1
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Lasagna A, Piralla A, Borgetto S, Quaccini M, Baldanti F, Pedrazzoli P. Torque teno virus and cancers: current knowledge. Future Virol 2023. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the current knowledge about the relationship between Torque teno virus (TTV) and cancer in different settings. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library from the inception to the end of January 2023. Results: 34 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this review and 2145 patients with solid tumors have been analyzed. The most prevalent cancer types were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lung cancer. Conclusion: TTV has proven its role as a marker of functional immune competence in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but in the oncological field is yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angioletta Lasagna
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology & Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Borgetto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Quaccini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology & Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Dept. of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Dept. of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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2
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Cancela F, Marandino A, Panzera Y, Betancour G, Mirazo S, Arbiza J, Ramos N. A combined approach of rolling-circle amplification-single site restriction endonuclease digestion followed by next generation sequencing to characterize the whole genome and intra-host variants of human Torque teno virus. Virus Res 2023; 323:198974. [PMID: 36272542 PMCID: PMC10194382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) was initially associated with post-transfusion hepatitis, but growing evidence of its ubiquity in humans is compatible to no apparent clinical significance. TTV is a small non-enveloped virus with a circular single-negative-stranded DNA genome, belonging to the Anelloviridae family. Currently, TTVs are divided in seven phylogenetic groups and are further classified into 21 species. Studies about diversity of TTV in different conditions are receiving increasing interest and in this sense, sequencing of whole genomes for better genetic characterization becomes even more important. Since its discovery in 1997, few TTV complete genomes have been reported worldwide. This is probably due, among other reasons, to the great genetic heterogeneity among TTV strains that prevents its amplification and sequencing by conventional PCR and cloning methods. In addition, although metagenomics approach is useful in these cases, it remains a challenging tool for viromic analysis. With the aim of contributing to the expansion of the TTV whole genomes dataset and to study intra-host variants, we employed a methodology that combined a rolling-circle amplification approach followed by EcoRI digestion, generating a DNA fragment of ∼4Kb consistent with TTV genome length which was sequenced by Illumina next generation sequencing. A genogroup 3 full-length consensus TTV genome was obtained and co-infection with other species (at least those with a single EcoRI cleavage site) was not identified. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis allowed to identify the spectrum of TTV intra-host variants which provides evidence of a complex evolution dynamics of these DNA circular viruses, similarly to what occurs with RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Betancour
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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3
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Integrated Immunologic Monitoring in Solid Organ Transplantation: The Road Toward Torque Teno Virus-guided Immunosuppression. Transplantation 2022; 106:1940-1951. [PMID: 35509090 PMCID: PMC9521587 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Potent immunosuppressive drugs have been introduced into clinical care for solid organ transplant recipients. It is now time to guide these drugs on an individual level to optimize their efficacy. An ideal tool simultaneously detects overimmunosuppression and underimmunosuppression, is highly standardized, and is straightforward to implement into routine. Randomized controlled interventional trials are crucial to demonstrate clinical value. To date, proposed assays have mainly focused on the prediction of rejection and were based on the assessment of few immune compartments. Recently, novel tools have been introduced based on a more integrated approach to characterize the immune function and cover a broader spectrum of the immune system. In this respect, the quantification of the plasma load of a highly prevalent and apathogenic virus that might reflect the immune function of its host has been proposed: the torque teno virus (TTV). Although TTV control is driven by T cells, other major immune compartments might contribute to the hosts' response. A standardized in-house polymerase chain reaction and a conformité européenne-certified commercially available polymerase chain reaction are available for TTV quantification. TTV load is associated with rejection and infection in solid organ transplant recipients, and cutoff values for risk stratification of such events have been proposed for lung and kidney transplantation. Test performance of TTV load does not allow for the diagnosis of rejection and infection but is able to define at-risk patients. Hitherto TTV load has not been used in interventional settings, but two interventional randomized controlled trials are currently testing the safety and efficacy of TTV-guided immunosuppression.
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4
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Spandole-Dinu S, Cimponeriu D, Stoica I, Apircioaie O, Gogianu L, Berca LM, Nica S, Toma M, Nica R. Phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus in Romania: possible evidence of distinct geographical distribution. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2311-2318. [PMID: 35962263 PMCID: PMC9374574 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is highly prevalent, but little is known about its circulation in humans. Here, we investigated the geographical distribution and phylogeny of TTV in Romania. A fragment of TTV untranslated region B was sequenced in samples from volunteers across the country. Additional sequences from dialyzed patients were also included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that more than 80% of Romanian sequences clustered with isolates assigned to the species Torque teno virus 1 and Torque teno virus 3 (former genogroup 1), and this analysis discriminated between isolates from the North-East and West regions. Further studies assessing the pathogenic potential of TTV isolates should employ analysis based on genomic regions with phylogenetic resolution below the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Spandole-Dinu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Division, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dănuţ Cimponeriu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ileana Stoica
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Apircioaie
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Larisa Gogianu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia Mariana Berca
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, National R&D Institute for Food Bioresources, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silvia Nica
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Toma
- Emergency Department, Central Military Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Remus Nica
- Surgery Clinic II, Central Military Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Viruses, friends and foes: The case of Torque Teno virus and the net state of immunosuppression. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 24:e13778. [PMID: 34933413 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New reliable biomarkers are needed to improve individual risk assessment for post-transplant infection, acute graft rejection and other immune-related complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One promising strategy relies on the monitoring of replication kinetics of virome components as functional surrogate for the net state of immunosuppression. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA anellovirus with no attributable pathological effects. A major component of the human blood virome, TTV exhibits various features that facilitate its application as immune biomarker: high prevalence rates, nearly ubiquitous distribution, stable viral loads with little intra-individual variability, insensitivity to antiviral drugs, and availability of commercial PCR assays for DNA quantification. The present review summarizes the available studies supporting the use of post-transplant TTV viremia to predict patient and graft outcomes after SOT and allo-HSCT. Taken together, this evidence suggests that high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications in the SOT setting, whereas low or decreasing viral loads are associated with the development of acute rejection. The interpretation in allo-HSCT recipients is further complicated by complex interplay with the underlying disease, conditioning regimen and timing of recovery of lymphocyte counts, although TTV kinetics may act as a marker of immunological reconstitution at the early post-transplant period. The standardization of PCR methods and reporting units for TTV DNAemia and the results from ongoing interventional trials evaluating a TTV load-guided strategy to adjust immunosuppressive therapy are achievements expected in the coming years. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Cebriá-Mendoza M, Bracho MA, Arbona C, Larrea L, Díaz W, Sanjuán R, Cuevas JM. Exploring the Diversity of the Human Blood Virome. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112322. [PMID: 34835128 PMCID: PMC8621239 DOI: 10.3390/v13112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics is greatly improving our ability to discover new viruses, as well as their possible associations with disease. However, metagenomics has also changed our understanding of viruses in general. The vast expansion of currently known viral diversity has revealed a large fraction of non-pathogenic viruses, and offers a new perspective in which viruses function as important components of many ecosystems. In this vein, studies of the human blood virome are often motivated by the search for new viral diseases, especially those associated with blood transfusions. However, these studies have revealed the common presence of apparently non-pathogenic viruses in blood, particularly human anelloviruses and, to a lower extent, human pegiviruses (HPgV). To shed light on the diversity of the human blood virome, we subjected pooled plasma samples from 587 healthy donors in Spain to a viral enrichment protocol, followed by massive parallel sequencing. This showed that anelloviruses were clearly the major component of the blood virome and showed remarkable diversity. In total, we assembled 332 complete or near-complete anellovirus genomes, 50 of which could be considered new species. HPgV was much less frequent, but we, nevertheless, recovered 17 different isolates that we subsequently used for characterizing the diversity of this virus. In-depth investigation of the human blood virome should help to elucidate the ecology of these viruses, and to unveil potentially associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cebriá-Mendoza
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 València, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (W.D.); (R.S.)
| | - María A. Bracho
- Joint Research Unit “Infection and Public Health”, FISABIO-Universitat de València I2SysBio, 46020 València, Spain;
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 46020 València, Spain
| | - Cristina Arbona
- Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, 46020 València, Spain; (C.A.); (L.L.)
| | - Luís Larrea
- Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, 46020 València, Spain; (C.A.); (L.L.)
| | - Wladimiro Díaz
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 València, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (W.D.); (R.S.)
- Department of Informatics, Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 València, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (W.D.); (R.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain
| | - José M. Cuevas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 València, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (W.D.); (R.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Hsiao KL, Wang LY, Cheng JC, Cheng YJ, Lin CL, Liu HF. Detection and genetic characterization of the novel torque teno virus group 6 in Taiwanese general population. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210938. [PMID: 34737877 PMCID: PMC8564604 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is one of the most common human viruses and can infect an individual with multiple genotypes chronically and persistently. TTV group 6 is a recently discovered phylogenetic group first isolated from eastern Taiwan indigenes, but whether the TTV group 6 was also prevalent in the general population still unknown. One hundred and three randomly collected blood samples from general population and 66 TTV positive DNA samples extracted from Taiwan indigenes were included. A group-6-specific PCR was developed for re-screen over TTV positive samples. Two TTV group 6 positive samples from general population were cloned and sequenced for identifying mix-infected TTVs and confirming their classification by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogeny. TTV group 6 can be detected in 4.5% (4/89) and 7.6% (5/66) of TTV positive samples from Taiwanese general population and eastern Taiwan indigenes, respectively. Sample VC09 was mix-infected with TTV groups 3 and 6. Sample VC99 was mix-infected with TTV groups 3, 4 and 6. A highly diverse triple overlapping region was observed, which may represent a unique phenomenon of TTV. The group-6-specific PCR can successfully detect TTV group 6. TTV group 6 may be prevalent worldwide regardless of the geographic region and/or ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Liang Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chien Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Liu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Abstract
Redondoviridae is a newly established family of circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses found in the human ororespiratory tract. Redondoviruses were previously found in ∼15% of respiratory specimens from U.S. urban subjects; levels were elevated in individuals with periodontitis or critical illness. Here, we report higher redondovirus prevalence in saliva samples: four rural African populations showed 61 to 82% prevalence, and an urban U.S. population showed 32% prevalence. Longitudinal, limiting-dilution single-genome sequencing revealed diverse strains of both redondovirus species (Brisavirus and Vientovirus) in single individuals, persistence over time, and evidence of intergenomic recombination. Computational analysis of viral genomes identified a recombination hot spot associated with a conserved potential DNA stem-loop structure. To assess the possible role of this site in recombination, we carried out in vitro studies which showed that this potential stem-loop was cleaved by the virus-encoded Rep protein. In addition, in reconstructed reactions, a Rep-DNA covalent intermediate was shown to mediate DNA strand transfer at this site. Thus, redondoviruses are highly prevalent in humans, found in individuals on multiple continents, heterogeneous even within individuals and encode a Rep protein implicated in facilitating recombination. IMPORTANCE Redondoviridae is a recently established family of DNA viruses predominantly found in the human respiratory tract and associated with multiple clinical conditions. In this study, we found high redondovirus prevalence in saliva from urban North American individuals and nonindustrialized African populations in Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Individuals on both continents harbored both known redondovirus species. Global prevalence of both species suggests that redondoviruses have long been associated with humans but have remained undetected until recently due to their divergent genomes. By sequencing single redondovirus genomes in longitudinally sampled humans, we found that redondoviruses persisted over time within subjects and likely evolve by recombination. The Rep protein encoded by redondoviruses catalyzes multiple reactions in vitro, consistent with a role in mediating DNA replication and recombination. In summary, we identify high redondovirus prevalence in humans across multiple continents, longitudinal heterogeneity and persistence, and potential mechanisms of redondovirus evolution by recombination.
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Ekundayo TC. Prevalence of emerging torque teno virus (TTV) in drinking water, natural waters and wastewater networks (DWNWWS): A systematic review and meta-analysis of the viral pollution marker of faecal and anthropocentric contaminations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145436. [PMID: 33736166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging torque teno virus (TTV) has been identified as a biohazard marker of anthropocentric pollution and contamination in drinking water, natural water and wastewater systems (DWNWWS). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS. The study systematically identified and meta-analyzed published studies on TTV prevalence in DWNWWS hosted in Dimensions, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using a random-effects model and mixed-effects meta-regression model for sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the meta-analysis was stratified to estimate water type-specific TTV prevalence. The study found a total of 58 articles, of which 13 articles subdivided into 31 studies with 374 TTV positive cases and 862 total sample sizes were systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. The pooled prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS was 37.18% (95%CI: 23.76-55.55%). Prevalence of TTV was significantly different across water types and it was 56.67% (95%CI: 36.94-75.46%) in wastewater, 26.72% (95%CI: 6.87-52.56%) in river water, and 17.17% (95%CI: 0.54-45.39%) in drinking water. TTV incidence in seawater and groundwater was 0% and 25.0% respectively. Funnel plots constructed and associated statistics of rank correlation test and Egger's regression test in this study, show lack of publication bias in the pooled prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS. Although, sample type (QM(df = 1) = 6.9656, p = 0.0083) and concentration methods (QM(df = 1) = 3.8055, p = 0.0511) significantly moderated and accounted for 15.39% and 6.00% of heterogeneity in the prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS respectively. In conclusion, research focus/monitoring activities on TTV is generally inadequate and potential risk of TTV in DWNWWS is underappreciated in most nations; the analyzed studies were from 7 countries (USA, Japan, Italy, Iran, Germany, Egypt, and Brazil). Finally, inefficient concentration method severely influences the prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS and could give rise to underestimation of TTV and mar TTV-based source-tracking of anthropogenic pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
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10
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Lapa D, Del Porto P, Minosse C, D’Offizi G, Antinori A, Capobianchi MR, Visco-Comandini U, McPhee F, Garbuglia AR, Zaccarelli M. Clinical Relevance of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in HIV/HCV Coinfected and HCV Monoinfected Patients Treated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102092. [PMID: 34068071 PMCID: PMC8152458 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno virus (TTV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes chronic infection in humans with unknown clinical consequences. Here, we investigated the influence of TTV infection on HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA) efficacy in HIV/HCV coinfected and HCV monoinfected patients as controls. Of 92 study patients, 79.3% were TTV DNA positive; untreated patients exhibited a significantly higher proportion of TTV DNA-positivity vs. sustained virological response (SVR) patients (100.0% vs. 65.2%, p < 0.001), while TTV positivity was not significant in DAA failure patients vs. SVR patients despite HIV/HCV coinfection. TTV DNA viral load was higher among HCV monoinfected patients vs. HIV/HCV coinfected, although marginally significant (p = 0.074) and no significant viral load difference was detected between DAA failures and SVR patients, while untreated vs. SVR patients had a significantly higher viral load (19,884, IQR 5977–333,534, vs. 469, IQR 10–4124, p = 0.004). Alpha-genogroup 3 TTV was the most prevalent genetic group, and no specific strain or genogroup was observed in relapser patients. Among HIV/HCV patients with HCV RNA detectable at end of treatment (EOT), TTV DNA was detected in 9/17 treatment responder patients and 3/5 relapser patients, thus, TTV infection does not appear to influence the control HCV viremia after EOT. Levels of IL-6 IL-4, and CD14 were not significantly different between TTV PCR-positive and -negative patients. These results suggest no association between TTV DNA positivity or viral load and HCV DAA failure whether patients were HIV/HCV coinfected or HCV monoinfected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (D.L.); (C.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Paola Del Porto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (D.L.); (C.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (U.V.-C.)
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani ” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (D.L.); (C.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Ubaldo Visco-Comandini
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (U.V.-C.)
| | | | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (D.L.); (C.M.); (M.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5517-0692; Fax: +39-06-559-455
| | - Mauro Zaccarelli
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani ” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (M.Z.)
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Nguyen VG, Kim CU, Do HQ, Park YH, Park BK, Chung HC. Torque teno virus from Korean domestic swine farms, 2017-2018. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1854-1859. [PMID: 33932952 PMCID: PMC8464229 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Torque teno viruses (TTVs) have been detected worldwide, from a wide range of animals. Up to date, few studies focused on the prevalence of TTVs in general and swine torque teno viruses (TTSuVs) in particular in Korean swine farms. Objective This study aimed to investigate the appearance of TTSuVs and TTVs in sick pigs during the 2017–2018 period. Materials and Methods Molecular‐based method using TTSuV1‐, TTSuV2‐ and TTV3‐specific primers was used to screen for the viruses from either sera or pooled internal organs of sick pigs. For genetic characterization, genomic sequences of TTVs were sequenced by a primer walking method. Several bioinformatic tools have been utilized to investigate the genomic organization and genetic relationship of TTVs. Results Two years of prevalence survey reveal that the prevalence of TTSuV2 is about twice that of TTSuV1. Furthermore, we identified TTV of genogroup 3 in swine pooled organ samples. The genome of two strains, M265_Korea_2017 and N119_Korea_2018, are 3,817 bp in size; M265_2017 has three open reading frames (ORFs); and N119_2018 strain has four ORFs. The complete genome nucleotide sequencing of the two strains shows 98.4% homology, and the phylogenetic analysis of Open reading frame (ORF)1 indicates that the strains are located close to TUPB strain subgroup C of genogroup 3. Conclusion Our study provided the information of TTSuVs prevalence in swine farms in Korea and highlighted the presence of TTV genogroup 3 strains in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cheong Ung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Deep viral blood metagenomics reveals extensive anellovirus diversity in healthy humans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6921. [PMID: 33767340 PMCID: PMC7994813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human blood metagenomics has revealed the presence of different types of viruses in apparently healthy subjects. By far, anelloviruses constitute the viral family that is more frequently found in human blood, although amplification biases and contaminations pose a major challenge in this field. To investigate this further, we subjected pooled plasma samples from 120 healthy donors in Spain to high-speed centrifugation, RNA and DNA extraction, random amplification, and massive parallel sequencing. Our results confirm the extensive presence of anelloviruses in such samples, which represented nearly 97% of the total viral sequence reads obtained. We assembled 114 different viral genomes belonging to this family, revealing remarkable diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 suggested 28 potentially novel anellovirus species, 24 of which were validated by Sanger sequencing to discard artifacts. These findings underscore the importance of implementing more efficient purification procedures that enrich the viral fraction as an essential step in virome studies and question the suggested pathological role of anelloviruses.
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13
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Mwesigwa S, Williams L, Retshabile G, Katagirya E, Mboowa G, Mlotshwa B, Kyobe S, Kateete DP, Wampande EM, Wayengera M, Mpoloka SW, Mirembe AN, Kasvosve I, Morapedi K, Kisitu GP, Kekitiinwa AR, Anabwani G, Joloba ML, Matovu E, Mulindwa J, Noyes H, Botha G, Brown CW, Mardon G, Matshaba M, Hanchard NA. Unmapped exome reads implicate a role for Anelloviridae in childhood HIV-1 long-term non-progression. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 33741997 PMCID: PMC7979878 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant public health burden globally. The role of viral co-infection in the rate of progression of HIV infection has been suggested but not empirically tested, particularly among children. We extracted and classified 42 viral species from whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 813 HIV-infected children in Botswana and Uganda categorised as either long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). The Ugandan participants had a higher viral community diversity index compared to Batswana (p = 4.6 × 10-13), and viral sequences were more frequently detected among LTNPs than RPs (24% vs 16%; p = 0.008; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.3), with Anelloviridae showing strong association with LTNP status (p = 3 × 10-4; q = 0.004, OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.74-10.25). This trend was still evident when stratified by country, sex, and sequencing platform, and after a logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, country, and the sequencing platform (p = 0.02; q = 0.03; OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6-40.5). Torque teno virus (TTV), which made up 95% of the Anelloviridae reads, has been associated with reduced immune activation. We identify an association between viral co-infection and prolonged AIDs-free survival status that may have utility as a biomarker of LTNP and could provide mechanistic insights to HIV progression in children, demonstrating the added value of interrogating off-target WES reads in cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Katagirya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Samuel Kyobe
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David P Kateete
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Misaki Wayengera
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Angella N Mirembe
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Grace P Kisitu
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adeodata R Kekitiinwa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Anabwani
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Moses L Joloba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harry Noyes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerrit Botha
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chester W Brown
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neil A Hanchard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Kim SJ, Kim C, Chung HC, Park YH, Park KT. Full-length ORF2 sequence-based genetic and phylogenetic characterization of Korean feline caliciviruses. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e32. [PMID: 33908206 PMCID: PMC8170210 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen in cats and widely distributed worldwide with high genetic variation. Full-length open reading frame 2 of 5 from recently isolated Korean FCV isolates were sequenced and compared with those of global isolates. The results of phylogenetic analysis supported dividing global FCV isolates into two genogroups (type I and II) and demonstrated the presence of genogroup II in Korea, indicating their geographic spread in East Asia. High sequence variations in region E of the FCV isolates emphasizes that a novel vaccine needs to be developed to induce protective immunity against various FCV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheongung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kun Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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15
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Constant companion: clinical and developmental aspects of torque teno virus infections. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2749-2757. [PMID: 33040309 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a commensal human virus observed as a circular single-negative-strand DNA molecule in various tissues and biological samples, notably in blood serum and lymphocytes. TTV has no apparent clinical significance, although it might be very useful as a prospective tool for gene delivery or as an epidemiological marker. Human populations are ubiquitously infected with TTV; the prevalence may reach 100%. The majority of babies become spontaneously infected with TTV, so that by the end of the first year of life, the prevalence reaches 'adult' values. TTV positivity in healthy early infancy and the presence of TTV in umbilical cord blood samples have been reported. The mechanism of infection and the dynamics of TTV prevalence in infants with age remain understudied. Meanwhile, the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of TTV as a marker deserves special attention and study, along with the possibility, causes and consequences of placental transmission of TTV under normal or pathological conditions.
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16
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Molecular Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its New Genetic Classification Based on the Nucleocapsid Gene. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080790. [PMID: 32717934 PMCID: PMC7472284 DOI: 10.3390/v12080790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes continuous, significant damage to the swine industry worldwide. By RT-PCR-based methods, this study demonstrated the ongoing presence of PEDV in pigs of all ages in Korea at the average detection rate of 9.92%. By the application of Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, it was found that the nucleocapsid (N) gene of PEDV could evolve at similar rates to the spike (S) gene at the order of 10-4 substitutions/site/year. Based on branching patterns of PEDV strains, three main N gene-base genogroups (N1, N2, and N3) and two sub-genogroups (N3a, N3b) were proposed in this study. By analyzing the antigenic index, possible antigenic differences also emerged in both the spike and nucleocapsid proteins between the three genogroups. The antigenic indexes of genogroup N3 strains were significantly lower compared with those of genogroups N1 and N2 strains in the B-cell epitope of the nucleocapsid protein. Similarly, significantly lower antigenic indexes in some parts of the B-cell epitope sequences of the spike protein (COE, S1D, and 2C10) were also identified. PEDV mutants derived from genetic mutations of the S and N genes may cause severe damage to swine farms by evading established host immunities.
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17
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Elesinnla AR, Adeleye IA, Ayolabi CI, Bessong PO. Prevalence of torque viruses in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected Nigerian subjects: analysis of near-full-length genome sequences. Arch Virol 2020; 165:571-582. [PMID: 32030535 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno mini virus (TTMV) and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) are members of the family Anelloviridae that are known to infect humans. Although no pathogenic roles have been associated with anelloviruses, their high prevalence and perceived ubiquitousness have provoked scientific interest in understanding their molecular and biological characteristics. We used nested PCR to determine the prevalence of anelloviruses among 130 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and 130 healthy blood donors, and analyzed three near-full-length genome sequences of TTV isolates from HIV-infected and non-HIV infected Nigerians. Statistical analysis showed that the rate of TTV infection was significantly higher in the HIV-infected group (65%) than in the blood donor group (26%) (p < 0.05, χ2 = 40.3). TTMV and TTMDV infections were very high in both groups, ranging between 88 and 95%. No significant association was found between TTV infection and age, sex, CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Near-full-length genome sequences of TTV isolates FL100, FL08 and BD67 determined by next-generation sequencing were 3.6 kb, 3.2 kb and 2.9 kb, respectively, in size. Their GenBank accession numbers are MK820644, MK820645, MK820646, respectively. These isolates shared 59% sequence identity across the whole genome and clustered in two different phylogenetic groups. Our study established for the first time the circulation of TTV, TTMV and TTMDV in the Nigerian population, with a disproportionately higher prevalence of TTV in HIV-infected patients. The near-complete TTV genome sequences from Nigeria are similar to the sequences KT163879 and KT163916 (3748 and 3190 respectively), obtained from the plasma of HIV-infected subjects from the United States, and EU305675 (2919), identified in human plasma samples from France.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pascal Obong Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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18
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Sarairah H, Bdour S, Gharaibeh W. The Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogeny of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Jordan. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020165. [PMID: 32023916 PMCID: PMC7077251 DOI: 10.3390/v12020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is the most common component of the human blood virobiota. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of TTV in humans and the most common farm domesticates in Jordan, or the history and modality of TTV transmission across species lines. We therefore tested sera from 396 Jordanians and 171 farm animals for the presence of TTV DNA using nested 5'-UTR-PCR. We then performed phylogenetic, ordination and evolutionary diversity analyses on detected DNA sequences. We detected a very high prevalence of TTV in Jordanians (~96%); much higher than in farm animal domesticates (~29% pooled over species). TTV prevalence in the human participants is not associated with geography, demography or physical attributes. Phylogenetic, ordination and evolutionary diversity analyses indicated that TTV is transmitted readily between humans across the geography of the country and between various species of animal domesticates. However, the majority of animal TTV isolates seem to derive from a single human-to-animal transmission event in the past, and current human-animal transmission in either direction is relatively rare. In conclusion, animal TTV in Jordan is historically derived from human variants; however, ongoing human-animal TTV exchange is minimal and zoonotic infection seems to be of limited importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Sarairah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Salwa Bdour
- Department of the Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (W.G.); Tel.: +962-6-5355000 (ext. 22233) (S.B.); +962-6-5355000 (ext. 22205) (W.G.)
| | - Waleed Gharaibeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (W.G.); Tel.: +962-6-5355000 (ext. 22233) (S.B.); +962-6-5355000 (ext. 22205) (W.G.)
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19
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Westman G, Schoofs C, Ingelsson M, Järhult JD, Muradrasoli S. Torque teno virus viral load is related to age, CMV infection and HLA type but not to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227670. [PMID: 31917803 PMCID: PMC6952092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is an unenveloped, circular, single stranded DNA virus with a genome size of approximately 3.8 kb. Previous studies have demonstrated varying grades of association between TTV DNA levels and immune deficiencies related to age, chronic infections and cancer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been related to persistent viral infections such as HSV-1 and CMV, but it is not known whether TTV viral load could serve as a functional biomarker of cellular immunity in this setting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether TTV infection and viral load is related to AD status, CMV immunity, systemic inflammation or HLA types connected to anti-viral immunity. A total of 50 AD subjects and 51 non-demented controls were included in the study. AD subjects were diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV criteria and neuroradiologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis. TTV viral load was analyzed in plasma samples using a quantitative real-time PCR. Using a cut-off for TTV status at 200 copies/ml, 88% (89/101) of the study subjects were classified as TTV positive. TTV viral load significantly increased with age (beta 0.049 per year, p<0.001) but significantly decreased in relation to CMV IgG levels (beta -0.022 per 1000 units, p = 0.005) and HLA-B27 positivity (beta -0.53, p = 0.023). In conclusion, TTV immune control is not significantly affected by AD status, but appears related to age, CMV humoral immune response and HLA type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Schoofs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Mirjalali H, Alebouyeh M. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Torque teno virus (TTV) in a wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:971-977. [PMID: 31850903 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a single-stranded DNA virus which is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route and may be excreted in the absence of the clinical symptoms. TTV was previously considered a probable cause of hepatitis, but further studies could not strongly connect TTV to any serious health problem. TTV is highly resistant to water and wastewater treatment processes and can be a useful indicator for determining the fecal contamination of water. The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence and molecular characterization of TTV in treated wastewater in Tehran. Thirteen effluent samples were collected monthly from the biggest wastewater treatment plant in Tehran, Iran (from September 2017 to August 2018). The presence of the TTV was monitored in the samples by the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The TTV genome was found in 76.9% of the samples, and TTV of groups 1 and 3 were determined using phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, treated wastewater can play a key role in the transmission of TTV and the usage of treated wastewater as a source of potable water needs to be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Rofi E, Del Re M, Focosi D, Mazzetti P, Navarro D, Antonelli G, Danesi R, Pistello M, Maggi F. Comparative evaluation of molecular methods for the quantitative measure of torquetenovirus viremia, the new surrogate marker of immune competence. J Med Virol 2019; 94:491-498. [PMID: 31002743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torquetenovirus (TTV) viremia is emerging as a promising tool to assess functional immune competence, to predict posttransplant immune-related complications, and eventually to customize immunosuppression. METHODS In this study, 327 blood samples were tested using two real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays both targeted to the untranslated region of the TTV genome. The first assay was an in-house rtPCR developed by our group, the second one was the recently marketed TTV R-GENE assay. RESULTS In the validation study, the TTV R-GENE showed good performances in precision and reproducibility, and sensitivity as low as 12 TTV DNA copies/mL, like previously reported for the in-house rtPCR. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean difference between the two methods was -0.3 log copies/mL. In the comparison study, 69% and 72% of samples were detected positive by rtPCR and TTV R-GENE, respectively (94% concordance, κ = 0.88). Performances did not differ between the two rtPCRs by type of TTV group examined. When a newly-developed in-house digital droplet PCR was applied for TTV quantification and used as an alternative method of comparison on 94 samples, the results strongly correlated with those obtained by the two rtPCR methods (99% concordance). CONCLUSION In summary, all the molecular methods assayed are highly sensitive and accurate in quantitation of TTV DNA in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Macera
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Medici
- Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rofi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Mazzetti
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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22
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A method to identify respiratory virus infections in clinical samples using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2606. [PMID: 30796243 PMCID: PMC6384955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are very common. Such infections impose an enormous economic burden and occasionally lead to death. Furthermore, every few decades, respiratory virus pandemics emerge, putting the entire world population at risk. Thus, there is an urgent need to quickly and precisely identify the infecting agent in a clinical setting. However, in many patients with influenza-like symptoms (ILS) the identity of the underlying pathogen remains unknown. In addition, it takes time and effort to individually identify the virus responsible for the ILS. Here, we present a new next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based method that enables rapid and robust identification of pathogens in a pool of clinical samples without the need for specific primers. The method is aimed at rapidly uncovering a potentially common pathogen affecting many samples with an unidentified source of disease.
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23
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Spandole-Dinu S, Cimponeriu DG, Crăciun AM, Radu I, Nica S, Toma M, Alexiu OA, Iorga CS, Berca LM, Nica R. Prevalence of human anelloviruses in Romanian healthy subjects and patients with common pathologies. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:334. [PMID: 30016934 PMCID: PMC6050727 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human anelloviruses (TTV, TTMDV and TTMV) are at high prevalence all across the globe, having also a controversial disease-inducing potential. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anelloviral DNA in the Romanian human population and to investigate the association of infections with common pathologies in Romanian population. Methods After informed consent, blood samples were collected from 2000 subjects represented by: clinically healthy individuals (n = 701) and a group of patients with pathologies linked to low grade inflammation or alteration of carbohydrate metabolism (n = 1299). All samples were analysed for the presence of TTV, TTMDV and TTMV DNA by hemi-nested PCR. Results The prevalence of TTV, TTMDV and TTMV in the studied population was 68.2, 54.4%, respectively 40.1%, lower than the recent reports from other geographic regions. The three viral species were significantly more frequent in the group of patients compared to the healthy subjects and were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The presence of anelloviral DNA was also associated with medical procedures (e.g. haemodialysis/transfusions, surgical procedures) and previous hepatitis A virus infection. Lifestyle choices related to alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and living environment were not associated with differences in distribution of the three viruses. Conclusion Further evidence is needed to establish a correlation between infection with human anelloviruses and a pathology or group of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne-Marie Crăciun
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Dr. N. Paulescu, National Institute of Diabetes, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Radu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silvia Nica
- Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Toma
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Corneliu Sorin Iorga
- National Institute of Research and Development for Food Bioresources, 6 Dinu Vintila, 021102, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia-Mariana Berca
- National Institute of Research and Development for Food Bioresources, 6 Dinu Vintila, 021102, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Remus Nica
- Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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24
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McCann A, Ryan FJ, Stockdale SR, Dalmasso M, Blake T, Ryan CA, Stanton C, Mills S, Ross PR, Hill C. Viromes of one year old infants reveal the impact of birth mode on microbiome diversity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4694. [PMID: 29761040 PMCID: PMC5944432 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a diverse gut microbiota after birth is being increasingly recognised as important for preventing illnesses later in life. It is well established that bacterial diversity rapidly increases post-partum; however, few studies have examined the infant gut virome/phageome during this developmental period. We performed a metagenomic analysis of 20 infant faecal viromes at one year of age to determine whether spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) or caesarean section (CS) influenced viral composition. We find that birth mode results in distinctly different viral communities, with SVD infants having greater viral and bacteriophage diversity. We demonstrate that CrAssphage is acquired early in life, both in this cohort and two others, although no difference in birth mode is detected. A previous study has shown that bacterial OTU’s (operational taxonomic units) identified in the same infants could not discriminate between birth mode at 12 months of age. Therefore, our results indicate that vertical transmission of viral communities from mother to child may play a role in shaping the early life microbiome, and that birth mode should be considered when studying the early life gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela McCann
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Feargal J Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen R Stockdale
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marion Dalmasso
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Current affiliation: Normandie University, UNICAEN, ABTE, Caen, France
| | - Tony Blake
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul R Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Rampelli S, Turroni S, Schnorr SL, Soverini M, Quercia S, Barone M, Castagnetti A, Biagi E, Gallinella G, Brigidi P, Candela M. Characterization of the human DNA gut virome across populations with different subsistence strategies and geographical origin. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4728-4735. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Stephanie L. Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK USA
| | - Matteo Soverini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Sara Quercia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Castagnetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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26
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Gonzales-Gustavson E, Timoneda N, Fernandez-Cassi X, Caballero A, Abril JF, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Girones R. Identification of sapovirus GV.2, astrovirus VA3 and novel anelloviruses in serum from patients with acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185911. [PMID: 28982120 PMCID: PMC5628893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by a variety of viruses. However, a substantial number of cases remain with unknown aetiology. We analysed the serum of patients with clinical signs of hepatitis using a metagenomics approach to characterize their viral species composition. Four pools of patients with hepatitis without identified aetiological agents were evaluated. Additionally, one pool of patients with hepatitis E (HEV) and pools of healthy volunteers were included as controls. A high diversity of anelloviruses, including novel sequences, was found in pools from patients with hepatitis of unknown aetiology. Moreover, viruses recently associated with gastroenteritis as sapovirus GV.2 and astrovirus VA3 were also detected only in those pools. Besides, most of the HEV genome was recovered from the HEV pool. Finally, GB virus C and human endogenous retrovirus were found in the HEV and healthy pools. Our study provides an overview of the virome in serum from hepatitis patients suggesting a potential role of these viruses not previously described in cases of hepatitis. However, further epidemiologic studies are necessary to confirm their contribution to the development of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - N. Timoneda
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - X. Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A. Caballero
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J. F. Abril
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Buti
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F. Rodriguez-Frias
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R. Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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27
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Rosa AS, Araujo OC, Savassi-Ribas F, Fernandes CA, Coelho HS, Niel C, Villela-Nogueira CA, Araujo NM. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and Torque teno virus infection and their association with hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Virus Res 2017; 242:166-172. [PMID: 28966070 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and Torque teno virus (TTV) infection in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis C patients is still uncertain. AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and significance of OBI and TTV infection, and to examine the genetic diversity of these viruses, in chronic hepatitis C patients with and without HCC. METHODS Sera from 151 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients (49 patients with HCC and 102 without HCC) negative for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) were tested for the presence of OBI and TTV infection by semi-nested and group-specific multiplex PCR assays, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing of HBV S region was further performed. RESULTS OBI and TTV infection were detected in 5 (3.3%) and 68 (45%) patients, respectively. HBV isolates were classified into genotypes A (4/5, 80%) and D (1/5, 20%), and no HBsAg escape mutation was observed. TTV phylogenetic group 3 was the most prevalent among both HCC and non-HCC patients. OBI and TTV infection were significantly more frequent in patients with HCC than patients without HCC (p=0.003, and p=0.009, respectively). Moreover, TTV infection was associated with HCC (OR=2.23, 95%CI=1.04-4.80, p=0.040), independently of liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS A low prevalence of OBI was observed in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease, and TTV infection was an independent factor associated with the occurrence of HCC. Whether TTV influences the progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C patients remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha S Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Oscar C Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Savassi-Ribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Fernandes
- Hepatitis Division, Central Public Health Laboratory Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Henrique S Coelho
- Hepatology Division, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christian Niel
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Villela-Nogueira
- Hepatology Division, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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28
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Complete Genome Sequence of Torque teno indri virus 1, a Novel Anellovirus in Blood from a Free-Living Lemur. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/30/e00698-17. [PMID: 28751399 PMCID: PMC5532837 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00698-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We identified Torque teno indri virus 1 (TTIV1), the first anellovirus in a free-living lemur (Indri indri). The complete circular 2,572-nucleotide (nt) TTIV1 genome is distantly related to torque teno sus virus. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses support TTIV1 as a putative member of a new genus within the Anelloviridae family.
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