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Gunn BM, McNamara RP, Wood L, Taylor S, Devadhasan A, Guo W, Das J, Nilsson A, Shurtleff A, Dubey S, Eichberg M, Suscovich TJ, Saphire EO, Lauffenburger D, Coller BA, Simon JK, Alter G. Antibodies against the Ebola virus soluble glycoprotein are associated with long-term vaccine-mediated protection of non-human primates. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112402. [PMID: 37061918 PMCID: PMC10576837 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2013 Ebola epidemic in Central and West Africa heralded the emergence of wide-spread, highly pathogenic viruses. The successful recombinant vector vaccine against Ebola (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) will limit future outbreaks, but identifying mechanisms of protection is essential to protect the most vulnerable. Vaccine-induced antibodies are key determinants of vaccine efficacy, yet the mechanism by which vaccine-induced antibodies prevent Ebola infection remains elusive. Here, we exploit a break in long-term vaccine efficacy in non-human primates to identify predictors of protection. Using unbiased humoral profiling that captures neutralization and Fc-mediated functions, we find that antibodies specific for soluble glycoprotein (sGP) drive neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and predict vaccine-mediated protection. Similarly, we show that protective sGP-specific monoclonal antibodies have elevated neutrophil-mediated phagocytic activity compared with non-protective antibodies, highlighting the importance of sGP in vaccine protection and monoclonal antibody therapeutics against Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lianna Wood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabian Taylor
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Wenyu Guo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avlant Nilsson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Shurtleff
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Downs I, Johnson JC, Rossi F, Dyer D, Saunders DL, Twenhafel NA, Esham HL, Pratt WD, Trefry J, Zumbrun E, Facemire PR, Johnston SC, Tompkins EL, Jansen NK, Honko A, Cardile AP. Natural History of Aerosol-Induced Ebola Virus Disease in Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112297. [PMID: 34835103 PMCID: PMC8619410 DOI: 10.3390/v13112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious global health concern because case fatality rates are approximately 50% due to recent widespread outbreaks in Africa. Well-defined nonhuman primate (NHP) models for different routes of Ebola virus exposure are needed to test the efficacy of candidate countermeasures. In this natural history study, four rhesus macaques were challenged via aerosol with a target titer of 1000 plaque-forming units per milliliter of Ebola virus. The course of disease was split into the following stages for descriptive purposes: subclinical, clinical, and decompensated. During the subclinical stage, high levels of venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide led to respiratory acidemia in three of four of the NHPs, and all developed lymphopenia. During the clinical stage, all animals had fever, viremia, and respiratory alkalosis. The decompensatory stage involved coagulopathy, cytokine storm, and liver and renal injury. These events were followed by hypotension, elevated lactate, metabolic acidemia, shock and mortality similar to historic intramuscular challenge studies. Viral loads in the lungs of aerosol-exposed animals were not distinctly different compared to previous intramuscularly challenged studies. Differences in the aerosol model, compared to intramuscular model, include an extended subclinical stage, shortened clinical stage, and general decompensated stage. Therefore, the shortened timeframe for clinical detection of the aerosol-induced disease can impair timely therapeutic administration. In summary, this nonhuman primate model of aerosol-induced EVD characterizes early disease markers and additional details to enable countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Downs
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-0369
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - David Dyer
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - David L. Saunders
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Nancy A. Twenhafel
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - William D. Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - John Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zumbrun
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Paul R. Facemire
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Sara C. Johnston
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Erin L. Tompkins
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Nathan K. Jansen
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Investigator at National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anthony P. Cardile
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
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Nonhuman primate to human immunobridging to infer the protective effect of an Ebola virus vaccine candidate. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:112. [PMID: 33335092 PMCID: PMC7747701 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proven challenging to conduct traditional efficacy trials for Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccines. In the absence of efficacy data, immunobridging is an approach to infer the likelihood of a vaccine protective effect, by translating vaccine immunogenicity in humans to a protective effect, using the relationship between vaccine immunogenicity and the desired outcome in a suitable animal model. We here propose to infer the protective effect of the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen with an 8-week interval in humans by immunobridging. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy data were obtained for Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimens using a fully lethal EBOV Kikwit challenge model in cynomolgus monkeys (nonhuman primates [NHP]). The association between EBOV neutralizing antibodies, glycoprotein (GP)-binding antibodies, and GP-reactive T cells and survival in NHP was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Binding antibodies against the EBOV surface GP were identified as the immune parameter with the strongest correlation to survival post EBOV challenge, and used to infer the predicted protective effect of the vaccine in humans using published data from phase I studies. The human vaccine-elicited EBOV GP-binding antibody levels are in a range associated with significant protection against mortality in NHP. Based on this immunobridging analysis, the EBOV GP-specific-binding antibody levels elicited by the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen in humans will likely provide protection against EBOV disease.
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Characterization of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Rhesus Monkeys for Development of EVD Therapeutics. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010092. [PMID: 31941095 PMCID: PMC7019527 DOI: 10.3390/v12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have highlighted the urgent need for approval of medical countermeasures for treatment and prevention of EBOV disease (EVD). Until recently, when successes were achieved in characterizing the efficacy of multiple experimental EVD therapeutics in humans, the only feasible way to obtain data regarding potential clinical benefits of candidate therapeutics was by conducting well-controlled animal studies. Nonclinical studies are likely to continue to be important tools for screening and development of new candidates with improved pharmacological properties. Here, we describe a natural history study to characterize the time course and order of progression of the disease manifestations of EVD in rhesus monkeys. In 12 rhesus monkeys exposed by the intramuscular route to 1000 plaque-forming units of EBOV, multiple endpoints were monitored for 28 days following exposure. The disease progressed rapidly with mortality events occurring 7–10 days after exposure. Key disease manifestations observed consistently across the infected animals included, but were not limited to, viremia, fever, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, lymphocytolysis, renal tubular necrosis with mineralization, and hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis.
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Espy N, Nagle E, Pfeffer B, Garcia K, Chitty AJ, Wiley M, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Bavari S, Warren T, Palacios G. T-705 induces lethal mutagenesis in Ebola and Marburg populations in macaques. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104529. [PMID: 31195019 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NA) disrupt RNA viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) function and fidelity for multiple viral families. The mechanism of action (MOA) of T-705 has been attributed alternatively or concurrently to chain termination and lethal mutagenesis depending on the viral species during in vitro studies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of T-705 on the viral population in non-human primates (NHPs) after challenge with Ebola virus (EBOV) or Marburg virus (MARV) to identify the predominant in vivo MOA. We used common virological assays in conjunction with deep sequencing to characterize T-705 effects. T-705 exhibited antiviral activity that was associated with a reduction in specific infectivity and an accumulation of low frequency nucleotide variants in plasma samples collected day 7 post infection. Stranded analysis of deep sequencing data to identify chain termination demonstrated no change in the transcriptional gradient in negative stranded viral reads and minimal changes in positive stranded viral reads in T-705 treated animals, questioning as a MOA in vivo. These findings indicate that lethal mutagenesis is a MOA of T-705 that may serve as an indication of therapeutic activity of NAs for evaluation in clinical settings. This study expands our understanding of MOAs of these compounds for the Filovirus family and provides further evidence that lethal mutagenesis could be a preponderant MOA for this class of therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Espy
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elyse Nagle
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brad Pfeffer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karla Garcia
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex J Chitty
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Travis Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA.
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Reisler RB, Zeng X, Schellhase CW, Bearss JJ, Warren TK, Trefry JC, Christopher GW, Kortepeter MG, Bavari S, Cardile AP. Ebola Virus Causes Intestinal Tract Architectural Disruption and Bacterial Invasion in Non-Human Primates. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100513. [PMID: 30241284 PMCID: PMC6213817 DOI: 10.3390/v10100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus (EBOV) outbreak, there was a significant concern raised about the potential for secondary bacterial infection originating from the gastrointestinal tract, which led to the empiric treatment of many patients with antibiotics. This retrospective pathology case series summarizes the gastrointestinal pathology observed in control animals in the rhesus EBOV-Kikwit intramuscular 1000 plaque forming unit infection model. All 31 Non-human primates (NHPs) exhibited lymphoid depletion of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) but the severity and the specific location of the depletion varied. Mesenteric lymphoid depletion and necrosis were present in 87% (27/31) of NHPs. There was mucosal barrier disruption of the intestinal tract with mucosal necrosis and/or ulceration most notably in the duodenum (16%), cecum (16%), and colon (29%). In the intestinal tract, hemorrhage was noted most frequently in the duodenum (52%) and colon (45%). There were focal areas of bacterial submucosal invasion in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in 9/31 (29%) of NHPs. Only 2/31 (6%) had evidence of pancreatic necrosis. One NHP (3%) experienced jejunal intussusception which may have been directly related to EBOV. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated EBOV antigen in CD68+ macrophage/monocytes and endothelial cells in areas of GI vascular injury or necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Reisler
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Christopher W Schellhase
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Travis K Warren
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John C Trefry
- Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - George W Christopher
- Joint Program Management Office, Medical Countermeasure Systems, 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Mark G Kortepeter
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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Fedewa G, Radoshitzky SR, Chī X, Dǒng L, Zeng X, Spear M, Strauli N, Ng M, Chandran K, Stenglein MD, Hernandez RD, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH, DeRisi JL. Ebola virus, but not Marburg virus, replicates efficiently and without required adaptation in snake cells. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey034. [PMID: 30524754 PMCID: PMC6277580 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case-fatality rate in humans. This disease is caused by four members of the filoviral genus Ebolavirus, including EBOV. The natural hosts reservoirs of ebolaviruses remain to be identified. Glycoprotein 2 of reptarenaviruses, known to infect only boa constrictors and pythons, is similar in sequence and structure to ebolaviral glycoprotein 2, suggesting that EBOV may be able to infect reptilian cells. Therefore, we serially passaged EBOV and a distantly related filovirus, Marburg virus (MARV), in boa constrictor JK cells and characterized viral infection/replication and mutational frequency by confocal imaging and sequencing. We observed that EBOV efficiently infected and replicated in JK cells, but MARV did not. In contrast to most cell lines, EBOV-infected JK cells did not result in an obvious cytopathic effect. Surprisingly, genomic characterization of serial-passaged EBOV in JK cells revealed that genomic adaptation was not required for infection. Deep sequencing coverage (>10,000×) demonstrated the existence of only a single nonsynonymous variant (EBOV glycoprotein precursor pre-GP T544I) of unknown significance within the viral population that exhibited a shift in frequency of at least 10 per cent over six serial passages. In summary, we present the first reptilian cell line that replicates a filovirus at high titers, and for the first time demonstrate a filovirus genus-specific restriction to MARV in a cell line. Our data suggest the possibility that there may be differences between the natural host spectra of ebolaviruses and marburgviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Fedewa
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, Bioinformatics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiǎolì Chī
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lián Dǒng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Spear
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Strauli
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melinda Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan D Hernandez
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Callendret B, Vellinga J, Wunderlich K, Rodriguez A, Steigerwald R, Dirmeier U, Cheminay C, Volkmann A, Brasel T, Carrion R, Giavedoni LD, Patterson JL, Mire CE, Geisbert TW, Hooper JW, Weijtens M, Hartkoorn-Pasma J, Custers J, Grazia Pau M, Schuitemaker H, Zahn R. A prophylactic multivalent vaccine against different filovirus species is immunogenic and provides protection from lethal infections with Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus species in non-human primates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192312. [PMID: 29462200 PMCID: PMC5819775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a universal filovirus vaccine that provides protection against multiple filovirus species has been prompted by sporadic but highly lethal outbreaks of Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus infections. A good prophylactic vaccine should be able to provide protection to all known filovirus species and as an upside potentially protect from newly emerging virus strains. We investigated the immunogenicity and protection elicited by multivalent vaccines expressing glycoproteins (GP) from Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV) and Marburg virus (MARV). Immune responses against filovirus GP have been associated with protection from disease. The GP antigens were expressed by adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 (Ad26 and Ad35) and modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors, all selected for their strong immunogenicity and good safety profile. Using fully lethal NHP intramuscular challenge models, we assessed different vaccination regimens for immunogenicity and protection from filovirus disease. Heterologous multivalent Ad26-Ad35 prime-boost vaccination regimens could give full protection against MARV (range 75%-100% protection) and EBOV (range 50% to 100%) challenge, and partial protection (75%) against SUDV challenge. Heterologous multivalent Ad26-MVA prime-boost immunization gave full protection against EBOV challenge in a small cohort study. The use of such multivalent vaccines did not show overt immune interference in comparison with monovalent vaccines. Multivalent vaccines induced GP-specific antibody responses and cellular IFNγ responses to each GP expressed by the vaccine, and cross-reactivity to TAFV GP was detected in a trivalent vaccine expressing GP from EBOV, SUDV and MARV. In the EBOV challenge studies, higher humoral EBOV GP-specific immune responses (p = 0.0004) were associated with survival from EBOV challenge and less so for cellular immune responses (p = 0.0320). These results demonstrate that it is feasible to generate a multivalent filovirus vaccine that can protect against lethal infection by multiple members of the filovirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jort Vellinga
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Trevor Brasel
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jean L. Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chad E. Mire
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mo Weijtens
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
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Ruedas JB, Ladner JT, Ettinger CR, Gummuluru S, Palacios G, Connor JH. Spontaneous Mutation at Amino Acid 544 of the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Potentiates Virus Entry and Selection in Tissue Culture. J Virol 2017; 91:e00392-17. [PMID: 28539437 PMCID: PMC5651722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00392-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses have a surface glycoprotein (GP1,2) that is required for virus attachment and entry into cells. Mutations affecting GP1,2 functions can alter virus growth properties. We generated a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus Makona variant GP1,2 (rVSV-MAK-GP) and observed emergence of a T544I mutation in the Makona GP1,2 gene during tissue culture passage in certain cell lines. The T544I mutation emerged within two passages when VSV-MAK-GP was grown on Vero E6, Vero, and BS-C-1 cells but not when it was passaged on Huh7 and HepG2 cells. The mutation led to a marked increase in virus growth kinetics and conferred a robust growth advantage over wild-type rVSV-MAK-GP on Vero E6 cells. Analysis of complete viral genomes collected from patients in western Africa indicated that this mutation was not found in Ebola virus clinical samples. However, we observed the emergence of T544I during serial passage of various Ebola Makona isolates on Vero E6 cells. Three independent isolates showed emergence of T544I from undetectable levels in nonpassaged virus or virus passaged once to frequencies of greater than 60% within a single passage, consistent with it being a tissue culture adaptation. Intriguingly, T544I is not found in any Sudan, Bundibugyo, or Tai Forest ebolavirus sequences. Furthermore, T544I did not emerge when we serially passaged recombinant VSV encoding GP1,2 from these ebolaviruses. This report provides experimental evidence that the spontaneous mutation T544I is a tissue culture adaptation in certain cell lines and that it may be unique for the species Zaire ebolavirusIMPORTANCE The Ebola virus (Zaire) species is the most lethal species of all ebolaviruses in terms of mortality rate and number of deaths. Understanding how the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein functions to facilitate entry in cells is an area of intense research. Recently, three groups independently identified a polymorphism in the Ebola glycoprotein (I544) that enhanced virus entry, but they did not agree in their conclusions regarding its impact on pathogenesis. Our findings here address the origins of this polymorphism and provide experimental evidence showing that it is the result of a spontaneous mutation (T544I) specific to tissue culture conditions, suggesting that it has no role in pathogenesis. We further show that this mutation may be unique to the species Zaire ebolavirus, as it does not occur in Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Tai Forest ebolaviruses. Understanding the mechanism behind this mutation can provide insight into functional differences that exist in culture conditions and among ebolavirus glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Ruedas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chelsea R Ettinger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Multiplexed Metagenomic Deep Sequencing To Analyze the Composition of High-Priority Pathogen Reagents. mSystems 2016; 1:mSystems00058-16. [PMID: 27822544 PMCID: PMC5069959 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00058-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratories studying high-priority pathogens need comprehensive methods to confirm microbial species and strains while also detecting contamination. Metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) inventories nucleic acids present in laboratory stocks, providing an unbiased assessment of pathogen identity, the extent of genomic variation, and the presence of contaminants. Double-stranded cDNA MDS libraries were constructed from RNA extracted from in vitro-passaged stocks of six viruses (La Crosse virus, Ebola virus, canine distemper virus, measles virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus). Each library was dual indexed and pooled for sequencing. A custom bioinformatics pipeline determined the organisms present in each sample in a blinded fashion. Single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis identified viral isolates. We confirmed that (i) each sample contained the expected microbe, (ii) dual indexing of the samples minimized false assignments of individual sequences, (iii) multiple viral and bacterial contaminants were present, and (iv) SNV analysis of the viral genomes allowed precise identification of the viral isolates. MDS can be multiplexed to allow simultaneous and unbiased interrogation of mixed microbial cultures and (i) confirm pathogen identity, (ii) characterize the extent of genomic variation, (iii) confirm the cell line used for virus propagation, and (iv) assess for contaminating microbes. These assessments ensure the true composition of these high-priority reagents and generate a comprehensive database of microbial genomes studied in each facility. MDS can serve as an integral part of a pathogen-tracking program which in turn will enhance sample security and increase experimental rigor and precision. IMPORTANCE Both the integrity and reproducibility of experiments using select agents depend in large part on unbiased validation to ensure the correct identity and purity of the species in question. Metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) provides the required level of validation by allowing for an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of all the microbes in a laboratory stock.
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Validation of the Filovirus Plaque Assay for Use in Preclinical Studies. Viruses 2016; 8:113. [PMID: 27110807 PMCID: PMC4848606 DOI: 10.3390/v8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A plaque assay for quantitating filoviruses in virus stocks, prepared viral challenge inocula and samples from research animals has recently been fully characterized and standardized for use across multiple institutions performing Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) studies. After standardization studies were completed, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant plaque assay method validation studies to demonstrate suitability for reliable and reproducible measurement of the Marburg Virus Angola (MARV) variant and Ebola Virus Kikwit (EBOV) variant commenced at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The validation parameters tested included accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, stability of the virus stocks and system suitability. The MARV and EBOV assays were confirmed to be accurate to ±0.5 log10 PFU/mL. Repeatability precision, intermediate precision and reproducibility precision were sufficient to return viral titers with a coefficient of variation (%CV) of ≤30%, deemed acceptable variation for a cell-based bioassay. Intraclass correlation statistical techniques for the evaluation of the assay’s precision when the same plaques were quantitated by two analysts returned values passing the acceptance criteria, indicating high agreement between analysts. The assay was shown to be accurate and specific when run on Nonhuman Primates (NHP) serum and plasma samples diluted in plaque assay medium, with negligible matrix effects. Virus stocks demonstrated stability for freeze-thaw cycles typical of normal usage during assay retests. The results demonstrated that the EBOV and MARV plaque assays are accurate, precise and robust for filovirus titration in samples associated with the performance of GLP animal model studies.
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