1
|
Hagman K, Postigo T, Diez-Castro D, Ursing J, Bermejo-Martin JF, de la Fuente A, Tedim AP. Prevalence and clinical relevance of viraemia in viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024:100967. [PMID: 39342950 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In this Review, we analysed the prevalence of viraemia during infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other relevant respiratory viruses, including other human coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus/enterovirus, influenza A and B virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. First, a preliminary systematic search was conducted to identify articles published before May 23, 2024 that reported on viraemia during infection with respiratory viruses. The articles were then analysed for relevant terms to identify the prevalence of viraemia, its association with the disease severity and long-term consequences, and host responses. A total of 202 articles were included in the final study. The pooled prevalence of viraemia was 34% for SARS-CoV-2 and between 6% and 65% for other viruses. Association of viraemia with disease severity was extensively reported for SARS-CoV-2 and also for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (albeit with low evidence). SARS-CoV-2 viraemia was linked to memory problems and worsened quality of life. Viraemia was associated with signatures denoting dysregulated host responses. In conclusion, the high prevalence of viraemia and its association with disease severity suggests that viraemia could be a relevant pathophysiological event with important translational implications in respiratory viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hagman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Postigo
- Group for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Infection & Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Diez-Castro
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Group for Biomedical Research in Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesús F Bermejo-Martin
- Group for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Infection & Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES, CB22/06/00035), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amanda de la Fuente
- Group for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Infection & Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES, CB22/06/00035), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana P Tedim
- Group for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Infection & Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES, CB22/06/00035), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park H, Kim KR, Huh HJ, Yoon Y, Park E, Cho J, Lee J, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim YJ. Complications of the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients With Common Cold Coronavirus Infection During 2014-2019. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e358. [PMID: 38013644 PMCID: PMC10681840 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric patients, the common cold coronavirus (ccCoV) usually causes mild respiratory illness. There are reports of coronavirus causing central nervous system (CNS) infection in experimental animal models. Some immunocompromised patients have also been reported to have fatal CNS infections with ccCoV. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of CNS complications related to ccCoV infection. METHODS From January 2014 to December 2019, a retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from hospitalized patients under 19 years of age whose ccCoV was detected through polymerase chain reaction in respiratory specimens. The CNS complications were defined as clinically diagnosed seizure, meningitis, encephalopathy, and encephalitis. RESULTS A total of 436 samples from 420 patients were detected as ccCoV. Among the 420 patients, 269 patients were immunocompetent and 151 patients were immunocompromised. The most common type of ccCoV was OC43 (52% in immunocompetent, 37% in immunocompromised). CNS complications were observed in 9.4% (41/436). The most common type of CNS complication was the fever-provoked seizure under pre-existing neurologic disease (42% in immunocompetent and 60% in immunocompromised patients). Among patients with CNS complications, two immunocompetent patients required intensive care unit admission due to encephalitis. Three patients without underlying neurological disease started anti-seizure medications for the first time at this admission. There was no death related to ccCoV infection. CONCLUSION ccCoV infection may cause severe clinical manifestations such as CNS complications or neurologic sequelae, even in previously healthy children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonsun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Esther Park
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongbum Cho
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lie LK, Synowiec A, Mazur J, Rabalski L, Pyrć K. An engineered A549 cell line expressing CD13 and TMPRSS2 is permissive to clinical isolate of human coronavirus 229E. Virology 2023; 588:109889. [PMID: 37778059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of suitable in vitro culture model has hampered research on wild-type (WT) human coronaviruses. While 3D tissue or organ cultures have been instrumental for this purpose, such models are challenging, time-consuming, expensive and require extensive cell culture adaptation and directed evolution. Consequently, high-throughput applications are beyond reach in most cases. Here we developed a robust A549 cell line permissive to a human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) clinical isolate by transducing CD13 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), henceforth referred to as A549++ cells. This modification allowed for productive infection, and a more detailed analysis showed that the virus might use the TMPRSS2-dependent pathway but can still bypass this pathway using cathepsin-mediated endocytosis. Overall, our data showed that A549++ cells are permissive to HCoV-229E clinical isolate, and applicable for further studies on HCoV-229E infectiology. Moreover, this line constitutes a uniform platform for studies on multiple members of the Coronaviridae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurensius Kevin Lie
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Mazur
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biškup UG, Steyer A, Lusa L, Strle F, Pokorn M, Mrvič T, Grosek Š, Petrovec M, Jevšnik Virant M. Molecular Typing of Mastadenoviruses in Simultaneously Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Stool Samples from Children Hospitalized for Acute Bronchiolitis, Acute Gastroenteritis, and Febrile Seizures. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030780. [PMID: 36985353 PMCID: PMC10058226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determines and compares the frequency of human mastadenovirus (HAdV) presence in children with acute bronchiolitis (AB), acute gastroenteritis (AGE), and febrile seizures (FS), ascertains types of HAdVs associated with each individual syndrome and contrasts the findings with a control group of children. The presence of HAdVs was ascertained in simultaneously collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and stool samples amplifying the hexon gene by RT-PCR; these were sequenced to determine the types of HAdVs. HAdVs were grouped into eight different genotypes. Of these, three (F40, F41, and A31) were found solely in stool samples, whereas the others (B3, C1, C2, C5, and C6) were found in both stool samples and NP swabs. The most common genotypes in NP swabs were C2 (found in children with AGE and FS) and C1 (only in children with FS), whereas in stool samples genotypes F41 (in children with AGE) and C2 (in children with AGE and FS) prevailed, and C2 was simultaneously present in both samples. HAdVs were more often detected in stool samples than in NP swabs in patients (with the highest estimated viral load in stool samples in children with AB and AGE) and healthy controls and were more common in NP swabs in children with AGE than in children with AB. In most patients, the characterized genotypes in NP swabs and stool samples were in concordance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urška Glinšek Biškup
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Steyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Prvomajska 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lara Lusa
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Pokorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Pediatrics, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Bohoričeva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Mrvič
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Štefan Grosek
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Neonatology Section, Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Therapy, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Jevšnik Virant
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barthorpe A, Rogers JP. Coronavirus infections from 2002-2021: Neuropsychiatric Manifestations. Sleep Med 2021; 91:282-288. [PMID: 35221210 PMCID: PMC8651478 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have been known to infect humans for several decades and there are four endemic subtypes: HCoV (human coronavirus) −229E, -NL63, -OC43 and -HKU1. These mainly cause a mild upper respiratory illness, but occasionally in vulnerable individuals they can result in more severe respiratory disease and, rarely, CNS involvement. Prior exposure to these viruses has also been associated with an increased odds of having a major psychiatric illness. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-CoV, started in 2002 and, as well as causing a more severe respiratory phenotype, was also associated with delirium and affective symptoms acutely. Psychosis occurred in about 1% of individuals and was generally thought to be due to corticosteroid administration. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by MERS-CoV, revealed similar findings. Survivors of both SARS and MERS reported persistent physical and psychological symptoms at least several months after the acute illness. The reported neuropsychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 range from the common symptoms of systemic and upper respiratory infections to severe and disabling conditions. Delirium has been described using varying terminology; as well as being a possible presenting feature of COVID-19, it has also been shown to be a marker of severe disease. Stroke, both ischaemic and haemorrhagic, have been reported to be more common in COVID-19 than in other medical illnesses. Mood and anxiety disorders are likely to be common at follow-up, while psychosis remains rare and controversial. ‘Long Covid’ is likely to represent a highly clinically and aetiologically heterogeneous group.
Collapse
|
6
|
Biagi C, Scarpini S, Paleari C, Fabi M, Dondi A, Gabrielli L, Gennari M, Lanari M, Pierantoni L. Impact of Guidelines Publication on Acute Bronchiolitis Management: 10-Year Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in Italy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2221. [PMID: 34835347 PMCID: PMC8625287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants. According to evidence-based guidelines, diagnosis is clinical, there is no need for routine use of laboratory or instrumental tests and therapy is primarily supportive, based on oxygen and adequate fluid supplementation. Nevertheless, unnecessary diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatments are still very common. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate how the management of bronchiolitis has changed in the last ten years in a Tertiary Care Center in Italy, assessing adherence to national guidelines. Considering the publication of the Italian inter-society consensus document in 2014, we compared patients admitted in the prior four epidemic seasons with patients admitted in the latter six epidemic seasons. The comparison between the two groups showed a significant reduction in the prescription of systemic corticosteroids (58.9% vs. 41.8%, p < 0.001), nebulized epinephrine (73.8% vs. 38.3%, p < 0.001) and antibiotics (59.5% vs. 42.3%, p < 0.001), together with a drastic decrease in the use of chest X-ray (92.2% vs. 54.4%, p < 0.001). On the contrary, the use of inhaled salbutamol remained substantially stable over time (39.4% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.505). Despite the encouraging results, further efforts are needed to limit the prescription of ineffective therapies like antibiotics and inhaled salbutamol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Biagi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Sara Scarpini
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Camilla Paleari
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marianna Fabi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Liliana Gabrielli
- Microbiology Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Monia Gennari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dilber B, Aydın ZGG, Yeşilbaş O, Sağ E, Aksoy NK, Gündoğmuş F, Küçükalioğlu BP, Yılmaz SA, Demirhan YN, Çelik N, Karaca A, Ertem NY, Özdemir R, Aksoy Hİ, Öztürk EE, Saygın B, Acar FA. Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Acute COVID Infections: A Single Center Experience. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6319727. [PMID: 34254129 PMCID: PMC8344731 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) usually leads to a mild infectious disease course in children, while serious complications may occur in conjunction with both acute infection and neurological symptoms, which have been predominantly reported in adults. The neurological complications in these patients vary based on patient age and underlying comorbidities. Data on clinical features, particularly neurological features, and prognostic factors in children and adolescents are limited. This study provides a concise overview of neurological complications in pediatric COVID-19 cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The retrospective study reviewed medical records of all patients who were admitted to our hospital and were diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay between 11 March 2020 and 30 January 2021. Patients with a positive PCR result were categorized into two groups: outpatient departments patients and inpatient departments (IPD). RESULTS Of the 2530 children who underwent RT-PCR during the study period, 382 (8.6%) were confirmed as COVID-19 positive, comprising 188 (49.2%) girls and 194 (50.8%) boys with a mean age of 7.14±5.84 (range, 0-17) years. Neurological complications that required hospitalization were present in 34 (8.9%) patients, including seizure (52.9%), headache (38.2%), dizziness (11.1%) and meningoencephalitis (5.8%). CONCLUSION The results indicated that neurological manifestations are not rare in children suffering from COVID-19. Seizures, headaches, dizziness, anosmia, ageusia and meningoencephalitis are major neurological manifestations during acute COVID-19 disease. Although seizures were the most common cause of hospitalization in IPD patients, the frequency of meningoencephalitis was quite high. Seizures were observed as febrile seizures for children under 6 years of age and afebrile seizures for those over 6 years of age. Febrile seizure accounted for half of all seizure children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beril Dilber
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000,Corresponding Author: 1. Dilber Beril (Ass. Prof.), Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Yenimah. Hastaneyolu 9/1, Ortahisar, Trabzon, Turkey, , Telph: +905305756989, Phax: 0462 3775200
| | - Zeynep Gökçe Gayretli Aydın
- Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Child, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital and Karadeniz Technichal University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Osman Yeşilbaş
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, and Karadeniz Technichal University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Elif Sağ
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Gastroenterology and nutrition, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Nurdan Kaykı Aksoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Fırat Gündoğmuş
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Burcu Parıltan Küçükalioğlu
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Semra Atasoy Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Yeşeren Nil Demirhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Nurşen Çelik
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Abdullah Karaca
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Neşe Yalçın Ertem
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Ramazan Özdemir
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Halil İbrahim Aksoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Emine Esra Öztürk
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Berna Saygın
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Critical Care, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| | - Filiz Aktürk Acar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Critical Care, Health Sciences University Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Türkiye, 61000
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zain S, Petropoulou K, Mirchia K, Hussien A, Mirchia K. COVID-19 as a rare cause of facial nerve neuritis in a pediatric patient. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:1400-1404. [PMID: 33824691 PMCID: PMC8015400 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been noted to present with neurological symptoms in nearly 30% of patients. While children are more likely to be asymptomatic, neurological involvement has been observed. We present the case of a 23-month-old previously healthy female who was brought to the emergency room for a new-onset facial droop. The patient tested positive for COVID-19 but was otherwise asymptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with and without contrast revealed abnormal enhancement along the canalicular segment of the right cranial VII extending to the first genu suggestive of cranial nerve neuritis. Given that our case involves a pediatric patient with no significant comorbidities presenting with facial drop, COVID-19 should be considered on the differential when evaluating causes of new onset peripheral nerve palsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Zain
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Kalliopi Petropoulou
- Department of Radiology, Upstate University Hospital, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Kanish Mirchia
- Department of Pathology, Upstate University Hospital, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Abdelmohsen Hussien
- Department of Radiology, Upstate University Hospital, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Kavya Mirchia
- Department of Radiology, Upstate University Hospital, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lacavalla D, Santandrea G, Andreotti D, Stano R, Occhionorelli S. Case report of gastrointestinal localization of SARS-CoV-2 and open abdomen technique in an Italian emergency surgery department for gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 66:102405. [PMID: 34055331 PMCID: PMC8144097 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to present the case of a man affected by SARS CoV-2 and to discuss the association between this manifestation, viral infection and Open Abodmen. A 52 years old Caucasian man, affected by SARS CoV-2 infection, was admitted to the Emergency department of Arcispedale Sant’Anna of Ferrara for epigastralgia followed by syncopal episode, vomiting and diarrhea with bloody stools. The next day the patient underwent colonoscopy, which detected an ulceration proximally to the ileocecal valve without active bleeding. Subsequently an initial non-operative management and two pharyngeal swabs negative, for another rectorrhagia and hypotensive episode, underwent emerging surgery and an Open Abdomen was performed. The patient was discharged in 12th post-surgery day without complications. The IHC analysis with anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein revealed the presence of viral protein expression in epithelial cell of ulcerated intestinal mucosa. In this case report, we showed the presence of viral inclusion in small intestinal wall after two negative pharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We can also say that the largest amount of viral inclusions was in the tissue of ulceration of the last ileal loop. This case report showed that SARS-CoV-2 can be unseen also after clinical healing. It's probably can be expelled with stools and rectal swabs search for SARS-Cov-2 RNA after pharyngeal swabs could be mandatory for declare heled a patient. Moreover, damage control surgery and Open Abdomen as a surgical technique can be a valid alternative in case of uncertainty of the bleeding source and when a second surgical look is necessary. The novel SARS-CoV-2 may result in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in up to one-third of patients. SARS-CoV-2 is excreted in the faeces, thus raising the possibility of faecal-oral transmission. Two pharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were performed and were both negative. Viral protein expression in epithelial cell of ulcerated intestinal mucosa. Open Abodmen Technique is a valid alternative in surgical emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lacavalla
- Acute Care Surgery Service, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara Via Aldo Moro, 8 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Santandrea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Residency Program in General Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - D Andreotti
- Acute Care Surgery Service, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara Via Aldo Moro, 8 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Stano
- Acute Care Surgery Service, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara Via Aldo Moro, 8 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Occhionorelli
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang LP, Zhou SX, Wang X, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhang HY, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Zhang XA, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Liu YL, Cui AL, Lai SJ, Liu MY, Zhu YL, Xu WB, Chen Y, Wu JG, Yuan ZH, Li MF, Huang LY, Li ZJ, Liu W, Fang LQ, Jing HQ, Hay SI, Gao GF, Yang WZ. Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2464. [PMID: 33927201 PMCID: PMC8085116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
National-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Xia Zhou
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Sha Shi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Lin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jie Geng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuo-Sen Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Ai-Li Cui
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Liu-Yu Huang
- The Institute for Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China. .,Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Huai-Qi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The current frequency of COVID-19 in a pandemic era ensures that co-infections with a variety of co-pathogens will occur. Generally, there is a low rate of bonafide co-infections in early COVID-19 pulmonary infection as currently appreciated. Reports of high co-infection rates must be tempered by limitations in current diagnostic methods since amplification technologies do not necessarily confirm live pathogen and may be subject to considerable laboratory variation. Some laboratory methods may not exclude commensal microbes. Concurrent serodiagnoses have long been of concern for accuracy in these contexts. Presumed virus co-infections are not specific to COVID-19. The association of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in co-infection has been considerably variable during influenza season. Other respiratory virus co-infections have generally occurred in less than 10% of COVID-19 patients. Early COVID-19 disease is more commonly associated with bacterial co-pathogens that typically represent usual respiratory micro-organisms. Late infections, especially among severe clinical presentations, are more likely to be associated with nosocomial or opportunistic pathogens given the influence of treatments that can include antibiotics, antivirals, immunomodulating agents, blood products, immunotherapy, steroids, and invasive procedures. As anticipated, hospital care carries risk for multi-resistant bacteria. Overall, co-pathogen identification is linked with longer hospital stay, greater patient complexity, and adverse outcomes. As for other viral infections, a general reduction in the use of empiric antibiotic treatment is warranted. Further insight into co-infections with COVID-19 will contribute overall to effective antimicrobial therapies and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6H3V4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jevšnik Virant M, Černe D, Petrovec M, Paller T, Toplak I. Genetic Characterisation and Comparison of Three Human Coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, 229E) from Patients and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) from Cattle with Respiratory Disease in Slovenia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040676. [PMID: 33920821 PMCID: PMC8071153 DOI: 10.3390/v13040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are widely distributed pathogens of human and animals and can cause mild or severe respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. Antigenic and genetic similarity of some CoVs within the Betacoronavirus genus is evident. Therefore, for the first time in Slovenia, we investigated the genetic diversity of partial 390-nucleotides of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) for 66 human (HCoV) and 24 bovine CoV (BCoV) positive samples, collected between 2010 and 2016 from human patients and cattle with respiratory disease. The characterized CoV strains belong to four different clusters, in three separate human clusters HCoV-HKU1 (n = 34), HCoV-OC43 (n = 31) and HCoV 229E (n = 1) and bovine grouping only as BCoVs (n = 24). BCoVs from cattle and HCoV-OC43 were genetically the most closely related and share 96.4-97.1% nucleotide and 96.9-98.5% amino acid identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jevšnik Virant
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Danijela Černe
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Tomislav Paller
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singer TG, Evankovich KD, Fisher K, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Risen SR. Coronavirus Infections in the Nervous System of Children: A Scoping Review Making the Case for Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Surveillance. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 117:47-63. [PMID: 33676141 PMCID: PMC7988307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to describe the case literature of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children, including from SARS-CoV-2, and to provide guidance to pediatric providers for managing the potential long-term effects on neurodevelopment of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system. METHODS Using a structured strategy, the PubMed and Ovid:Embase databases were queried for articles about the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children and young adults, aged 0 to 24 years. RESULTS Of 2302 articles reviewed, 31 described SARS-CoV-2 infections in the nervous system of children and 21 described other human coronaviruses: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1. Excepting MERS-CoV, we found cases of neurological disease in children from each human coronavirus. Children with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections have suffered acute flaccid paralysis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, encephalitis, and seizures. In addition, cases of ischemic, hemorrhagic, and microvascular strokes have occurred in children with SARS-CoV-2. Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children have suffered encephalitis, stroke, pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, and cytotoxic lesions of deep brain structures. Despite these reports, few articles evaluated the impact of human coronavirus infections on long-term neurodevelopmental domains including cognitive, language, academic, motor, and psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Neurological manifestations of human coronavirus infections can cause severe disease in children. The case literature suggests a critical gap in knowledge of the long-term effects on child neurodevelopment of these infections. As the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues, this gap must be filled to facilitate optimal outcomes in recovering children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Singer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Global Child Health Residency, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas,Communications should be addressed to: Dr. Singer; Pediatric House Staff Office; 6621 Fannin St, West Tower 19th Floor; Houston, TX USA 77030
| | - Karen D. Evankovich
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Psychology and Neurology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen Fisher
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Gail J. Demmler-Harrison
- Baylor College of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah R. Risen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bakharev SD, Baulo EV, Bykova SV, Dbar SR, Parfenov AI. COVID-19 and the small intestine. TERAPEVT ARKH 2021; 93:343-347. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), which is the entry point of the virus into the cell. The most dense fabric of ACE-2 is the lungs. The small intestine also contains large amounts of ACE-2 in the enterocyte membrane and is often involved in this process. Intestinal symptoms can appear at different stages of the disease. The review describes the mechanisms of interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with enterocytes, the fecal-oral route of infection, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 with intestinal symptoms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Veronese S, Sbarbati A. Chemosensory Systems in COVID-19: Evolution of Scientific Research. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:813-824. [PMID: 33559466 PMCID: PMC7885804 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease induced by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 presents among its symptoms alterations of the chemosensory functions. In the first studies on the Chinese population, this symptomatology was not particularly relevant, and hyposmia and hypogeusia were excluded from the symptoms to be evaluated to diagnose the disease. With the pandemic spread of the illness, there has been an augment in reports on chemosensory dysfunctions among patients. The first data analysis showed the presence of these disorders mainly in paucisymptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The interest in chemosensory systems therefore increased considerably, because the olfactory and gustatory symptoms could be the key to stop the infection spread. Furthermore, the degree of alert and attention grew, considering that these types of dysfunctions are prognostic symptoms of serious neurodegenerative diseases. About 9 months have passed since the first anecdotal reports on the involvement of the olfactory and gustatory systems in the COVID-19 pathology. For this reason, a careful review of the literature was conducted to understand if it is clearer which people present chemosensory symptoms and if these are related to the severity of the disease. Furthermore, we have identified which aspects still remain to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Veronese
- Department of Neuroscience,
Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University
of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neuroscience,
Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University
of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and ultrastructural modifications in small bowel of a 4-week-negative COVID-19 patient. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:936-937. [PMID: 33465499 PMCID: PMC7832059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
17
|
Yatsyshina SB, Mamoshina MV, Shipulina OY, Podkolzin AT, Akimkin VG. [Analysis of human coronaviruses circulation]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 65:267-276. [PMID: 33533210 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which emerged at the end of 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic, triggered numerous questions about the epidemiology of the novel COVID-19 disease and about wellknown coronavirus infections, which used to be given little attention due to their mild symptoms. THE PURPOSE The routine screening-based multiyear retrospective observational study of prevalence and circulation patterns of epidemic-prone human coronaviruses in Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect RNA of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in nasal and throat swabs from 16,511 patients with an acute respiratory infection (ARI), aged 1 month to 95 years (children accounted for 58.3%) from January 2016 to March 2020, and swabs from 505 relatively healthy children in 2008, 2010 and 2011. Results. HCoVs were yearly found in 2.6-6.1% of the examined patients; the detection frequency was statistically higher in adults than in children, regardless of sex. At the height of the disease incidence in December 2019, HCoVs were detected in 13.7% of the examined, demonstrating a two-fold increase as compared to the multi-year average for that month. The statistical frequency of HCoV detection in ARI pediatric patients under 6 years was significantly higher than in their healthy peers (3.7 vs 0.7%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION HCoVs circulate annually, demonstrating a winter-spring seasonal activity pattern in the Moscow Region and reaching peak levels in December. Over the years of observation, the HCoV epidemic activity reached maximum levels in December 2019-February 2020 and decreased in March to the multi-year average. Amid a growing number of SARS-CoV-2 cases imported to Moscow in March 2020, the HCoV detection frequency dropped sharply, which can be explained by the competition between different coronaviruses and by the specificity of HCoV detection with the diagnostic test kit used in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Yatsyshina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - M V Mamoshina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - O Yu Shipulina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - A T Podkolzin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - V G Akimkin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cimolai N. Complicating Infections Associated with Common Endemic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses. Health Secur 2020; 19:195-208. [PMID: 33186086 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic human respiratory coronaviruses that typically cause mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, similar to the common cold. They also may cause simple and complicated lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma exacerbations, gastroenteritis, and a few systemic complications. These viruses are usually seasonal (with winter dominance) and affect nearly all age groups. The seasonal and annual variation in virus prevalence has implications for understanding the concept of acquired immunity and its persistence or diminution. Coronaviruses generally have outbreak potential in susceptible populations of any age, particularly in patients with comorbidities, who tend to have increased clinical disease. These 4 coronaviruses are often found in the context of what appears to be coinfection with other pathogens, but especially other viruses. If coronaviruses are not specifically tested for, the sole detection of a viral copathogen would suggest the pathogen is the causative agent, when a coronavirus may be culpable, or both. The detection of these viruses in circumstances where respiratory viruses are generally sought in clinical samples is, therefore, justified. These pathogens can be chronically shed from the respiratory tract, which is more likely to occur among immunocompromised and complicated patients. These viruses share the potential for genetic drift. The genome is among the largest of RNA viruses, and the capability of these viruses to further change is likely underestimated. Given the potential disease among humans, it is justified to search for effective antiviral chemotherapy for these viruses and to consider uses in niche situations should effective therapy be defined. Whereas SARS-CoV-2 may follow the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV and extinguish slowly over time, there is yet concern that SARS-CoV-2 may establish itself as an endemic human respiratory coronavirus similar to OC43, 2299E, NL63, and HKU1. Until sufficient data are acquired to better understand the potential of SARS-CoV-2, continued work on antiviral therapy and vaccination is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Nevio Cimolai, MD, FRCPC, is a Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia; he is also Medical Staff, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; both in Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park S, Lee Y, Michelow IC, Choe YJ. Global Seasonality of Human Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa443. [PMID: 33204751 PMCID: PMC7651300 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, we aimed to systematically address the global seasonal patterns of human coronavirus (HCoV) infections. We identified relevant articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL Plus as of May 11, 2020. The main outcomes were the peak months of HCoV infections each year and the months during which more than 5% of positive respiratory specimen tests were attributable to HCoV. Of 707 articles reviewed, 22 met the inclusion criteria. The annual percentage of HCoV infections reached a peak in February globally. We found a higher HCoV positivity rate among studies that tested only children (median: 5.9%, range: 0.9%–18.4%), compared with other studies of adults alone (median: 5.2%, range: 3.3%–7.1%) or the entire population (median: 1.9%, range: 0.2%–8.1%). We found the largest global peak of HCoV during the winter season, with the highest rate of positivity among children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangshin Park
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Lee
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Young June Choe
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Almqvist J, Granberg T, Tzortzakakis A, Klironomos S, Kollia E, Öhberg C, Martin R, Piehl F, Ouellette R, Ineichen BV. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus infections - a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2057-2071. [PMID: 32853453 PMCID: PMC7461163 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize diagnostic workup of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, we systematically reviewed neurological and neuroradiological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and all other known human coronavirus species (HCoV). Which lessons can we learn? We identified relevant publications (until 26 July 2020) using systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid EMBASE with predefined search strings. A total of 4571 unique publications were retrieved, out of which 378 publications were selected for in-depth analysis by two raters, including a total of 17549 (out of which were 14418 SARS-CoV-2) patients. Neurological complications and associated neuroradiological manifestations are prevalent for all HCoVs (HCoV-229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2). Moreover there are similarities in symptomatology across different HCoVs, particularly between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Common neurological manifestations include fatigue, headache, and smell/taste disorders. Additionally, clinicians need to be attentive for at least five classes of neurological complications: (1) Cerebrovascular disorders including ischemic stroke and macro/micro-hemorrhages, (2) encephalopathies, (3) para-/postinfectious immune-mediated complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, (4) (meningo-)encephalitis, potentially with concomitant seizures, and (5) neuropsychiatric complications such as psychosis and mood disorders. Our systematic review highlights the need for vigilance regarding neurological complications in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs, especially since some complications may result in chronic disability. Neuroimaging protocols should be designed to specifically screen for these complications. Therefore, we propose practical imaging guidelines to facilitate the diagnostic workup and monitoring of patients infected with HCoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Almqvist
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Antonios Tzortzakakis
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Stefanos Klironomos
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Evangelia Kollia
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Claes Öhberg
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research SectionNeurology ClinicUniversity ZurichUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Center of NeurologyAcademic Specialist CenterStockholm Health ServicesStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Russell Ouellette
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Benjamin V. Ineichen
- Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research SectionNeurology ClinicUniversity ZurichUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yachou Y, El Idrissi A, Belapasov V, Ait Benali S. Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2657-2669. [PMID: 32725449 PMCID: PMC7385206 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. Some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. These immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. The new “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the Respiratory viruses causing highly acute lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with clinical similarities to those reported in “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus”(SARS-CoV) and the “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus”(MERS-CoV) including neurological manifestation. To examine the possible neurological damage induced by SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to understand the immune reactions to viral infection in the brain, and their short- and long-term consequences. Considering the similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which will be discussed, cooperative homological and phylogenetical studies lead us to question if SARS-CoV-2 can have similar neuroinvasive capacities and neuroinflammatiory events that may lead to the same short- and long-term neuropathologies that SARS-CoV had shown in human and animal models. To explain the neurological manifestation caused by SARS-CoV-2, we will present a literature review of 765 COVID-19 patients, in which 18% had neurological symptoms and complications, including encephalopathy, encephalitis and cerebrovascular pathologies, acute myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clinical studies describe anosmia or partial loss of the sense of smell as the most frequent symptom in COVID19 patients, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction and the initial ultrarapid immune responses could be a prognostic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Yachou
- Neurology Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, Russia.
| | - Abdeslem El Idrissi
- Center for Developmental Neuroscience, City University of New York, College of Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Vladimir Belapasov
- Neurology Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Said Ait Benali
- Neurosurgery Department, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cimolai N. Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2498-2510. [PMID: 32530505 PMCID: PMC7307025 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pandemic coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) gives ample reason to generally review coronavirus (CoV) containment. For establishing some preliminary views on decontamination and disinfection, surrogate CoVs have commonly been assessed. This review serves to examine the existing science in regard to CoV containment generically and then to translate these findings into timely applications for COVID‐19. There is widespread dissemination of CoVs in the immediate patient environment, and CoVs can potentially be spread via respiratory secretions, urine, and stool. Interpretations of the spread however must consider whether studies examine for viral RNA, virus viability by culture, or both. Presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and post‐14 day virus excretion from patients may complicate the epidemiology. Whereas droplet spread is accepted, there continues to be controversy over the extent of possible airborne spread and especially now for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). CoVs are stable in body secretions and sewage at reduced temperatures. In addition to temperature, dryness or relative humidity, initial viral burden, concomitant presence of bioburden, and the type of surface can all affect stability. Generalizing, CoVs can be susceptible to radiation, temperature extremes, pH extremes, peroxides, halogens, aldehydes, many solvents, and several alcohols. Whereas detergent surfactants can have some direct activity, these agents are better used as complements to a complex disinfectant solution. Disinfectants with multiple agents and adverse pH are more likely to be best active at higher water temperatures. Real‐life assessments should be encouraged with working dilutions. The use of decontamination and disinfection should be balanced with considerations of patient and caregiver safety. Processes should also be balanced with considerations for other potential pathogens that must be targeted. Given some CoV differences and given that surrogate testing provides experimental correlates at best, direct assessments with SARS‐CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and SARS‐CoV‐2 are required. Environmental spread in the immediate context of infected hosts is common for coronaviruses. The epidemiology of coronavirus infections is complicated by presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and post‐fourteen day infection spread. Mechanical removal of associated organic debris is vital to effective coronavirus decontamination. Proper exposure times for disinfection are vital to effective coronavirus inactivation. Temperature of disinfectant working dilutions and pH can have impact on antiviral activity. The immediate patient environment should be simplified for necessary and reusable items. Coronavirus inactivation should be considered in the context of other pathogens that need to be inactivated simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Since human coronavirus (HCoV)-like particles were detected in the stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis and necrotizing enterocolitis children with electron microscopy, the relationship between HCoV and the pediatric gastrointestinal illness had been recognized. In recent years, the overall detection rates have been low and have varied by region. HCoVs have not been considered as the major pathogens in pediatric acute gastroenteritis. HCoVs detected in children with acute gastroenteritis have included 229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have also been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in children. Although digestive tract has been recognized as an infection route, it has not been possible to fully investigate the association between HCoVs infection and the gastrointestinal symptoms because of the limited number of pediatric cases. Furthermore, pathologic features have not been clear. Till now, our knowledge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is limited. However, diarrhea and vomiting have been seen in pediatric cases, particularly in newborns and infants. It has been necessary to pay more attention on gastrointestinal transmission to identify the infected children early and avoid the children without apparent or mild symptoms becoming the sources of infection.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lassandro G, Palladino V, Amoruso A, Palmieri VV, Russo G, Giordano P. Children in Coronaviruses' Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020042. [PMID: 32670520 PMCID: PMC7340228 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses but can lead to more severe and diffusive diseases. A variety of signs and symptoms may be present, and infections can range in severity from the common cold and sore throat to more serious laryngeal or tracheal infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. In adults, they may cause severe pneumonia that evolves in respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. However, some children, such as infants, adolescents, or those with underlying diseases may be more at-risk categories and require greater caution from clinicians. Available data on pediatric coronavirus infections are rare and scattered in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide to clinicians a complete and updated panel useful to recognize and characterize the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infections in the pediatric age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lassandro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Palladino
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Amoruso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeria Palmieri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Russo
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cimolai N. Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1834-1844. [PMID: 32462689 PMCID: PMC7283829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have long been studied in both human and veterinary fields. Whereas the initial detection of endemic human respiratory coronaviruses was problematic, detection of these and newly discovered human coronaviruses has been greatly facilitated with major advances in the laboratory. Nevertheless, technological factors can affect the accuracy and timeliness of virus detection. Many human coronaviruses can be variably found in stool samples. All human coronaviruses have been variably associated with symptoms of gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses can occasionally be cultured from enteric specimens, but most detection is accomplished with genetic amplification technologies. Excretion of viral RNA in stool can extend for a prolonged period. Culture‐positive stool samples have been found to exceed a fourteen day period after onset of infection for some coronaviruses. Virus can also sometimes be cultured from patients' respiratory samples during the late incubation period. Relatively asymptomatic patients may excrete virus. Both viable and nonviable virus can be found in the immediate environment of the patient, the health care worker, and less often the public. These lessons from the past study of animal and human coronaviruses can be extended to presumptions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Already, the early reports from the coronavirus disease‐2019 pandemic are confirming some concerns. These data have the cumulative potential to cause us to rethink some current and common public health and infection control strategies. coronaviruses are variably found in human enteric samples during the course of infection. abdominal and intestinal illnesses are associated with coronavirus infections. enteric excretion of live virus and viral RNA have been confirmed. occasionally, live virus can be found in stool samples to exceed a fourteen day period after disease onset, and virus can also be cultured from these samples during the late incubation period or from asymptomatic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Takagi Y, Imamura T, Endo S, Hayashi K, Akiyama S, Ikuta Y, Kawaguchi T, Sumita T, Katori T, Hashino M, Saito S, Odagiri T, Oba K, Kuroda M, Kageyama T. Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus in a 22-month-old infant with multiple respiratory virus co-detection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:388. [PMID: 32487032 PMCID: PMC7266127 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare but serious complication of febrile status epilepticus in children. Comprehensive screening for viral pathogens is seldomly performed in the work-up of febrile children. CASE PRESENTATION A 22-month-old girl presented with her first episode of febrile status epilepticus, after which she developed acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. After the termination of seizure activity, the patient was intubated and managed on mechanical ventilation in the emergency room. The resolution of respiratory failure, as well as the neurological recovery, was achieved 9 h after admission, and the patient was discharged 6 days after admission without any complications. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified the presence of human coronavirus HKU1, influenza C virus, and human parainfluenza virus 2 from the patient's nasopharyngeal specimens. CONCLUSIONS Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus was suspected to be the etiology of our patient's acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Timely seizure termination and rapid airway and respiratory intervention resulted in favorable outcomes of the patient. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified three respiratory viruses; however, their relevance and association with clinical symptoms remain speculative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takeaki Imamura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Satoka Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Yoji Ikuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumita
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Katori
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Negah SS. COVID-19 virus may have neuroinvasive potential and cause neurological complications: a perspective review. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:324-329. [PMID: 32418055 PMCID: PMC7229881 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported at the end of 2019 in China for the first time and has rapidly spread throughout the world as a pandemic. Since COVID-19 causes mild to severe acute respiratory syndrome, most studies in this field have only focused on different aspects of pathogenesis in the respiratory system. However, evidence suggests that COVID-19 may affect the central nervous system (CNS). Given the outbreak of COVID-19, it seems necessary to perform investigations on the possible neurological complications in patients who suffered from COVID-19. Here, we reviewed the evidence of the neuroinvasive potential of coronaviruses and discussed the possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection by COVID-19 to provide a precise insight for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran. .,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pardis Campus, Azadi Square, Kalantari Blvd, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ogimi C, Kim YJ, Martin ET, Huh HJ, Chiu CH, Englund JA. What's New With the Old Coronaviruses? J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:210-217. [PMID: 32314790 PMCID: PMC7188130 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses contribute to the burden of respiratory diseases in children, frequently manifesting in upper respiratory symptoms considered to be part of the "common cold." Recent epidemics of novel coronaviruses recognized in the 21st century have highlighted issues of zoonotic origins of transmissible respiratory viruses and potential transmission, disease, and mortality related to these viruses. In this review, we discuss what is known about the virology, epidemiology, and disease associated with pediatric infection with the common community-acquired human coronaviruses, including species 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, and the coronaviruses responsible for past world-wide epidemics due to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ogimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yae Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Universit,y College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chacón-Aguilar R, Osorio-Cámara JM, Sanjurjo-Jimenez I, González-González C, López-Carnero J, Pérez-Moneo B. COVID-19: Fever syndrome and neurological symptoms in a neonate. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 92:373-374. [PMID: 32341945 PMCID: PMC7183976 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
|
30
|
Chacón-Aguilar R, Osorio-Cámara JM, Sanjurjo-Jimenez I, González-González C, López-Carnero J, Pérez-Moneo B. [COVID-19: Fever syndrome and neurological symptoms in a neonate]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 92:373-374. [PMID: 32522435 PMCID: PMC7164917 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
31
|
Heimdal I, Moe N, Krokstad S, Christensen A, Skanke LH, Nordbø SA, Døllner H. Human Coronavirus in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections: A 9-Year Population-Based Study From Norway. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1198-1206. [PMID: 30418633 PMCID: PMC7107437 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of human coronavirus (HCoV)-associated respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in hospitalized children is poorly defined. We studied the occurrence and hospitalization rates of HCoV over 9 years. Methods Children from Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway, hospitalized with RTIs and asymptomatic controls, were prospectively enrolled from 2006 to 2015. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed with semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for HCoV subtypes OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1, and 13 other respiratory pathogens. Results HCoV was present in 9.1% (313/3458) of all RTI episodes: 46.6% OC43, 32.3% NL63, 16.0% HKU1, and 5.8% 229E. Hospitalization rates for HCoV-positive children with lower RTIs were 1.5 and 2.8 per 1000 <5 and <1 years of age, respectively. The detection rate among controls was 10.2% (38/373). Codetections occurred in 68.1% of the patients and 68.4% of the controls. In a logistic regression analysis, high HCoV genomic loads (cycle threshold <28 in PCR analysis) were associated with RTIs (odds ratio = 3.12, P = .016) adjusted for relevant factors. Conclusions HCoVs occurred in 1 of 10 hospitalized children with RTIs and asymptomatic controls. A high HCoV genomic load was associated with RTI. HCoVs are associated with a substantial burden of RTIs in need of hospitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Heimdal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
| | - Nina Moe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Departments of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Departments of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Lars Høsøien Skanke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Departments of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yamamoto V, Bolanos JF, Fiallos J, Strand SE, Morris K, Shahrokhinia S, Cushing TR, Hopp L, Tiwari A, Hariri R, Sokolov R, Wheeler C, Kaushik A, Elsayegh A, Eliashiv D, Hedrick R, Jafari B, Johnson JP, Khorsandi M, Gonzalez N, Balakhani G, Lahiri S, Ghavidel K, Amaya M, Kloor H, Hussain N, Huang E, Cormier J, Wesson Ashford J, Wang JC, Yaghobian S, Khorrami P, Shamloo B, Moon C, Shadi P, Kateb B. COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:459-504. [PMID: 32925078 PMCID: PMC7592693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F. Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanam Shahrokhinia
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim R. Cushing
- UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Hopp
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- New York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Sokolov
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- T-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Ashraf Elsayegh
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hedrick
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Behrouz Jafari
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Patrick Johnson
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehran Khorsandi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nestor Gonzalez
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guita Balakhani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shouri Lahiri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazem Ghavidel
- University of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Amaya
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Kloor
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Edmund Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shadi Yaghobian
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payman Khorrami
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Shamloo
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Moon
- Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payam Shadi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010014. [PMID: 31861926 PMCID: PMC7020001 DOI: 10.3390/v12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.
Collapse
|
34
|
Praznik A, Vinšek N, Prodan A, Erčulj V, Pokorn M, Mrvič T, Paro D, Krivec U, Strle F, Petrovec M, Žnidaršič Eržen M, Grosek Š. Risk factors for bronchiolitis severity: A retrospective review of patients admitted to the university hospital from central region of Slovenia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:765-771. [PMID: 29944781 PMCID: PMC6185887 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Study's objective was to identify risk factors associated with bronchiolitis severity. Methods A retrospective chart review of all children <2 years old diagnosed with bronchiolitis at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana between May 2014 and April 2015, who were treated as outpatients (paediatric emergency department, PED group) or as inpatients in the standard hospital setting (WARD group) or in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU group). Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal swab was accomplished by RT‐PCR. Severity was assessed by Wang Respiratory Score and hospitalization longer than 24 hours. Results The study included 761 children. The three most frequently detected viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV) and human bocavirus (hBoV) (57.5%, 272/473; 25.6%, 121/473; 18.4%, 87/473). Patient groups differed in Wang Respiratory Score for the severity of bronchiolitis (P < 0.001). No differences regarding the causative viruses were found. There was a lower proportion of children with the presence of more than one virus in PICU group compared to other two groups (P = 0.017). The three groups significantly differed in age, birthweight, comorbidities, bronchodilator treatment and antibiotic usage. However, multiple regression analysis revealed that younger age and the use of antibiotics were associated with bronchiolitis severity defined as hospitalization for >24 hours. Conclusions Respiratory syncytial virus, hRV and hBoV were the most frequently detected viruses. The majority of patients admitted to the PICU had only one virus detected. Younger age and the use of antibiotics were associated with bronchiolitis severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Praznik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Vinšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Prodan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Marko Pokorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Chair of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Mrvič
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Paro
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krivec
- Pulmonology Department, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Chair of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Žnidaršič Eržen
- Pediatric Clinical Department, Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Štefan Grosek
- Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Minodier L, Masse S, Capai L, Blanchon T, Ceccaldi PE, van der Werf S, Hanslik T, Charrel R, Falchi A. Clinical and virological factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with acute respiratory infection: a two-year prospective study in general practice medicine. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:729. [PMID: 29166867 PMCID: PMC5700681 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and nausea are not an uncommon manifestation of an acute respiratory infection (ARI). We therefore evaluated clinical and microbiological factors associated with the presence of GI symptoms in patients consulting a general practitioner (GP) for ARI. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool specimens and clinical data from patients presenting to GPs with an ARI were prospectively collected during two winter seasons (2014-2016). Samples were tested by quantitative real-time PCR for 12 respiratory pathogen groups and for 12 enteric pathogens. Results Two hundred and four of 331 included patients (61.6%) were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Sixty-nine stools (20.8%) were positive for at least one pathogen (respiratory and/or enteric). GI symptoms were more likely declared in case of laboratory confirmed-enteric infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.2–9.9]; p = 0.02) or human coronavirus (HCoV) infection (aOR = 2.7; [1.2–6.8]; p = 0.02). Consumption of antipyretic medication before the consultation seemed to reduce the risk of developing GI symptoms for patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza (aOR = 0.3; [0.1–0.6]; p = 0.002). Conclusions The presence of GI symptoms in ARI patients could not be explained by the detection of respiratory pathogens in stools. However, the detection of enteric pathogens in stool samples could explained by the presence of GI symptoms in some of ARI cases. The biological mechanisms explaining the association between the presence of HCoVs in nasopharynx and GI symptoms need to be explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2823-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Minodier
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Shirley Masse
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Lisandru Capai
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, 56, Boulevard Vincent Auriol, 81393-75646, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 56, Boulevard Vincent Auriol, 81393-75646, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 3569, 75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- UMR CNRS 3569, 75015, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, EA302, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Hôpital Ambroise Paré, service de médecine interne, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Remi Charrel
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP) & Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France.
| |
Collapse
|