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Li W, Zhu C, Song Y, Yuan Y, Li M, Sun Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by inducing watermelon roots secretion phthalates, altering soil enzyme activity and bacterial community composition to alleviate the watermelon wilt. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:593. [PMID: 38910247 PMCID: PMC11194901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term continuous cropping has resulted in the frequent occurrence of fusarium wilt of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). AMF inoculation can alleviate the continuous cropping barrier and reduce the incidence of fusarium wilt of watermelon. Our previous study found that the root exudates of mycorrhizal watermelon can enhance watermelon resistance to this disorder. It is necessary to further isolate and identify the specific compounds in root exudates of mycorrhizal watermelon and explore their control effects on fusarium wilt of continuous cropping watermelon. RESULT The results of this study showed that the root system of watermelon seedlings inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae or Glomus versiforme) secreted diisooctyl phthalate (A) and dibutyl phthalate (B). Compared with water treatment, treatment with 0.1 ml/L (A1, B1), 0.5 ml/L (A2, B2) and 1 ml/L (A3, B3) of A or B significantly increased soil enzyme activities, the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the bacteria/fungi ratio in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the Disease indexes (DI) of A1 and B3 were 25% and 20%, respectively, while the prevention and control effects (PCE) were 68.8% and 75%, respectively. In addition, diisooctyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate increased the proportions of Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria in the rhizosphere of continuous cropping watermelon, and decreased the proportions of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with Novosphingobium, Kaistobacter, Bacillus, and Acinetobacter as the predominant bacteria. Compared with the water treatment, the abundance of Neosphingosaceae, Kateybacterium and Bacillus in the A1 group was increased by 7.33, 2.14 and 2.18 times, respectively, while that in the B2 group was increased by 60.05%, 80.24% and 1 time, respectively. In addition, exogenous diisooctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate were shown to promote growth parameters (vine length, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight) and antioxidant enzyme system activities (SOD, POD and CAT) of continuous cropping watermelon. CONCLUSION Lower watermelon fusarium wilt incidence in mycorrhizal watermelons was associated with phthalate secretion in watermelons after AMF inoculation. Exogenous diisooctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate could alleviate the continuous cropping disorder of watermelon, reduce the incidence of fusarium wilt, and promote the growth of watermelon by increasing the enzyme activities and the proportion of beneficial bacteria in rhizosphere soil. In addition, the low concentration of phthalate diisooctyl and high concentration of phthalic acid dibutyl works best. Therefore, a certain concentration of phthalates in the soil can help alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chengshang Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yingkun Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, P. R. China.
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Liu Z, Ying J, Liu C. Changes in Rhizosphere Soil Microorganisms and Metabolites during the Cultivation of Fritillaria cirrhosa. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38785816 PMCID: PMC11117757 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fritillaria cirrhosa is an important cash crop, and its industrial development is being hampered by continuous cropping obstacles, but the composition and changes of rhizosphere soil microorganisms and metabolites in the cultivation process of Fritillaria cirrhosa have not been revealed. We used metagenomics sequencing to analyze the changes of the microbiome in rhizosphere soil during a three-year cultivation process, and combined it with LC-MS/MS to detect the changes of metabolites. Results indicate that during the cultivation of Fritillaria cirrhosa, the composition and structure of the rhizosphere soil microbial community changed significantly, especially regarding the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria. The abundance of Bradyrhizobium decreased from 7.04% in the first year to about 5% in the second and third years; the relative abundance of Pseudomonas also decreased from 6.20% in the first year to 2.22% in the third year; and the relative abundance of Lysobacter decreased significantly from more than 4% in the first two years of cultivation to 1.01% in the third year of cultivation. However, the relative abundance of some harmful fungi has significantly increased, such as Botrytis, which increased significantly from less than 3% in the first two years to 7.93% in the third year, and Talaromyces fungi, which were almost non-existent in the first two years of cultivation, significantly increased to 3.43% in the third year of cultivation. The composition and structure of Fritillaria cirrhosa rhizosphere metabolites also changed significantly, the most important of which were carbohydrates represented by sucrose (48.00-9.36-10.07%) and some amino acid compounds related to continuous cropping obstacles. Co-occurrence analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites, but Procrustes analysis showed that the relationship between bacteria and metabolites was closer than that between fungi and metabolites. In general, in the process of Fritillaria cirrhosa cultivation, the beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere decreased, the harmful bacteria increased, and the relative abundance of carbohydrate and amino acid compounds related to continuous cropping obstacles changed significantly. There is a significant correlation between microorganisms and metabolites, and the shaping of the Fritillaria cirrhosa rhizosphere's microecology by bacteria is more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Liu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jizhe Ying
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China;
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Li B, Wang P, Yang L, Rang X, Zhou W, Liu Y. Chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita Response to Rhizosphere Bacteria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2271. [PMID: 37764115 PMCID: PMC10536184 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by them take part in the regulation of the chemotaxis of nematodes. A total of 150 strains of rhizosphere bacteria were screened via a chemotaxis experiment with Meloidogyne incognita. Some isolates affected the behavior of the nematodes, including attraction, randomness, and repulsion. Volatile metabolites produced via the selected bacteria were associated with the chemotaxis of nematodes. M. incognita was highly attracted to decanal. In addition, dimethyl disulfide, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, pentadecanoic acid, and palmitic acid were found to attract weakly M. incognita. Furthermore, the chemotaxis of M. incognita was tested in a pot experiment. The bacteria Bacillus sp. 1-50, Brevibacillus brevis 2-35, B. cereus 5-14, Chryseobacterium indologens 6-4, and VOC decanal could regulate the movement of M. incognita in the pot with or without plants. The results provide insights into rhizosphere microorganisms and their VOCs and how they regulate the chemotaxis of the nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yajun Liu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (B.L.); (P.W.); (L.Y.); (X.R.); (W.Z.)
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Zhao W, Liang J, Huang H, Yang J, Feng J, Sun L, Yang R, Zhao M, Wang J, Wang S. Tomato defence against Meloidogyne incognita by jasmonic acid-mediated fine-tuning of kaempferol homeostasis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1651-1670. [PMID: 36829301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is involved in the modulation of defence and growth activities in plants. The best-characterized growth-defence trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones. In this study, we first confirmed that JA negatively regulates root-knot nematode (RKN) susceptibility via the root exudates (REs) of tomato plants. Omics and toxicological analyses implied that kaempferol, a type of flavonol, from REs has a negative effect on RKN infection. We demonstrated that SlMYB57 negatively regulated kaempferol contents in tomato roots, whereas SlMYB108/112 had the opposite effect. We revealed that JA fine-tuned the homeostasis of kaempferol via SlMYB-mediated transcriptional regulation and the interaction between SlJAZs and SlMYBs, thus ensuring a balance between lateral root (LR) development and RKN susceptibility. Overall, this work provides novel insights into JA-modulated LR development and RKN susceptibility mechanisms and elucidates a trade-off model mediated by JA in plants encountering stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huang Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jinshan Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiaping Feng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mengjia Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
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Debnath S, Chakraborty S, Langthasa M, Choure K, Agnihotri V, Srivastava A, Rai PK, Tilwari A, Maheshwari DK, Pandey P. Non-rhizobial nodule endophytes improve nodulation, change root exudation pattern and promote the growth of lentil, for prospective application in fallow soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1152875. [PMID: 37113600 PMCID: PMC10126288 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1152875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-rhizobial endophytes (NREs) are active colonizers inhabiting the root nodules. Though their active role in the lentil agroecosystem is not well defined, here we observed that these NREs might promote the growth of lentils, modulate rhizospheric community structure and could be used as promising organisms for optimal use of rice fallow soil. NREs from root nodules of lentils were isolated and examined for plant growth-promoting traits, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and biofilm production, root metabolites, and the presence of nifH and nifK elements. The greenhouse experiment with the chosen NREs, i.e., Serratia plymuthica 33GS and Serratia sp. R6 significantly increased the germination rate, vigour index, development of nodules (in non-sterile soil) and fresh weight of nodules (33GS 94%, R6 61% growth) and length of the shoot (33GS 86%, R6 51.16%) as well as chlorophyll levels when compared to the uninoculated control. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that both isolates could successfully colonize the roots and elicit root hair growth. The inoculation of the NREs resulted in specific changes in root exudation patterns. The plants with 33GS and R6 treatment significantly stimulated the exudation of triterpenes, fatty acids, and their methyl esters in comparison to the uninoculated plants, altering the rhizospheric microbial community structure. Proteobacteria dominated the rhizospheric microbiota in all the treatments. Treatment with 33GS or R6 also enhanced the relative abundance of other favourable microbes, including Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. The correlation network analysis of relative abundances resulted in numerous bacterial taxa, which were in cooperation with each other, having a possible role in plant growth promotion. The results indicate the significant role of NREs as plant growth promoters, which also includes their role in root exudation patterns, enhancement of soil nutrient status and modulation of rhizospheric microbiota, suggesting their prospects in sustainable, and bio-based agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Debnath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | | | - Kamlesh Choure
- Department of Biotechnology, AKS University, Satna, India
| | | | | | | | - Anita Tilwari
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - D. K. Maheshwari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Wang X, Wang C, Chen R, Wang W, Wang D, Tian X. Plant Genotype Shapes the Soil Nematode Community in the Rhizosphere of Tomatoes with Different Resistance to Meloidognye incognita. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1528. [PMID: 37050154 PMCID: PMC10097389 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil nematodes are considered indicators of soil quality due to their immediate responses to changes in the soil environment and plants. However, little is known about the effects of plant genotypes on the soil nematode community. To elucidate this, high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to analyze the soil nematode community and the structure of root exudates in the rhizosphere of tomatoes with different resistance to Meloidognye incognita. The dominant soil nematode group in the soil of resistant tomatoes was Acrobeloides, while the soil nematode group in the rhizosphere of the susceptible and tolerant tomatoes was Meloidognye. Hierarchical clustering analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that the three soil nematode communities were clustered into three groups according to the resistance level of the tomato cultivars. The soil nematode community of the resistant tomatoes had a higher maturity index and a low plant-parasite index, Wasilewska index and disease index compared to the values of the susceptible and tolerant tomatoes. Redundancy analysis revealed that the disease index and root exudates were strongly related to the soil nematode community of three tomato cultivars. Taken together, the resistance of the tomato cultivars and root exudates jointly shapes the soil nematode community. This study provided a valuable contribution to understanding the mechanism of plant genotypes shaping the soil nematode community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443005, China
| | - Chaoyan Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408102, China (D.W.)
| | - Ru Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
| | - Diandong Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408102, China (D.W.)
| | - Xueliang Tian
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
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Zhao Y, Zhou Q, Zou C, Zhang K, Huang X. Repulsive response of Meloidogyne incognita induced by biocontrol bacteria and its effect on interspecific interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994941. [PMID: 36187996 PMCID: PMC9520663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aversive behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans is an important strategy that increases their survival under pathogen infection, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this behavior have been described. However, whether this defensive response occurs in plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), which have quite different life cycles and genomic sequences from the model nematode, against biocontrol microbes and affects interspecific interactions in ecological environments remains unclear. Here, we showed that Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most common PPNs, engaged in lawn-leaving behavior in response to biocontrol bacteria such as Bacillus nematocida B16 and B. thuringiensis Bt79. Genomic analysis revealed that the key genes responsible for the aversive behavior of C. elegans, such as serotonin-and TGF-β-related genes in canonical signaling pathways, were homologous to those of M. incognita, and the similarity between these sequences ranged from 30% to 67%. Knockdown of the homologous genes impaired avoidance of M. incognita to varying degrees. Calcium ion imaging showed that the repulsive response requires the involvement of the multiple amphid neurons of M. incognita. In situ hybridization specifically localized Mi-tph-1 of the serotonin pathway to ADF/NSM neurons and Mi-dbl-1 of the TGF-β pathway to AVA neurons. Our data suggested that the repulsive response induced by different biocontrol bacteria strongly suppresses the invasion of tomato host plants by M. incognita. Overall, our study is the first to clarify the pathogen-induced repulsive response of M. incognita and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into interspecific interactions among biocontrol bacteria, PPNs, and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qinying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Huang,
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8
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Singh RR, Wesemael WML. Endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa LMG27872 inhibits Meloidogyne incognita parasitism, promoting tomato growth through a dose-dependent effect. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:961085. [PMID: 36186028 PMCID: PMC9516289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.961085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is a major pest in tomato production. Paenibacillus polymyxa, which is primarily found in soil and colonizing roots, is considered a successful biocontrol organism against many pathogens. To evaluate the biocontrol capacity of P. polymyxa LMG27872 against M. incognita in tomato, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. A dose-response effect [30, 50, and 100% (108 CFU/mL)] of bacterial suspensions (BSs) on growth and tomato susceptibility to M. incognita with soil drenching as a mode of application was first evaluated. The results show that the biological efficacy of P. polymyxa LMG27872 against M. incognita parasitism in tomato was dose-dependent. A significantly reduced number of galls, egg-laying females (ELF), and second-stage juveniles (J2) were observed in BS-treated plants, in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of P. polymyxa on tomato growth was also dose-dependent. A high dose of BSs had a negative effect on growth; however, this negative effect was not observed when the BS-treated plants were challenged with M. incognita, indicating tolerance or a defense priming mechanism. In subsequent in vivo experiments, the direct effect of BSs was evaluated on J2 mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita. The effect of BS on J2 mortality was observed from 12 to 24 h, whereby M. incognita J2 was significantly inhibited by the BS treatment. The effect of P. polymyxa on M. incognita egg hatching was also dependent on the BS dose. The results show a potential of P. polymyxa LMG27872 to protect plants from nematode parasitism and its implementation in integrated nematode management suitable for organic productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim M. L. Wesemael
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
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Xie X, Ling J, Mao Z, Li Y, Zhao J, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu M, Gu X, Xie B. Negative regulation of root-knot nematode parasitic behavior by root-derived volatiles of wild relatives of Cucumis metuliferus CM3. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac051. [PMID: 35531315 PMCID: PMC9071375 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause a significant decrease in the yield of cucumber crops every year. Cucumis metuliferus is an important wild germplasm that has resistance to RKN in which plant root volatiles are thought to play a role. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. To investigate it, we used the resistant C. metuliferus line CM3 and the susceptible cucumber line Xintaimici (XTMC). CM3 roots repelled Meloidogyne incognita second-stage larvae (J2s), while the roots of XTMC plants attracted the larvae. CM3 and XTMC were found to contain similar amounts of root volatiles, but many volatiles, including nine hydrocarbons, three alcohols, two aldehydes, two ketones, one ester, and one phenol, were only detected in CM3 roots. It was found that one of these, (methoxymethyl)-benzene, could repel M. incognita, while creosol and (Z)-2-penten-1-ol could attract M. incognita. Interestingly, creosol and (Z)-2-penten-1-ol effectively killed M. incognita at high concentrations. Furthermore, we found that a mixture of CM3 root volatiles increased cucumber resistance to M. incognita. The results provide insights into the interaction between the host and plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil, with some compounds possibly acting as nematode biofumigation, which can be used to manage nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xie
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
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10
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Huang L, Zhu X, Zhou S, Cheng Z, Shi K, Zhang C, Shao H. Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070495. [PMID: 34357967 PMCID: PMC8310026 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products' mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, and sediments; PAEs are also frequently discovered in plant and microorganism sources, suggesting the possibility that they might be biosynthesized in nature. In this review, we summarize that PAEs have not only been identified in the organic solvent extracts, root exudates, and essential oils of a large number of different plant species, but also isolated and purified from various algae, bacteria, and fungi. Dominant PAEs identified from natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, etc. Further studies reveal that PAEs can be biosynthesized by at least several algae. PAEs are reported to possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and other biological activities, which might enhance the competitiveness of plants, algae, and microorganisms to better accommodate biotic and abiotic stress. These findings suggest that PAEs should not be treated solely as a "human-made pollutant" simply because they have been extensively synthesized and utilized; on the other hand, synthesized PAEs entering the ecosystem might disrupt the metabolic process of certain plant, algal, and microbial communities. Therefore, further studies are required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms and ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (K.S.)
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xunzhi Zhu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Shixing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (K.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (K.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (K.S.)
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (H.S.)
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11
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Tsai AYL, Iwamoto Y, Tsumuraya Y, Oota M, Konishi T, Ito S, Kotake T, Ishikawa H, Sawa S. Root-knot nematode chemotaxis is positively regulated by l-galactose sidechains of mucilage carbohydrate rhamnogalacturonan-I. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4182. [PMID: 34215589 PMCID: PMC11060035 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant parasites and major agricultural pests. RKNs are thought to locate hosts through chemotaxis by sensing host-secreted chemoattractants; however, the structures and properties of these attractants are not well understood. Here, we describe a previously unknown RKN attractant from flaxseed mucilage that enhances infection of Arabidopsis and tomato, which resembles the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Fucose and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant were found to be required for attractant activity. Furthermore, the disaccharide α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose, which forms the linkage between the RG-I backbone and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant, was sufficient to attract RKN. These results show that the α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose linkage in the purified attractant from flaxseed mucilage is essential for RKN attraction. The present work also suggests that nematodes can detect environmental chemicals with high specificity, such as the presence of chiral centers and hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Morihiro Oota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Ito
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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12
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Zhou J, Kong Y, Zhao W, Wei G, Wang Q, Ma L, Wang T, Shu F, Sha W. Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in two fertilizer doses and soil compartments under continuous cultivation system of garlic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250571. [PMID: 33989289 PMCID: PMC8121308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial communities are affected by interactions between agricultural management (e.g., fertilizer) and soil compartment, but few studies have considered combinations of these factors. We compared the microbial abundance, diversity and community structure in two fertilizer dose (high vs. low NPK) and soil compartment (rhizosphere vs. bulk soils) under 6-year fertilization regimes in a continuous garlic cropping system in China. The soil contents of NO3- and available K were significantly higher in bulk soil in the high-NPK. The 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial and archaeal abundances were positively affected by both the fertilizer dose and soil compartment, and were higher in the high-NPK fertilization and rhizosphere samples. High-NPK fertilization increased the Shannon index and decreased bacterial and archaeal richness, whereas the evenness was marginally positively affected by both the fertilizer dose and soil compartment. Soil compartment exerted a greater effect on the bacterial and archaeal community structure than did the fertilization dose, as demonstrated by both the nonmetric multidimensional scaling and redundancy analysis results. We found that rhizosphere effects significantly distinguished 12 dominant classes of bacterial and archaeal communities, whereas the fertilizer dose significantly identified four dominant classes. In particular, a Linear Effect Size analysis showed that some taxa, including Alphaproteobacteria, Rhizobiales, Xanthomonadaceae and Flavobacterium, were enriched in the garlic rhizosphere of the high-NPK fertilizer samples. Overall, the fertilizer dose interacted with soil compartment to shape the bacterial and archaeal community composition, abundance, and biodiversity in the garlic rhizosphere. These results provide an important basis for further understanding adaptive garlic-microbe feedback, reframing roots as a significant moderating influence in agricultural management and shaping the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jining, PR China
| | - Yong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jining, PR China
| | - Wangfeng Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Guangshan Wei
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC) / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources of the PR China, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Longchuan Ma
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Garlic, Jining, PR China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Garlic, Jining, PR China
| | - Fengyue Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jining, PR China
| | - Weilai Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jining, PR China
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13
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Elhady A, Topalović O, Heuer H. Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040679. [PMID: 33806116 PMCID: PMC8064444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major constraint on agricultural production. They significantly impede crop yield. To complete their parasitism, they need to locate, disguise, and interact with plant signals exuded in the rhizosphere of the host plant. A specific subset of the soil microbiome can attach to the surface of nematodes in a specific manner. We hypothesized that host plants recruit species of microbes as helpers against attacking nematode species, and that these helpers differ among plant species. We investigated to what extend the attached microbial species are determined by plant species, their root exudates, and how these microbes affect nematodes. We conditioned the soil microbiome in the rhizosphere of different plant species, then employed culture-independent and culture-dependent methods to study microbial attachment to the cuticle of the phytonematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Community fingerprints of nematode-attached fungi and bacteria showed that the plant species govern the microbiome associated with the nematode cuticle. Bacteria isolated from the cuticle belonged to Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteria, and Firmicutes. The isolates Microbacterium sp. i.14, Lysobacter capsici i.17, and Alcaligenes sp. i.37 showed the highest attachment rates to the cuticle. The isolates Bacillus cereus i.24 and L. capsici i.17 significantly antagonized P. penetrans after attachment. Significantly more bacteria attached to P. penetrans in microbiome suspensions from bulk soil or oat rhizosphere compared to Ethiopian mustard rhizosphere. However, the latter caused a better suppression of the nematode. Conditioning the cuticle of P. penetrans with root exudates significantly decreased the number of Microbacterium sp. i.14 attaching to the cuticle, suggesting induced changes of the cuticle structure. These findings will lead to a more knowledge-driven exploitation of microbial antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhady
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (O.T.); (H.H.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Olivera Topalović
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (O.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Holger Heuer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (O.T.); (H.H.)
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14
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Lopez-Moya F, Arnao MB, Cabrera-Escribano F, Nueda MJ, Gunsé B, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Induces Plant Hormones and Defenses in Tomato Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572087. [PMID: 33250907 PMCID: PMC7672008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use electrophysiological and metabolomic tools to determine the role of chitosan as plant defense elicitor in soil for preventing or manage root pests and diseases sustainably. Root exudates include a wide variety of molecules that plants and root microbiota use to communicate in the rhizosphere. Tomato plants were treated with chitosan. Root exudates from tomato plants were analyzed at 3, 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (dap). We found, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, that chitosan induces plant hormones, lipid signaling and defense compounds in tomato root exudates, including phenolics. High doses of chitosan induce membrane depolarization and affect membrane integrity. 1H-NMR showed the dynamic of exudation, detecting the largest number of signals in 20 dap root exudates. Root exudates from plants irrigated with chitosan inhibit ca. twofold growth kinetics of the tomato root parasitic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. and reduced ca. 1.5-fold egg hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos Carlos Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Nueda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Benet Gunsé
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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15
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Cheng F, Ali M, Liu C, Deng R, Cheng Z. Garlic Allelochemical Diallyl Disulfide Alleviates Autotoxicity in the Root Exudates Caused by Long-Term Continuous Cropping of Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11684-11693. [PMID: 32991155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacles seriously affect the sustainable production of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Researchers have found that intercropping with garlic (Allium sativum L.) could alleviate tomato continuous cropping obstacles. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the main allelochemical in garlic. However, the mechanism of DADS in alleviating tomato continuous cropping obstacles is still unknown. In this research, aqueous extracts of tomato continuous cropping soil were used to simulate the continuous cropping condition of tomato. Our results showed that DADS increased root activity and chlorophyll content and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)) and the metabolism of nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) in tomato plants. DADS treatment reduced the content of fatty acid esters in tomato root exudates (e.g., palmitate methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester) and increased the level of substances such as dibutyl phthalate and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol). The higher concentrations of palmitate methyl ester inhibited tomato hypocotyl growth, while oleic acid methyl ester inhibited tomato root growth. Moreover, the application of DADS significantly inhibited the secretion of these esters in the root exudates. Therefore, it suggests that DADS may increase tomato resistance and promote tomato plant growth by increasing root activity and photosynthetic capacity and development to reduce autotoxicity of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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16
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Adedeji AA, Babalola OO. Secondary metabolites as plant defensive strategy: a large role for small molecules in the near root region. PLANTA 2020; 252:61. [PMID: 32965531 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The roles of plant roots are not merely limited to the provision of mechanical support, nutrients and water, but also include more specific roles, such as the capacity to secrete diverse chemical substances. These metabolites are actively secreted in the near root and play specific and significant functions in plant defense and communication. In this review, we detail the various preventive roles of these powerful substances in the rhizosphere with a perspective as to how plants recruit microbes as a preventive measure against other pathogenic microbes, also, briefly about how the rhizosphere can repel insect pests, and how these chemical substances alter microbial dynamics and enhance symbiotic relationships. We also highlight the need for more research in this area to detail the mode of action and quantification of these compounds in the environment and their roles in some important biological processes in microorganisms and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilade Adedayo Adedeji
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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17
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Tsai AYL, Oota M, Sawa S. Chemotactic Host-Finding Strategies of Plant Endoparasites and Endophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32849722 PMCID: PMC7411241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with microorganisms in the environment during all stages of their development and in most of their organs. These interactions can be either beneficial or detrimental for the plant and may be transient or long-term. In extreme cases, microorganisms become endoparastic or endophytic and permanently reside within a plant, while the host plant undergoes developmental reprogramming and produces new tissues or organs as a response to the invasion. Events at the cellular and molecular level following infection have been extensively described, however the mechanisms of how these microorganisms locate their plant hosts via chemotaxis remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the signalling molecules that regulate chemotaxis of endoparasitic/endophytic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. In particular, we will focus on the molecules secreted by plants that are most likely to act as guidance cues for microorganisms. These compounds are found in a wide range of plant species and show a variety of secondary effects. Interestingly, these compounds show different attraction potencies depending on the species of the invading organism, suggesting that cues perceived in the soil may be more complex than anticipated. However, what the cognate receptors are for these attractants, as well as the mechanism of how these attractants influence these organisms, remain important outstanding questions. Host-targeting marks the first step of plant-microorganism interactions, therefore understanding the signalling molecules involved in this step plays a key role in understanding these interactions as a whole.
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18
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Dihydroxyacetone of wheat root exudates serves as an attractant for Heterodera avenae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236317. [PMID: 32702002 PMCID: PMC7377440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera avenae, as an obligate endoparasite, causes severe yield loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Investigation on the mechanisms how H. avenae perceives wheat roots is limited. Here, the attractiveness of root exudates from eight plant genotypes to H. avenae were evaluated on agar plates. Results showed that the attraction of H. avenae to the root exudates from the non-host Brachypodium distachyon variety Bd21-3 was the highest, approximately 50 infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) per plate, followed by that from three H. avenae-susceptible wheat varieties, Zhengmai9023, Yanmai84 and Xiangmai25, as well as the resistant one of Xinyuan958, whereas the lowest attractive activity was observed in the two H. avenae-resistant wheat varieties, Xianmai20 (approximately 12 J2s/plate) and Liangxing66 (approximately 11 J2s/plate). Then Bd21-3, Zhengmai9023 and Heng4399 were selected for further assays as their different attractiveness and resistance to H. avenae, and attractants for H. avenae in their root exudates were characterized to be heat-labile and low-molecular compounds (LM) by behavioral bioassay. Based on these properties of the attractants, a principle of identifying attractants for H. avenae was set up. Then LM of six root exudates from the three plants with and without heating were separated and analyzed by HPLC-MS. Finally, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), methylprednisolone succinate, embelin and diethylpropionin in the root exudates were identified to be putative attractants for H. avenae according to the principle, and the attraction of DHA to H. avenae was validated by behavioral bioassay on agar. Our study enhances the recognition to the orientation mechanism of H. avenae towards wheat roots.
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19
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Wang P, Sun Y, Yang L, Hu Y, Li J, Wang J, Zhang F, Liu Y. Chemotactic responses of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Streptomyces plicatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5670793. [PMID: 31816058 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in the interactions of many species in the rhizosphere, including soil nematodes. One hundred strains of rhizosphere actinomycetes were screened in vitro for their effects on the chemotactic behavior of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Volatile compounds produced by the strain Streptomyces plicatus G demonstrated both strong attractant and repellent activities towards M. incognita. The compound dibenzofuran attracted M. incognita nematodes strongly, while compound benzothiazole repelled them. The chemotaxis of M. incognita was also tested under controlled conditions in pot experiments. Cultures of S. plicatus G and volatile dibenzofuran attracted M. incognita while volatile benzothiazole repelled them. The results showed that volatile compounds produced by rhizosphere actinomycetes could influence the chemotaxis of nematodes to a host. This study provides new information about the interrelationship between rhizosphere actinomycetes and nematodes that may be useful in preventing nematode parasitism of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Wang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiefang Li
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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20
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Critical Phenological Events Affect Chemical Defense of Plant Tissues: Iridoid Glycosides in a Woody Shrub. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:206-216. [PMID: 31907751 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are chemically-complex organisms; each individual contains diverse tissue-types, has the ability to differentially allocate secondary metabolites to these tissues and can change this allocation through time. The interaction of variation in chemical defense of different tissue types and variation in chemical defense through time, however, is rarely examined and has not been studied for iridoid glycoside-producing woody plants. In this study, we quantified allocation of iridoid glycosides (IGs) to the leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of 25 individuals of a long-lived shrub (Lonicera x bella Zabel, Caprifoliaceae), at five important phenological timepoints (leaf-out, flowering, fruit appearance, fruit ripening, and fruit dispersal) throughout a growing season. We found that leaves had 2x higher IG concentrations during flowering and fruiting than earlier in the season (after leaf-out), and later in the season (after fruit dispersal). The individual IG driving this increase in leaves during reproduction, secologanin, was also the most abundant IG in semiripe fruits. Flowers and seeds were composed of different proportions of individual IGs than fruits or leaves, but did not change across time and had overall low concentrations of IGs. In L. x bella, phenological events such as flowering and fruiting lead to an increase in leaf chemical defense that is likely to influence interactions with leaf-feeders. Our results stress the importance of considering phenology when sampling plants for the quantification of chemical defenses.
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21
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Cox DE, Dyer S, Weir R, Cheseto X, Sturrock M, Coyne D, Torto B, Maule AG, Dalzell JJ. ABC transporter genes ABC-C6 and ABC-G33 alter plant-microbe-parasite interactions in the rhizosphere. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19899. [PMID: 31882903 PMCID: PMC6934816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are master regulators of rhizosphere ecology, secreting a complex mixture of compounds into the soil, collectively termed plant root exudate. Root exudate composition is highly dynamic and functional, mediating economically important interactions between plants and a wide range of soil organisms. Currently we know very little about the molecular basis of root exudate composition, which is a key hurdle to functional exploitation of root exudates for crop improvement. Root expressed transporters modulate exudate composition and could be manipulated to develop beneficial plant root exudate traits. Using Virus Induced Gene silencing (VIGS), we demonstrate that knockdown of two root-expressed ABC transporter genes in tomato cv. Moneymaker, ABC-C6 and ABC-G33, alters the composition of semi-volatile compounds in collected root exudates. Root exudate chemotaxis assays demonstrate that knockdown of each transporter gene triggers the repulsion of economically relevant Meloidogyne and Globodera spp. plant parasitic nematodes, which are attracted to control treatment root exudates. Knockdown of ABC-C6 inhibits egg hatching of Meloidogyne and Globodera spp., relative to controls. Knockdown of ABC-G33 has no impact on egg hatching of Meloidogyne spp. but has a substantial inhibitory impact on egg hatching of G. pallida. ABC-C6 knockdown has no impact on the attraction of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or the plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis, relative to controls. Silencing ABC-G33 induces a statistically significant reduction in attraction of B. subtilis, with no impact on attraction of A. tumefaciens. By inoculating selected differentially exuded compounds into control root exudates, we demonstrate that hexadecaonic acid and pentadecane are biologically relevant parasite repellents. ABC-C6 represents a promising target for breeding or biotechnology intervention strategies as gene knockdown leads to the repulsion of economically important plant parasites and retains attraction of the beneficial rhizobacterium B. subtilis. This study exposes the link between ABC transporters, root exudate composition, and ex planta interactions with agriculturally and economically relevant rhizosphere organisms, paving the way for new approaches to rhizosphere engineering and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Elizabeth Cox
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Steven Dyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ryan Weir
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Xavier Cheseto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matthew Sturrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Danny Coyne
- The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aaron G Maule
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Johnathan J Dalzell
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Activity and reproductive capability of Meloidogyne incognita and sunflower growth response as influenced by root exudates of some medicinal plants. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li X, Hu HJ, Li JY, Wang C, Chen SL, Yan SZ. Effects of the Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus cereus BCM2 on Tomato Root Exudates and Meloidogyne incognita Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1551-1558. [PMID: 31059388 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-2016-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause serious crop losses worldwide. The colonization of tomato roots by endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus BCM2 can greatly reduce Meloidogyne incognita damage, and tomato roots carrying BCM2 were repellent to M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2). Here, the effects of BCM2 colonization on the composition of tomato root exudates was evaluated and potential mechanisms for BCM2-mediated M. incognita control explored using a linked twin-pot assay and GC-MS. On water agar plates, J2 preferentially avoided filter paper treated with tomato root exudates (organic phase only) from plants inoculated with BCM2, visiting these 67.1% less than controls. In a linked twin-pot assay, BCM2 treatment resulted in a 42.0% reduction in the number of nematodes in the soil, a 43.3% reduction in the number of galls and a 47.7% decrease in the density of M. incognita in root tissues. Analysis of root exudate composition revealed that BCM2 inoculation increased the number of components in exudates. Among these, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 3,3-dimethyloctane, and n-tridecane secretions markedly increased. In repellency trials on water agar plates, J2 avoided 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, n-tridecane, and 3,3-dimethyloctane at concentrations of 4 mmol/liter. In a linked twin-pot assay, inoculation with 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or 3,3-dimethyloctane reduced the number of nematodes in the soil (by 54.9 and 70.6%, respectively), the number of galls (by 53.7 and 52.4%), and the number of M. incognita in root tissues (by 67.5 and 36.3%). BCM2 colonization in tomato roots affected the composition of root exudates, increasing the secretion of substances that appear to be repellent, thus decreasing M. incognita J2 infection of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Hai-Jing Hu
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
- 2 School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Yu Li
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Cong Wang
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
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Tsai AYL, Higaki T, Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Favery B, Sawa S. Regulation of Root-Knot Nematode Behavior by Seed-Coat Mucilage-Derived Attractants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:99-112. [PMID: 30503864 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms, but how this occurs remains unclear, particularly for multicellular animals. Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals, specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis. Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs to Arabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of seed-coat mucilage. Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs, but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process. These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable. RKNs attracted by this mucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling. However, the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination. Multiple RKN species are attracted by Arabidopsis seeds, suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs. These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M. Impacts of Root Metabolites on Soil Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1792. [PMID: 32082349 PMCID: PMC7005220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant crop damage globally. Currently, many nematicides have been banned or are being phased out in Europe and other parts of the world because of environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we need to focus on sustainable and alternative methods of nematode control to protect crops. Plant roots contain and release a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known defense compounds. Hence, profound understanding of the root mediated interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes may contribute to efficient control and management of pest nematodes. In this review, we have compiled literature that documents effects of root metabolites on plant parasitic nematodes. These chemical compounds act as either nematode attractants, repellents, hatching stimulants or inhibitors. We have summarized the few studies that describe how root metabolites regulate the expression of nematode genes. As non-herbivorous nematodes contribute to decomposition, nutrient mineralization, microbial community structuring and control of herbivorous insect larvae, we also review the impact of plant metabolites on these non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- Mycology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mette Vestergård,
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Kirwa HK, Murungi LK, Beck JJ, Torto B. Elicitation of Differential Responses in the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Tomato Root Exudate Cytokinin, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11291-11300. [PMID: 30346752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates of plants mediate interactions with a variety of organisms in the rhizosphere, including root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) We investigated the responses of the motile stage second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita to non-volatile components identified in the root exudate of tomato. Using stylet thrusting, chemotaxis assays, and chemical analysis, we identified specific metabolites in the root exudate that attract and repel J2s. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive fractions obtained from the root exudate revealed a high diversity of compounds, of which five were identified as the phytohormone zeatin (cytokinin), the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin, and alkaloids solasodine and tomatidine. In stylet thrusting and chemotaxis assays, the five compounds elicited concentration-dependent responses in J2s relative to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and methyl salicylate (positive control). These results indicate that J2 herbivory is influenced by root exudate chemistry and concentrations of specific compounds, which may have potential applications in RKN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K Kirwa
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1700 Southwest 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
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Wang C, Masler EP, Rogers ST. Responses of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita Infective Juveniles to Root Tissues, Root Exudates, and Root Extracts from Three Plant Species. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1733-1740. [PMID: 30125180 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1445-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The infective juvenile (J2) stage of endoparasitic plant nematodes uses plant chemical signals, released from roots, to localize and infect hosts. We examined the behaviors of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) J2 in the presence of root signals from marigold (Tagetes patula), soybean (Glycine max), and pepper (Capsicum annuum). Signals were obtained from sources commonly used in phytoparasitic nematode chemotaxis studies: root tips, root exudates, and root extracts. Root tips from each plant species attracted M. incognita but H. glycines was attracted only to soybean. In contrast, root exudates prepared from marigold, pepper, or soybean seedlings were attractive to H. glycines but were repellent to M. incognita. Root extracts had the same effect as exudates. Fractionation of exudates by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (acetonitrile [CH3CN] and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) revealed highly polar and less polar components affecting behaviors. Fractions eluting at 12% CH3CN from all three plants attracted H. glycines and repelled M. incognita. None of the less polar HPLC fractions (>15% CH3CN) affected H. glycines but those from G. max and T. patula repelled M. incognita. Differences among exudates and effects of fractionation on behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Edward P Masler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705
| | - Stephen T Rogers
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705
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28
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Torto B, Cortada L, Murungi LK, Haukeland S, Coyne DL. Management of Cyst and Root Knot Nematodes: A Chemical Ecology Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8672-8678. [PMID: 30037217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematode infection of crops can be highly detrimental to agricultural production. Since the discovery that plant roots release chemicals that attract the infective stage of plant parasitic nematodes some 80 years ago, significant progress in identifying the signaling molecules has occurred only relatively recently. Here, we review the literature on chemical ecological studies of two major plant parasitic nematode groups: root knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne and cyst nematodes in the genus Globodera because of the negative impact their parasitism has on farming systems in Africa. We then highlight perspectives for future directions for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Laura Cortada
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) , P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Danny L Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
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Sobkowiak R, Bojarska N, Krzyżaniak E, Wągiel K, Ntalli N. Chemoreception of botanical nematicides by Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:493-502. [PMID: 29708833 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1462936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes, such as Meloidogyne incognita, cause serious damage to various agricultural crops worldwide, and their control necessitates environmentally safe measures. We have studied the effects of plant secondary metabolites on M. incognita locomotion, as it is an important factor affecting host inoculation inside the soil. We compared the effects to the respective behavioral responses of the model saprophytic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The tested botanical nematicides, all reported to be active against Meloidogyne sp. in our previous works, are small molecular weight molecules (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones). Here, we specifically report on the attractant or repellent properties of trans-anethole, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-decenal, fosthiazate, and 2-undecanone. The treatments for both nematode species were made at sublethal concentration levels, namely, 1 mM (<EC50), and the chemical controls used for the experiments were the commercial nematicides fosthiazate and oxamyl. According to our results, trans-anethole, decenal, and oxamyl attract C. elegans, while 2-undecanone strongly attracts M. incognita. These findings can be of use in the development of nematicidal formulations, contributing to the disruption of nematode chemotaxis to root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sobkowiak
- a Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Natalia Bojarska
- a Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Emilia Krzyżaniak
- a Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Karolina Wągiel
- a Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Nikoletta Ntalli
- b Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy , Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides , Kifissia , Athens , Greece
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Li T, Wang H, Xia X, Cao S, Yao J, Zhang L. Inhibitory effects of components from root exudates of Welsh onion against root knot nematodes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201471. [PMID: 30059521 PMCID: PMC6066241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites that infect many crops and cause severe yield losses. In this research, we studied the effect of Welsh onion, grown as a companion plant, on the resistance of cucumber plants to RKN infection and analyzed the most abundant components of Welsh onion root exudates. The results showed that, when grown with Welsh onion as a companion plant, cucumber roots had 77.0% fewer root knots and egg masses than the control cucumber roots. Welsh onion root exudates were collected and extracted with chloroform, ethyl ether, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. High concentrations of the extracts from the Welsh onion root exudates decreased the hatchability of RKN eggs. In particular, the inhibitory effect of the n-butanol extract was significant and the hatchability of RKN eggs did not exceed 10%. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the most abundant component in the n-butanol extract was 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol. Treatment with 1.2 mM 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased egg hatchability to 40%, whereas treatment with 9.6 mM or a higher concentration of 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased egg hatchability to less than 10%. In addition, 1.2 mM or a higher concentration of 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased the activity of the second-stage juvenile (J2). Higher 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol concentrations (9.8 and 19.2 mM) were lethal to RKNs to some extent, with death rates greater than 50% at 48 h of treatment. The present results suggest that cultivation with Welsh onion as a companion plant may represent an alternative to the application of synthetic nematicides, with fewer side effects. We confirmed that 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol is a natural effective nematicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiubo Xia
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Cao
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Yao
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
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Murungi LK, Kirwa H, Coyne D, Teal PEA, Beck JJ, Torto B. Identification of Key Root Volatiles Signaling Preference of Tomato over Spinach by the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7328-7336. [PMID: 29938509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, is a serious pest of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and spinach ( Spinacea oleracea) in sub-Saharan Africa. In East Africa these two crops are economically important and are commonly intercropped by smallholder farmers. The role of host plant volatiles in M. incognita interactions with these two commodities is currently unknown. Here, we investigate the olfactory basis of attraction of tomato and spinach roots by the infective second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita. In olfactometer assays, J2s were attracted to root volatiles from both crops over moist sand (control), but in choice tests using the two host plants, volatiles of tomato roots were more attractive than those released by spinach. Root volatiles sampled by solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified a total of eight components, of which five (2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-(methoxy)-3-(1-methylpropyl)pyrazine, tridecane, and α- and β-cedrene) occurred in the root-emitted volatiles of both plants, with three (δ-3-carene, sabinene, and methyl salicylate) being specific to tomato root volatiles. In a series of bioassays, methyl salicylate contributed strongly to the attractiveness of tomato, whereas 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine and tridecane contributed to the attractiveness of spinach. M. incognita J2s were also more attracted to natural spinach root volatiles when methyl salicylate was combined than to spinach volatiles alone, indicating that the presence of methyl salicylate in tomato volatiles strongly contributes to its preference over spinach. Our results indicate that since both tomato and spinach roots are attractive to M. incognita, identifying cultivars of these two plant species that are chemically less attractive can be helpful in the management of root knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kananu Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) , P. O. Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Hillary Kirwa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Peter E A Teal
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
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32
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Licá ICL, Soares AMDS, de Mesquita LSS, Malik S. Biological properties and pharmacological potential of plant exudates. Food Res Int 2018; 105:1039-1053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Knight AL, Light DM, Judd GJR, Witzgall P. Pear Ester – From Discovery to Delivery for Improved Codling Moth Management. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1294.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Knight
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, Washington 98951, United States
| | - Douglas M. Light
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany California 94710, United States
| | - Gary J. R. Judd
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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