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Nissly RH, Zaman N, Ibrahim PAS, McDaniel K, Lim L, Kiser JN, Bird I, Chothe SK, Bhushan GL, Vandegrift K, Neibergs HL, Kuchipudi SV. Influenza C and D viral load in cattle correlates with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): Emerging role of orthomyxoviruses in the pathogenesis of BRD. Virology 2020; 551:10-15. [PMID: 33010670 PMCID: PMC7519714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the costliest disease affecting the cattle industry globally. Orthomyxoviruses, influenza C virus (ICV) and influenza D virus (IDV) have recently been implicated to play a role in BRD. However, there are contradicting reports about the association of IDV and ICV to BRD. Using the largest cohort study (cattle, n = 599) to date we investigated the association of influenza viruses in cattle with BRD. Cattle were scored for respiratory symptoms and pooled nasal and pharyngeal swabs were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine coronavirus, ICV and IDV by real-time PCR. Cattle that have higher viral loads of IDV and ICV also have greater numbers of co-infecting viruses than controls. More strikingly, 2 logs higher IDV viral RNA in BRD-symptomatic cattle that are co-infected animals than those infected with IDV alone. Our results strongly suggest that ICV and IDV may be significant contributors to BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Nissly
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noriza Zaman
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Puteri Ainaa S Ibrahim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kaitlin McDaniel
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Levina Lim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ian Bird
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shubhada K Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gitanjali L Bhushan
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Jang WS, Lim DH, Nam J, Mihn DC, Sung HW, Lim CS, Kim J. Development of a multiplex isothermal amplification molecular diagnosis method for on-site diagnosis of influenza. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238615. [PMID: 32915821 PMCID: PMC7485819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, which is an acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, represents a worldwide public health and economic problem owing to the significant morbidity and mortality caused by its seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Sensitive and convenient methodologies for the detection of influenza viruses are important for clinical care and infection control as well as epidemiological investigations. Here, we developed a multiplex reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with quencher/fluorescence oligonucleotides connected by a 5' backward loop (LF or LB) primer for the detection of two subtypes of influenza viruses: Influenza A (A/H1 and A/H3) and influenza B. The detection limits of the multiplex RT-LAMP assay were 103 copies and 102 copies of RNA for influenza A and influenza B, respectively. The sensitivities of the multiplex influenza A/B/IC RT-LAMP assay were 94.62% and 97.50% for influenza A and influenza B clinical samples, respectively. The specificities of the multiplex influenza A/B/IC RT-LAMP assay were 100% for influenza A, influenza B, and healthy clinical samples. In addition, the multiplex influenza A/B/IC RT-LAMP assay had no cross-reactivity with other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-CiC Mihn
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyong Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Takagi Y, Imamura T, Endo S, Hayashi K, Akiyama S, Ikuta Y, Kawaguchi T, Sumita T, Katori T, Hashino M, Saito S, Odagiri T, Oba K, Kuroda M, Kageyama T. Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus in a 22-month-old infant with multiple respiratory virus co-detection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:388. [PMID: 32487032 PMCID: PMC7266127 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare but serious complication of febrile status epilepticus in children. Comprehensive screening for viral pathogens is seldomly performed in the work-up of febrile children. CASE PRESENTATION A 22-month-old girl presented with her first episode of febrile status epilepticus, after which she developed acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. After the termination of seizure activity, the patient was intubated and managed on mechanical ventilation in the emergency room. The resolution of respiratory failure, as well as the neurological recovery, was achieved 9 h after admission, and the patient was discharged 6 days after admission without any complications. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified the presence of human coronavirus HKU1, influenza C virus, and human parainfluenza virus 2 from the patient's nasopharyngeal specimens. CONCLUSIONS Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus was suspected to be the etiology of our patient's acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Timely seizure termination and rapid airway and respiratory intervention resulted in favorable outcomes of the patient. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified three respiratory viruses; however, their relevance and association with clinical symptoms remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takeaki Imamura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Satoka Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Yoji Ikuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumita
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Katori
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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Lee HS, Lim S, Noh JY, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Lee JH, Woo SI, Kim WJ. Identification of influenza C virus in young South Korean children, from October 2013 to September 2016. J Clin Virol 2019; 115:47-52. [PMID: 30978620 PMCID: PMC7106441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza C virus has been largely neglected, compared to influenza A orB viruses, and is not routinely tested in clinical practices. However, several studies have indicated that influenza C virus causes severe acute respiratory illness and pneumonia in all ages. OBJECTIVE We conducted a study to identify influenza C virus among young children in South Korea. STUDY DESIGN From October 2013 to September 2016, 973 young children with influenzalike illness (ILI) were enrolled at three university hospitals. We tested nasopharyngeal samples for 16 types of respiratory viruses. Among the tested samples, 564 were positive for one or more respiratory viruses. Except for the samples where 16 types of respiratory viruses were found, 409 negative samples were examined for the presence of influenza C virus, using a matrix gene specific primer set. RESULTS Among 409 nasopharyngeal samples, five influenza C viruses were detected. The manifestation of influenza C virus infection in young children was observed acute respiratory illness, such as fever, rhinorrhea, and cough, but no pneumonia or severe respiratory illness. Nucleotide sequencing was conducted and a phylogenetic tree was generated. We found that C/Sao Paulo/387/82-like lineage viruses circulated in South Korea, and the fully sequenced virus (C/Seoul/APD462/2015) was closely related to C/Victoria/2/2012 and C/Tokyo/4/2014 strains. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first report of influenza C virus detection in South Korea. Although severe illness was not observed in this study, we suggest the necessity for influenza C virus testing in pediatric patients with ILI, considering other reports of severe illnesses caused by influenza C virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Lim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Il Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Mahajan VS, Alsufyani F, Mattoo H, Rosenberg I, Pillai S. Alterations in sialic-acid O-acetylation glycoforms during murine erythrocyte development. Glycobiology 2019; 29:222-228. [PMID: 30597004 PMCID: PMC6381321 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used Casd1-deficient mice to confirm that this enzyme is responsible for 9-O-acetylation of sialic acids in vivo. We observed a complete loss of 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid on the surface of myeloid, erythroid and CD4+ T cells in Casd1-deficient mice. Although 9-O-acetylation of sialic acids on multiple hematopoietic lineages was lost, there were no obvious defects in hematopoiesis. Interestingly, erythrocytes from Casd1-deficient mice also lost reactivity to TER-119, a rat monoclonal antibody that is widely used to mark the murine erythroid lineage. The sialic acid glyco-epitope recognized by TER-119 on erythrocytes was sensitive to the sialic acid O-acetyl esterase activity of the hemagglutinin-esterase from bovine coronavirus but not to the corresponding enzyme from the influenza C virus. During erythrocyte development, TER-119+ Ery-A and Ery-B cells could be stained by catalytically inactive bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase but not by the inactive influenza C hemagglutinin-esterase, while TER-119+ Ery-C cells and mature erythrocytes were recognized by both virolectins. Although the structure of the sialoglycoconjugate recognized by TER-119 was not chemically demonstrated, its selective binding to virolectins suggests that it may be comprised of a 7,9-di-O-acetyl form of sialic acid. As erythrocytes mature, the surfaces of Ery-C cells and mature erythrocytes also acquire an additional distinct CASD1-dependent 9-O-acetyl sialic acid moiety that can be recognized by virolectins from both influenza C and bovine coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hamid Mattoo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fritsch A, Schweiger B, Biere B. Influenza C virus in pre-school children with respiratory infections: retrospective analysis of data from the national influenza surveillance system in Germany, 2012 to 2014. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800174. [PMID: 30862333 PMCID: PMC6415498 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.10.1800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRecent data on influenza C virus indicate a possible higher clinical impact in specified patient populations than previously thought.AimWe aimed to investigate influenza C virus circulation in Germany.MethodsA total of 1,588 samples from 0 to 4 year-old children presenting as outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory infection were analysed retrospectively. The samples represented a subset of all samples from the German national surveillance system for influenza in this age group in 2012-14. The presence of influenza C virus was investigated by real-time PCR. For positive samples, information on symptoms as well as other respiratory virus co-infections was considered. Retrieved influenza C viral sequences were phylogenetically characterised.ResultsInfluenza C viral RNA was detected in 20 (1.3% of) samples, including 16 during the 2012/13 season. The majority (18/20) of influenza C-positive patients had ILI according to the European Union definition, one patient had pneumonia. Viruses belonged to the C/Sao Paulo and C/Kanagawa lineages. Most (11/20) samples were co-infected with other respiratory viruses.ConclusionOur data are the first on influenza C virus circulation in Germany and notably from a European national surveillance system. The low detection frequency and the identified virus variants confirm earlier observations outside a surveillance system. More virus detections during the 2012/13 season indicate a variable circulation intensity in the different years studied. Influenza C virus can be considered for ILI patients. Future studies addressing its clinical impact, especially in patients with severe disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Fritsch
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Influenza, FG 17 Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Influenza, FG 17 Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Influenza, FG 17 Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Berlin, Germany
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Henritzi D, Hoffmann B, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Herrler G, Beer M, Harder TC. A newly developed tetraplex real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous screening of influenza virus types A, B, C and D. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:71-82. [PMID: 30264926 PMCID: PMC6304318 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human- or avian-to-swine transmissions have founded several autonomously circulating influenza A virus (IAV) lineages in swine populations that cause economically important respiratory disease. Little is known on other human influenza virus types, like B (IBV) and C (ICV) in European swine, and of the recently detected novel animal influenza virus type D (IDV). OBJECTIVES Development of a cost-effective diagnostic tool for large-scale surveillance programmes targeting all four influenza virus types. METHODS An influenza ABCD tetraplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was developed in the frame of this study. A selection of reference virus strains and more than 4000 porcine samples from a passive IAV surveillance programme in European swine with acute respiratory disease were examined. RESULTS Two IBV, a single IDV but no ICV infections were identified by tetraplex RT-qPCR. IBV and IDV results were confirmed by conventional RT-PCR and partial sequence analysis. CONCLUSIONS The tetraplex RT-qPCR proved fit for purpose as a sensitive, specific and high-throughput tool to study influenza virus transmission at the human-animal interface. Complementing close-meshed active virological and serological surveillance is required to better understand the true incidence and prevalence of influenza virus type B, C and D infections in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | | | | | - Georg Herrler
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut (FLI)Greifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
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Takahashi M, Obara T, Matsuzaki Y, Maisawa SI, Sasaki Y, Yoshino N, Shirasawa A, Iwabuchi K, Takahashi T, Kajita H, Ono Y, Ryo A, Kimura H, Muraki Y. Cocirculation of Influenza C Viruses with Distinct Internal Genome Constellations in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, in 2016. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:393-395. [PMID: 30068890 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takahashi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Obara
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Naoto Yoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Akira Shirasawa
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
- Oshu Public Health Center, Iwate Prefectural Government
| | - Kaori Iwabuchi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
| | - Hiroko Kajita
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
| | - Yasushi Ono
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health
- Office of Medical Policy, Department of Health and Welfare, Iwate Prefectural Government
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University
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Thielen BK, Friedlander H, Bistodeau S, Shu B, Lynch B, Martin K, Bye E, Como-Sabetti K, Boxrud D, Strain AK, Chaves SS, Steffens A, Fowlkes AL, Lindstrom S, Lynfield R. Detection of Influenza C Viruses Among Outpatients and Patients Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, Minnesota, 2013-2016. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:1092-1098. [PMID: 29069373 PMCID: PMC5862734 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing literature suggests that influenza C typically causes mild respiratory tract disease. However, clinical and epidemiological data are limited. Methods Four outpatient clinics and 3 hospitals submitted clinical data and respiratory specimens through a surveillance network for acute respiratory infection (ARI) from May 2013 through December 2016. Specimens were tested using multitarget nucleic acid amplification for 19-22 respiratory pathogens, including influenza C. Results Influenza C virus was detected among 59 of 10 202 (0.58%) hospitalized severe ARI cases and 11 of 2282 (0.48%) outpatients. Most detections occurred from December to March, 73% during the 2014-2015 season. Influenza C detections occurred among patients of all ages, with rates being similar between inpatients and outpatients. The highest rate of detection occurred among children aged 6-24 months (1.2%). Among hospitalized cases, 7 required intensive care. Medical comorbidities were reported in 58% of hospitalized cases and all who required intensive care. At least 1 other respiratory pathogen was detected in 40 (66%) cases, most commonly rhinovirus/enterovirus (25%) and respiratory syncytial virus (20%). The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion gene was sequenced in 37 specimens, and both C/Kanagawa and C/Sao Paulo lineages were detected in inpatients and outpatients. Conclusions We found seasonal circulation of influenza C with year-to-year variability. Detection was most frequent among young children but occurred in all ages. Some cases that were positive for influenza C, particularly those with comorbid conditions, had severe disease, suggesting a need for further study of the role of influenza C virus in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth K Thielen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | | | - Bo Shu
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian Lynch
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Erica Bye
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul
| | | | | | | | - Sandra S Chaves
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrea Steffens
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley L Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Howard LM, Johnson M, Gil AI, Pekosz A, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Lanata CF, Grijalva CG, Williams JV. A novel real-time RT-PCR assay for influenza C tested in Peruvian children. J Clin Virol 2017; 96:12-16. [PMID: 28917132 PMCID: PMC5901714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza C virus (ICV) is associated with acute respiratory illness. Yet ICV remains under recognized, with most previous studies using only culture to identify cases. OBJECTIVES To develop a sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR assay for ICV that allows for rapid and accurate detection in a clinical or research setting. STUDY DESIGN Multiple ICV sequences obtained from GenBank were analyzed, including 141 hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), 106 matrix (M), and 97 nucleoprotein (NP) sequences. Primers and probes were designed based on conserved regions. Multiple primer-probe sets were tested against multiple ICV strains. RESULTS The ICV M and NP genes offered the most conserved sequence regions. Primers and probes based on newer sequence data offered enhanced detection of ICV, especially for low titer specimens. An NP-targeted assay yielded the best performance and was capable of detecting 10-100 RNA copies per reaction. The NP assay detected multiple clinical isolates of ICV collected in a field epidemiology study conducted in Peru. CONCLUSIONS We report a new real-time RT-PCR assay for ICV with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Howard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Monika Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, United States
| | - Ana I Gil
- Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Marie R Griffin
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Claudio F Lanata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, United States.
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11
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Potdar VA, Hinge DD, Dakhave MR, Manchanda A, Jadhav N, Kulkarni PB, Chadha MS. Molecular detection and characterization of Influenza 'C' viruses from western India. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 54:466-477. [PMID: 28803969 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, India has had a well-established influenza surveillance network, though Influenza C virus was not the focus of study. We therefore retrospectively analyzed clinical samples from Pune, western India collected during January 2009 to August 2015, by real-time RT-PCR. Three of 2530 samples of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) showed positivity for Influenza C virus infection, while 105 and 31 samples were positive for Influenza A and B viruses respectively. Influenza C viruses were successfully isolated using the embryonated egg system and whole genomes were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. HE gene-based phylogeny showed that two viruses C/India/P119564/2011 and C/India P121719/2012 clustered with the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82) lineage, whereas C/India/P135047/2013 clustered with the C/Kanagawa/1/76 (KA76) lineage. The internal gene of these viruses grouped in two lineages. The PB1, PB2, M and NS genes of the study viruses grouped with C/Yamagata/26/81 (YA81), while the P3 (PA) and NP genes grouped with C/Mississippi/80 (MS80). Bayesian clock studies conclude that the Indian strains may have emerged through multiple reassortment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
| | - D D Hinge
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - N Jadhav
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - M S Chadha
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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12
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Nesmith N, Williams JV, Johnson M, Zhu Y, Griffin M, Talbot HK. Sensitive Diagnostics Confirm That Influenza C is an Uncommon Cause of Medically Attended Respiratory Illness in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1037-1039. [PMID: 28541414 PMCID: PMC5850529 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 4200 adults who presented with acute respiratory symptoms at a variety of medical practice settings (November 2006 through May 2012), only 13 (0.3%) nasal/throat swabs were positive for influenza C. Influenza C was rarely associated with medical care visits in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John V Williams
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Monika Johnson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marie Griffin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Salem E, Cook EAJ, Lbacha HA, Oliva J, Awoume F, Aplogan GL, Hymann EC, Muloi D, Deem SL, Alali S, Zouagui Z, Fèvre EM, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Serologic Evidence for Influenza C and D Virus among Ruminants and Camelids, Africa, 1991-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1556-1559. [PMID: 28820371 PMCID: PMC5572875 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus has been identified in America, Europe, and Asia. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in cattle and small ruminants from North (Morocco) and West (Togo and Benin) Africa. Dromedary camels in Kenya harbored influenza C or D virus antibodies, indicating a potential new host for these viruses.
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14
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Furuse Y, Matsuzaki Y, Nishimura H, Oshitani H. Analyses of Evolutionary Characteristics of the Hemagglutinin-Esterase Gene of Influenza C Virus during a Period of 68 Years Reveals Evolutionary Patterns Different from Influenza A and B Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:E321. [PMID: 27898037 PMCID: PMC5192382 DOI: 10.3390/v8120321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the influenza C virus causing respiratory symptoms are common, particularly among children. Since isolation and detection of the virus are rarely performed, compared with influenza A and B viruses, the small number of available sequences of the virus makes it difficult to analyze its evolutionary dynamics. Recently, we reported the full genome sequence of 102 strains of the virus. Here, we exploited the data to elucidate the evolutionary characteristics and phylodynamics of the virus compared with influenza A and B viruses. Along with our data, we obtained public sequence data of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene of the virus; the dataset consists of 218 unique sequences of the virus collected from 14 countries between 1947 and 2014. Informatics analyses revealed that (1) multiple lineages have been circulating globally; (2) there have been weak and infrequent selective bottlenecks; (3) the evolutionary rate is low because of weak positive selection and a low capability to induce mutations; and (4) there is no significant positive selection although a few mutations affecting its antigenicity have been induced. The unique evolutionary dynamics of the influenza C virus must be shaped by multiple factors, including virological, immunological, and epidemiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furuse
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 9909585, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 9838520, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan.
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15
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Jelley L, Levy A, Deng YM, Spirason N, Lang J, Buettner I, Druce J, Blyth C, Effler P, Smith D, Barr IG. Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:455-461. [PMID: 27373693 PMCID: PMC5059950 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza C is usually considered a minor cause of respiratory illness in humans with many infections being asymptomatic or clinically mild. Large outbreaks can occur periodically resulting in significant morbidity. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at analyzing the available influenza C clinical samples from two widely separated states of Australia, collected over a 7-year period and to compare them with influenza C viruses detected in other parts of the world in recent years. PATIENTS/METHODS Between 2008 and 2014, 86 respiratory samples that were influenza C positive were collected from subjects with influenza-like illness living in the states of Victoria and Western Australia. A battery of other respiratory viruses were also tested for in these influenza C-positive samples. Virus isolation was attempted on all of these clinical samples, and gene sequencing was performed on all influenza C-positive cultures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Detections of influenza C in respiratory samples were sporadic in most years studied, but higher rates of infection occurred in 2012 and 2014. Many of the patients with influenza C had coinfections with other respiratory pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HE) gene found that most of the viruses grouped in the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 clade with the remainder grouping in the C/Kanagawa/1/76 clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jelley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie Spirason
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jurissa Lang
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Iwona Buettner
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Chris Blyth
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul Effler
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia
| | - David Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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16
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Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Furuse Y, Shimotai Y, Hongo S, Oshitani H, Mizuta K, Nishimura H. Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014. J Virol 2016; 90:8251-65. [PMID: 27384661 PMCID: PMC5008092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00969-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the virus has been only occasionally isolated by cell culture; there are only four strains for which complete genome sequences are registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes, ranging from the first isolate from 1947 to recent isolates from 2014, to determine the genetic lineages of influenza C virus, the reassortment events, and the rates of nucleotide substitution. The results showed that there are six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic and genetic lineages of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene, and the internal genes PB2, PB1, P3, NP, M, and NS are divided into two major lineages, a C/Mississippi/80-related lineage and a C/Yamagata/81-related lineage. Reassortment events were found over the entire period of 68 years. Several outbreaks of influenza C virus between 1990 and 2014 in Japan consisted of reassortant viruses, suggesting that the genomic constellation is related to influenza C virus epidemics. The nucleotide sequences were highly homologous to each other. The minimum percent identity between viruses ranged from 91.1% for the HE gene to 96.1% for the M gene, and the rate of nucleotide substitution for the HE gene was the highest, at 5.20 × 10(-4) substitutions/site/year. These results indicate that reassortment is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of influenza C virus, resulting in its ability to prevail in humans. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory illness in children and results in hospitalization of infants. We previously demonstrated (Y. Matsuzaki et al., J Clin Virol 61:87-93, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.017) that periodic epidemics of this virus occurred in Japan between 1996 and 2014 and that replacement of the dominant antigenic group occurred every several years as a result of selection by herd immunity. However, the antigenicity of the HE glycoprotein is highly stable, and antigenic drift has not occurred for at least 30 years. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes spanning 68 years for the first time, and we found that influenza C viruses are circulating worldwide while undergoing reassortment as well as selection by herd immunity, resulting in an increased ability to prevail in humans. The results presented in this study contribute to the understanding of the evolution, including reassortment events, underlying influenza C virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuse
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Smith DB, Gaunt ER, Digard P, Templeton K, Simmonds P. Detection of influenza C virus but not influenza D virus in Scottish respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 2016; 74:50-3. [PMID: 26655269 PMCID: PMC4710576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A newly proposed genus of influenza virus (influenza D) is associated with respiratory disease in pigs and cattle. The novel virus is most closely related to human influenza C virus and can infect ferrets but infection has not been reported in humans. OBJECTIVES To ascertain if influenza D virus can be detected retrospectively in patient respiratory samples. STUDY DESIGN 3300 human respiratory samples from Edinburgh, Scotland, covering the period 2006-2008, were screened in pools of 10 by RT-PCR using primers capable of detecting both influenza C and D viruses. RESULTS Influenza D was not detected in any sample. Influenza C was present in 6 samples (0.2%), compared with frequencies of 3.3% and 0.9% for influenza A and B viruses from RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples over the same period. Influenza C virus was detected in samples from individuals <2 years or >45 years old, with cases occurring throughout the year. Phylogenetic analysis of nearly complete sequences of all seven segments revealed the presence of multiple, reassortant lineages. CONCLUSION We were unable to detect viruses related to influenza D virus in human respiratory samples. Influenza C virus was less prevalent than influenza A and B viruses, was associated with mild disease in the young (<2 years) and old (>45 years) and comprised multiple, reassortant lineages. Inclusion of influenza C virus as part of a diagnostic testing panel for respiratory infections would be of limited additional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleanor R Gaunt
- The Roslin Institute Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Templeton
- Department of Virology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- The Roslin Institute Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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18
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Odagiri T, Matsuzaki Y, Okamoto M, Suzuki A, Saito M, Tamaki R, Lupisan SP, Sombrero LT, Hongo S, Oshitani H. Isolation and characterization of influenza C viruses in the Philippines and Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:847-58. [PMID: 25552361 PMCID: PMC4390655 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02628-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From November 2009 to December 2013 in the Philippines, 15 influenza C viruses were isolated, using MDCK cells, from specimens obtained from children with severe pneumonia and influenza-like illness (ILI). This is the first report of influenza C virus isolation in the Philippines. In addition, from January 2008 to December 2013, 7 influenza C viruses were isolated from specimens that were obtained from children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Sendai city, Japan. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein showed that 19 strains (12 from the Philippines and 7 from Japan) were similar to the influenza C virus reference strain C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82). Phylogenetic analysis of the HE gene showed that the strains from the Philippines and Japan formed distinct clusters within an SP82-related lineage. The clusters that included the Philippine and Japanese strains were shown to have diverged from a common ancestor around 1993. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes showed that all strains isolated in the Philippines and Japan had emerged through reassortment events. The composition of the internal genes of the Philippine strains was different from that of the Japanese strains, although all strains were classified into an SP82-related lineage by HE gene sequence analysis. These observations suggest that the influenza C viruses analyzed here had emerged through different reassortment events; however, the time and place at which the reassortment events occurred were not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Odagiri
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan RITM-Tohoku Research Collaborating Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Raita Tamaki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan RITM-Tohoku Research Collaborating Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Socorro P Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Lydia T Sombrero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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19
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Tanaka S, Aoki Y, Matoba Y, Yahagi K, Mizuta K, Itagaki T, Katsushima F, Katsushima Y, Matsuzaki Y. The dominant antigenic group of influenza C infections changed from c/Sao Paulo/378/82-lineage to c/Kanagawa/1/76-lineage in Yamagata, Japan, in 2014. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:166-8. [PMID: 25797148 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
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20
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Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Abiko C, Ikeda T, Aoki Y, Mizuta K, Katsushima N, Katsushima F, Katsushima Y, Itagaki T, Shimotai Y, Hongo S, Muraki Y, Nishimura H. Epidemiological information regarding the periodic epidemics of influenza C virus in Japan (1996-2013) and the seroprevalence of antibodies to different antigenic groups. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:87-93. [PMID: 25017953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although influenza C virus is widely distributed throughout the world, epidemiological information, based on long-term surveillance, has not yet been acquired. OBJECTIVES To clarify the epidemiological features of influenza C virus infection, and to examine whether the prevalence of the antibodies against the influenza C virus is associated with the epidemics. STUDY DESIGN Between 1996 and 2013, 36,973 respiratory specimens were collected from two pediatric outpatient clinics in Yamagata, Japan. The specimens were examined for the presence of influenza C virus using cell culture methods. Isolated viruses were antigenically analyzed. The differences in seropositivity, with respect to the different antigenic groups, were examined using serum samples collected in 2001 and 2011 by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. RESULTS Influenza C viruses were isolated from 190 specimens during an 18-year period. Most influenza C viruses were isolated from winter to early summer in even-numbered years, and the frequency of virus isolation per year ranged from 0.43% to 1.73%. An antigenic analysis revealed that the dominant antigenic groups were the C/Yamagata/26/81 from 1996 to 2000, the C/Kanagawa/1/76 in 2002 and 2004, and the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 from 2006 to 2012. When compared to the other antigenic groups, the seroprevalence of the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 group was lower in 2001 for individuals older than 5 years and was higher in 2011 in individuals younger than 40 years. CONCLUSIONS The results from our study suggest that epidemics of influenza C virus infection periodically occur and the replacement of the dominant antigenic group may be caused by immune selection within older children and/or adults in the community.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epidemics
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/classification
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Gammainfluenzavirus/isolation & purification
- Japan/epidemiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Virus Cultivation
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chieko Abiko
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tokamachi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tokamachi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tokamachi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tokamachi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | | | - Fumio Katsushima
- Katsushima Pediatric Clinic, Minamidate, Yamagata 990-2461, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Itagaki
- Yamanobe Pediatric Clinic, Yamanobe, Yamagata 990-0301, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8520, Japan
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21
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Salez N, Mélade J, Pascalis H, Aherfi S, Dellagi K, Charrel RN, Carrat F, de Lamballerie X. Influenza C virus high seroprevalence rates observed in 3 different population groups. J Infect 2014; 69:182-9. [PMID: 24704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Influenza C virus (FLUCV) infections remains poorly characterised. Here, we have examined the age- and location-specific seroprevalence of antibodies against FLUCV in 1441 sera from metropolitan continental France (Marseille), South-West Indian Ocean French territories (Reunion Island) and United-Kingdom (Edinburgh) using a combination of haemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralisation and ELISA assays. Our results show that immunity to FLUCV is common in all locations studied (global seroprevalence values >50%) and that the first immunising contacts generally occur early in life (i.e., in the 0-4 year-old age group). The latter item is further supported by the detection of FLUCV RNA by RT-PCR in naso-pharyngeal samples collected in patient attending the Emergency Room of the Public hospitals of Marseille, France with a large majority of children under 10 years-old: 17 (60.7%) in children ≤3 yo, 10 (35.7%) in the 4-10 yo age group and 1 (3.6%) in an adult (49yo). The temporal distribution of cases was atypical with regard to influenza (a large proportion of cases occurred in spring and summer) and the clinical presentation was diverse, including but being not limited to classical Influenza-like-Ilnesses. Altogether, our results indicate an intense circulation of FLUCV in the different study areas and an early occurrence of infection in human life. Flu C appears to be a widely under-diagnosed and under-studied human paediatric disease that obviously deserves further clinical and epidemiological characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salez
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Mélade
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France; IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses et Modélisation (UMR-S 707), INSERM-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France; IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
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Influenza C virus. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:iii-iv. [PMID: 25699306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
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23
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Kauppila J, Rönkkö E, Juvonen R, Saukkoriipi A, Saikku P, Bloigu A, Vainio O, Ziegler T. Influenza C virus infection in military recruits--symptoms and clinical manifestation. J Med Virol 2014; 86:879-85. [PMID: 24122799 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of rapid diagnostic tests, clinical features of Influenza C virus infections are poorly characterized. Respiratory infections in military recruits in eastern Finland were monitored between July 2004 and December 2005 in order to study the epidemiology and clinical picture of infections caused by this virus. Blood samples were obtained at entry and at the end of the military service, and during each episode of respiratory infection to measure antibody responses against 10 viral and 2 bacterial pathogens. If possible, sputum samples were collected during the acute phase of respiratory infection episodes. Symptoms of the episodes were recorded for comparison of the clinical picture caused by various infectious agents. Infection with influenza C virus was detected in 38 of 892 young men during their service. The virus usually caused a mild upper respiratory tract infection. Most typical clinical features of influenza C virus infection were cough, rhinitis, and hoarseness. A striking difference to infections caused by influenza A virus was the lack of fever. Influenza C virus is an important cause of a respiratory tract infection in army conscripts. Infections with this virus are usually mild but can be complicated in some cases.
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Sheng Z, Ran Z, Wang D, Hoppe AD, Simonson R, Chakravarty S, Hause BM, Li F. Genomic and evolutionary characterization of a novel influenza-C-like virus from swine. Arch Virol 2014; 159:249-55. [PMID: 23942954 PMCID: PMC5714291 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the isolation of a novel influenza virus from swine exhibiting respiratory disease in the United States that is distantly related to human influenza C virus. Based on genetic, biochemical and morphological analysis, the virus was provisionally classified as C/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK). To further understand the genetics and evolution of this novel pathogen, we performed a comprehensive analysis of its sequence and phylogeny. The results demonstrated that C/OK and human influenza C viruses share a conserved array of predicted functional domains in the viral RNA genome replication and viral entry machinery but vary at key functional sites. Furthermore, our evolutionary analysis showed that homologous genes of C/OK and human influenza C viruses diverged from each other an estimated several hundred to several thousand years ago. Taken together, the findings described in this study support and extend our previous observations that C/OK is a genetically and evolutionarily distinct influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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25
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Yano T, Maeda C, Akachi S, Matsuno Y, Yamadera M, Kobayashi T, Nagai Y, Iwade Y, Kusuhara H, Katayama M, Fukuta M, Nakagawa Y, Naraya S, Takahashi H, Hiraoka M, Yamauchi A, Nishinaka T, Amano H, Yamaguchi T, Ochiai H, Ihara T, Matsuzaki Y. Phylogenetic analysis and seroprevalence of influenza C virus in Mie Prefecture, Japan in 2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:127-31. [PMID: 24647258 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR were used to detect 14 (6.6%) influenza C virus (InfC) among 213 clinical samples collected from children with respiratory symptoms in Mie Prefecture, Japan, between January 2012 and December 2012. Virus isolation using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and/or embryonated chicken eggs was also successful for 3 of the 14 PCR-positive samples. Eleven patients (78.6%) were aged <3 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene showed that the InfC detected in Mie Prefecture belonged to the C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage. To determine the seroprevalence of InfC, a total of 575 serum samples from patients aged 1 month to 69 years in Mie Prefecture were screened by hemagglutination inhibition test using the C/Mie/199/2012 (C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage) strain as the antigen. The samples with an antibody titer of ≥1:16 were designated as antibody-positive. The results showed that 53.7% of the 296 serum samples collected in 2011 and 85.3% of the 279 samples collected in 2012 were positive for antibodies against InfC, suggesting that an outbreak of InfC infection occurred in Mie Prefecture in 2012. Therefore, continuous and proactive monitoring is important to determine the number of InfC-infections and to better understand the epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yano
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute
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26
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Abstract
To evaluate the impact of influenza C (ICV) infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), all of the children consecutively seen during 4 influenza seasons with respiratory symptoms and radiographically confirmed CAP were prospectively evaluated. ICV was identified in the respiratory secretions of five of 391 patients (1·3%). In children with ICV-associated CAP, clinical data were similar to those observed in children with IAV-associated CAP and worse than those observed in children with IBV-associated. The phylogenetic tree showed that the sequenced strains clustered in two of the six ICV lineages. These findings highlight that ICV can be a cause of CAP of children and that this can be severe enough to require hospitalization.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cluster Analysis
- Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology
- Community-Acquired Infections/pathology
- Community-Acquired Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/classification
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Gammainfluenzavirus/isolation & purification
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Radiography, Thoracic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Clinic 1Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversità degli Studi di MilanoFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Alessia Scala
- Pediatric Clinic 1Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversità degli Studi di MilanoFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Cristina Daleno
- Pediatric Clinic 1Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversità degli Studi di MilanoFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic 1Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversità degli Studi di MilanoFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
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Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Wong A, May‐Hadford J, Tellier R, Fonseca K. Detection of influenza C virus by a real-time RT-PCR assay. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:954-60. [PMID: 23445084 PMCID: PMC4634283 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza C virus can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections and has been reported to be prevalent in children. However, these infections have been under-diagnosed, and epidemiological data available are limited due to the lack of convenient detection assays. OBJECTIVE Design and validate a real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (rt RT-PCR) assay for the detection of influenza C. STUDY DESIGN Respiratory samples from two primary settings, namely, children who were hospitalized or seen in the emergency department, and respiratory outbreaks for which no other viral etiology was found were used for the detection of influenza C. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The assay was sensitive and specific for the detection of influenza C. Eleven of 474 (2·32%) patients, all less than 10 years of age, were positive for influenza C. The strains clustered into two lineages, namely C/Kanagawa and C/Sao Paulo, based upon sequencing of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene. Epidemiological data showed that a higher proportion of influenza C infections occur in younger children and during the winter months. This is the first report of the detection of influenza C in Alberta, Canada, and suggests that the detection of this virus should be included in respiratory virus testing panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sallene Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public HealthCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Anita Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public HealthCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Raymond Tellier
- Provincial Laboratory for Public HealthCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Provincial Laboratory for Public HealthCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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28
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Abstract
We present a prospective study of influenza C virus infections in hospitalized children in Spain during 6 years, including the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm. Influenza C infections accounted for 13.3% of influenza-positive cases. The patients with simple influenza C infection were clinically similar to other influenza types, but a high rate of coinfection (81%) makes it difficult to assess its clinical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calvo
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Hause BM, Ducatez M, Collin EA, Ran Z, Liu R, Sheng Z, Armien A, Kaplan B, Chakravarty S, Hoppe AD, Webby RJ, Simonson RR, Li F. Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003176. [PMID: 23408893 PMCID: PMC3567177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, only influenza A viruses are thought to exist as multiple subtypes and has non-human maintenance hosts. In April 2011, nasal swabs were collected for virus isolation from pigs exhibiting influenza-like illness. Subsequent electron microscopic, biochemical, and genetic studies identified an orthomyxovirus with seven RNA segments exhibiting approximately 50% overall amino acid identity to human influenza C virus. Based on its genetic organizational similarities to influenza C viruses this virus has been provisionally designated C/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK). Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins found that the divergence between C/OK and human influenza C viruses was similar to that observed between influenza A and B viruses. No cross reactivity was observed between C/OK and human influenza C viruses using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Additionally, screening of pig and human serum samples found that 9.5% and 1.3%, respectively, of individuals had measurable HI antibody titers to C/OK virus. C/OK virus was able to infect both ferrets and pigs and transmit to naive animals by direct contact. Cell culture studies showed that C/OK virus displayed a broader cellular tropism than a human influenza C virus. The observed difference in cellular tropism was further supported by structural analysis showing that hemagglutinin esterase (HE) proteins between two viruses have conserved enzymatic but divergent receptor-binding sites. These results suggest that C/OK virus represents a new subtype of influenza C viruses that currently circulates in pigs that has not been recognized previously. The presence of multiple subtypes of co-circulating influenza C viruses raises the possibility of reassortment and antigenic shift as mechanisms of influenza C virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M. Hause
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Collin
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Anibal Armien
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bryan Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Randy R. Simonson
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
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30
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Onyango CO, Njeru R, Kazungu S, Achilla R, Bulimo W, Welch SR, Cane PA, Gunson RN, Hammitt LL, Scott JAG, Berkley JA, Nokes DJ. Influenza surveillance among children with pneumonia admitted to a district hospital in coastal Kenya, 2007-2010. J Infect Dis 2012; 206 Suppl 1:S61-7. [PMID: 23169974 PMCID: PMC3502370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza data gaps in sub-Saharan Africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. METHODS Nasopharyngeal samples from children aged <12 years who were admitted to Kilifi District Hospital during 2007-2010 with severe or very severe pneumonia and resided in the local demographic surveillance system were screened for influenza A, B, and C viruses by molecular methods. Outpatient children provided comparative data. RESULTS Of 2002 admissions, influenza A virus infection was diagnosed in 3.5% (71), influenza B virus infection, in 0.9% (19); and influenza C virus infection, in 0.8% (11 of 1404 tested). Four patients with influenza died. Among outpatients, 13 of 331 (3.9%) with acute respiratory infection and 1 of 196 without acute respiratory infection were influenza positive. The annual incidence of severe or very severe pneumonia, of influenza (any type), and of influenza A, was 1321, 60, and 43 cases per 100,000 <5 years of age, respectively. Peak occurrence was in quarters 3-4 each year, and approximately 50% of cases involved infants: temporal association with bacteremia was absent. Hypoxia was more frequent among pneumonia cases involving influenza (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.96). Influenza A virus subtypes were seasonal H3N2 (57%), seasonal H1N1 (12%), and 2009 pandemic H1N1 (7%). CONCLUSIONS The burden of influenza was small during 2007-2010 in this pediatric hospital in Kenya. Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 predominated, and 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton O Onyango
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya.
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31
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Matsuzaki Y, Ikeda T, Abiko C, Aoki Y, Mizuta K, Shimotai Y, Sugawara K, Hongo S. Detection and quantification of influenza C virus in pediatric respiratory specimens by real-time PCR and comparison with infectious viral counts. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:130-4. [PMID: 22398038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological and clinical impacts of influenza C virus infection may have been underestimated by conventional viral culture screening alone. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a newly developed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay as a tool for diagnosing influenza C virus infection. STUDY DESIGN The primers and probe for real-time PCR were designed to amplify the conserved region of the nucleoprotein gene based on the aligned sequences of nine isolates from 1967 to 2010. Respiratory specimens from children collected between January 2010 and August 2010 were examined for the presence of influenza C virus by cell culture and real-time PCR. Specimens that were positive for the virus using real-time PCR were further examined using an infectivity assay with embryonated hen's eggs. RESULTS Of the 1203 specimens examined, 34 (2.8%) tested positive for the influenza C virus by cell culture and 51 (4.2%) tested positive by real-time PCR. The mean viral load and infectivity titer in specimens that tested positive using cell culture were 3.97×10(8)copies/ml and 5.43×10(5)EID(50)/ml, respectively, and those in specimens that were negative using cell culture were 2.18×10(6)copies/ml and 3.67×10(2)EID(50)/ml, respectively. In the clinical specimens with viral loads less than 10(5)copies/ml, it was not possible to isolate the virus using embryonated hen's eggs. The copy number-to-EID(50) ratio of the clinical specimens was much higher, ranging from 32 to 278,000, than those of culture fluid, ranging from 2.3 to 13.5. CONCLUSION The real-time PCR assay described here can be used as a sensitive method for diagnosing influenza C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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32
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Antón A, Marcos MA, Codoñer FM, de Molina P, Martínez A, Cardeñosa N, Godoy P, Torner N, Martínez MJ, Ramón S, Tudó G, Isanta R, Gonzalo V, de Anta MTJ, Pumarola T. Influenza C virus surveillance during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave in Catalonia, Spain. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:419-27. [PMID: 21396539 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although particular attention is paid to influenza A and B virus isolates during influenza surveillance, influenza C virus (FLUCV) coexisted during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave during the 2009-2010 season. From 27 April 2009 to 9 May 2010, 12 strains of FLUCV were detected in specimens collected from 1713 nonhospitalized patients with upper respiratory tract illness using a molecular method. Half of the patients with FLUCV infection were older than 14 years. The most frequent symptoms were cough and fever, similar to other viral respiratory infections. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene revealed that the strains belonged to the C/Kanagawa/1/76-related and C/Sao Paulo/378/82-related lineages, demonstrating their co-circulation in Catalonia. In addition to regular virological surveillance that provides information about the incidence and the exact role of FLUCV in acute viral respiratory infections in the general population, the genetic lineage identification offers additional data for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Antón
- Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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33
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Matsuzaki Y. [Influenza A, B, C viruses]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:376-9. [PMID: 20942083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
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34
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Tang JWT, Lee CK, Lee HK, Loh TP, Chiu L, Tambyah PA, Koay ESC. Tracking the emergence of pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 and its interaction with seasonal influenza viruses in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 2010; 39:291-4. [PMID: 20473453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the emergence of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in April 2009, diagnostic testing in many countries has revealed the rapid displacement and then replacement of circulating seasonal influenza viruses by this novel virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In-house seasonal and pandemic influenza-specific polymerase chain reaction assays were introduced and/or developed at the Molecular Diagnosis Centre (MDC) at the National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore. These assays have been used to test all samples received from in-patients, out-patients, staff and visitors for suspected pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 infection. RESULTS Prior to the arrival of the pandemic A/H1N1/2009 virus in Singapore at the end of May 2009, seasonal influenza A/H3N2 predominated in this population, with very little seasonal influenza A/H1N1 and B viruses detected. Within about 1 month of its arrival in Singapore (mainly during June to July 2009), this pandemic virus rapidly displaced seasonal influenza A/H3N2 to become the predominant strain in the Singaporean population served by MDC/NUH. CONCLUSIONS Realtime molecular techniques have allowed the prompt detection of different influenza subtypes during this current pandemic, which has revealed the displacement/replacement of previously circulating seasonal subtypes with A/H1N1/2009. Although some of this may be explained by immunological cross-reactivity between influenza subtypes, more studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W T Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Diagnosis Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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35
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Takayanagi M, Umehara N, Watanabe H, Kitamura T, Ohtake M, Nishimura H, Matsuzaki Y, Ichiyama T. Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza C virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:554. [PMID: 19483529 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181a064b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Tenorio A, Eiros JM, Bermejo J, Ortiz De Lejarazu R. [Simultaneous infection for influenzavirus B and C in the context of the influenza virological surveillance]. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:237. [PMID: 19237009 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Ramos AP, Herrera BA, Ramírez OV, Valdés CS, Hernández AG, Gonzalez G, Báez GG. Detection of influenza C during an outbreak at an internal school, using a molecular tool; Havana, Cuba, September 2006. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12:e129-30. [PMID: 18353698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
From November 2004 to April 2007, specimens were obtained from 2,281 patients with acute respiratory tract illness in Normandy, France. Eighteen strains of influenza C virus were detected in these samples using a combined tissue culture/RT-PCR diagnostic method. Most patients with influenza C virus infection (13/18) were infants or young children (<2 years of age). The most frequent symptoms were fever and cough, and the clinical presentation of influenza C virus infection was similar to that of other respiratory viruses. Thirteen of the 18 infected patients were hospitalized; 3 presented with a severe lower respiratory infection. The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene of 10 isolates was sequenced to determine the lineages of the circulating influenza C viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the isolated strains had an HE gene belonging to the C/Yamagata/26/81-related lineage. These results show that influenza C virus regularly circulates in Normandy and generally causes a mild upper respiratory infection. Because the differential clinical diagnosis of influenza C virus infection is not always easy, it is important to identify viral strains for both patient management and epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gouarin
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital, Avenue Georges Clemenceau, Caen Cedex, France.
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39
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Matsuzaki Y, Abiko C, Mizuta K, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Suzuki H, Mikawa M, Shimada S, Sato K, Kuzuya M, Takao S, Wakatsuki K, Itagaki T, Hongo S, Nishimura H. A nationwide epidemic of influenza C virus infection in Japan in 2004. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:783-8. [PMID: 17215347 PMCID: PMC1829124 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01555-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period from January to July 2004, a total of 131 influenza C viruses were detected by cell culture or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) from specimens that were obtained from children with acute respiratory symptoms in 10 prefectures across Japan. Influenza C virus was identified most frequently in the Miyagi (1.4%, 45 of 3,226 specimens) and Yamagata (2.5%, 31 of 1,263 specimens) prefectures, and the frequency in this year was the highest since 1990. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin esterase gene of the 13 strains isolated in nine prefectures revealed that genetically similar strains belonging to the Kanagawa/1/76-related lineage dominantly spread throughout Japan. During the 2004 influenza season, influenza C virus coexisted with epidemics of influenza A virus (H3 strain), and 12 cases were identified from patients who had been diagnosed with influenza-like illness (7 were detected by RT-PCR, and 5 were detected by culture). A comparison of specimens that were found positive by culture with those found positive only by RT-PCR shows that the amount of virus in PCR-positive specimens tended to be lower than in isolation-positive specimens. Although the mean peak temperature in patients in the PCR-positive group was slightly lower, there were no significant differences in characteristics between specimens (i.e., kind of specimen, period from onset to specimen collection, age distribution of patients, and severity of illness). These results suggest that an epidemic of influenza C virus occurred on a national scale during this period and that RT-PCR can be an effective supplemental tool for the evaluation of clinical and epidemiological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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40
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Matsuzaki Y, Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H. Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1229-35. [PMID: 16586359 DOI: 10.1086/502973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroepidemiological studies have revealed that influenza C virus is widely distributed globally. However, because the isolation of this virus is difficult, there have been few reports on its clinical features. METHODS Between December 1990 and November 2004, 84,946 respiratory-tract specimens were obtained from patients < or = 15 years old. On the basis of the results of isolation of virus, we examined the clinical data on children infected with influenza C virus. RESULTS Of 170 children infected with influenza C virus, 157 (92.4%) were < 6 years old. Fever (frequency, 90.0%), cough (frequency, 74.1%), and rhinorrhea (frequency, 61.8%) were the most frequent symptoms. The mean duration of fever was 2.88 days (standard deviation, 1.66 days). Of the 170 children, 29 were hospitalized, and 21 (72.4%) of these 29 had lower-respiratory-tract illness such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. The rate of hospital admission was significantly higher in children < 2 years old than in children 2-5 years old (30.4% vs. 11.9%; P = .0043). CONCLUSIONS Influenza C virus is a significant cause of upper-respiratory-tract illness in children < 6 years old, and the risk of complications with lower-respiratory-tract illness is particularly high in children < 2 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan.
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42
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Matsuzaki Y. [Diagnostic tests: Influenza A, B, C viruses]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 7:346-8. [PMID: 16111270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
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43
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Bellau-Pujol S, Vabret A, Legrand L, Dina J, Gouarin S, Petitjean-Lecherbonnier J, Pozzetto B, Ginevra C, Freymuth F. Development of three multiplex RT-PCR assays for the detection of 12 respiratory RNA viruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:53-63. [PMID: 15847919 PMCID: PMC7112904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 RNA respiratory viruses: influenza viruses A, B and C, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (PIV-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus OC43 and 229E (HCoV) and rhinovirus (hRV). An internal amplification control was included in one of the RT-PCR assays. The RT-PCR multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 TCID50 of RSV A, respectively, and 0.01 and 0.001 TCID50 of influenza virus A/H3N2, respectively. Two hundred and three nasal aspirates from hospitalised children were retrospectively tested in comparison with two conventional methods: direct immunofluorescence assay and viral isolation technique. Almost all samples (89/91) that were positive by immunofluorescence assay and/or viral isolation technique were detected by the multiplex assay. This method also detected an additional 85 viruses and 33 co-infections. The overall sensitivity (98%), rapidity and enhanced efficiency of these multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR assays suggest that they would be a significant improvement over conventional methods for the detection of a broad spectrum of respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Gammainfluenzavirus/isolation & purification
- Metapneumovirus/genetics
- Metapneumovirus/isolation & purification
- Nasal Cavity/virology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Quality Control
- RNA Viruses/genetics
- RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Rhinovirus/genetics
- Rhinovirus/isolation & purification
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Virus Cultivation
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bellau-Pujol
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - A. Vabret
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - L. Legrand
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - J. Dina
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - S. Gouarin
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - J. Petitjean-Lecherbonnier
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - B. Pozzetto
- Laboratory of Virology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - C. Ginevra
- Laboratory of Virology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - F. Freymuth
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
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44
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Matsuzaki Y, Sato K, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Morishita T, Kumagai N, Suzuki S, Hongo S. Isolation of an influenza C virus introduced into Japan by a traveler from Malaysia. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:993-5. [PMID: 15695727 PMCID: PMC548068 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.2.993-995.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An influenza C virus was isolated from a Japanese traveler who had visited Malaysia in April 1999. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genome composition of this virus was distinct from that of any other strain isolated in Japan. The possibility that a genetically unique influenza C virus was introduced into Japan by a traveler is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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45
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Matsuzaki Y, Takao S, Shimada S, Mizuta K, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Nishimura H. Characterization of antigenically and genetically similar influenza C viruses isolated in Japan during the 1999-2000 season. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:709-20. [PMID: 15310173 PMCID: PMC2870152 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268804002146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Between October 1999 and May 2000, a total of 28 strains of influenza C virus were isolated in four Japanese prefectures: Yamagata, Miyagi, Saitama and Hiroshima. Antigenic analysis showed that the 28 isolates were divided into three distinct antigenic groups, and viruses belonging to different antigenic groups were co-circulating in each of the four prefectures. Phylogenetic analysis of the seven protein genes demonstrated that the viruses having a similar genome composition spread in various areas of Japan during the same period. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the influenza C viruses isolated in various areas of the world between the 1970s and 1980s were closely related to the contemporary Japanese viruses in all gene segments. These observations suggest that the influenza C viruses cause epidemics in some communities during the same season and that antigenically and genetically similar influenza C viruses spread throughout Japan and may be circulating worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuzaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
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46
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Matsubara K, Sakano T, Takao S, Daikoku K. [Influenza C virus isolated in Hiroshima Prefecture during the 1999/2000 winter season--a clinical and epidemiological study]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2004; 78:470-5. [PMID: 15287473 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza C virus (Inf. C) is one of pathogens of human respiratory tract infection and prevalent throughout the world at an early stage in life. However, Inf. C has been isolated only accidentally and there have been few reports on its clinical and epidemiological features. From November 1999 to March 2000, Inf. C was isolated from clinical specimens (throat swabs) of 4 pediataric patients with respiratory tract illness at Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital and was isolated in 4 peditaric patients at the other medical institutions in Hiroshima prefecture. There were no differences in clinical features including duration of illness, duration of fever, maximum body temperature between 4 patients with Inf. C infection and patients with influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B infection from 1992 to 2000. We investigated geographical distribution of patients with inf. C infection and analyzed for antigenic characteristics with a set of monoclonal antibodies against hemagglutinin-esterase glycoproteins. The data suggested that at least two antigenically different Inf. C prevalented in a region during winter from 1999 to 2000.
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47
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Fernández del Campo JAC. [Present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs]. An R Acad Nac Med (Madr) 2004; 121:305-30. [PMID: 15563121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs. Within the broad field of Glycopathology and Glycotherapeutics, research on influenza virus types A, B and C from humans and several bird species (particularly migratory birds such as ducks, since they are reservoirs for viruses), as well as the search for improved drugs designed for the prevention or treatment of epidemics/pandemics produced by most of those viruses are issues of relevant interest not only from a scientific point of view but also for repercussions on health and the important economical consequences. The research work begun by the author and collaborators at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Salamanca (Spain) in the middle of the 1970's, developed later in close cooperation with the "(Unité d'Ecologie Virale" of the Pasteur Institute of Paris (Prof. Claude Hannoun and collaborators), has been published in about twenty papers that mainly focus on the theoretic-experimental study of: The sialidase (neuraminidase) activity of human influenza viruses types A and B. The acetylesterase activity of type C virus from humans and dogs. The sialidase activity of type A virus from ducks and pigs, in comparison with that of humans. Certain sialidase inhibitors as useful anti-influenza drugs, especially in the case of possible future influenza pandemics of avian origin.
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48
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Coiras MT, Pérez-Breña P, García ML, Casas I. Simultaneous detection of influenza A, B, and C viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenoviruses in clinical samples by multiplex reverse transcription nested-PCR assay. J Med Virol 2003; 69:132-44. [PMID: 12436489 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of infections caused by the heterogeneous group of the respiratory viruses can be very similar. Thus, the implementation of virological assays that rapidly identify the most important viruses involved is of great interest. A new multiplex reverse transcription nested-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect and type different respiratory viruses simultaneously is described. Primer sets were targeted to conserved regions of nucleoprotein genes of the influenza viruses, fusion protein genes of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and hexon protein genes of adenoviruses. Individual influenza A, B, and C viruses, RSV (A and B), and a generic detection of the 48 serotypes of adenoviruses were identified and differentiated by the size of the PCR products. An internal amplification control was included in the reaction mixture to exclude false-negative results due to sample inhibitors and/or extraction failure. Detection levels of 0.1 and 0.01 TCID50 of influenza A and B viruses and 1-10 molecules of cloned amplified products of influenza C virus, RSV A and B, and adenovirus serotype 1 were achieved. The specificity was checked using specimens containing other respiratory viruses and no amplified products were detected in any case. A panel of 290 respiratory specimens from the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 seasons was used to validate the assay. Accurately amplifying RNA from influenza and RSV prototype strains and DNA from all adenovirus serotypes demonstrates the use of this method for both laboratory routine diagnosis and surveillance of all these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Coiras
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Servicio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K. Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:422-9. [PMID: 11825952 PMCID: PMC153379 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.422-429.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Revised: 09/11/2001] [Accepted: 11/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 3 years from January 1996 to December 1998, a total of 33 strains of influenza C virus were isolated from 10,726 throat swab specimens collected from children with acute respiratory illness who visited two pediatric clinics in Yamagata City, Japan. These 33 strains were isolated in clusters during two different periods, 20 strains in May to August 1996 and the remaining 13 in March to June 1998. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein and phylogenetic analysis of seven RNA segments showed that the 33 influenza C viruses isolated were antigenically and genetically similar and that they were reassortant viruses which had obtained PB2, PB1, HE, M, and NS genes from a C/pig/Beijing/115/81-like virus and P3 and NP genes from a C/Mississippi/80-like virus. These observations suggest strongly that during the survey period of 3 years, two outbreaks of influenza C occurred in Yamagata City, both of which were caused by a reassortant virus having the genome composition described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuzaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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50
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Poddar SK, Espina R, Schnurr DP. Evaluation of a single-step multiplex RT-PCR for influenza virus type and subtype detection in respiratory samples. J Clin Lab Anal 2002; 16:163-6. [PMID: 11968055 PMCID: PMC6807991 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-step multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus type and subtypes was evaluated for its use in clinical specimens. One part of each specimen was tested using an established standard culture and/or monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assay method, and the other part was tested by the multiplex RT-PCR method for the presence or absence of the influenza virus, and its type and subtype. Sixty-seven specimens were examined. The results revealed a strong agreement between the data obtained by the established method and those obtained by the multiplex RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal K Poddar
- Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0808, USA.
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