Rosen SR, Gefel D, Almashanu S, Benbassat C, Fytlovich S, Aharoni D, Anteby EY, Shenhav S. Maternal iodine deficiency: a newborns' overweight risk factor? A prospective study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:777-787. [PMID: 34599677 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity and iodine deficiency are global public health concerns. Whether maternal iodine status mediates overweight in infancy has yet to be explored. We aimed to assess the relationship between maternal iodine status and infant birth weight, including small and large for gestational age (SGA and LGA, respectively). METHODS A prospective study was carried out among 134 mother-infant pairs from Israel. Maternal iodine intake and status were estimated via questionnaire and serum thyroglobulin (Tg), respectively. Estimated iodine intake below the Recommended Daily Allowance for iodine sufficiency in pregnancy (220 μg/d) considered Inadequate. Maternal and neonatal thyroid function and anthropometric measurements, as well as maternal thyroid antibodies were also tested. RESULTS After screening, 118 participants met the inclusion criteria (distributed trimesters I, II and III: n = 3, n = 21, and n = 94, respectively). There was a negative association of iodine intake with Tg values among the study population. Maternal median Tg value was higher than the sufficiency cutoff (16.5 vs 13 µg/L), indicating insufficient iodine status. No SGA cases were found. Inadequate iodine intake was associated with maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia (OR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.2, 9.9) and higher birthweight (including macrosomia and LGA) rates. A suggestive association of elevated Tg with a greater risk of LGA was observed. Offsprings' birth weight percentiles were associated with Tg values in pregnant women with suggestive sufficient iodine status (n = 62, R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iodine status during pregnancy can be associated with newborn anthropometric index. Maternal inadequate iodine intake may alter fetal growth and might increase the risk of LGA among newborns. These initial findings support the need to further study the impact of iodine deficiency on newborns overweight in Israel and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv S Ovadia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkeon, Israel. .,Foreign studies department; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rhovot, Israel.
| | - Shmuel Zangen
- Department of Neonatology, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkelon, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shani R Rosen
- School of Nutritional Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Gefel
- School of Nutritional Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shlomo Almashanu
- National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Carlos Benbassat
- Endocrine Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Fytlovich
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Dorit Aharoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Eyal Y Anteby
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkeon, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Simon Shenhav
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Barzilai University Medical Center Ashkelon, Ashkeon, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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14
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Luo J, Wang X, Yuan L, Guo L. Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2021; 73:550-560. [PMID: 33983493 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A comprehensive search from PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases until November 2020 was conducted. Fixed-effect model was used to combine the results when I2 was <50%. Random-effect model was used to summarize the results when I2 was >50%. RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Low FT4 levels were closely related with GDM in the first and second trimesters of gestation. Hypothyroxinemia (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.68; P < 0.00001), overt (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.73, 1.86; P < 0.00001), and subclinical (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.30; P = 0.03) hypothyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.04; P = 0.01), and positive thyroid antibodies (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.07; P < 0.00001) were observed significantly associated with the risk of GDM. Pregnant women with subclinical hyperthyroidism were less likely to develop GDM (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.97; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid dysfunction and positive thyroid antibodies were associated with the risk of GDM. Our findings suggest that pregnant women with these thyroid diseases may be offered screening for GDM comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- The Savaid School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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15
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Choi G, Keil AP, Villanger GD, Richardson DB, Daniels JL, Hoffman K, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Herring AH, Drover SSM, Nethery R, Aase H, Engel SM. Pregnancy exposure to common-detect organophosphate esters and phthalates and maternal thyroid function. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146709. [PMID: 33839654 PMCID: PMC8222630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary human populations are exposed to elevated concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates. Some metabolites have been linked with altered thyroid function, however, inconsistencies exist across thyroid function biomarkers. Research on OPEs is sparse, particularly during pregnancy, when maintaining normal thyroid function is critical to maternal and fetal health. In this paper, we aimed to characterize relationships between OPEs and phthalates exposure and maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, using a cross-sectional investigation of pregnant women nested within the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa). METHODS We included 473 pregnant women, who were euthyroid and provided bio-samples at 17 weeks' gestation (2004-2008). Four OPE and six phthalate metabolites were measured from urine; six thyroid function biomarkers were estimated from blood. Relationships between thyroid function biomarkers and log-transformed concentrations of OPE and phthalate metabolites were characterized using two approaches that both accounted for confounding by co-exposures: co-pollutant adjusted general linear model (GLM) and Bayesian Kernal Machine Regression (BKMR). RESULTS We restricted our analysis to common-detect OPE and phthalate metabolites (>94%): diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), and all phthalate metabolites. In GLM, pregnant women with summed di-isononyl phthalate metabolites (∑DiNP) concentrations in the 75th percentile had a 0.37 ng/μg lower total triiodothyronine (TT3): total thyroxine (TT4) ratio (95% credible interval: [-0.59, -0.15]) as compared to those in the 25th percentile, possibly due to small but diverging influences on TT3 (-1.99 ng/dL [-4.52, 0.53]) and TT4 (0.13 μg/dL [-0.01, 0.26]). Similar trends were observed for DNBP and inverse associations were observed for DPHP, monoethyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, and mono-n-butyl phthalate. Most associations observed in co-pollutants adjusted GLMs were attenuated towards the null in BKMR, except for the case of ∑DiNP and TT3:TT4 ratio (-0.48 [-0.96, 0.003]). CONCLUSIONS Maternal thyroid function varied modestly with ∑DiNP, whereas results for DPHP varied by the type of statistical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giehae Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Statistical Science and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha S M Drover
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rachel Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Zhu B, Han Y, Deng F, Huang K, Yan S, Hao J, Zhu P, Tao F. The role of triiodothyronine (T3) and T3/free thyroxine (fT4) in glucose metabolism during pregnancy: the Ma'anshan birth cohort study. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:685-693. [PMID: 34077392 PMCID: PMC8240711 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compared with other thyroid markers, fewer studies have explored the associations between triiodothyronine (T3), T3/free thyroxine (fT4) and glucose abnormality during pregnancy. Thus, we aimed to: (i) examine the associations of T3 and T3/fT4 with glucose metabolism indicators and (ii) evaluate, in the first trimester, the performance of the two markers as predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. METHODS Longitudinal data from 2723 individuals, consisting of three repeated measurements of T3 and fT4, from the Man'anshan birth cohort study (MABC), China, were analyzed using a time-specific generalized estimating equation (GEE). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) - area under the curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to assess the discrimination and calibration of prediction models. RESULTS T3 and T3/fT4 presented stable associations with the level of fasting glucose, glucose at 1h/2 h during pregnancy. T3 and T3/fT4 in both the first and second trimesters were positively associated with the risk of GDM, with the larger magnitude of association observed in the second trimester (odds ratio (OR) = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.95, 3.21 for T3; OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.12 for T3/fT4). T3 ((AUC) = 0.726, 95% CI = 0.698, 0.754) and T3/fT4 (AUC = 0.724, 95% CI = 0.696, 0.753) in the first trimester could improve the performance of the prediction model; however, the overall performance is not good. CONCLUSION Significant and stable associations of T3, T3/fT4 and glucose metabolism indicators were documented. Both T3 and T3/fT4 improve the performance of the GDM predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Han
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fen Deng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangqin Yan
- Ma’anshan Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Jiahu Hao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to F Tao:
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17
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Gutiérrez-Vega S, Armella A, Mennickent D, Loyola M, Covarrubias A, Ortega-Contreras B, Escudero C, Gonzalez M, Alcalá M, Ramos MDP, Viana M, Castro E, Leiva A, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E. High levels of maternal total tri-iodothyronine, and low levels of fetal free L-thyroxine and total tri-iodothyronine, are associated with altered deiodinase expression and activity in placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242743. [PMID: 33232364 PMCID: PMC7685482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is characterized by abnormal maternal D-glucose metabolism and altered insulin signaling. Dysregulation of thyroid hormones (TH) tri-iodethyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) Hormones had been associated with GDM, but the physiopathological meaning of these alterations is still unclear. Maternal TH cross the placenta through TH Transporters and their Deiodinases metabolize them to regulate fetal TH levels. Currently, the metabolism of TH in placentas with GDM is unknown, and there are no other studies that evaluate the fetal TH from pregnancies with GDM. Therefore, we evaluated the levels of maternal TH during pregnancy, and fetal TH at delivery, and the expression and activity of placental deiodinases from GDM pregnancies. Pregnant women were followed through pregnancy until delivery. We collected blood samples during 10-14, 24-28, and 36-40 weeks of gestation for measure Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Free T4 (FT4), Total T4 (TT4), and Total T3 (TT3) concentrations from Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT) and GDM mothers. Moreover, we measure fetal TSH, FT4, TT4, and TT3 in total blood cord at the delivery. Also, we measured the placental expression of Deiodinases by RT-PCR, western-blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The activity of Deiodinases was estimated quantified rT3 and T3 using T4 as a substrate. Mothers with GDM showed higher levels of TT3 during all pregnancy, and an increased in TSH during second and third trimester, while lower concentrations of neonatal TT4, FT4, and TT3; and an increased TSH level in umbilical cord blood from GDM. Placentae from GDM mothers have a higher expression and activity of Deiodinase 3, but lower Deiodinase 2, than NGT mothers. In conclusion, GDM favors high levels of TT3 during all gestation in the mother, low levels in TT4, FT4 and TT3 at the delivery in neonates, and increases deiodinase 3, but reduce deiodinase 2 expression and activity in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gutiérrez-Vega
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
| | - Axel Armella
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Mennickent
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marco Loyola
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
| | - Ambart Covarrubias
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), Chillán, Chile
| | - Bernel Ortega-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), Chillán, Chile
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Marcelo Gonzalez
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), Chillán, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Ctra, Boadilla Km 5, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Pilar Ramos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Ctra, Boadilla Km 5, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Ctra, Boadilla Km 5, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erica Castro
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Atacama, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Embarazo, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), Chillán, Chile
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Andersen SL, Andersen S. Turning to Thyroid Disease in Pregnant Women. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:225-233. [PMID: 33088790 PMCID: PMC7548846 DOI: 10.1159/000506228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disease in pregnant women needs attention from a clinical and scientific standpoint due to the potential severe adverse consequences. It is well-established that overt thyroid disease in pregnant women should be treated to prevent maternal and fetal complications, but routine testing for overt thyroid function test abnormalities has not been implemented. In contrast, the scientific focus has shifted towards smaller aberrations in maternal thyroid function including subclinical thyroid disease and isolated deviations in maternal thyroxine. In this focused review, we touch upon the assessment of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and how the historical advancements in thyroid function tests parallel with the thyroid function test abnormalities described. Furthermore, we discuss how the scientific focus has evolved and how the field could turn in view of the existing discrepancies between results of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Linding Andersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- *Stine Linding Andersen, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, DK–9000 Aalborg (Denmark),
| | - Stig Andersen
- Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Cell Type- and Sex-Specific Dysregulation of Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Placentas in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114056. [PMID: 32517091 PMCID: PMC7313460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for development of trophoblasts and the fetus. They also regulate a wide range of metabolic processes. We investigated the influence of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms THRα1, THRα2, THRβ1 and THRβ2 of the human placenta in a sex- and cell-type specific manner. Term placental tissue was obtained from women with (n = 40) or without GDM (control; n = 40). THRs levels were measured by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry and real-time qRT-PCR. We localized THR immunostaining in syncytiotrophoblast (SCT), which was the tissue with the strongest signal. Double immunofluorescence identified THR in decidual cells in the stroma and in extravillous cytotrophoblasts. GDM did not change THRα1 immunolabelling intensity in decidua, but was associated with a stronger immunolabelling in SCT compared to GDM (p < 0.05). The SCT difference of GDM vs. control was strongest (p < 0.01) in female placentas. THRα2 was only weakly present and immunolabelling was weaker (p < 0.05) in SCT of only male GDM placentas in comparison to male controls. THRβ1/β2 immunostaining was weak in all cell types without changes in GDM. However, more THRβ1/2 protein was present (p < 0.001) in male than female placentas. All these protein changes were paralleled by changes of THR transcript levels. The data show that THR are expressed in term trophoblast in relation to fetal sex. Maternal GDM influences predominantly THRα1 in SCT, with the strongest GDM effect in SCT of female placentas.
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Leng J, Li W, Wang L, Zhang S, Liu H, Li W, Wang S, Shao P, Pan L, Wang S, Liu E. Higher thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the first trimester are associated with gestational diabetes in a Chinese population. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1679-1685. [PMID: 31407386 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship between maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels during the first trimester and gestational diabetes risk. METHODS In Tianjin, China, 7258 women underwent a thyroid-stimulating hormone screening test within 12 gestational weeks and then had a glucose challenge test at 24-28 weeks of gestational age. The women with a glucose challenge test ≥7.8 mmol/l underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed following International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to explore full-range risk associations of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with gestational diabetes. Logistic regression was performed to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In all, 594 women (8.2%) had gestational diabetes. Among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone ≤3.2 mIU/l, a positive association between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and gestational diabetes risk was found (adjusted OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27). There was no relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and gestational diabetes risk in univariable and multivariable analyses among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone >3.2 mIU/l. In subgroup analyses, among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone ≤3.2 mIU/l and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 , the adjusted odds ratio for thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with gestational diabetes was enhanced to 1.25 (95% CI: 1.02-1.53). CONCLUSIONS In pregnant Chinese women, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels even within normal range in the first trimester were positively related to gestational diabetes risk, especially for pre-pregnancy overweight/obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leng
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - W Li
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - L Wang
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - S Zhang
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - H Liu
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - W Li
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - S Wang
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - P Shao
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - L Pan
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - S Wang
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - E Liu
- Tianjin Women and Children's Health Centre, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
A suboptimal intrauterine environment is thought to increase the probability of deviation from the typical neurodevelopmental trajectory, potentially contributing to the etiology of learning disorders. Yet the cumulative influence of individual antenatal risk factors on emergent learning skills has not been sufficiently examined. We sought to determine whether antenatal complications, in aggregate, are a source of variability in preschoolers’ kindergarten readiness, and whether specific classes of antenatal risk play a prominent role. We recruited 160 preschoolers (85 girls; ages 3–4 years), born ≤336/7 weeks’ gestation, and reviewed their hospitalization records. Kindergarten readiness skills were assessed with standardized intellectual, oral-language, prewriting, and prenumeracy tasks. Cumulative antenatal risk was operationalized as the sum of complications identified out of nine common risks. These were also grouped into four classes in follow-up analyses: complications associated with intra-amniotic infection, placental insufficiency, endocrine dysfunction, and uteroplacental bleeding. Linear mixed model analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and medical background characteristics (socioeconomic status, sex, gestational age, and sum of perinatal complications) revealed an inverse relationship between the sum of antenatal complications and performance in three domains: intelligence, language, and prenumeracy (p = 0.003, 0.002, 0.005, respectively). Each of the four classes of antenatal risk accounted for little variance, yet together they explained 10.5%, 9.8%, and 8.4% of the variance in the cognitive, literacy, and numeracy readiness domains, respectively. We conclude that an increase in the co-occurrence of antenatal complications is moderately linked to poorer kindergarten readiness skills even after statistical adjustment for perinatal risk.
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Haddow JE, Metzger BE, Lambert-Messerlian G, Eklund E, Coustan D, Catalano P, Palomaki GE. Maternal BMI, Peripheral Deiodinase Activity, and Plasma Glucose: Relationships Between White Women in the HAPO Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2593-2600. [PMID: 30753726 PMCID: PMC7453035 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore the maternal body mass index (BMI) relationship with peripheral deiodinase activity further. Examine associations between deiodinase activity, glucose, and C-peptide. Consider findings in the historical context of related existing literature. DESIGN Identify fasting plasma samples and selected demographic, biophysical, and biochemical data from a subset of 600 randomly selected non-Hispanic white women recruited in the Hyperglycemia Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study, all with glucose tolerance testing [545 samples sufficient to measure TSH, free T4 (fT4), and T3]. Exclude highest and lowest 1% TSH values (535 available for analysis). Assess deiodinase activity by using T3/fT4 ratios. Among women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), compare thyroid measurements, C-peptide, and other selected data. Examine relationships independent of GDM status between BMI and thyroid hormones and between thyroid hormones and glucose and C-peptide. RESULTS Levels of BMI, T3/fT4 ratio, and T3 were significantly higher among women with GDM (P = 0.01, 0.005, and 0.001, respectively). Irrespective of GDM status, maternal BMI was associated directly with both T3/fT4 ratio (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and T3 (r = 0.34, P < 0.001) but inversely with fT4 (r = -0.21, P < 0.001). In turn, fasting thyroid hormone levels (most notably T3/fT4 ratio) were directly associated with maternal glucose [z score sum (fasting, 1, 2 hours); r = 0.24, P < 0.001] and with C-peptide [z score sum (fasting, 1 hour); r = 0.27, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Higher BMI was associated with increased deiodinase activity, consistent with reports from elsewhere. Increased deiodinase activity, in turn, was associated with higher glucose. Deiodinase activity accounts for a small percentage of z score sum glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Haddow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Savjani Institute for Health Research, Windham, Maine
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: James E. Haddow, MD, Division of Medical Screening & Special Testing, Women & Infants Hospital, 70 Elm Street, Second Floor, Providence, Rhode Island 02903. E-mail:
| | - Boyd E Metzger
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth Eklund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Donald Coustan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island 02905, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Patrick Catalano
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn E Palomaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Savjani Institute for Health Research, Windham, Maine
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Khan IA, Jahan P, Hasan Q, Rao P. Genetic confirmation of T2DM meta-analysis variants studied in gestational diabetes mellitus in an Indian population. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:688-694. [PMID: 30641791 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analysis is useful for combining the results of different studies statistically to confirm genuine associations in genetics. Based on earlier reports, we aimed to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) genetic variants identified in a previous meta-analysis in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in an Indian woman. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, 137 pregnant women with GDM and 150 pregnant women were selected on the basis of their serum glucose levels. The six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of different genes studied had known involvement in pancreatic β-cell function, particular pathways linked to T2DM, and other biological functions. Genomic DNA was isolated from the 287 women for polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. RESULTS The rs7903146, rs13266634, rs2283228, rs5210 and rs179881 SNPs were found to be positively associated with GDM when calculated for genotype and allele frequencies (p < 0.05), but rs680 (ApaI) variant did not show statistically significant association (p = 0.31). The rs7903146, rs2283228, rs5210 and rs680 variants showed a strong association with oral glucose tolerance test values. CONCLUSION The SNPs studied in this GDM had the same role as those identified in a previous T2DM meta-analysis, and showed positive association in the Indian women. Meta-analyses should be implemented to assess the IGF2 gene in GDM subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospitals, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, India; Department of Genetics, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Khairathabad, Hyderabad, India; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parveen Jahan
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Qurratulain Hasan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospitals, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, India; Department of Genetics, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Khairathabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pragna Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Rawal S, Tsai MY, Hinkle SN, Zhu Y, Bao W, Lin Y, Panuganti P, Albert PS, Ma RCW, Zhang C. A Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Markers Across Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2447-2456. [PMID: 29889229 PMCID: PMC6276672 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT T3 is the biologically active thyroid hormone involved in glucose metabolism. The free T3 (fT3)/free T4 (fT4) ratio, a marker indicating conversion of fT4 to fT3, is also implicated in glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVE To examine associations of fT3 and the fT3/fT4 ratio with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). DESIGN In a case-control study, thyroid markers (fT3, fT4, TSH) were measured and the fT3/fT4 ratio was derived across four visits in pregnancy, including first (gestational weeks 10 to 14) and second (weeks 15 to 26) trimester. Conditional logistic regression adjusting for thyroid autoimmunity status and major GDM risk factors estimated trimester-specific associations of thyroid markers with subsequent GDM risk. SETTING Twelve US clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seven GDM cases and 214 non-GDM controls from a multiracial pregnancy cohort of 2802 women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GDM diagnosis ascertained from medical records. RESULTS Both fT3 and the fT3/fT4 ratio were positively associated with GDM: adjusted OR (95% CI) comparing the highest vs lowest fT3 quartile was 4.25 (1.67, 10.80) at the first trimester and 3.89 (1.50, 10.10) at the second trimester. Similarly, the corresponding risk estimates for the fT3/fT4 ratio were 8.63 (2.87, 26.00) and 13.60 (3.97, 46.30) at the first and second trimester, respectively. Neither TSH nor fT4 was significantly associated with GDM. CONCLUSIONS Higher fT3 levels, potentially resulting from de novo synthesis or increased fT4 to fT3 conversion, may be an indicator of GDM risk starting early in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Rawal
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stefanie N Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yuan Lin
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pranati Panuganti
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Cuilin Zhang, MD, PhD, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, MSC 7004, Bethesda, Maryland 20817. E-mail:
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Haddow JE, Lambert-Messerlian G, Eklund E, Neveux LM, Palomaki GE. Peripheral deiodinase activity: A potential explanation for the association between maternal weight and gestational hyperglycemia. Obstet Med 2017; 11:73-78. [PMID: 29997689 DOI: 10.1177/1753495x17733223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High maternal weight is known to associate with both low free thyroxine and gestational diabetes mellitus. We explore a deiodinase-related mechanism that may help explain these associations. Methods Among 108 women receiving routine oral glucose tolerance testing for gestational diabetes mellitus, we collected biophysical data and measured free thyroxine and total triiodothyronine, using residual plasma samples. Results Fasting triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio and triiodothyronine were higher among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (p = 0.02; p = 0.04). The triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio and triiodothyronine measurements at 2 h were associated with weight (r = 0.20, p = 0.04; r = 0.22, p = 0.02); free thyroxine showed a non-significant inverse weight relationship (r = -0.06, p = 0.55). Glucose at all four intervals was associated with triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratios, and triiodothyronine at 2 h. In stepwise regression, triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio predicted glucose more strongly than did weight. Conclusion These relationships may be explained by higher maternal weight inducing peripheral deiodinase activity, resulting in higher plasma glucose (via triiodothyronine stimulation) and thereby increasing gestational diabetes mellitus risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Haddow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Women and Infants Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Savjani Institute for Health Research, Windham, ME, USA
| | - Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Women and Infants Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eklund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Women and Infants Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Louis M Neveux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Women and Infants Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Savjani Institute for Health Research, Windham, ME, USA
| | - Glenn E Palomaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Women and Infants Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Savjani Institute for Health Research, Windham, ME, USA
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Hua X, Cao XY, Wang XL, Sun P, Chen L. Exposure of Pregnant Mice to Triclosan Causes Insulin Resistance via Thyroxine Reduction. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:150-160. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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