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Downs I, Johnson JC, Rossi F, Dyer D, Saunders DL, Twenhafel NA, Esham HL, Pratt WD, Trefry J, Zumbrun E, Facemire PR, Johnston SC, Tompkins EL, Jansen NK, Honko A, Cardile AP. Natural History of Aerosol-Induced Ebola Virus Disease in Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112297. [PMID: 34835103 PMCID: PMC8619410 DOI: 10.3390/v13112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious global health concern because case fatality rates are approximately 50% due to recent widespread outbreaks in Africa. Well-defined nonhuman primate (NHP) models for different routes of Ebola virus exposure are needed to test the efficacy of candidate countermeasures. In this natural history study, four rhesus macaques were challenged via aerosol with a target titer of 1000 plaque-forming units per milliliter of Ebola virus. The course of disease was split into the following stages for descriptive purposes: subclinical, clinical, and decompensated. During the subclinical stage, high levels of venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide led to respiratory acidemia in three of four of the NHPs, and all developed lymphopenia. During the clinical stage, all animals had fever, viremia, and respiratory alkalosis. The decompensatory stage involved coagulopathy, cytokine storm, and liver and renal injury. These events were followed by hypotension, elevated lactate, metabolic acidemia, shock and mortality similar to historic intramuscular challenge studies. Viral loads in the lungs of aerosol-exposed animals were not distinctly different compared to previous intramuscularly challenged studies. Differences in the aerosol model, compared to intramuscular model, include an extended subclinical stage, shortened clinical stage, and general decompensated stage. Therefore, the shortened timeframe for clinical detection of the aerosol-induced disease can impair timely therapeutic administration. In summary, this nonhuman primate model of aerosol-induced EVD characterizes early disease markers and additional details to enable countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Downs
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-0369
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - David Dyer
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - David L. Saunders
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Nancy A. Twenhafel
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - William D. Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - John Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zumbrun
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Paul R. Facemire
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Sara C. Johnston
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Erin L. Tompkins
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Nathan K. Jansen
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
- Investigator at National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anthony P. Cardile
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (F.R.); (D.D.); (D.L.S.); (N.A.T.); (H.L.E.); (W.D.P.); (J.T.); (E.Z.); (P.R.F.); (S.C.J.); (E.L.T.); (N.K.J.); (A.H.); (A.P.C.)
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Blair PW, Kortepeter MG, Downey LG, Madar CS, Downs IL, Martins KA, Rossi F, Williams JA, Madar A, Schellhase CW, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Bavari S, Soloveva V, Wells JB, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Vantongeren SA, Donnelly GC, Steffens J, Kalapaca J, Wiseman P, Henry J, Marko S, Chappell M, Lugo-Roman L, Ramos-Rivera E, Hofer C, Blue E, Moore J, Fiallos J, Wetzel D, Pratt WD, Unangst T, Miller A, Sola JJ, Reisler RB, Cardile AP. Intensive Care Unit-Like Care of Nonhuman Primates with Ebola Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:632-642. [PMID: 33367826 PMCID: PMC8366444 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) supportive care strategies are largely guided by retrospective observational research. This study investigated the effect of EVD supportive care algorithms on duration of survival in a controlled nonhuman primate (NHP) model. METHODS Fourteen rhesus macaques were challenged intramuscularly with a target dose of Ebola virus (1000 plaque-forming units; Kikwit). NHPs were allocated to intensive care unit (ICU)-like algorithms (n = 7), intravenous fluids plus levofloxacin (n = 2), or a control group (n = 5). The primary outcome measure was duration of survival, and secondary outcomes included changes in clinical laboratory values. RESULTS Duration of survival was not significantly different between the pooled ICU-like algorithm and control groups (8.2 vs 6.9 days of survival; hazard ratio; 0.50; P = .25). Norepinephrine was effective in transiently maintaining baseline blood pressure. NHPs treated with ICU-like algorithms had delayed onset of liver and kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS While an obvious survival difference was not observed with ICU-like care, clinical observations from this model may aid in EVD supportive care NHP model refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Blair
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lydia G Downey
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Isaac L Downs
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen A Martins
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Annie Madar
- Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Edge BioInnovation Consulting and Management, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay B Wells
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly S Stuthman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean A Vantongeren
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ginger C Donnelly
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Kalapaca
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Perry Wiseman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Henry
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shannon Marko
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Chappell
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Lugo-Roman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elliot Ramos-Rivera
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Hofer
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene Blue
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Moore
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy Fiallos
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Darrel Wetzel
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Pratt
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tami Unangst
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adele Miller
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Sola
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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3
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Haddow AD, Perez-Sautu U, Wiley MR, Miller LJ, Kimmel AE, Principe LM, Wollen-Roberts SE, Shamblin JD, Valdez SM, Cazares LH, Pratt WD, Rossi FD, Lugo-Roman L, Bavari S, Palacios GF, Nalca A, Nasar F, Pitt MLM. Modeling mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus in an enzootic host, the African green monkey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008107. [PMID: 32569276 PMCID: PMC7343349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV), a TORCH pathogen, recently initiated a series of large epidemics throughout the Tropics. Animal models are necessary to determine transmission risk and study pathogenesis, as well screen antivirals and vaccine candidates. In this study, we modeled mosquito and sexual transmission of ZIKV in the African green monkey (AGM). Following subcutaneous, intravaginal or intrarectal inoculation of AGMs with ZIKV, we determined the transmission potential and infection dynamics of the virus. AGMs inoculated by all three transmission routes exhibited viremia and viral shedding followed by strong virus neutralizing antibody responses, in the absence of clinical illness. All four of the subcutaneously inoculated AGMs became infected (mean peak viremia: 2.9 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 4.3 days) and vRNA was detected in their oral swabs, with infectious virus being detected in a subset of these specimens. Although all four of the intravaginally inoculated AGMs developed virus neutralizing antibody responses, only three had detectable viremia (mean peak viremia: 4.0 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 3.0 days). These three AGMs also had vRNA and infectious virus detected in both oral and vaginal swabs. Two of the four intrarectally inoculated AGMs became infected (mean peak viremia: 3.8 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 3.5 days). vRNA was detected in oral swabs collected from both of these infected AGMs, and infectious virus was detected in an oral swab from one of these AGMs. Notably, vRNA and infectious virus were detected in vaginal swabs collected from the infected female AGM (peak viral load: 7.5 log10 copies/mL, peak titer: 3.8 log10 PFU/mL, range of detection: 5–21 days post infection). Abnormal clinical chemistry and hematology results were detected and acute lymphadenopathy was observed in some AGMs. Infection dynamics in all three AGM ZIKV models are similar to those reported in the majority of human ZIKV infections. Our results indicate that the AGM can be used as a surrogate to model mosquito or sexual ZIKV transmission and infection. Furthermore, our results suggest that AGMs are likely involved in the enzootic maintenance and amplification cycle of ZIKV. Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily maintained in an enzootic cycle involving nonhuman primates and mosquitoes, with epizootics and epidemics occurring when the virus is introduced into naïve populations of nonhuman primates or humans, respectively. While, the primary transmission mechanism of the virus is by the bite on an infected mosquito, ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. In an effort to develop novel animal models to study ZIKV disease, and to better understand the role of nonhuman primates as amplification and maintenance hosts of ZIKV in nature, we modeled mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of ZIKV in the enzootic host, the African green monkey (AGM). Infection dynamics and neutralizing antibody responses in all three AGM ZIKV models (subcutaneous, intravaginal and intrarectal) in the absence of clinical illness–recapitulated reported generalized human disease course. Furthermore, we detected prolonged shedding with high viral loads and infectious virus in the vaginal swabs collected from an infected female AGM inoculated intrarectally. Notably, these results support limited human clinical evidence that ZIKV transmission can occur during female-to-male vaginal sexual acts, and furthermore indicate the existence of ZIKV super-spreaders. Finally, our results indicate sexual transmission of ZIKV could occur among infected nonhuman primates (e.g. Chlorocebus spp.) in Africa and may serve as a secondary transmission and maintenance mechanism in the absence of mosquito-to-nonhuman primate transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Haddow
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Unai Perez-Sautu
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn J. Miller
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Kimmel
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucia M. Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Wollen-Roberts
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Valdez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa H. Cazares
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William D. Pratt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis Lugo-Roman
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Louise M. Pitt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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4
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Downs IL, Shaia CI, Zeng X, Johnson JC, Hensley L, Saunders DL, Rossi F, Cashman KA, Esham HL, Gregory MK, Pratt WD, Trefry JC, Everson KA, Larcom CB, Okwesili AC, Cardile AP, Honko A. Natural History of Aerosol Induced Lassa Fever in Non‑Human Primates. Viruses 2020; 12:E593. [PMID: 32485952 PMCID: PMC7354473 DOI: 10.3390/v12060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), an arenavirus causing Lassa fever, is endemic to West Africa with up to 300,000 cases and between 5000 and 10,000 deaths per year. Rarely seen in the United States, Lassa virus is a CDC category A biological agent inasmuch deliberate aerosol exposure can have high mortality rates compared to naturally acquired infection. With the need for an animal model, specific countermeasures remain elusive as there is no FDA-approved vaccine. This natural history of aerosolized Lassa virus exposure in Macaca fascicularis was studied under continuous telemetric surveillance. The macaque response to challenge was largely analogous to severe human disease with fever, tachycardia, hypotension, and tachypnea. During initial observations, an increase trend of activated monocytes positive for viral glycoprotein was accompanied by lymphocytopenia. Disease uniformly progressed to high viremia followed by low anion gap, alkalosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Hypoproteinemia occurred late in infection followed by increased levels of white blood cells, cytokines, chemokines, and biochemical markers of liver injury. Viral nucleic acids were detected in tissues of three non‑survivors at endpoint, but not in the lone survivor. This study provides useful details to benchmark a pivotal model of Lassa fever in support of medical countermeasure development for both endemic disease and traditional biodefense purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac L. Downs
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Carl I. Shaia
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David L. Saunders
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Kathleen A. Cashman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Melissa K. Gregory
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - William D. Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - John C. Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Kyle A. Everson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Charles B. Larcom
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA;
| | - Arthur C. Okwesili
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Anthony P. Cardile
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (I.L.D.); (C.I.S.); (X.Z.); (J.C.J.); (L.H.); (D.L.S.); (F.R.); (K.A.C.); (H.L.E.); (M.K.G.); (W.D.P.); (J.C.T.); (K.A.E.); (A.C.O.); (A.H.)
- Investigator at National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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5
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Pascal KE, Dudgeon D, Trefry JC, Anantpadma M, Sakurai Y, Murin CD, Turner HL, Fairhurst J, Torres M, Rafique A, Yan Y, Badithe A, Yu K, Potocky T, Bixler SL, Chance TB, Pratt WD, Rossi FD, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Zelko JM, Carrion R, Worwa G, Staples HM, Burakov D, Babb R, Chen G, Martin J, Huang TT, Erlandson K, Willis MS, Armstrong K, Dreier TM, Ward AB, Davey RA, Pitt MLM, Lipsich L, Mason P, Olson W, Stahl N, Kyratsous CA. Development of Clinical-Stage Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Treat Advanced Ebola Virus Disease in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S612-S626. [PMID: 29860496 PMCID: PMC6249601 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For most classes of drugs, rapid development of therapeutics to treat emerging infections is challenged by the timelines needed to identify compounds with the desired efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide an attractive method to overcome many of these hurdles to rapidly produce therapeutics for emerging diseases. Methods In this study, we deployed a platform to generate, test, and develop fully human antibodies to Zaire ebolavirus. We obtained specific anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies by immunizing VelocImmune mice that use human immunoglobulin variable regions in their humoral responses. Results Of the antibody clones isolated, 3 were selected as best at neutralizing EBOV and triggering FcγRIIIa. Binding studies and negative-stain electron microscopy revealed that the 3 selected antibodies bind to non-overlapping epitopes, including a potentially new protective epitope not targeted by other antibody-based treatments. When combined, a single dose of a cocktail of the 3 antibodies protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) from EBOV disease even after disease symptoms were apparent. Conclusions This antibody cocktail provides complementary mechanisms of actions, incorporates novel specificities, and demonstrates high-level postexposure protection from lethal EBOV disease in NHPs. It is now undergoing testing in normal healthy volunteers in preparation for potential use in future Ebola epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | - Ying Yan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ashok Badithe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Kevin Yu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Terra Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Franco D Rossi
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Justine M Zelko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Hilary M Staples
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Darya Burakov
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Robert Babb
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Joel Martin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Tammy T Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Karl Erlandson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Melissa S Willis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Kimberly Armstrong
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas M Dreier
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Margaret L M Pitt
- Office of the Commander, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Leah Lipsich
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Peter Mason
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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6
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Speranza E, Bixler SL, Altamura LA, Arnold CE, Pratt WD, Taylor-Howell C, Burrows C, Aguilar W, Rossi F, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Zelko JM, Minogue T, Nagle E, Palacios G, Goff AJ, Connor JH. A conserved transcriptional response to intranasal Ebola virus exposure in nonhuman primates prior to onset of fever. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/434/eaaq1016. [PMID: 29593102 PMCID: PMC9986849 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD), caused by Ebola virus (EBOV), is a severe illness characterized by case fatality rates of up to 90%. The sporadic nature of outbreaks in resource-limited areas has hindered the ability to characterize the pathogenesis of EVD at all stages of infection but particularly early host responses. Pathogenesis is often studied in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of disease that replicate major aspects of human EVD. Typically, NHP models use a large infectious dose, are carried out through intramuscular or aerosol exposure, and have a fairly uniform disease course. By contrast, we report our analysis of the host response to EBOV after intranasal exposure. Twelve cynomolgus macaques were infected with 100 plaque-forming units of EBOV/Makona through intranasal exposure and presented with varying times to onset of EVD. We used RNA sequencing and a newly developed NanoString CodeSet to monitor the host response via changes in RNA transcripts over time. When individual animal gene expression data were phased based on the onset of sustained fever, the first clinical sign of severe disease, mathematical models indicated that interferon-stimulated genes appeared as early as 4 days before fever onset. This demonstrates that lethal EVD has a uniform and predictable response to infection regardless of time to onset. Furthermore, expression of a subset of genes could predict disease development before other host-based indications of infection such as fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis A Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Catherine E Arnold
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cheryl Taylor-Howell
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christina Burrows
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William Aguilar
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Justine M Zelko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elyse Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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7
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Haddow AD, Nalca A, Rossi FD, Miller LJ, Wiley MR, Perez-Sautu U, Washington SC, Norris SL, Wollen-Roberts SE, Shamblin JD, Kimmel AE, Bloomfield HA, Valdez SM, Sprague TR, Principe LM, Bellanca SA, Cinkovich SS, Lugo-Roman L, Cazares LH, Pratt WD, Palacios GF, Bavari S, Pitt ML, Nasar F. High Infection Rates for Adult Macaques after Intravaginal or Intrarectal Inoculation with Zika Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1274-1281. [PMID: 28548637 PMCID: PMC5547779 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected sexual intercourse between persons residing in or traveling from regions with Zika virus transmission is a risk factor for infection. To model risk for infection after sexual intercourse, we inoculated rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with Zika virus by intravaginal or intrarectal routes. In macaques inoculated intravaginally, we detected viremia and virus RNA in 50% of macaques, followed by seroconversion. In macaques inoculated intrarectally, we detected viremia, virus RNA, or both, in 100% of both species, followed by seroconversion. The magnitude and duration of infectious virus in the blood of macaques suggest humans infected with Zika virus through sexual transmission will likely generate viremias sufficient to infect competent mosquito vectors. Our results indicate that transmission of Zika virus by sexual intercourse might serve as a virus maintenance mechanism in the absence of mosquito-to-human transmission and could increase the probability of establishment and spread of Zika virus in regions where this virus is not present.
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8
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Lehrer AT, Wong TAS, Lieberman MM, Humphreys T, Clements DE, Bakken RR, Hart MK, Pratt WD, Dye JM. Recombinant proteins of Zaire ebolavirus induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses and protect against live virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2017; 36:3090-3100. [PMID: 28216187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infections with filoviruses in humans are highly virulent, causing hemorrhagic fevers which result in up to 90% mortality. In addition to natural infections, the ability to use these viruses as bioterrorist weapons is of significant concern. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available to combat these infections. The pathogenesis of disease involves the dysregulation of the host's immune system, which results in impairment of the innate and adaptive immune responses, with subsequent development of lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, and death. Questions remain with regard to the few survivors of infection, who manage to mount an effective adaptive immune response. These questions concern the humoral and cellular components of this response, and whether such a response can be elicited by an appropriate prophylactic vaccine. The data reported herein describe the production and evaluation of a recombinant subunit Ebola virus vaccine candidate consisting of insect cell expressed Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) surface glycoprotein (GP) and the matrix proteins VP24 and VP40. The recombinant subunit proteins are shown to be highly immunogenic in mice, yielding both humoral and cellular responses, as well as highly efficacious, providing up to 100% protection against a lethal challenge with live virus. These results demonstrate proof of concept for such a recombinant non-replicating vaccine candidate in the mouse model of EBOV which helps to elucidate immune correlates of protection and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T Lehrer
- PanThera Biopharma, LLC, Aiea, HI 96701, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | - Russell R Bakken
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mary Kate Hart
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - William D Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - John M Dye
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
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9
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Ewers EC, Pratt WD, Twenhafel NA, Shamblin J, Donnelly G, Esham H, Wlazlowski C, Johnson JC, Botto M, Hensley LE, Goff AJ. Natural History of Aerosol Exposure with Marburg Virus in Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 27043611 PMCID: PMC4848582 DOI: 10.3390/v8040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus causes severe and often lethal viral disease in humans, and there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical countermeasures. The sporadic occurrence of Marburg outbreaks does not allow for evaluation of countermeasures in humans, so therapeutic and vaccine candidates can only be approved through the FDA animal rule—a mechanism requiring well-characterized animal models in which efficacy would be evaluated. Here, we describe a natural history study where rhesus macaques were surgically implanted with telemetry devices and central venous catheters prior to aerosol exposure with Marburg-Angola virus, enabling continuous physiologic monitoring and blood sampling without anesthesia. After a three to four day incubation period, all animals developed fever, viremia, and lymphopenia before developing tachycardia, tachypnea, elevated liver enzymes, decreased liver function, azotemia, elevated D-dimer levels and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a systemic inflammatory response with organ failure. The final, terminal period began with the onset of sustained hypotension, dehydration progressed with signs of major organ hypoperfusion (hyperlactatemia, acute kidney injury, hypothermia), and ended with euthanasia or death. The most significant pathologic findings were marked infection of the respiratory lymphoid tissue with destruction of the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, and severe diffuse infection in the liver, and splenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Ewers
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA.
| | - William D Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nancy A Twenhafel
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA.
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ginger Donnelly
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Heather Esham
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Carly Wlazlowski
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua C Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Miriam Botto
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA.
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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10
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Trefry JC, Wollen SE, Nasar F, Shamblin JD, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Jefferson MA, Chance TB, Kugelman JR, Ladner JT, Honko AN, Kobs DJ, Wending MQS, Sabourin CL, Pratt WD, Palacios GF, Pitt MLM. Ebola Virus Infections in Nonhuman Primates Are Temporally Influenced by Glycoprotein Poly-U Editing Site Populations in the Exposure Material. Viruses 2015; 7:6739-54. [PMID: 26703716 PMCID: PMC4690892 DOI: 10.3390/v7122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimentation with the variants of the Ebola virus that differ in the glycoprotein's poly-uridine site, which dictates the form of glycoprotein produced through a transcriptional stutter, has resulted in questions regarding the pathogenicity and lethality of the stocks used to develop products currently undergoing human clinical trials to combat the disease. In order to address these concerns and prevent the delay of these critical research programs, we designed an experiment that permitted us to intramuscularly challenge statistically significant numbers of naïve and vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with either a 7U or 8U variant of the Ebola virus, Kikwit isolate. In naïve animals, no difference in survivorship was observed; however, there was a significant delay in the disease course between the two groups. Significant differences were also observed in time-of-fever, serum chemistry, and hematology. In vaccinated animals, there was no statistical difference in survivorship between either challenge groups, with two succumbing in the 7U group compared to 1 in the 8U challenge group. In summary, survivorship was not affected, but the Ebola virus disease course in nonhuman primates is temporally influenced by glycoprotein poly-U editing site populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven J Kern
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michelle A Jefferson
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffery R Kugelman
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anna N Honko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dean J Kobs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | | | - Carol L Sabourin
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - M Louise M Pitt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Warren TK, Trefry JC, Marko ST, Chance TB, Wells JB, Pratt WD, Johnson JC, Mucker EM, Norris SL, Chappell M, Dye JM, Honko AN. Euthanasia assessment in ebola virus infected nonhuman primates. Viruses 2014; 6:4666-82. [PMID: 25421892 PMCID: PMC4246243 DOI: 10.3390/v6114666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple products are being developed for use against filoviral infections. Efficacy for these products will likely be demonstrated in nonhuman primate models of filoviral disease to satisfy licensure requirements under the Animal Rule, or to supplement human data. Typically, the endpoint for efficacy assessment will be survival following challenge; however, there exists no standardized approach for assessing the health or euthanasia criteria for filovirus-exposed nonhuman primates. Consideration of objective criteria is important to (a) ensure test subjects are euthanized without unnecessary distress; (b) enhance the likelihood that animals exhibiting mild or moderate signs of disease are not prematurely euthanized; (c) minimize the occurrence of spontaneous deaths and loss of end-stage samples; (d) enhance the reproducibility of experiments between different researchers; and (e) provide a defensible rationale for euthanasia decisions that withstands regulatory scrutiny. Historic records were compiled for 58 surviving and non-surviving monkeys exposed to Ebola virus at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Clinical pathology parameters were statistically analyzed and those exhibiting predicative value for survival are reported. These findings may be useful for standardization of objective euthanasia assessments in rhesus monkeys exposed to Ebola virus and may serve as a useful approach for other standardization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis K Warren
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John C Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Shannon T Marko
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Taylor B Chance
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jay B Wells
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - William D Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua C Johnson
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Eric M Mucker
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sarah L Norris
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Mark Chappell
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John M Dye
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anna N Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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12
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Twenhafel NA, Mattix ME, Johnson JC, Robinson CG, Pratt WD, Cashman KA, Wahl-Jensen V, Terry C, Olinger GG, Hensley LE, Honko AN. Pathology of experimental aerosol Zaire ebolavirus infection in rhesus macaques. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:514-29. [PMID: 23262834 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812469636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge of the pathogenesis of human ebolavirus infections and no reported human cases acquired by the aerosol route. There is a threat of ebolavirus as an aerosolized biological weapon, and this study evaluated the pathogenesis of aerosol infection in 18 rhesus macaques. Important and unique findings include early infection of the respiratory lymphoid tissues, early fibrin deposition in the splenic white pulp, and perivasculitis and vasculitis in superficial dermal blood vessels of haired skin with rash. Initial infection occurred in the respiratory lymphoid tissues, fibroblastic reticular cells, dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, and blood monocytes. Virus spread to regional lymph nodes, where significant viral replication occurred. Virus secondarily infected many additional blood monocytes and spread from the respiratory tissues to multiple organs, including the liver and spleen. Viremia, increased temperature, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and hypoalbuminemia were measurable mid to late infection. Infection progressed rapidly with whole-body destruction of lymphoid tissues, hepatic necrosis, vasculitis, hemorrhage, and extravascular fibrin accumulation. Hypothermia and thrombocytopenia were noted in late stages with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock. This study provides unprecedented insight into pathogenesis of human aerosol Zaire ebolavirus infection and suggests development of a medical countermeasure to aerosol infection will be a great challenge due to massive early infection of respiratory lymphoid tissues. Rhesus macaques may be used as a model of aerosol infection that will allow the development of lifesaving medical countermeasures under the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Twenhafel
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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13
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Pratt WD, Wang D, Nichols DK, Luo M, Woraratanadharm J, Dye JM, Holman DH, Dong JY. Protection of nonhuman primates against two species of Ebola virus infection with a single complex adenovirus vector. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17:572-81. [PMID: 20181765 PMCID: PMC2849326 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00467-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ebola viruses are highly pathogenic viruses that cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. To meet the need for a vaccine against the several types of Ebola viruses that cause human diseases, we developed a multivalent vaccine candidate (EBO7) that expresses the glycoproteins of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) in a single complex adenovirus-based vector (CAdVax). We evaluated our vaccine in nonhuman primates against the parenteral and aerosol routes of lethal challenge. EBO7 vaccine provided protection against both Ebola viruses by either route of infection. Significantly, protection against SEBOV given as an aerosol challenge, which has not previously been shown, could be achieved with a boosting vaccination. These results demonstrate the feasibility of creating a robust, multivalent Ebola virus vaccine that would be effective in the event of a natural virus outbreak or biological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Pratt
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The Filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus are among the deadliest of human pathogens, causing fulminant hemorrhagic fevers typified by overmatched specific immune responses and profuse inflammatory responses. Keys to both vaccination and treatment may reside, first, in the understanding of immune dysfunctions that parallel Filoviral disease and, second, in devising ways to redirect and restore normal immune function as well as to mitigate inflammation. Here, we describe how Filoviral infections may subvert innate immune responses through perturbances of dendritic cells and neutrophils, with particular emphasis on the downstream effects on adaptive immunity and inflammation. We suggest that pivotal events may be subject to therapeutic intervention as Filoviruses encounter immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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15
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Mohamadzadeh M, Coberley SS, Olinger GG, Kalina WV, Ruthel G, Fuller CL, Swenson DL, Pratt WD, Kuhns DB, Schmaljohn AL. Activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 on human neutrophils by marburg and ebola viruses. J Virol 2006; 80:7235-44. [PMID: 16809329 PMCID: PMC1489070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00543-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV), members of the viral family Filoviridae, cause fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and nonhuman primates. High viral burden is coincident with inadequate adaptive immune responses and robust inflammatory responses, and virus-mediated dysregulation of early host defenses has been proposed. Recently, a novel class of innate receptors called the triggering receptors expressed in myeloid cells (TREM) has been discovered and shown to play an important role in innate inflammatory responses and sepsis. Here, we report that MARV and EBOV activate TREM-1 on human neutrophils, resulting in DAP12 phosphorylation, TREM-1 shedding, mobilization of intracellular calcium, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and phenotypic changes. A peptide specific to TREM-1 diminished the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha by filovirus-activated human neutrophils in vitro, and a soluble recombinant TREM-1 competitively inhibited the loss of cell surface TREM-1 that otherwise occurred on neutrophils exposed to filoviruses. These data imply direct activation of TREM-1 by filoviruses and also indicate that neutrophils may play a prominent role in the immune and inflammatory responses to filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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16
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Wang D, Raja NU, Trubey CM, Juompan LY, Luo M, Woraratanadharm J, Deitz SB, Yu H, Swain BM, Moore KM, Pratt WD, Hart MK, Dong JY. Development of a cAdVax-based bivalent ebola virus vaccine that induces immune responses against both the Sudan and Zaire species of Ebola virus. J Virol 2006; 80:2738-46. [PMID: 16501083 PMCID: PMC1395467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2738-2746.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever for which there are currently no vaccines or effective treatments. While lethal human outbreaks have so far been restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, the potential exploitation of EBOV as a biological weapon cannot be ignored. Two species of EBOV, Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) and Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), have been responsible for all of the deadly human outbreaks resulting from this virus. Therefore, it is important to develop a vaccine that can prevent infection by both lethal species. Here, we describe the bivalent cAdVaxE(GPs/z) vaccine, which includes the SEBOV glycoprotein (GP) and ZEBOV GP genes together in a single complex adenovirus-based vaccine (cAdVax) vector. Vaccination of mice with the bivalent cAdVaxE(GPs/z) vaccine led to efficient induction of EBOV-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to both species of EBOV. In addition, the cAdVax technology demonstrated induction of a 100% protective immune response in mice, as all vaccinated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice survived challenge with a lethal dose of ZEBOV (30,000 times the 50% lethal dose). This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of a bivalent EBOV vaccine based on a cAdVax vaccine vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danher Wang
- Division of Biodefense Vaccines, GenPhar, Inc., 871 Lowcountry Blvd., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 29464, USA
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17
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Warfield KL, Swenson DL, Olinger GG, Nichols DK, Pratt WD, Blouch R, Stein DA, Aman MJ, Iversen PL, Bavari S. Gene-specific countermeasures against Ebola virus based on antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e1. [PMID: 16415982 PMCID: PMC1326218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus (EBOV) quickly outpace host immune responses and cause hemorrhagic fever, resulting in case fatality rates as high as 90% in humans and nearly 100% in nonhuman primates. The development of an effective therapeutic for EBOV is a daunting public health challenge and is hampered by a paucity of knowledge regarding filovirus pathogenesis. This report describes a successful strategy for interfering with EBOV infection using antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs). A combination of EBOV-specific PMOs targeting sequences of viral mRNAs for the viral proteins (VPs) VP24, VP35, and RNA polymerase L protected rodents in both pre- and post-exposure therapeutic regimens. In a prophylactic proof-of-principal trial, the PMOs also protected 75% of rhesus macaques from lethal EBOV infection. The work described here may contribute to development of designer, “druggable” countermeasures for filoviruses and other microbial pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever that results in up to 50%–90% mortality in humans. There are currently no available vaccines or therapeutics to treat EBOV infection. To date, multiple pre- and post-exposure therapeutic strategies, primarily focused on bolstering the host immune response or inhibiting viral replication, have been undertaken with limited success. Here, Bavari and colleagues report the development of a successful therapeutic regimen for EBOV infection based on antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs). PMOs are a subclass of chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides that interfere with the translation of viral mRNA, thus inhibiting viral amplification. Using a cell-free translation system, a cell-based assay, and survival studies in rodents, we identified several efficacious EBOV-specific PMOs. Further, prophylactic administration of a combination of three EBOV-specific PMOs specifically targeting VP24, VP35, and the viral polymerase L protected rhesus macaques from lethal EBOV infection. This is the first successful antiviral intervention against filoviruses in nonhuman primates. These findings may serve as the basis for a new strategy to quickly develop virus-specific therapies in defense against known, emerging, and genetically engineered bioterrorism threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Warfield
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dana L Swenson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gene G Olinger
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald K Nichols
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William D Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Blouch
- AVI BioPharma, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David A Stein
- AVI BioPharma, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - M. Javad Aman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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18
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Wang D, Schmaljohn AL, Raja NU, Trubey CM, Juompan LY, Luo M, Deitz SB, Yu H, Woraratanadharm J, Holman DH, Moore KM, Swain BM, Pratt WD, Dong JY. De novo syntheses of Marburg virus antigens from adenovirus vectors induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccine 2005; 24:2975-86. [PMID: 16530297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is an African filovirus that causes a deadly hemorrhagic fever in humans, with up to 90% mortality. Currently, there are no MARV vaccines or therapies approved for human use. We hypothesized that developing a vaccine that induces a de novo synthesis of MARV antigens in vivo will lead to strong induction of both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response against MARV. Here, we develop and characterize three novel gene-based vaccine candidates which express the viral glycoprotein (GP) from either the Ci67, Ravn or Musoke strain of MARV. Immunization of mice with complex adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine candidates (cAdVax vaccines), led to efficient production of both antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific to Musoke strain GP and Ci67 strain GP, respectively. Antibody responses were also shown to be cross-reactive across the MARV strains, but not cross-reactive to Ebola virus, a related filovirus. Additionally, three 1 x 10(8)pfu doses of vaccine vector were demonstrated to be safe in mice, as this did not lead to any detectable toxicity in liver or spleen. These promising results indicate that a cAdVax-based vaccine could be effective for induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to multiple strains of the Marburg virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danher Wang
- Division of Biodefense Vaccines, GenPhar Inc., 871 Lowcountry Blvd., Mount Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
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19
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Reed DS, Larsen T, Sullivan LJ, Lind CM, Lackemeyer MG, Pratt WD, Parker MD. Aerosol Exposure to Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Causes Fever and Encephalitis in Cynomolgus Macaques. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1173-82. [PMID: 16136459 DOI: 10.1086/444397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques were exposed by aerosol to a virulent strain of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Between 4 and 6 days after exposure, macaques had a significantly elevated temperature that lasted for 3-4 days. Clinical signs of encephalitis began as the body temperature decreased, and then they rapidly increased in severity. Cynomolgus macaques with clinical signs of encephalitis had elevated white cell counts in the blood caused mostly by increased numbers of segmented neutrophils and monocytes. Elevated serum glucose levels also correlated with the severity of the clinical signs of encephalitis. Three cynomolgus macaques died; immunohistochemical evidence of viral antigen was present in the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Microscopic analysis also revealed a marked lymphocytic infiltrate in the CNS. Cynomolgus macaques will serve as a useful model of aerosol exposure to WEEV for the evaluation of potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Reed
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Reed DS, Lind CM, Lackemeyer MG, Sullivan LJ, Pratt WD, Parker MD. Genetically engineered, live, attenuated vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with a virulent IE strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2005; 23:3139-47. [PMID: 15837213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two live, attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), IE1150K and V3526, were administered to macaques to determine if they could elicit protection against an aerosol challenge with virulent VEE virus of the IE variety (VEEV-IE). These viruses were rescued from full-length cDNA clones of 68U201 (VEEV-IE variety) and Trinidad donkey (VEEV-IA/B variety), respectively, and both have a furin cleavage site deletion mutation and a second-site resuscitating mutation. Both vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies to viruses of the homologous variety but not to viruses of the heterologous variety. Eight weeks after vaccination, the macaques were challenged by aerosol exposure to virulent 68U201. Macaques vaccinated with V3526 were protected as well as macaques inoculated with IE1009, the wild-type infectious clone of 68U201. However, IE1150K failed to significantly protect macaques relative to controls. V3526 has now been shown to protect macaques against both IA/B [Pratt WD, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Smith JF. Genetically engineered, live attenuated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis: testing in animal models. Vaccine 2003;21(25-26):3854-62] and IE strains of VEE viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Reed
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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21
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Reed DS, Lind CM, Sullivan LJ, Pratt WD, Parker MD. Aerosol infection of cynomolgus macaques with enzootic strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1013-7. [PMID: 14999604 DOI: 10.1086/382281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (VEEVs) are infectious by aerosol, they are considered to be a biological-weapons threat. Nonhuman-primate models are needed to evaluate the efficacy of candidate vaccines. In the present study, cynomolgus macaques, after aerosol exposure to either VEEV-IE or VEEV-IIIA, developed fever, viremia, and lymphopenia; the severity of the fever response, viremia, and lymphopenia correlated with the inhaled dose of VEEV. Of the 10 macaques in our study, 7 developed clinical signs indicative of encephalitis, including loss of balance and hypothermia. In the macaque, the enzootic strains used are infectious by aerosol and lead to disease, including clinical encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Reed
- Division of Toxinology and Aerobiology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The central objective of this research was to test molecularly defined, live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidates that were produced through precise genetic manipulation of rationally selected viral nucleotide sequences. Molecular clones of vaccine candidates were constructed by inserting either three independently attenuating mutations or a PE2 cleavage-signal mutation with a second-site resuscitating mutation into full-length cDNA clones. Vaccine candidate viruses were recovered through DNA transcription and RNA transfection of cultured cells, and assessed in rodent and non-human primate models. Based on results from this assessment, one of the PE2 cleavage-signal mutants, V3526, was determined to be the best vaccine candidate for further evaluation for human use.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Female
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Pratt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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23
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Culpepper RC, Pratt WD. Advances in medical biological defense technology. Clin Lab Med 2001; 21:679-89. [PMID: 11572146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
No single medical countermeasure will meet the needs for defense against all biological threats in all possible scenarios (civilian, military, clinical, and environmental). As the threat of genetically engineered organisms rises and the risk increases that these organisms might escape detection and successful treatment, it will be necessary to use advances in bioengineering to combat these new threats. This article presents several novel approaches taken by the DoD in collaboration with industry partners and other federal laboratories to produce improved biowarfare vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. In the future, the United States must remain on the cutting edge of biotechnology and continue to predict the next areas of research necessary to maintain protection for the state-of-the-art warfighter on the battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Culpepper
- Operational Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA.
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24
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Ludwig GV, Turell MJ, Vogel P, Kondig JP, Kell WK, Smith JF, Pratt WD. Comparative neurovirulence of attenuated and non-attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64:49-55. [PMID: 11425162 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A candidate live-attenuated virus vaccine for protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) (designated V3526) was tested in mice to measure the magnitude, duration, and kinetics of virus replication in the blood and the central nervous system and its phenotypic stability after multiple passages in mice and cell culture. All results were compared to parallel experiments with parental virus and the existing VEE virus vaccine, TC-83. Maximum virus titers in the brains of V3526-inoculated mice were between 10- and 100-fold less than those observed in brains of mice inoculated intracranially (i.c.) with either the parental virus or TC-83. Neither V3526 nor TC-83 was lethal in BALB/c mice inoculated i.c.. However, mice inoculated with TC-83 developed acute symptoms lasting at least 14 days. In contrast, i.c. inoculation of TC-83 was uniformly lethal for C3H/HeN mice. V3526 was avirulent in both BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice after i.c. inoculation. The virulence characteristics of V3526 remained unchanged after five serial i.c. passages in mouse brains or after five cell culture passages. Finally, pathologic changes induced after i.c. inoculation of V3526 were consistently less severe and of shorter duration than those observed in TC-83-inoculated mice. Based on these results, V3526 is stable and appears to be significantly less neurovirulent in mice than TC-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Ludwig
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA
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25
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Pratt WD, Gibbs P, Pitt ML, Schmaljohn AL. Use of telemetry to assess vaccine-induced protection against parenteral and aerosol infections of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in non-human primates. Vaccine 1998; 16:1056-64. [PMID: 9682359 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two investigational vaccines, TC-83 (live-attenuated) and C-84 (formalin-inactivated), are currently available to immunize at-risk individuals against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE). Ideally, such vaccines should protect against both the natural mosquito-borne route of infection and from aerosol, the most common route of laboratory infection. Whereas considerable data on vaccine efficacy following parenteral challenge are available, the efficacy of these vaccines against disease caused by aerosol exposure is not well established in primates. We compared the immunogenicity and protective capacity of TC-83 and C-84 against either subcutaneous or aerosol routes of infection in cynomolgus monkeys implanted with temperature-monitoring radiotelemetry devices. A single s.c. dose of TC-83, or three s.c. doses (days 0, 7, 28) of C-84, elicited similar serum virus-neutralizing antibody responses. Animals immunized with either TC-83 or C-84 were protected against s.c. infection. In contrast, after aerosol infection, 40% of the animals vaccinated with either TC-83 or C-84 developed signs nearly as severe as those seen in unvaccinated animals. Protection was not entirely consistent with the measured preinfection immune responses: unprotected animals had serum virus-neutralizing antibody titers and lymphoproliferative responses similar to those seen in protected animals. In this study, C-84 (three doses) protected monkeys as well as TC-83 (one dose) against either a s.c. or aerosol VEE challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Temperature
- Culicidae/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/transmission
- Humans
- Immunization
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macaca fascicularis
- Monitoring, Physiologic
- Neutralization Tests
- Telemetry/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Pratt
- Division of Virology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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26
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Abstract
Due to the lack of an animal model, previous studies of sandfly fever have relied upon human challenge trials. We examined the infectivity and potential pathogenicity of sandfly fever virus in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Three different preparations of sandfly fever virus. Sicilian strain, and a placebo were compared by different routes of administration. The most notable postchallenge clinical event was a decrease in lymphocytes in the intramuscularly challenged monkeys. Plaque-reduction neutralization responses peaked earlier in animals challenged intravenously as compared with those in animals challenged intramuscularly. There was no evidence for neurotropism or meningeal inflammation. Sandfly fever virus was infectious for cynomolgus monkeys, but produced no detectable clinical disease that might serve as a marker for animal modeling studies. On the other hand, the preclinical data provide supportive evidence for safe parenteral administration of a Sicilian strain of sandfly fever virus inoculum to humans as a challenge model for sandfly fever disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McClain
- Division of Virology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederich, Maryland, USA
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27
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Vogel P, Abplanalp D, Kell W, Ibrahim MS, Downs MB, Pratt WD, Davis KJ. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in BALB/c mice: kinetic analysis of central nervous system infection following aerosol or subcutaneous inoculation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120:164-72. [PMID: 8712896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the routes of entry of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus into the brain, we infected BALB/c mice with a virulent strain (V3000) by aerosol or subcutaneous inoculation. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods were used to detect VEE virus in tissues taken at daily intervals postinfection. RESULTS In both groups, virus in the brain first appeared in olfactory regions. Aerosol exposure caused early massive infection of olfactory epithelium, which developed into bilaterally symmetrical infection of the olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, and lateral olfactory tracts by day 2 postinfection. After subcutaneous inoculation, VEE in the brain also appeared first in olfactory regions, but was not detected until day 3 postinfection. By day 4 postinfection, VEE viral infection had spread throughout the brain in both groups. Vascular endothelium and the choroid plexus remained uninfected during the entire study. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VEE virus, whether given by aerosol or subcutaneously, first enters the brain through the olfactory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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28
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Uni Z, Pratt WD, Miller MM, O'Connell PH, Schat KA. Syngeneic lysis of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed cell lines transfected with Marek's disease virus genes by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 44:57-69. [PMID: 7725630 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses against Marek's disease virus (MDV) antigens were examined using reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)-transformed cell lines of two haplotypes (B19B19 and B13B13). These cell lines were stably transfected with cloned fragments of MDV DNA resulting in the expression of the MDV-specific phosphoprotein pp38. Effector cells were obtained from P2a (B19B19) and S13 (B13B13) chickens at 7 days post inoculation with REV, oncogenic or attenuated serotype 1 MDV (JM-16/O and JM-16/A, respectively), serotype 2 MDV (SB-1), or herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). Transfection of MDV genes did not influence the expression of Class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. The optimal effector to target cell ratio was determined to be 100:1. REV-sensitized effector cells lysed REV cell lines and REV cell lines transfected with MDV DNA in a syngeneic fashion. Effector cells from chickens inoculated with JM-16/O, JM-16/A, SB-1 or HVT lysed only the syngeneic, transfected cell lines, but not the parent REV cell lines. The percentage specific release caused by the MDV-sensitized effector cells was low, but statistically significant.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Marek Disease/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Reticuloendotheliosis virus/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Uni
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Pratt WD, Cantello J, Morgan RW, Schat KA. Enhanced expression of the Marek's disease virus-specific phosphoproteins after stable transfection of MSB-1 cells with the Marek's disease virus homologue of ICP4. Virology 1994; 201:132-6. [PMID: 8178477 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein pp38, coded for by the BamHI-H fragment of the Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) genome is expressed in tumor cells and tumor cell lines. pp38 is associated with two other phosphoproteins, pp41 and pp24, and can be detected in a small percentage of tumor cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays (IIFA). The importance of MDV ICP4 for the regulation of pp38 expression was examined in the following MSB-1-derived cell lines stably transfected with the selection plasmid pNL1 [MDCC-CU221 (CU221)], pNL1 and the BamHI-A fragment of MDV DNA containing ICP4 (CU224), MDV ICP4 inserted in antisense direction in the eukaryotic expression vector pXT1 (CU222), or ICP4 in sense direction in pXT1 (CU223) or cotransfected with pNL1 and EcoRI-linearized BamHI-A MDV DNA (CU225, -237, -243, -244). IIFA analysis showed that CU223 had a markedly increased expression of pp38, while CU224 had a slightly increased expression. No changes were noted in CU221 or CU222, while expression of pp38 was decreased in CU225, -237, -243, and -244. Radioimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the expression of all three phosphoproteins was enhanced in CU223. Steady-state transcriptional analysis showed that CU223 had increased levels of pp38-specific (1.9 and 3.3 kb) and ICP4-specific (10.0 kb) transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Pratt
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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30
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Pratt WD, Morgan RW, Schat KA. Characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed avian T-lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with Marek's disease virus. J Virol 1992; 66:7239-44. [PMID: 1279200 PMCID: PMC240427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7239-7244.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Marek's disease virus (MDV) transcripts and protein products was investigated in reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed avian T-lymphoblastoid cell line RECC-CU91, which was superinfected with MDV. The presence of MDV in the superinfected cell line, renamed RECC-CU210, was demonstrated by Southern hybridization with 32P-labeled BamHI-H and -B fragments of the BamHI MDV DNA library. Examination of RECC-CU210 for the expression of MDV-specific RNA transcripts encoded by the internal repeat long (IRL), internal repeat short (IRS), and unique short (US) regions of the MDV genome revealed two small transcripts of 0.6 and 0.7 kb. These transcripts were mapped to the IRL and IRS regions, respectively. In contrast, RECC-CU211, which was developed through transfection of CU210 with the BamHI-A fragment of MDV, expressed an additional nine transcripts from the IRL, IRS, and US regions. CU211 but not CU210 also expressed a complex of polypeptides of 40, 38, and 24 kDa, identified by monoclonal antibodies as MDV-specific phosphoproteins. The 38-kDa phosphoprotein is likely to be pp38, an early viral protein that maps within the IRL region of the MDV genome. These findings suggest that genes located within the transfected BamHI-A fragment transactivated a number of genes located in the IRL region of the MDV genome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Birds
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Restriction Mapping
- Reticuloendotheliosis virus/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Pratt
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
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31
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Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses against Marek's disease virus (MDV)-antigens were examined using reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line CU91 and three cell lines derived from CU91. CU210 was established by establishing a latent MDV infection in CU91. Transfection of CU210 with pNL1, a selectable plasmid or with pNL1 and the cloned BamHI A fragment of MDV DNA resulted in the establishment of CU212 and CU211, respectively. CU211 expressed a MDV-specific phosphorylated polypeptide, while CU210 and CU212 were negative for MDV antigens. Only CU211 was lysed by MDV-specific effector cells. All cell lines were lysed by syngeneic REV-specific effector cells, although high levels of expression of the phosphorylated protein reduced the level of REV-specific lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Pratt
- Dept. of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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32
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Schat KA, Pratt WD, Morgan R, Weinstock D, Calnek BW. Stable Transfection of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Transformed Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines. Avian Dis 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1591524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Schat KA, Pratt WD, Morgan R, Weinstock D, Calnek BW. Stable transfection of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Avian Dis 1992; 36:432-9. [PMID: 1320872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoblastoid T cell lines were established by infection of chicken splenocytes with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). The target cells first were cultured in interleukin-containing conditioned medium or were stimulated by concanavalin A, or both. Most cell lines were T cells expressing CD3 and one of the T cell receptors, and all cell lines were positive for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. Several REV-transformed cell lines were stably transfected using electroporation with a selectable plasmid, pNL1, containing the neor gene. Transfected cell lines were selected using G418 and were maintained for periods up to 137 days. Transfected cell lines were susceptible to MHC class-I restricted lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes from REV-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Schat
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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34
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Abstract
An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of direct supplementation of diluted semen with sodium selenite on the metabolism of bovine sperm. Selenium (Se) supplementation increased the percent motility yet did not affect the percent viability of the sperm. An increase in the oxygen consumed by the sperm was associated with the increase in sperm motility. Both the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenyl nucleotide (TN) concentrations were lowered by supplementing the sperm with Se. Although changes occurred in the adenyl nucleotide pool of the Se-supplemented sperm, these changes were not reflected in the energy charge. There was no difference in the energy charge between the Se-supplemented and unsupplemented sperm. The metabolic changes caused by Se were in vitro and occurred in a short interval of time, suggesting a catalytic effect as opposed to an enzymatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Pratt
- Department of Animal Science Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio 44691 USA; Department of Dairy Science Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio 44691 USA
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