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Krauleidis A, Adliene D, Rutkuniene Z. The Impact of Temporal Changes in Irradiated nMAG Polymer Gels on Their Applicability in Small Field Dosimetry in Radiotherapy. Gels 2022; 8:629. [PMID: 36286130 PMCID: PMC9601347 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As advanced radiotherapy techniques progress to deliver a high absorbed dose to the target volume while minimizing the dose to normal tissues using intensity-modulated beams, arcs or stereotactic radiosurgery, new challenges occur to assure that the high treatment dose is delivered homogeneously to the tumor. Small irradiation field sizes (≤1 cm2) that tightly conform to precise target regions and allow for the deliverance of doses with a high therapeutic ratio, are of particular interest. However, the small field dosimetry using conventional dosimeters is limited by the relative large size of the detector. Radiation-sensitive polymer gels have the potential to meet this dosimetry challenge due to their almost unlimited ability in resolving three-dimensional dose distributions of any shape and makes them unique and suitable for the evaluation of dose profiles and the verification of complex doses. In this work, dose distributions in nMAG gels that have been irradiated to different doses by applying a 6 MV FFF photon beam collimated to 1 cm2, were analyzed and the dose profiles were evaluated by applying a gamma passing rate criteria of 3%/3 mm and considering different post-irradiation time intervals between the irradiation and the gels read out process. X-ray CT and NMR imaging procedures were used for the dose evaluation. It was found that the shape and uniformity of the dose profiles were changing due to post-irradiation polymerization and gelation processes, indicating time dependent growing uniformity which was better expressed for the higher delivered doses. It was estimated that in order to obtain acceptably symmetric small field dose profiles, a longer post-irradiation time is needed for getting the full scope of the polymerization as compared with the recently recommended 24 h period between irradiation and the read out processes of the dose gels. An estimated overall uncertainty (double standard deviation, 95% confidence level) of 3.66% was achieved by applying R2 measurements (NMR read out), and a 3.81-applying X-ray CT read out for 12 Gy irradiated gels 56 h post-irradiation. An increasing tendency for the uncertainty was observed with a decreasing post-irradiation time. A gamma passing rate of 90.3% was estimated for the 12 Gy irradiated gels and, 56 h post-irradiation, the X-ray CT evaluated gels as well as a gamma passing rate of 92.7% was obtained for the NMR evaluated gels applying a 3%/3 mm passing criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Adliene
- Physics Department, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Sun JC, Hsieh BT, Cheng CW, Hsieh CM, Tsang YW, Cheng KY. Using NIPAM gel dosimeter and concentric swing machine to simulate the dose distribution during breathing: A feasibility study. Technol Health Care 2022; 30:123-133. [PMID: 35124590 PMCID: PMC9028686 DOI: 10.3233/thc-228012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy plays an important role in cancer treatment today. Successful radiotherapy includes precise positioning and accurate dosimetry. OBJECTIVE: To use NIPAM gel dosimeter and concentric swing machine to simulate and evaluate the feasibility of lung or upper abdominal tumor dose distribution during breathing. METHODS: We used a concentric swing machine to simulate actual radiotherapy for lung or upper abdomen tumors. A 4 × 4 cm2 irradiation field area was set and MRI was performed. Next, readout analysis was performed using MATLAB and the 3 mm, 3% gamma passing rate > 95% was used as a basis for evaluation. RESULTS: The concentric dynamic dose curve for a simulated respiratory rate of 3 seconds/breath and 4 × 4 cm2 field was compared with 4 × 4, 3 × 3, and 2 × 2 cm2 treatment planning systems (TPS), and the 3 mm, 3% gamma passing rate was 42.87%, 54.96%, and 49.92%, respectively. Pre-simulation showed that the high-dose region dose curve was similar to the 2 × 2 cm2 TPS result. After appropriate selection and comparison, we found that the 3 mm, 3% gamma passing rate was 97.92% on comparing the > 60% dose curve with the 2 × 2 cm2 TPS. CONCLUSIONS: NIPAM gel dosimeter and concentric swing machine use is feasible to simulate dose distribution during breathing and results conforming to clinical evaluation standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chang Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Tsung Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Wah Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rehman AU, Hassan M, Bano S, Farooq K, Raza A, Naeem Anjum M. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility study of polyacrylate TiO 2@Ag coated nanoparticles for the radiation dose enhancement. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:185-193. [PMID: 33620276 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1889574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy, functionalised core-shell nanoparticles (CS NPs) are used as a radiosensitizer. These NPs can act as a therapeutic agent and carrier for other therapeutic agents. In this study, the first poly-acrylic acid modified silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs were fabricated to evaluate the radiation dose enhancement within the human tissue equivalent polymer gel after investigating the biocompatibility. Macrophage cell line and rats model were used for in vitro and in vivo study respectively. Two different beam qualities were applied to quantify the radiation dose enhancement with different concentrations of NPs in the polymer gel. The dose enhancement factors (DEFs) indicated that these biocompatible CS NPs are more effective for the radiation dose enhancement at low energy x-rays (80 kV) as compared to the high energy gamma (1.25 MeV Co60). These results suggested that functionalised core-shell silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs have great potential as a radiosensitizer in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateeque Ur Rehman
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Bano
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khizir Farooq
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad Naeem Anjum
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Marrale M, d’Errico F. Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry. Gels 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34205640 PMCID: PMC8293215 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-sensitive gels are among the most recent and promising developments for radiation therapy (RT) dosimetry. RT dosimetry has the twofold goal of ensuring the quality of the treatment and the radiation protection of the patient. Benchmark dosimetry for acceptance testing and commissioning of RT systems is still based on ionization chambers. However, even the smallest chambers cannot resolve the steep dose gradients of up to 30-50% per mm generated with the most advanced techniques. While a multitude of systems based, e.g., on luminescence, silicon diodes and radiochromic materials have been developed, they do not allow the truly continuous 3D dose measurements offered by radiation-sensitive gels. The gels are tissue equivalent, so they also serve as phantoms, and their response is largely independent of radiation quality and dose rate. Some of them are infused with ferrous sulfate and rely on the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions (Fricke-gels). Other formulations consist of monomers dispersed in a gelatinous medium (Polyacrylamide gels) and rely on radiation-induced polymerization, which creates a stable polymer structure. In both gel types, irradiation causes changes in proton relaxation rates that are proportional to locally absorbed dose and can be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Changes in color and/or opacification of the gels also occur upon irradiation, allowing the use of optical tomography techniques. In this work, we review both Fricke and polyacrylamide gels with emphasis on their chemical and physical properties and on their applications for radiation dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Marrale
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, “Emilio Segrè” ATeN Center, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Dosimetric evaluation of small IMRT beamlets in the presence of bone inhomogeneity using NIPAM polymer gel and Monte Carlo simulation. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hsieh LL, Shieh JI, Wei LJ, Wang YC, Cheng KY, Shih CT. Polymer gel dosimeters for pretreatment radiotherapy verification using the three-dimensional gamma evaluation and pass rate maps. Phys Med 2017; 37:75-81. [PMID: 28535918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer gel dosimeters (PGDs) have been widely studied for use in the pretreatment verification of clinical radiation therapy. However, the readability of PGDs in three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry remain unclear. In this study, the pretreatment verifications of clinical radiation therapy were performed using an N-isopropyl-acrylamide (NIPAM) PGD, and the results were used to evaluate the performance of the NIPAM PGD on 3D dose measurement. A gel phantom was used to measure the dose distribution of a clinical case of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed for dose readouts. The measured dose volumes were compared with the planned dose volume. The relative volume histograms showed that relative volumes with a negative percent dose difference decreased as time elapsed. Furthermore, the histograms revealed few changes after 24h postirradiation. For the 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm criteria, the pass rates of the 12- and 24-h dose volumes were higher than 95%, respectively. This study thus concludes that the pass rate map can be used to evaluate the dose-temporal readability of PGDs and that the NIPAM PGD can be used for clinical pretreatment verifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzih Road, Taichung 40601, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzih Road, Taichung 40601, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-I Shieh
- Department of M-Commerce and Multimedia Applications, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ju Wei
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzih Road, Taichung 40601, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ting Shih
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, ROC.
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Watanabe Y, Warmington L, Gopishankar N. Three-dimensional radiation dosimetry using polymer gel and solid radiochromic polymer: From basics to clinical applications. World J Radiol 2017; 9:112-125. [PMID: 28396725 PMCID: PMC5368627 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate dose measurement tools are needed to evaluate the radiation dose delivered to patients by using modern and sophisticated radiation therapy techniques. However, the adequate tools which enable us to directly measure the dose distributions in three-dimensional (3D) space are not commonly available. One such 3D dose measurement device is the polymer-based dosimeter, which changes the material property in response to radiation. These are available in the gel form as polymer gel dosimeter (PGD) and ferrous gel dosimeter (FGD) and in the solid form as solid plastic dosimeter (SPD). Those are made of a continuous uniform medium which polymerizes upon irradiation. Hence, the intrinsic spatial resolution of those dosimeters is very high, and it is only limited by the method by which one converts the dose information recorded by the medium to the absorbed dose. The current standard methods of the dose quantification are magnetic resonance imaging, optical computed tomography, and X-ray computed tomography. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging is well established as a method for obtaining clinically relevant dosimetric data by PGD and FGD. Despite the likely possibility of doing 3D dosimetry by PGD, FGD or SPD, the tools are still lacking wider usages for clinical applications. In this review article, we summarize the current status of PGD, FGD, and SPD and discuss the issue faced by these for wider acceptance in radiation oncology clinic and propose some directions for future development.
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