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Karasová M, Blaňarová L, Tóthová C, Hrčková G, Kisková T, Ševčíková Z, Revajová V, Nagy O, Víchová B. Successful Transmammary Treatment of Babesia gibsoni Infection in Newborn Puppies after the Administration of Malarone ®, Azithromycin, and Artesunate to a Lactating Dam. Pathogens 2024; 13:562. [PMID: 39057789 PMCID: PMC11279716 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is a parasitic protozoan transmitted through tick bites and can cause severe disease in dogs. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood during dog fights, blood transfusions, and from dam to offspring during the perinatal period, resulting in stillborn or dead newborn puppies. This study aimed to determine the incidence of infection, the viability of newborn puppies, and the degree of B. gibsoni transmission from infected dam to offspring during pregnancy and lactation. Using PCR-based molecular methods, B. gibsoni infection in a pregnant American Pit Bull Terrier and her newborn puppies was confirmed. The incidence of B. gibsoni infection in the litter reached 75%. Out of eight puppies, six were infected with B. gibsoni, and one died. A therapeutic protocol comprising Malarone®, azithromycin, and artesunate was administered to a lactating B. gibsoni-positive bitch. By day 77 after birth, three out of five positive puppies showed negative PCR tests for B. gibsoni, indicating successful treatment through breast milk during nursing. In the two remaining positive puppies, therapy was started and parasitemia was successfully eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karasová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Blaňarová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St. Jakub’s Hospital with Polyclinic, 08501 Bardejov, Slovakia;
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (C.T.); (O.N.)
| | - Gabriela Hrčková
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Terézia Kisková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 04180 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Ševčíková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (V.R.)
| | - Viera Revajová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (V.R.)
| | - Oskar Nagy
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (C.T.); (O.N.)
| | - Bronislava Víchová
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology of Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
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Leisewitz AL, Mrljak V, Dear JD, Birkenheuer A. The Diverse Pathogenicity of Various Babesia Parasite Species That Infect Dogs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1437. [PMID: 38133320 PMCID: PMC10746086 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia species infect a very wide range of mammal hosts across the globe, and zoonotic infections are of growing concern. Several species of the Babesia genus infect dogs, and some of these cause significant morbidity and mortality. The Apicomplexan parasite resides within the red cell and infections result in direct damage to the host through intra- and extravascular hemolysis. An exuberant inflammatory response by the host to some species of Babesia parasites also results in significant collateral damage to the host. Canine infections have been the subject of many studies as the well-being of these companion animals is increasingly threatened by the spread of tick vectors and an increasingly mobile dog population. There are currently no widely available and effective vaccines, and effective treatment can be challenging. Understanding disease pathogenesis underlies the development of new treatments. The varying pathogenicity of the various Babesia parasite species that infect dogs offers an opportunity to explore the molecular basis for the wide range of diseases caused by infection with this parasite genus. In this review, we focus on what has been reported about the clinical presentation of Babesia-infected dogs in an attempt to compare the severity of disease caused by different Babesia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Leisewitz
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jonathan D. Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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3
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Kaur R, Ahlawat S, Choudhary V, Kumari A, Kumar A, Kaur M, Arora R, Sharma R, Vijh RK. Expression profiling of cytokine genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Anaplasma marginale infected and healthy cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4281-4290. [PMID: 36409691 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2146589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, changes in expression profiles of genes encoding 14 cytokines (IL1A, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12A, IL12B, IL16, IFNA, IFNB, TGFB1, and TNFA) were investigated amongst six Anaplasma marginale infected and six healthy crossbred cattle. Health status of the animals was determined based on clinical signs, blood smear examination and molecular detection using A. marginale-specific primers. Total RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the infected animals as well as the healthy controls, which was further reverse transcribed to cDNA. Primers for real time PCR were designed using Primer3 software and the results were analyzed by the 2-ΔΔCt method with RPS15 and GAPDH as the reference genes. The expression levels of IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL10, IL12A, IL12B, and TNFA varied significantly between the two groups, with higher expression in the infected cattle. The transcript abundance of IL4, IL16, and TGFB1 did not vary between the diseased and healthy animals. The expression of IL2 and IL8 was higher in the healthy animals, but the results were non-significant. Taken together, this study provides evidence for difference in expression of cytokine genes in response to anaplasmosis in crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Vikas Choudhary
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, District Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Karnal, India
| | - Anisha Kumari
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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Seejarim C, Rautenbach Y, Hooijberg EH, Leisewitz AL, Schoeman JP, Goddard A. Regenerative response in dogs naturally and experimentally infected with Babesia rossi. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:422-432. [PMID: 37638541 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regenerative response following Babesia rossi infection in dogs is mild, despite severe hemolytic anemia. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the admission absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) and reticulocyte indices in 103 dogs naturally infected with B. rossi with 10 dogs suffering from immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and 14 healthy control dogs. The regenerative response was also evaluated in five dogs experimentally infected with B. rossi. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study of records generated on the ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer. RESULTS The median hematocrits (HCT) of the B. rossi and IMHA groups were significantly lower than the control group (p < .001 for both); however, no differences were seen between the B. rossi and IMHA groups. Compared with the control group, the median ARC was significantly higher in the B. rossi (p = .006) and IMHA (p = .019) groups but significantly lower in the B. rossi group than the IMHA group (p = .041). In the experimentally infected dogs, there was a sudden decrease in the ARC approximately 48 h after the detection of peripheral parasitemia, which was followed by an increase after treatment. Reticulocytes of naturally infected B. rossi dogs were larger, with more variation in cellular volume. The reticulocytes of the experimentally infected dogs decreased in size with decreasing hemoglobin concentrations as the study progressed. CONCLUSIONS The regenerative response in dogs naturally infected with B. rossi is inadequate, given the severity of the anemia observed, and it might be a result of direct suppressive action by the parasite or host response on the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Seejarim
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Starr H, Howerth E, Gogal R, Barber J, Leon R, Blubaugh A, Banovic F. Characterization of the serum and skin inflammatory profile in canine pemphigus foliaceus using multiplex assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110631. [PMID: 37473673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a common autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibodies binding to epithelial adhesion molecules resulting inflammatory response. The immune network of cytokine and chemokine abnormalities that characterize the immune response in canine PF are poorly explored. This study evaluated serum and lesional skin cytokine and chemokine profiles of dogs diagnosed with PF compared to healthy control dogs. Serum samples obtained from 11 PF dogs and 16 healthy control dogs were analyzed using commercially available canine multiplex assay for 13 biomarkers (Canine Milliplex assay). Eight lesional skin samples from seven PF dogs and five healthy site-matched samples from five healthy dogs were evaluated for 20 immune markers using quantitative real-time PCR. Immunomodulating medications were suspended for at least four weeks in all dogs before obtaining serum and skin samples. PF patients showed significantly higher serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-8, IL-18, CCL2, KC-like, and granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor when compared to healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Lesional PF skin exhibited significant expression and upregulation of pro-inflammatory/T helper (Th1) 1 markers IL-1β, MX1, GZMB, OAS1, and IFN-γ as well as Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, IL-31 and Th17/22 markers IL-17A and IL-22 (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Taken together, the findings from this study describe the role of numerous cytokines and chemokines associated with immune response in the skin and serum of canine PF patients. Further larger-sample proteomics and RNA-sequencing transcriptomics studies are needed to understand the immune pathogenesis of canine PF skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Starr
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Renato Leon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Kuleš J, Rubić I, Farkaš V, Barić Rafaj R, Gotić J, Crnogaj M, Burchmore R, Eckersall D, Mrljak V, Leisewitz AL. Serum proteome profiling of naturally acquired Babesia rossi infection in dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10249. [PMID: 37353646 PMCID: PMC10290096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a disease of significant medically and veterinary importance with worldwide distribution. It is caused by intra-erythrocyte protozoal parasites, with Babesia rossi causing the most severe clinical signs of all the large Babesia parasites infecting dogs. The disease can be clinically classified into uncomplicated and complicated forms with a wide range of clinical presentations from a mild, subclinical illness to complicated forms and death. The aim of this study was to assess serum proteomic profiles from dogs with babesiosis and healthy dogs using a label-based proteomics approach. Altogether 32 dogs naturally infected with B. rossi (subdivided into 18 uncomplicated cases and 14 complicated cases of babesiosis) and 20 healthy dogs were included. There were 78 proteins with significantly different abundances between the three groups of dogs. Elucidation of proteins and pathways involved in canine babesiosis caused by B. rossi have revealed key differences associated with haemostasis, innate immune system, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Shotgun proteomic profiling allowed identification of potential serum biomarkers for differentiation of disease severity in canine babesiosis caused by B. rossi. These findings may be applicable to the study of host-parasite interactions and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Eckersall
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Martin C, Clift S, Leisewitz A. Lung pathology of natural Babesia rossi infection in dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2023; 94:59-69. [PMID: 37358318 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A proportion of Babesia rossi infections in dogs are classified as complicated and one of the most lethal complications is acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Most dogs that die succumb within 24 hours of presentation. The pulmonary pathology caused by B. rossi in dogs has not been described. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical description of the lung changes seen in dogs naturally infected with B. rossi that succumbed to the infection. Death was invariably accompanied by alveolar oedema. Histopathology showed acute interstitial pneumonia characterised by alveolar oedema and haemorrhages, with increased numbers of mononuclear leucocytes in alveolar walls and lumens. Intra-alveolar polymerised fibrin aggregates were observed in just over half the infected cases. Immunohistochemistry showed increased numbers of MAC387- and CD204-reactive monocyte-macrophages in alveolar walls and lumens, and increased CD3-reactive T-lymphocytes in alveolar walls, compared with controls. These histological features overlap to some extent (but far from perfectly) with the histological pattern of lung injury referred to as the exudative stage of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) as is quite commonly reported in ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martin
- Idexx Laboratories (Pty) Ltd, South Africa
| | - S Clift
- Section of Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Leisewitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, United States of America and Section of Small Animal Medicine, Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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van Zyl E, Leisewitz AL, Atkinson BK, Goddard A, Rautenbach Y, Thompson PN, Schoeman JP. Serial changes in the concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones in Beagle dogs infected with Babesia rossi. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102107. [PMID: 36535203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An experimental infection using Babesia (B.) rossi was performed in healthy male Beagle dogs to assess the changes in endocrine variables during disease. Two dogs were infected with a low dose (LD) of parasite inoculum (104 parasites) and three dogs were infected with a high dose (HD) (108 parasites). Basal serum cortisol, thyroxine (T4), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured every second day. Samples were analyzed using a solid- phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (Immulyte® 2000, Siemens). Variables were compared between groups and timepoints using linear mixed models. In both groups, the median cortisol concentration increased, whilst the median T4 concentration decreased after infection, with a return towards baseline concentration post treatment. The highest cortisol and the lowest T4 concentrations were reached at 96 h and 108 h post infection, respectively, in the HD group and slightly later at 108 and 144 h post-infection, respectively, in the LD group. A higher cortisol concentration with a more rapid increase, and a lower T4 concentration with a more rapid decline, were associated with disease severity and a higher dose of parasite inoculum. The TSH concentration remained within the reference interval throughout the study period. This study illustrated the temporal changes in endocrine parameters during experimental B. rossi infection and demonstrated that cortisol and T4 tracked the severity of disease, albeit in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Zyl
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa.
| | - A L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
| | - B K Atkinson
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
| | - A Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
| | - Y Rautenbach
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
| | - P N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 175 Bryanston drive, Bryanston, Onderstepoort, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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The dataset for the inflammatory response during experimental infection and treatment of dogs with Babesia rossi. Data Brief 2022; 45:108475. [PMID: 36164305 PMCID: PMC9508437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kinetics of the inflammatory response during experimental Babesia rossi infection of beagle dogs. Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Goggs R, Robbins SN, LaLonde‐Paul DM, Menard JM. Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:549-564. [PMID: 35103342 PMCID: PMC8965213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n = 22), septic peritonitis (n = 10), or pyometra (n = 10). METHODS Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14 days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarah N. Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Denise M. LaLonde‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie M. Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Asawapattanakul T, Pintapagung T, Piratae S, Juntautsa S, Chancharoen P. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 as inflammatory biomarkers in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis. Vet World 2021; 14:2325-2331. [PMID: 34840450 PMCID: PMC8613769 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2325-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (CME), a tick-borne disease, leads to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome; it is thus important to assess the intensity of inflammation in order to treat it appropriately. The current study was designed to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis compared with those in healthy dogs. We also assessed the relationship among several inflammation-related parameters and considered these parameters for use as inflammatory biomarkers of CME. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight dogs were divided into two groups based on the results of nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting E. canis, comprising a healthy group (n=11) and an infected group (n=17). A blood sample was collected from each dog to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters, with the obtained results being statistically compared between the groups. Moreover, the correlations of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were investigated in the 28 dogs. Results In the infected group, the mean levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly lower than in the healthy group, while the mean lymphocyte and monocyte counts were higher. The mean levels of ESR and CRP were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the infected group, whereas no significant differences were found in IL-6 levels between the two groups. In the correlation analysis, ESR and CRP levels were highly correlated (p<0.01, r=0.531). Conclusion Elevated ESR and CRP levels were found in dogs naturally infected with E. canis, which also presented mild to moderate inflammation in this study. Moreover, CRP was significantly correlated with ESR, so ESR and CRP may serve as inflammatory biomarkers for monitoring CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaporn Asawapattanakul
- Oxidative Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Tanagorn Pintapagung
- Veterinary Clinic Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Siriluck Juntautsa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Pawarat Chancharoen
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
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Dubova OA, Feshchenko DV, Bakhur TI, Dubovyi AA, Zghozinska OA, Chala IV. Splenomegaly development and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in acute canine babesiosis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome is the main defining process in the pathogenetic axis of complications in canine babesiosis. The involvement of the spleen with further irreversible changes in the organ largely determines the severity of the animal’s condition after spontaneous babesiosis. The work presented here aimed to determine the role of the DIC syndrome as a triggering factor for lesions of the spleen. Clinical and laboratory studies (haematological, biochemical, hemodynamic) have been carried out. Pathological studies of the removed spleen were carried out by histological methods using universal and specific staining. After suffering acute spontaneous babesiosis, the development of hypersplenism and splenomegaly was found in dogs. The diagnosis was confirmed haematologically by the detected cytopenia, normochromic type anaemia. An additional parameter was a significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The biochemical profile indicated the development of bilirubinaemia due to the conjugated fraction, hyperfermentation of transaminases, hypoalbuminemia, which reflected the development of hepatitis and liver failure. Markers of DIC syndrome in laboratory studies are represented by reliable hypofibrinogenemia, increased level of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, including D-dimer, and soluble fibrin monomer complexes. The multidirectional indices of coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time) made it possible to classify the stage of “consumption coagulopathy” of the DIC syndrome. The haemodynamic parameters of the sick dogs were characterized by a significant deficit in the circulating blood volume. Together with the indicators of the “consumption coagulopathy” stage of the DIC syndrome, the hemodynamic indexes indicate a moderate degree of shock stage II – the stable reversibility, but the magnitude of the circulating blood volume deficit determines the tendency towards shock irreversibility. Histological studies have established a significant proliferation of the stromal elements of the organ, the formation of specific complexes of vessels with sinuses, clogging with blood clots, and the organ's parenchyma dystrophy. Such changes characterize complete splenomegaly, which is based on the organo-pathology of the DIC syndrome. The deposition of “old” fibrin in the connective tissue structures of the spleen indicates that DIC syndrome continues throughout the entire period of hyperplastic changes in the organ. The presence of hyalinosis in blood vessel walls of the spleen parenchyma determines irreversible changes in them. Thus, DIC syndrome is the basis for splenomegaly development in dogs after acute spontaneous babesiosis. It is confirmed by laboratory blood tests and histologically by the presence of fibrin thrombi in the structures of the organ, which determine the organopathology of the syndrome. The information obtained serves to expand the concepts of the pathogenesis of blood protozoal disease, define the high risk of complications that can become fatal for the health and life of animals.
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15
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Kuleš J, Rubić I, Beer Ljubić B, Bilić P, Barić Rafaj R, Brkljačić M, Burchmore R, Eckersall D, Mrljak V. Combined Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Approaches Reveal Urinary Changes of Amino Acids and Energy Metabolism in Canine Babesiosis With Different Levels of Kidney Function. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715701. [PMID: 34603243 PMCID: PMC8484968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with a worldwide distribution, caused by the haemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. One of the most prevalent complication is acute kidney injury, and an early diagnosis of altered kidney function remains a challenge for veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to assess the urine metabolic profile from dogs with babesiosis and different degree of kidney function using untargeted and targeted MS-based metabolomics approaches. In this study, 22 dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis and 12 healthy dogs were included. Untargeted metabolomics approach identified 601 features with a differential abundance between the healthy group and groups of dogs with babesiosis and different level of kidney function, with 27 of them identified as a match to known standards; while targeted approach identified 17 metabolites with significantly different concentrations between the groups. A pattern of significantly altered metabolites referring to the inflammatory host response, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism modulation in babesiosis was presented. Our findings have demonstrated that kidney dysfunction accompanying canine babesiosis was associated with changes in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and biochemical pathways such as urea cycle and ammonia detoxication. These findings will enable the inclusion of urinary markers for the detection and monitoring of renal damage in babesiosis, as well as in other similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Kuleš
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Bilić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Brkljačić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Eckersall
- College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Disorders in blood circulation as a probable cause of death in dogs infected with Babesia canis. J Vet Res 2021; 65:277-285. [PMID: 34917839 PMCID: PMC8643085 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of the study was to investigate post-mortem changes in dogs infected with Babesia canis and to establish the probable cause of death of the affected animals. Material and Methods Cadavers of six dogs that did not survive babesiosis were collected. Necropsies were performed and samples of various organs were collected for histological examination. Results Necropsies and histological examinations revealed congestion and oedemata in various organs. Most of the dogs had ascites, hydrothorax or hydropericardium, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, and cerebral congestion, and necrosis of cardiomyocytes. Conclusion These results suggested disorders in blood circulation as the most probable cause of death. However, the pulmonary inflammatory response and cerebral babesiosis observed in some of these dogs could also be considered possible causes of death. This study also showed a possible role for renal congestion in the development of renal hypoxia and azotaemia in canine babesiosis.
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Kandasamy R, Venkatasubramanian L, Loganathasamy K, Latha BR, Mani B. Prognostic markers and their discriminant score in predicting the outcome of Babesia gibsoni infection. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e29. [PMID: 33666974 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify prognostic markers and their discriminant score in predicting the lethal outcome of canine Babesia gibsoni. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 108 client-owned dogs with clinical signs commensurate with babesiosis to analyze haematological, biochemical, haemostatic, antioxidant profile and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. Samples were screened for Babesia infection (microscopic and molecular techniques). Babesiosis-affected dogs were classified into survivors and non-survivors, and 30 healthy dogs were used in the control group. RESULTS Haemoglobin, thrombocytes, catalase, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, lactate and reticulocytes were highly correlated to survival. Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed urea, ALT and lactate as specific prognostic markers for the disease. The formula for calculation of discriminant scores (Di) for lethal outcome of the disease was generated with cut-off score 0.141. The scoring system was 79% sensitive and 83% specific in predicting the lethal outcome of the disease. CONCLUSIONS A scoring system developed from the prognosticating markers may aid in predicting the outcome of Babesia gibsoni infection on the day of presentation itself enabling intensive care for those animals with a cut-off score more than 0.141.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karuppusamy Loganathasamy
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Bhaskaran Ravi Latha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, India
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18
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Beletić A, Janjić F, Radaković M, Spariosu K, Francuski Andrić J, Chandrashekar R, Tyrrell P, Radonjić V, Balint B, Ajtić J, Kovačević Filipović M. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis: Association with the parasite load and host factors. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109366. [PMID: 33545559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The common signs of canine babesiosis caused by an infection with Babesia canis are fever, anorexia, lethargy, pulse alterations, anemia, and occasionally mild icterus. Dogs with these clinical signs can be divided into two groups: those with acute-phase reaction and those with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Factors associated with the occurrence of SIRS in canine babesiosis have not been thoroughly researched. This article outlines a cross-sectional study of 54 client-owned dogs with an acute B. canis infection, and evaluates the differences in age, gender, laboratory findings, parasite load, and seroreactivity against B. canis between the SIRS and the SIRS-free dogs. We have analyzed a complete blood count, serum biochemistry, serum amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, paraoxonase-1, serology, and PCR testing using standard methodologies. The frequency of SIRS among the investigated dogs reached 0.59. Male dogs and those seronegative against B. canis, were more frequent in the SIRS group, whilst age and parasite load could not be associated with the presence of SIRS. Dogs with SIRS had a lower count of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and a lower concentration of iron and bilirubin compared with SIRS-free dogs. No significant differences in the concentration of acute-phase proteins have been noticed to exist between the groups of dogs. Further, the seronegative dogs had a lower count of lymphocytes and monocytes and a higher parasite load than the seroreactive dogs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis has identified leukopenia (<6 × 109/L) and monocytopenia (<0.2 × 109/L) as independent associates of SIRS in the investigated dogs, thus implying that these routine tests could be used as reliable markers for SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđelo Beletić
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Filip Janjić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Radaković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Francuski Andrić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Vladimir Radonjić
- Small Animal Practice "Petrovac", Borča, Borčanskih žrtava 1914, 92, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bela Balint
- Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35 & Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases 'Dedinje', Heroja Milana Tepića 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ajtić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Syndrome as a Complication in Acute Spontaneous Canine Babesiosis. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The polyetiological syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by changes in patients’ hemostasis. The aim of the current research was to elucidate the main factors for the development of DIC syndrome during canine babesiosis, and to assess their correlation level. Dogs included in this study were of various breeds and sex, weighing 10-40 kg and aged 2-7 years. They were separated in two groups (n=50) according to their diagnosis to babesiosis. Oscillometry (blood pressure, pulse rate), vascular-platelet hemostasis, coagulogram, hematological, biochemical (fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product, soluble fibrin-monomer complex) and hemodynamic (circulating blood volume) assessment methods were used. The group of dogs positive on Babesia spp., had clear manifestation of DIC with 5-7% of the erythrocyte population being affected. DIC was manifested by a significant increase in soluble fibrin-monomer complex and fibrin degradation product (p<0.001), hypofibrinogenemia (p<0.001), thrombocytopenia (p<0.001), and an increase in indicators of spontaneous aggregation ability of platelets and red blood cells (p<0.001). Significant hemodynamic disorders were observed: a decrease in circulating blood volume, circulating erythrocytes volume (p<0.05), specific circulating blood volume and hematocrit value (p<0.001). The average blood pressure was reduced (p<0.001), and the Allgöwer’s shock index was increased 2 times (p<0.05). A shock of II degree (medium, subcompensated) was confirmed. Therefore, it can be concluded that acute spontaneous dogs’ babesiosis can be characterized by the occurrence of DIC in a consumption coagulopathy form, and shock of II degree. This condition renders the patients for emergency admission.
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20
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Esmaeilnejad B, Rajabi S, Tavassoli M, Rashnavadi M, Seif F, Aligolzadeh A, Khoshnejad A. Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers in goats naturally infected with Babesia ovis. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:4151-4158. [PMID: 32715343 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Babesia ovis infection on concentrations of some essential acute phase proteins (APPs) including albumin, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin as well as total, protein-binding, and lipid-binding sialic acids (TSA, PBSA, and LBSA) and two crucial cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Some hematological parameters also were evaluated. Furthermore, any probable correlation among the APPs, SAs, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was calculated. A total of 420 Marghoz and Raeini goats with the ages of 1-3 years old from the north and northwest of Iran were examined, and 17 goats confirmed to be infected with B. ovis by both routine microscopic examination of blood films and molecular assays. As the control, 17 healthy goats were included. The results revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and pack cell volume as well as a nonsignificant increase in white blood cell count in the diseased animals compared with the control. Additionally, all the APPs, SAs, and cytokines were remarkably higher in the infected animals than the uninfected ones, except for albumin, which was significantly lower. Moreover, a strong and positive correlation was detected among the parameters mentioned above, except for albumin, which was inversely correlated with the other parameters. In conclusion, B. ovis infection is associated with the induction of severe inflammatory reactions in goats, and both SA and APP are significantly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Rajabi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | | | - Armin Aligolzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Defauw P, Schoeman JP, Leisewitz AL, Goddard A, Duchateau L, Aresu L, Meyer E, Daminet S. Evaluation of acute kidney injury in dogs with complicated or uncomplicated Babesia rossi infection. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101406. [PMID: 32107174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with babesiosis can present with multiple complications, including acute kidney injury (AKI). The objective of this study was to characterize AKI in dogs with babesiosis caused by Babesia rossi at presentation and after treatment. Thirty-five client-owned dogs with B. rossi infection and 10 control dogs were included in this prospective observational study. Blood and urine were collected in Babesia-infected dogs at presentation (T0, n = 35), after 24 h (T24h, n = 11), and after 1 month (T1m, n = 9). The following urinary kidney injury biomarkers were assessed: urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), urinary glomerular injury biomarkers (immunoglobulin G (uIgG) and C-reactive protein (uCRP)), and urinary tubular injury biomarkers (retinol-binding protein (uRBP) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL)). Serum functional renal biomarkers were creatinine (sCr) and symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA). Post-mortem kidney biopsies were analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy. At T0, all kidney injury biomarkers were significantly higher in Babesia-infected dogs compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001), while functional renal biomarkers were not significantly different (P > 0.05). At T24h, all urinary tubular injury biomarkers and UPC decreased significantly (P < 0.01), while glomerular injury biomarkers did not (P = 0.084). At T1m, all urinary kidney injury biomarkers decreased to values not significantly different from healthy controls (P > 0.5). Significant changes in functional renal biomarkers were not seen after treatment (P > 0.05). Dogs with complicated babesiosis had significantly higher glomerular injury biomarkers, UPC, and sSDMA compared to uncomplicated cases (P < 0.05), while all tubular injury biomarkers and sCr were not significantly different (P > 0.1). Dogs with babesiosis caused by B. rossi showed transient kidney injury, which was detected by all kidney injury biomarkers, but remained undetected by functional biomarkers. All infected dogs, irrespective of disease severity, suffered comparable kidney injury based on tubular injury biomarker concentrations, while loss of function was seen more often in dogs with complicated babesiosis based on sSDMA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Defauw
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - A L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - A Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - L Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Celliers A, Rautenbach Y, Hooijberg E, Christopher M, Goddard A. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase Index in Dogs With Babesiosis Caused by Babesia rossi. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:72. [PMID: 32133380 PMCID: PMC7040022 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis caused by the virulent tick-borne hemoprotozoan, Babesia rossi, results in a marked systemic inflammatory host response in dogs. Neutrophils form part of the innate immune response and contains myeloperoxidase (MPO) as the predominant component of the neutrophil lysosomal protein in azurophilic granules. The neutrophil myeloperoxidase index (MPXI), determined on the ADVIA hematology analyzer, is a quantitative estimate of intracellular MPO content. Objectives of this study were to: (a) compare MPXI in dogs with babesiosis with healthy control dogs; (b) compare MPXI in dogs that died from babesiosis with dogs that survived and controls; and (c) correlate the MPXI with the previously determined segmented and band neutrophil count and cytokine concentrations in dogs with babesiosis. Data for 140 dogs naturally infected with B. rossi and 20 healthy control dogs were retrospectively evaluated. Neutrophil counts and MPXI were determined on an ADVIA 2120 analyzer. Cytokine concentrations [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1)] were determined using a canine-specific multiplex immunoassay. The mortality rate of the Babesia-infected dogs was 11% (15/140). MPXI was significantly higher in Babesia-infected dogs (P = 0.033), and in Babesia-infected non-survivors (P = 0.011), compared with healthy control dogs. In Babesia-infected dogs a significant positive correlation was found between MPXI and IL-10 (r = 0.211, P = 0.039) and a significant negative correlation was found between MPXI and IL-8 (r = -0.350, P < 0.001). In Babesia-infected non-survivors, significant positive correlations were found between MPXI and IL-2 (r = 0.616, P = 0.033), IL-6 (r = 0.615, P = 0.033), IL-18 (r = 0.613, P = 0.034), GM-CSF (r = 0.630, P = 0.028), and MCP-1 (r = 0.713, P = 0.009). In Babesia-infected survivors, a significant negative correlation was found between MPXI and IL-8 (r = -0.363, P = 0.001). MPXI was correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in Babesia-infected dogs that died. The potential of MPXI as a novel marker of inflammation and prognosis in dogs infected with B. rossi, thus warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri Celliers
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emma Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mary Christopher
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Morters MK, Archer J, Ma D, Matthee O, Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Matjila PT, Wood JLN, Schoeman JP. Long-term follow-up of owned, free-roaming dogs in South Africa naturally exposed to Babesia rossi. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:103-110. [PMID: 32004510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Babesia rossi is an important, tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite; however, its natural history and epidemiology is poorly understood. Babesia rossi is the most virulent Babesia sp. in domestic dogs and is generally considered to cause severe babesiosis, which is fatal if left untreated. However, subclinical infections and mild disease from B. rossi have been reported, although the clinical progression of these cases was not reported. Therefore, to better understand B. rossi under field conditions, we evaluated its clinical progression and seroprevalence in an owned, free-roaming dog population in Zenzele, South Africa, where the parasite is endemic and prevention is not routine. The entire dog population in Zenzele was monitored intensively at the individual level from March 2008 until April 2014, primarily for a longitudinal study on rabies control. Subsequent evaluation of B. rossi comprised analyses of clinical and laboratory data collected from the Zenzele dog population during the 6 year study period. A substantial proportion (31% (n = 34)) of 109 dogs (randomly selected from every available dog in February/March 2010 older than ~6-8 weeks (n = 246)) tested by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test had seroconverted strongly to B. rossi. All 34 dogs were generally consistently healthy adults, determined from regular clinical examinations between March 2008 and April 2014. Blood smear examinations at multiple time points between July 2009 and February 2011 were also undertaken for almost all of these (34) seropositive dogs and all those tested were consistently negative for Babesia spp. Subclinical infections and mild disease were also the main findings for a separate group of 18 dogs positive for Babesia spp. on blood smear examination and confirmed to be infected with B. rossi by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Reverse Line Blot. Almost all of these dogs were positive at only one time point from repeat blood smear examinations between July 2009 and February 2011. We suggest that these observations are consistent with immunity acquired from repeated, low-level exposure to the parasite, generating transient subclinical infections or mild disease. Should this be the case, the use of tick control, particularly in adult dogs in free-roaming populations in B. rossi endemic regions, should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Morters
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - J Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Ma
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - O Matthee
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - P T Matjila
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Das M, Goswami U, Kandimalla R, Kalita S, Ghosh SS, Chattopadhyay A. Iron–Copper Bimetallic Nanocomposite Reinforced Dressing Materials for Infection Control and Healing of Diabetic Wound. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5434-5445. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Das
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
- Guwahati Neurological Research Centre Medical Lab, North Guwahati 781031, India
| | - Upashi Goswami
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- Institute of Advance Study of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kalita
- Institute of Advance Study of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Arun Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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Goggs R, Letendre JA. Evaluation of the host cytokine response in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:593-603. [PMID: 31637812 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify plasma cytokine concentrations in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammation and to evaluate the association between plasma cytokines and outcome in dogs with sepsis. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-five dogs with sepsis, 10 dogs with noninfectious systemic inflammation (nSIRS), and 15 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled from June 2015 to February 2016 and followed to hospital discharge. Dogs with sepsis satisfied ≥2 SIRS criteria and had a documented or highly suspected bacterial infection. Dogs with nSIRS satisfied ≥2 SIRS criteria but had no evidence of infection. Dogs <3 kg and those with documented coagulopathy were excluded. INTERVENTIONS Measurement of inflammatory cytokines and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) was performed on each group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS High-mobility group box-1 concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. Plasma concentrations of 13 cytokines were measured in singlet using multiplex magnetic bead assays. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison tests were used to compare biomarker concentrations between groups. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare biomarker concentrations between survivors and nonsurvivors. Associations between biomarkers were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Independent outcome predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Alpha was set at 0.05. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)-8, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-like, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and HMGB-1 were significantly greater in dogs with sepsis versus healthy controls (all P ≤ 0.034). In dogs with sepsis, only CCL2 was independently associated with survival (odds ratio [OR] 0.996, 95% CI 0.993-0.999, P = 0.004). A cut-off of 385 pg/mL for CCL2 was 80% sensitive and 91.4% specific for nonsurvival (area under the ROC curve [AUROC] 0.866). CONCLUSIONS Dogs with sepsis have significantly increased concentrations of HMGB-1 and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL8, and KC-like. Increased CCL2 concentration is a negative prognostic indicator in dogs with sepsis. These findings should be confirmed using duplicate analyses in larger, distinct populations of dogs with sepsis before applying them to clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jo-Annie Letendre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
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Debierre-Grockiego F, Smith TK, Delbecq S, Ducournau C, Lantier L, Schmidt J, Brès V, Dimier-Poisson I, Schwarz RT, Cornillot E. Babesia divergens glycosylphosphatidylinositols modulate blood coagulation and induce Th2-biased cytokine profiles in antigen presenting cells. Biochimie 2019; 167:135-144. [PMID: 31585151 PMCID: PMC7079338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are glycolipids described as toxins of protozoan parasites due to their inflammatory properties in mammalian hosts characterized by the production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In the present work, we studied the cytokines produced by antigen presenting cells in response to ten different GPI species extracted from Babesia divergens, responsible for babesiosis. Interestingly, B. divergens GPIs induced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-5) and of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by macrophages and dendritic cells. In contrast to all protozoan GPIs studied until now, GPIs from B. divergens did not stimulate the production of TNF-α and IL-12, leading to a unique Th1/Th2 profile. Analysis of the carbohydrate composition of the B. divergens GPIs indicated that the di-mannose structure was different from the evolutionary conserved tri-mannose structure, which might explain the particular cytokine profile they induce. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on dendritic cells and apoptosis of mouse peritoneal cells were also analysed. B. divergens GPIs did not change expression of MHC class I, but decreased expression of MHC class II at the cell surface, while GPIs slightly increased the percentages of apoptotic cells. During pathogenesis of babesiosis, the inflammation-coagulation auto-amplification loop can lead to thrombosis and the effect of GPIs on coagulation parameters was investigated. Incubation of B. divergens GPIs with rat plasma ex vivo led to increase of fibrinogen levels and to prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, suggesting a direct modulation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway by GPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stéphane Delbecq
- Vaccination Antiparasitaire, Université de Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Virginie Brès
- Vaccination Antiparasitaire, Université de Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Emmanuel Cornillot
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, 34095, Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - INSERM U1194), Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
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Hyponatraemia and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion in Non-azotaemic Dogs with Babesiosis Associated with Decreased Arterial Blood Pressure. J Vet Res 2019; 63:339-344. [PMID: 31572813 PMCID: PMC6749734 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A previous study on canine babesiosis showed low serum tonicity in affected dogs, which may result from syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This endocrine disorder was recognised in human malaria which is considered a disease with similar pathogenesis to canine babesiosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of SIADH in babesiosis-afflicted dogs. Material and Methods Serum and urinary sodium and urine specific gravity (USG) were determined in dogs with babesiosis. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured at the beginning of the clinical examination. Serum tonicity and osmolality were calculated. Correlations were calculated between MAP and serum and urinary sodium concentrations, USG, serum tonicity, and calculated serum osmolality. Results Statistically significant correlations were observed between MAP and tonicity, calculated osmolality, USG, and serum and urinary sodium concentrations in non-azotaemic dogs. In three non-azotaemic dogs SIADH was recognised. Conclusion SIADH develops in non-azotaemic dogs with babesiosis. It is probably associated with decreased blood pressure in infected dogs. Thus, it seems that in fact it may be appropriate vasopressin secretion in canine babesiosis as a protective mechanism in hypotension which leads to hypoxia and renal failure in affected dogs.
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Debierre-Grockiego F, Smith TK, Delbecq S, Ducournau C, Lantier L, Schmidt J, Brès V, Dimier-Poisson I, Schwarz RT, Cornillot E. WITHDRAWN: Babesia divergens glycosylphosphatidylinositols modulate blood coagulation and induce Th2-biased cytokine profiles in antigen presenting cells. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2019.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martiny P, Goggs R. Biomarker Guided Diagnosis of Septic Peritonitis in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:208. [PMID: 31316998 PMCID: PMC6610427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic peritonitis (SP) is common in dogs and is associated with high mortality. Early recognition is essential to maximizing survival and may be aided by biomarker measurement. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of biomarkers to discriminate septic peritonitis from non-septic ascites (NSA). Eighteen dogs with SP and 19 age-matched controls with NSA were enrolled. Contemporaneous blood and peritoneal effusion samples were obtained. Concentrations of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), cytokines, glucose, lactate, N-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proCNP), nucleosomes, and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured using commercial reagents and assays. Paired biomarker concentrations were compared with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, and biomarker concentrations between groups were compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to assess the ability of the above biomarkers to discriminate SP from NSA. Dogs with SP had significantly greater blood CCL2 concentrations than dogs with NSA (P = 0.032). Dogs with SP had significantly greater effusion CCL2, IL-6, IL-10, and lactate concentrations than dogs with NSA (P ≤ 0.0121). Blood-effusion concentration gradients of CCL2, glucose, IL-6, IL-10, and lactate were significantly different in dogs with SP compared to dogs with NSA (P ≤ 0.0165). Effusion lactate concentration had the highest AUROC value (0.866, 95% CI 0.751–0.980, P = 0.0001), although other biomarkers performed similarly. An effusion lactate concentration of 4.2 mmol/L was 72.2% (95% CI 46.5–90.3%) sensitive and 84.2% (95% CI 60.4–96.6%) specific for the diagnosis of SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Martiny
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robert Goggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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A clinical and pathological description of 320 cases of naturally acquired Babesia rossi infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:22-30. [PMID: 31303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesia rossi causes the most severe clinical disease in dogs of all the babesia parasites. We included 320 naturally-infected dogs that presented for care at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital between 2006 and 2016. All dogs had mono-infections confirmed by multiplex PCR. The data allowed more accurate clinical classification of the disease and identified parameters that were associated with disease severity and death. Odds ratios for dying were significant (P < 0.05) for increased band neutrophil count, collapse at presentation; presence of cerebral signs; hypoglycaemia; hyperlactatemia; high urea, high creatinine; hyperbilirubinaemia; hypercortisolaemia; and hypothyroxinaemia. Joint component analysis confirmed that the variables with significant odds ratios grouped together with death. Yet, multivariate logistic regression was unable to identify a group of significant independent predictors of death. Receiver Operator Characteristic curves indicated that low total thyroid hormone, high bilirubin, high serum urea and high cortisol concentrations were the variables with the highest sensitivity and specificity for death. These data provide both the clinician and researcher with a set of easily-measured laboratory and clinical assessments to classify cases into those that are uncomplicated and those that are complicated. The disease is complex and multisystemic and probably involves mechanisms more proximal in the pathogenesis than those that have been evaluated.
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Leisewitz A, Goddard A, De Gier J, Van Engelshoven J, Clift S, Thompson P, Schoeman JP. Disease severity and blood cytokine concentrations in dogs with natural Babesia rossi infection. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12630. [PMID: 31063593 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Babesia rossi causes severe disease in dogs. Here, we describe the association between serum cytokine concentrations and disease severity. METHODS Seventeen controls and 55 PCR confirmed B rossi-infected dogs were included. Diseased dogs were subdivided into 23 critically ill and 32 relatively well cases. Serum concentrations of 11 cytokines and biochemical markers of disease severity were determined. RESULTS Significant differences were detected for IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and TNF-α between the groups. Generally, the more complicated the disease, the more pro-inflammatory the cytokine milieu. IL-8 showed a reverse trend and was negatively correlated with disease severity. IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α were also significantly higher in the dogs that died (n = 9) compared to the dogs that survived (n = 46). IL-8 showed the opposite. MCP-1 and TNF-α were negatively correlated with biochemical markers of severity. Glucose was negatively correlated with IL-6. Cortisol, peripheral parasite density and band neutrophil count were positively correlated, whilst thyroid hormone was negatively correlated with IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS As in malaria and sepsis, B rossi infection induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine storm that correlates with disease severity and adverse outcome. The multiplicity of cytokines involved argues for redundancy in the system once the disease is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jill De Gier
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jessica Van Engelshoven
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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van Rooyen LJ, Hooijberg EH, Schoeman JP, Goddard A. Thromboelastographic platelet mapping in dogs with complicated Babesia rossi infection. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:11-18. [PMID: 30924545 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with Babesia rossi infection display a normocoagulable thromboelastogram, despite being markedly thrombocytopenic, which is purportedly due to large-scale platelet activation. Thromboelastographic platelet mapping (TEG-PM) evaluates individual contributions of thrombin, fibrinogen, and platelets to clot formation, and may elucidate some of the pathomechanisms of thrombocytopenia-associated hemostatic alterations. OBJECTIVE This study investigated potential differences in TEG-PM variables in dogs with complicated B rossi infection compared with healthy controls, and whether these variables correlated with platelet activation indices. METHODS The maximum amplitude (MA) following thrombin generation (MAThrombin ) was determined using kaolin-activated TEG. The TEG-PM variables included MA following the addition of platelet agonists arachidonic acid (MAAA ) and adenosine diphosphate (MAADP ), and MA due to fibrin alone (MAFibrin ). In addition, platelet indices and fibrinogen concentrations were determined. RESULTS Thirteen dogs with complicated B rossi infection and five healthy controls were included. The median MAFibrin and fibrinogen concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.01 for both) and median platelet count was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the babesiosis group vs the control group. No significant differences were found for MAThrombin and MAAA/ADP . maximum amplitude due to fibrin alone was positively correlated with fibrinogen concentration (r = 0.735), mean platelet volume (r = 0.517), and mean platelet mass (r = 0.498), and negatively correlated with hematocrit (r = -0.685), platelet count (r = -0.476), and plateletcrit (r = -0.479) (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the presence of hyperfibrinogenemia offsets the severe thrombocytopenia associated with B rossi to result in normal thromboelastograms and lack of overt clinical bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl J van Rooyen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,IDEXX Laboratories (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Razmi G, Yaghfoori S, Mohri M, Haghparast A, Tajeri S. The haematological, proinflammatory cytokines and IgG changes during an ovine experimental theileriosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e6. [PMID: 30843407 PMCID: PMC6407460 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant ovine theileriosis is caused by Theileria lestoquardi, which is highly pathogenic in sheep. Theileriosis involves different organs in ruminants. Little is known about the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of T. lestoquardi infection. The aim of this study was to measure concentration changes of proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G (IgG) during an ovine experimental theileriosis and correlate it with clinical and haematological parameters. During an experimental study, seven healthy Baluchi sheep (four females and three males) about 6-8 months old were infected with T. lestoquardi by feeding of infected unfed ticks on the sheep's ears. The infected sheep were clinically examined during the study and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21. The haematological parameters were analysed by an automatic veterinary haematology cell counter and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All infected sheep had temperatures above 40 °C on days 3-4 post infection (PI). The maximum temperature was noted on day 7, and it remained high until day 21. The parasitaemia of T. lestoquardi infection increased from 0.01% (day 7 PI) to 3.3% (day 21 PI). The mean white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet values slightly increased on day 2 PI and decreased by day 17 and day 21 PI. The percentage parasitaemia and fever had a negative correlation with the numbers of WBCs, RBCs, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets. The serum concentration of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines increased and peaked on day 12 and thereafter decreased to levels lower than 0. Out of all tested cytokines, the concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher, as early as day 2 PI. No significant changes were observed for the IgG levels during the course of disease. A significant and strong correlation was observed between IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ values and a moderate correlation between IL-6 and the numbers of lymphocytes in the present study. A strong correlation was determined between the percentage parasitaemia and haematological parameters in T. lestoquardi-infected sheep. In addition, preliminary results indicate that the measurement of the serum concentrations of IL-6 in combination with haematological parameters could be considered a good marker to estimate the pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi strain.
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Galán A, Horvatić A, Kuleš J, Bilić P, Gotić J, Mrljak V. LC-MS/MS analysis of the dog serum phosphoproteome reveals novel and conserved phosphorylation sites: Phosphoprotein patterns in babesiosis caused by Babesia canis, a case study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207245. [PMID: 30485286 PMCID: PMC6261647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most commonly studied protein post-translational modification (PTM) in biological systems due to its importance in controlling cell division, survival, growth, etc. Despite the thorough research in phosphoproteomics of cells and tissues there is little information on circulating phosphoproteins. We compared serum from 10 healthy dogs and 10 dogs affected by B. canis-caused babesiosis with no organ dysfunctions by employing gel-free LC-MS/MS analysis of individual samples and tandem mass tag (TMT) label-based quantitative analyses of pools, both supported by phosphopeptide enrichment. Results showed a moderate number of phosphorylated proteins (50-55), with 89 phosphorylation sites not previously published for dogs although a number of them matched phosphorylation sites found in mammalian orthologs. Three phosphopeptides showed significant variation in babesiosis-affected dog sera compared to controls: Serum amyloid A (SAA) phosphorylated at serine 101 (up-regulation), kininogen 1 phosphorylated at threonine 326, and fibrinogen α phosphorylated at both threonine 20 and serine 22 (down-regulation). 71.9% of the detected phosphorylated sites were phosphoserine, 16.8% phosphothreonine and only 11.2% phosphotyrosine residues. TMT label-based quantitative analysis showed α-2-HS-glycoprotein / Fetuin A to be the most abundant phosphoprotein (50-70% of all phosphoproteins) followed by kininogen-1 (10-20%). The alterations of phosphorylated proteins observed in canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis suggest new insights into the largely neglected role of extracellular protein phosphorylation in health and disease, encouraging urgent further research on this area. To the best of our knowledge the present study represents the first attempt to characterize canine serum phosphoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Galán
- ERA Chair”VetMedZg”, Clinic for Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair”VetMedZg”, Clinic for Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair”VetMedZg”, Clinic for Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Bilić
- ERA Chair”VetMedZg”, Clinic for Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair”VetMedZg”, Clinic for Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
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Bock JL, Senzel L, Spitzer ED, Bifulco W. Undetectable HDL Cholesterol in a Patient with Flu-Like Illness. Clin Chem 2018; 63:642-646. [PMID: 28242831 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.258616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Bock
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
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Banovic F, Tarigo J, Gordon H, Barber JP, Gogal RM. Immunomodulatory in vitro
effects of oclacitinib on canine T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:17-e6. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jaime Tarigo
- Department of Pathology; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Hannah Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - James P. Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
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Rautenbach Y, Schoeman J, Goddard A. Prevalence of canine Babesia and Ehrlichia co-infection and the predictive value of haematology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 85:e1-e5. [PMID: 30326715 PMCID: PMC6324083 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are important tick-borne infections in South Africa. Many South African general veterinary practitioners perceive co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. as a common occurrence in dogs with babesiosis. Studies about the prevalence of co-infection in South African dogs are lacking. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia co-infection in dogs with babesiosis. Additionally, the predicative value of specific haematological variables for co-infection was evaluated. The study population consisted of 205 dogs diagnosed with canine babesiosis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) in 2006 and between 2011 and 2013. The Babesia-infected dogs were grouped based on presence or absence of an Ehrlichia spp. co-infection. Ehrlichia spp. co-infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia for co-infection were also calculated. The prevalence of Babesia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. co-infection in this cohort of dogs was 2%. In the babesiosis dogs, the PPV of leukopenia for co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was 1.3%, and the NPV 97.4%. Similarly, the PPV and NPVs of thrombocytopenia for co-infection were 2.1% and 100%, respectively. Co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was a rare occurrence in dogs with babesiosis presented to the OVAH. Normal leukocyte or platelet counts confidently ruled out the presence of concurrent ehrlichiosis in this cohort of dogs. However, the diagnosis of Ehrlichia co-infection based on the presence of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia would have been associated with false positive results in more than 97.4% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Rautenbach
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Kuleš J, Bilić P, Beer Ljubić B, Gotić J, Crnogaj M, Brkljačić M, Mrljak V. Glomerular and tubular kidney damage markers in canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1508-1517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yan Y, Guo TM, Zhu C. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on serum proinflammatory cytokines in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:450-456. [PMID: 29324184 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: A total of 148 patients with AS were selected and received NSAID treatment. ELISA was used to assess cytokine levels, and patients were assigned into the following groups: positively effective; effective; moderately effective; and ineffective. Spearman and Pearson correlation analyses were used for correlation analysis. Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of the case group after NSAID treatment were markedly lower than those before NSAID treatment. After treatment, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were markedly reduced, while IL-10 levels increased in the positively effective, effective, and moderately effective groups, and IL-12 levels decreased in the positively effective and effective groups. In addition, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were correlated with a greater number in the efficacy indexes and clinical parameters, followed by IL-10 levels, while the levels of IL-17 and IL-12 had relatively weaker correlations with these indexes and parameters. Conclusion: NSAIDs could promote the clinical efficacy of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis by regulating serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- The Second Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an 710003, P.R. China
| | - Tuan-Mao Guo
- The Second Department of Orthopaedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang 712000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Joint, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, P.R. China
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Defauw P, Daminet S, Leisewitz A, Goddard A, Paepe D, Duchateau L, Schoeman J. Renal azotemia and associated clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with Babesia rossi infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoal haemoparasites of different Babesia species. Babesiosis is one of the most important globally extended and quickly spreading tick-borne infections of dogs. This comprehensive review gives an in-depth overview of Babesia species currently identified in dogs together with relevant vector tick species and their geographical distribution, life cycle and transmission of parasite. The main mechanisms in the pathogenesis of babesiosis are described and elucidated by recent literature overview. As Babesia infection causes a disease with very variable clinical manifestations, special attention is given to clinical signs, laboratory features and clinicopathological findings. The diagnosis of canine babesiosis by microscopy, serological and molecular methods is reviewed, together with recent advances in mass spectrometry based assays. Accurate detection and species recognition are important for the selection of the appropriate therapy, monitoring and prediction of the outcome of the disease. Finally, guidelines for the treatment and prevention of canine babesiosis are given.
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Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by several Babesia spp. which have different susceptebility to anti-protozoal drugs. A few drugs and drug combinations are used in the treatment of canine babesiosis often without complete parasite elimination leaving treated dogs as carriers which could relapse with clinical disease and also transmit infection further. Although the large form canine babesial species Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli and Babesia rossi are sensitive to the aromatic diamidines imidocarb dipropionate and diminazene aceturate, small form species such as Babesia gibsoni, Babesia conradae and Babesia vulpes (Theileria annae) are relatively resistant to these drugs and are treated with the combination of the hydroxynaphthoquinone atovaquone and the antibiotic azithromycin. Azithromycin and other antibiotics that have anti-protozoal properties target the apicoplast, a relict plastid found in protozoa, and exert a delayed death effect. The triple combination of clindamycin, diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate is also effective against B. gibsoni and used to treat atovaquone-resistant strains of this species. Novel drugs and the synergistic effects of drug combinations against Babesia infection should be explored further to find new treatments for canine babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Galán A, Mayer I, Rafaj RB, Bendelja K, Sušić V, Cerón JJ, Mrljak V. MCP-1, KC-like and IL-8 as critical mediators of pathogenesis caused by Babesia canis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190474. [PMID: 29304171 PMCID: PMC5756041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia canis is a tick-borne disease characterized by a host response that involves both cellular and humoral immunity. This study focuses on the secretion of cytokines Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Keratinocyte Chemotactic-like (KC-like), Interleukins (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18 and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) in babesiosis caused by Babesia canis upon treatment with Imizol®. We assessed time dependent changes in cytokine levels and tested whether these changes correlate with pathogenesis of the disease. Sixteen healthy dogs and 31 dogs infected with Babesia canis, of which 18 showed complications, were treated with Imizol®. One dog died during the study (3.2%). Longitudinal study was perfomed by monitoring dogs at the first day of presentation (day 1) and 6 days later (day 7). Our results show that higher MCP-1 levels on day 1 are positively associated with the occurrence of complications, (complicated vs. uncomplicated; p = 0.00016). A similar pattern was observed for KC-like on day 1 (p = 0.0326) and day 7 (p = 0.044). Moreover, babesiosis caused by B. canis produced a steady increase in IL-8 levels with a moderate to strong negative correlation with erythrocyte counts and hematocrit in uncomplicated diseased dogs only (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient rs = -0.582 and rs = -0.598 respectively). Like for MCP-1, KC-like levels also differed in complicated and uncomplicated diseased dogs on day 1 (p = 0.03236) and day 7 (p = 0.044). Furthermore, KC-like levels were strongly correlated with IL-8 levels (rs = 0.663-0.7) and non-segmented neutrophil counts (rs = 0.572-0.732) in both diseased groups. Analysis of ROC suggests the use of serum levels of MCP-1 and IL-7 as predictors of the occurrence of complications with an AUC of 0.906 and 0.896 respectively and linear combinations of MCP-1, KC-Like, IL-7 and GM-CSF with values up to AUC = 0.983. Cytokine cluster analysis presented in this study can contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of babesiosis and serve as a prognostic tool for the early detection of cases with highest likelihood of developing complications. Overall, our studies show that infection by B. canis elicits a cytokine pattern that is distinct from that observed with B. rossi, and that some of the inflammatory mediators can be useful to predict complications. Our results also suggest targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in babesiosis caused by B. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Galán
- ERA Chair project ''VetMedZg'', Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Mayer
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Velimir Sušić
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair project ''VetMedZg'', Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Milanović Z, Ilić A, Andrić JF, Radonjić V, Beletić A, Filipović MK. Acute-phase response in Babesia canis and Dirofilaria immitis co-infections in dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:907-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Richter KR, Nasr AN, Mexas AM. Cytokine Concentrations Measured by Multiplex Assays in Canine Peripheral Blood Samples. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:53-67. [PMID: 28812527 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817725388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are known to play important roles in a wide range of pathologic conditions spanning all organ systems in every species studied. As our knowledge of the physiology of individual cytokines expands and our ability to measure multiple cytokines in smaller biological samples increases, we gain more insight into the significance and function of each cytokine and the importance of cytokine networks. Previous studies that reported measurements of cytokine concentrations from serum or plasma in dogs with infectious, autoimmune, metabolic, endocrine, and neoplastic diseases yield an appreciation for the complexity of cytokine control and potential applications for cytokine measurements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of a variety of disease conditions. In this review, we highlight the benefits of multiplex cytokine analysis, summarize clinical and experimental reports that have used this technology in dogs, and discuss the strengths and limitations of data analysis for the interpretation of results in these studies. We describe how differences in technical acuity, data reporting tactics, statistical analysis, study population selection criteria, and cross-sectional experimental design methods may affect interpretation of results from this technology. We also suggest methods for analysis in future studies, such as reporting median fluorescence intensity values, analyzing the proportion of patients above population medians, and performing longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Richter
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Amirah N Nasr
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Angela M Mexas
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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46
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Kuleš J, Gotić J, Mrljak V, Barić Rafaj R. Alteration of haemostatic parameters in uncomplicated canine babesiosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rautenbach Y, Goddard A, Thompson PN, Mellanby RJ, Leisewitz AL. A flow cytometric assessment of the lymphocyte immunophenotypes in dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi. Vet Parasitol 2017; 241:26-34. [PMID: 28579026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Babesia infection requires both innate and acquired responses, including cell mediated- and humoral responses. The aims of this study were to investigate the variation in selected peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in dogs with virulent babesiosis at presentation and over time after treatment, and to determine whether these were correlated with the severity of clinical signs. Forty-four dogs naturally infected with B. rossi were studied and 5 healthy dogs were included as controls. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at admission, prior to any treatment, and at 24h and 48-72h. Leukocytes were incubated with canine specific, fluorochrome conjugated anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-B cell markers. Babesia-infected dogs were divided into complicated or uncomplicated groups on clinical grounds and in-house laboratory assays. The percentage CD3+ lymphocytes in the complicated group was lower compared to the controls (P=0.014) and uncomplicated group (P=0.007). The percentage CD4+ T lymphocytes in the complicated group was lower compared to the controls (P=0.027) and uncomplicated group (P=0.014). Both the complicated as well as the uncomplicated groups expressed a lower percentage CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to the control group (P<0.001 and P=0.005, respectively). The percentage B lymphocytes was higher in the complicated group at 48-72h. These findings could indicate the presence of a functional immune suppression secondary to increased apoptosis or redistribution of effector lymphocytes and/or a combination of other immune modulatory mechanisms induced by B. rossi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Rautenbach
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Crnogaj M, Cerón JJ, Šmit I, Kiš I, Gotić J, Brkljačić M, Matijatko V, Rubio CP, Kučer N, Mrljak V. Relation of antioxidant status at admission and disease severity and outcome in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis canis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:114. [PMID: 28438201 PMCID: PMC5402640 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine babesiosis is caused by species of the Babesia genus and has become an emerging disease worldwide. To the authors' knowledge there are no reports in which antioxidants have been analyzed in different presentations of canine babesiosis or in which the prognostic value of antioxidants has been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative stress could be related to the severity and outcome of canine babesiosis. For this purpose a profile consisting of four antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, catalase, total antioxidant status - TAS) and malondialdehyde - MDA as an oxidant biomarker (previously evaluated, here studied for comparative purposes) were evaluated in dogs with canine babesiosis of different clinical severity and outcomes. RESULTS The study was conducted with a sample of 40 dogs suffering from babesiosis (further divided into uncomplicated, one complication and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - MODS group) and 30 healthy dogs (control group). Additionally, the babesiosis group was divided according to the anaemia into non-anaemic, mildly anaemic, moderately anaemic and severely anaemic dogs. The results of our study showed significantly decreased SOD, catalase and TAS values in diseased dogs compared to controls, while there were no significant differences in GPx between these groups. Dogs that developed MODS showed lower activities of SOD and GPx and higher MDA values compared to dogs with uncomplicated babesiosis as well as with dogs that developed one complication. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and GPx were negatively correlated whereas MDA was positively correlated with the lethal outcome of the disease. Furthermore, this study detected more pronounced decrease in antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, GPx and catalase) in dogs with moderate anaemia compared to those with mild anaemia. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed changes in biomarkers related to the antioxidant status of dogs naturally infected with B. canis canis. These biomarkers could be used as indicators of disease severity and outcome in dogs suffering from babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Crnogaj
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iva Šmit
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kiš
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Brkljačić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nada Kučer
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kuleš J, Gotić J, Mrljak V, Barić Rafaj R. Blood markers of fibrinolysis and endothelial activation in canine babesiosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:82. [PMID: 28363279 PMCID: PMC5376283 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The disease can be clinically classified into uncomplicated and complicated forms. The aim of this study was to assess the level of endothelial activation and alterations in the fibrinolytic pathway during canine babesiosis. Results Blood samples were collected on the day of admission and on the 6th day after treatment with imidocarb propionate, from 30 dogs of various breeds and of both sexes with naturally occurring babesiosis caused by B. canis. In this prospective study, plasminogen activity was assessed using a chromogenic assay, and concentrations of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1), intercellular adhesive molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesive molecule-1 (VCAM-1), soluble urokinase receptor of plasminogen activator (suPAR), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), soluble thrombomodulin (TM) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were determined using a canine specific ELISA. Concentrations of TM, HMGB-1, VCAM-1 and suPAR were increased in dogs with babesiosis at admission compared to healthy dogs. After treatment, concentrations of TM were lower in infected dogs compared to healthy dogs. Dogs with babesiosis also had increased concentrations of TM, ICAM-1 and HMGB-1 and decreased plasminogen and PAI-1 at presentation compared to day 6 after treatment. Dogs with complicated babesiosis had higher concentrations of TM, HMGB1 and TAFI at admission compared to the 6th day. Conclusions Biomarkers of endothelial activation and fibrinolysis were altered in dogs with babesiosis. Further studies into their usefulness as biomarkers of disease severity or prognosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair team VetMedZg, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
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