1
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Luo D, Ye Q, Li RT, Zhou HY, Guo JJ, Zhao SQ, Zhang S, Jiang T, Deng YQ, Qin CF. PA-E18G substitution in influenza A virus confers resistance to ZX-7101, a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor. Virol Sin 2023; 38:559-567. [PMID: 37290559 PMCID: PMC10436051 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) in the polymerase acidic protein (PA) of influenza A virus (IAV) represents a promising drug target due to its critical role in viral gene transcription. The CEN inhibitor, baloxavir marboxil (BXM), was approved in Japan and the US in 2018 and several other countries subsequently. Along with the clinical use of BXM, the emergence and spread of IAV variants with reduced susceptibility to BXM have aroused serious concern. Herein, we comprehensively characterized the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of ZX-7101A, an analogue of BXM. The active form of prodrug ZX-7101 showed broad-spectrum antiviral potency against various IAV subtypes, including pH1N1, H3N2, H7N9 and H9N2, in MDCK cells, and the 50% effective concentration (EC50) was calculated to nanomole level and comparable to that of baloxavir acid (BXA), the active form of BXM. Furthermore, in vivo assays showed that administration of ZX-7101A conferred significant protection against lethal pH1N1 challenge in mice, with reduced viral RNA loads and alleviated pulmonary damage. Importantly, serial passaging of H1N1 virus in MDCK cells under selection pressure of ZX-7101 led to a resistant variant at the 15th passage. Reverse genetic and sequencing analysis demonstrated that a single E18G substitution in the PA subunit contributed to the reduced susceptibility to both ZX-7101 and BXA. Taken together, our results not only characterized a new CEN inhibitor of IAV but also identified a novel amino acid substitution responsible for CEN inhibitor resistance, which provides critical clues for future drug development and drug resistance surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing-Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Suo-Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
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2
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Wang G, Lv C, Liu C, Shen W. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a potential biomarker in predicting influenza susceptibility. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003380. [PMID: 36274727 PMCID: PMC9583527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human population exposed to influenza viruses exhibited wide variation in susceptibility. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) has been examined to be a marker of systemic inflammation. We sought to investigate the relationship between influenza susceptibility and the NLR taken before influenza virus infection. METHODS We investigated blood samples from five independent influenza challenge cohorts prior to influenza inoculation at the cellular level by using digital cytometry. We used multi-cohort gene expression analysis to compare the NLR between the symptomatic infected (SI) and asymptomatic uninfected (AU) subjects. We then used a network analysis approach to identify host factors associated with NLR and influenza susceptibility. RESULTS The baseline NLR was significantly higher in the SI group in both discovery and validation cohorts. The NLR achieved an AUC of 0.724 on the H3N2 data, and 0.736 on the H1N1 data in predicting influenza susceptibility. We identified four key modules that were not only significantly correlated with the baseline NLR, but also differentially expressed between the SI and AU groups. Genes within these four modules were enriched in pathways involved in B cell-mediated immune responses, cellular metabolism, cell cycle, and signal transduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the NLR as a potential biomarker for predicting disease susceptibility to symptomatic influenza. An elevated NLR was detected in susceptible hosts, who may have defects in B cell-mediated immunity or impaired function in cellular metabolism, cell cycle or signal transduction. Our work can serve as a comparative model to provide insights into the COVID-19 susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Shen
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3
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Ferret Interferon (IFN)-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins Are Upregulated by both IFN-α and Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0011121. [PMID: 33952646 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00111-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current fears of a future influenza pandemic have resulted in an increased emphasis on the development and testing of novel therapeutic strategies against the virus. Fundamental to this is the ferret model of influenza infection, which is critical in examining pathogenesis and treatment. Nevertheless, a precise evaluation of the efficacy of any treatment strategy in ferrets is reliant on understanding the immune response in this model. Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are interferon-stimulated proteins shown to be critically important in the host immune response against viral infections. These proteins confer intrinsic innate immunity to pH-dependent viruses such as influenza viruses and can inhibit cytosolic entry of such viruses to limit the severity of infection following interferon upregulation. Mutations in IFITM genes in humans have been identified as key risk factors for worsened disease progression, particularly in the case of avian influenza viruses such as H7N9. While the IFITM genes of humans and mice have been well characterized, no studies have been conducted to classify the IFITM locus and interferon-driven upregulation of IFITMs in ferrets. Here, we show the architecture of the ferret IFITM locus and its synteny to the IFITM locus of other mammalian and avian species. Furthermore, we show that ferret IFITM1, -2, and -3 are functionally responsive to both interferon-α (IFN-α) and influenza virus stimulation. Thus, we show that ferret IFITMs exhibit interferon-stimulated properties similar to those shown in other species, furthering our knowledge of the innate immune response in the ferret model of human influenza virus infections. IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins can prevent the entry of several pH-dependent viruses, including high-consequence viruses such as HIV, influenza viruses, and SARS-coronaviruses. Mutations in these genes have been associated with worsened disease outcomes with mutations in their IFITM genes, highlighting these genes as potential disease risk factors. Ferrets provide a valuable tool to model infectious diseases; however, there is a critical shortage of information regarding their interferon-stimulated genes. We identified the putative ferret IFITM genes and mapped their complete gene locus. Thus, our study fills a critical gap in knowledge and supports the further use of the ferret model to explore the importance of IFITMs in these important diseases.
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4
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Butler J, Shan S, Layton R, Bingham J, Payne J, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Dynamics of the Ferret Immune Response During H7N9 Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559113. [PMID: 33072098 PMCID: PMC7541917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted, the threat of a pandemic event from zoonotic viruses, such as the deadly influenza A/H7N9 virus subtype, continues to be a major global health concern. H7N9 virus strains appear to exhibit greater disease severity in mammalian hosts compared to natural avian hosts, though the exact mechanisms underlying this are somewhat unclear. Knowledge of the H7N9 host-pathogen interactions have mainly been constrained to natural sporadic human infections. To elucidate the cellular immune mechanisms associated with disease severity and progression, we used a ferret model to closely resemble disease outcomes in humans following influenza virus infection. Intriguingly, we observed variable disease outcomes when ferrets were inoculated with the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) strain. We observed relatively reduced antigen-presenting cell activation in lymphoid tissues which may be correlative with increased disease severity. Additionally, depletions in CD8+ T cells were not apparent in sick animals. This study provides further insight into the ways that lymphocytes maturate and traffic in response to H7N9 infection in the ferret model.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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5
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Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Maines TR. Ferreting Out Influenza Virus Pathogenicity and Transmissibility: Past and Future Risk Assessments in the Ferret Model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038323. [PMID: 31871233 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As influenza A viruses continue to jump species barriers, data generated in the ferret model to assess influenza virus pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of these novel strains continues to inform an increasing scope of public health-based applications. This review presents the suitability of ferrets as a small mammalian model for influenza viruses and describes the breadth of pathogenicity and transmissibility profiles possible in this species following inoculation with a diverse range of viruses. Adaptation of aerobiology-based techniques and analyses have furthered our understanding of data obtained from this model and provide insight into the capacity of novel and emerging influenza viruses to cause human infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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6
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Toots M, Yoon JJ, Hart M, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Plemper RK. Quantitative efficacy paradigms of the influenza clinical drug candidate EIDD-2801 in the ferret model. Transl Res 2020; 218:16-28. [PMID: 31945316 PMCID: PMC7568909 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause major morbidity and mortality worldwide, threatening in particular older adults and the immunocompromised. Two classes of influenza therapeutics dominate current disease management, but both are compromised by pre-existing or rapidly emerging viral resistance. We have recently reported a novel ribonucleoside analog clinical candidate, EIDD-2801, that combines potent antiviral efficacy in ferrets and human airway epithelium cultures with a high barrier against viral escape. In this study, we established fundamental EIDD-2801 efficacy paradigms against pandemic and seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) strains in ferrets that can be used to inform exposure targets and treatment regimens. Based on reduction of shed virus titers, alleviation of clinical signs, and lowered virus burden in upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, lowest efficacious oral dose concentrations of EIDD-2801, given twice daily, were 2.3 and 7 mg/kg of body weight against seasonal and pandemic IAVs, respectively. The latest opportunity for initiation of efficacious treatment was 36 hours after infection of ferrets. Administered in 12-hour intervals, three 7 mg/kg doses of EIDD-2801 were sufficient for maximal therapeutic benefit against a pandemic IAV and significantly shortened the time to resolution of clinical signs. Ferrets infected with pandemic IAV and treated following the minimally efficacious EIDD-2801 regimen demonstrated significantly less shed virus and inflammatory cellular infiltrates in nasal lavages, but mounted a robust humoral antiviral response after recovery that was indistinguishable from that of vehicle-treated animals. These results provide an experimental basis in a human disease-relevant influenza animal model for clinical testing of EIDD-2801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Hart
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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7
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Wong J, Layton D, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Improving immunological insights into the ferret model of human viral infectious disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:535-546. [PMID: 31583825 PMCID: PMC6800307 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a well-established model for studying both the pathogenesis and transmission of human respiratory viruses and evaluation of antiviral vaccines. Advanced immunological studies would add substantial value to the ferret models of disease but are hindered by the low number of ferret-reactive reagents available for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, progress has been made to understand immune responses in the ferret model with a limited set of ferret-specific reagents and assays. This review examines current immunological insights gained from the ferret model across relevant human respiratory diseases, with a focus on influenza viruses. We highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be bridged to advance the utility of ferrets for immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Daniel Layton
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityAustralian Animal Health LaboratoriesGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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8
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Belser JA, Eckert AM, Huynh T, Gary JM, Ritter JM, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Guide for the Use of the Ferret Model for Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:11-24. [PMID: 31654637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
As influenza viruses continue to jump species barriers to cause human infection, assessments of disease severity and viral replication kinetics in vivo provide crucial information for public health professionals. The ferret model is a valuable resource for evaluating influenza virus pathogenicity; thus, understanding the most effective techniques for sample collection and usage, as well as the full spectrum of attainable data after experimental inoculation in this species, is paramount. This is especially true for scheduled necropsy of virus-infected ferrets, a standard component in evaluation of influenza virus pathogenicity, as necropsy findings can provide important information regarding disease severity and pathogenicity that is not otherwise available from the live animal. In this review, we describe the range of influenza viruses assessed in ferrets, the measures of experimental disease severity in this model, and optimal sample collection during necropsy of virus-infected ferrets. Collectively, this information is critical for assessing systemic involvement after influenza virus infection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Alissa M Eckert
- Division of Communication Services, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy M Gary
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
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9
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Tang BM, Shojaei M, Teoh S, Meyers A, Ho J, Ball TB, Keynan Y, Pisipati A, Kumar A, Eisen DP, Lai K, Gillett M, Santram R, Geffers R, Schreiber J, Mozhui K, Huang S, Parnell GP, Nalos M, Holubova M, Chew T, Booth D, Kumar A, McLean A, Schughart K. Neutrophils-related host factors associated with severe disease and fatality in patients with influenza infection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3422. [PMID: 31366921 PMCID: PMC6668409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza infection has no effective treatment available. One of the key barriers to developing host-directed therapy is a lack of reliable prognostic factors needed to guide such therapy. Here, we use a network analysis approach to identify host factors associated with severe influenza and fatal outcome. In influenza patients with moderate-to-severe diseases, we uncover a complex landscape of immunological pathways, with the main changes occurring in pathways related to circulating neutrophils. Patients with severe disease display excessive neutrophil extracellular traps formation, neutrophil-inflammation and delayed apoptosis, all of which have been associated with fatal outcome in animal models. Excessive neutrophil activation correlates with worsening oxygenation impairment and predicted fatal outcome (AUROC 0.817-0.898). These findings provide new evidence that neutrophil-dominated host response is associated with poor outcomes. Measuring neutrophil-related changes may improve risk stratification and patient selection, a critical first step in developing host-directed immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Tang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. .,Respiratory Tract Infection Research Node, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Maryam Shojaei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally Teoh
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrienne Meyers
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - John Ho
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - T Blake Ball
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amarnath Pisipati
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Laurentian, Canada
| | - Damon P Eisen
- Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Gillett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rahul Santram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Otto-von-Guerike University of Magdeburg, Clinic of Pneumology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant P Parnell
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marek Nalos
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty Plzen, Charles University Prague, Staré Město, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Holubova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty Plzen, Charles University Prague, Staré Město, Czech Republic
| | - Tracy Chew
- Sydney Informatic Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anand Kumar
- Section of Critical Care Medicine and Section of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anthony McLean
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
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10
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Music N, Tzeng WP, Liaini Gross F, Levine MZ, Xu X, Shieh WJ, Tumpey TM, Katz JM, York IA. Repeated vaccination against matched H3N2 influenza virus gives less protection than single vaccination in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:28. [PMID: 31312528 PMCID: PMC6616337 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that humans who receive repeated annual immunization with influenza vaccine are less well protected against influenza than those who receive vaccine in the current season only. To better understand potential mechanisms underlying these observations, we vaccinated influenza-naive ferrets either twice, 10 months apart (repeated vaccination group; RV), or once (current season only group; CS), using a prime-boost regimen, and then challenged the ferrets with A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2). Ferrets that received either vaccine regimen were protected against influenza disease and infection relative to naive unvaccinated ferrets, but the RV group shed more virus, especially at the peak of virus shedding 2 days post infection (p < 0.001) and regained weight more slowly (p < 0.05) than those in the CS group. Qualitative, rather than quantitative, differences in the antibody response may affect protection after repeated influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedzad Music
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Present Address: Seqirus, A CSL Company, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Wen-Pin Tzeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - F. Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Min Z. Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
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11
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Pathogenesis and Transmission of Genetically Diverse Swine-Origin H3N2 Variant Influenza A Viruses from Multiple Lineages Isolated in the United States, 2011-2016. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00665-18. [PMID: 29848587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00665-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While several swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses isolated from humans prior to 2011 have been previously characterized for their virulence and transmissibility in ferrets, the recent genetic and antigenic divergence of H3N2v viruses warrants an updated assessment of their pandemic potential. Here, four contemporary H3N2v viruses isolated during 2011 to 2016 were evaluated for their replicative ability in both in vitro and in vivo in mammalian models as well as their transmissibility among ferrets. We found that all four H3N2v viruses possessed similar or enhanced replication capacities in a human bronchial epithelium cell line (Calu-3) compared to a human seasonal influenza virus, suggestive of strong fitness in human respiratory tract cells. The majority of H3N2v viruses examined in our study were mildly virulent in mice and capable of replicating in mouse lungs with different degrees of efficiency. In ferrets, all four H3N2v viruses caused moderate morbidity and exhibited comparable titers in the upper respiratory tract, but only 2 of the 4 viruses replicated in the lower respiratory tract in this model. Furthermore, despite efficient transmission among cohoused ferrets, recently isolated H3N2v viruses displayed considerable variance in their ability to transmit by respiratory droplets. The lack of a full understanding of the molecular correlates of virulence and transmission underscores the need for close genotypic and phenotypic monitoring of H3N2v viruses and the importance of continued surveillance to improve pandemic preparedness.IMPORTANCE Swine-origin influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype, with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from historic human seasonal influenza viruses, continue to cross species barriers and cause human infections, posing an indelible threat to public health. To help us better understand the potential risk associated with swine-origin H3N2v viruses that emerged in the United States during the 2011-2016 influenza seasons, we use both in vitro and in vivo models to characterize the abilities of these viruses to replicate, cause disease, and transmit in mammalian hosts. The efficient respiratory droplet transmission exhibited by some of the H3N2v viruses in the ferret model combined with the existing evidence of low immunity against such viruses in young children and older adults highlight their pandemic potential. Extensive surveillance and risk assessment of H3N2v viruses should continue to be an essential component of our pandemic preparedness strategy.
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The Host Antimicrobial Protein Calgranulin C Participates in the Control of Campylobacter jejuni Growth via Zinc Sequestration. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00234-18. [PMID: 29610259 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00234-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterially derived gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter is most commonly acquired through the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or through drinking contaminated water. Following ingestion, Campylobacter adheres to the intestinal epithelium and mucus layer, causing toxin-mediated inflammation and inhibition of fluid reabsorption. Currently, the human response to infection is relatively unknown, and animal hosts that model these responses are rare. As such, we examined patient fecal samples for the accumulation of the neutrophil protein calgranulin C during infection with Campylobacter jejuni In response to infection, calgranulin C was significantly increased in the feces of humans. To determine whether calgranulin C accumulation occurs in an animal model, we examined disease in ferrets. Ferrets were effectively infected by C. jejuni, with peak fecal loads observed at day 3 postinfection and full resolution by day 12. Serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) significantly increased in response to infection, which resulted in leukocyte trafficking to the colon. As a result, calgranulin C increased in the feces of ferrets at the time when C. jejuni loads decreased. Further, the addition of purified calgranulin C to C. jejuni cultures was found to inhibit growth in a zinc-dependent manner. These results suggest that upon infection with C. jejuni, leukocytes trafficked to the intestine release calgranulin C as a mechanism for inhibiting C. jejuni growth.
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Extensive T cell cross-reactivity between diverse seasonal influenza strains in the ferret model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6112. [PMID: 29666412 PMCID: PMC5904180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes widespread, yearly epidemics by accumulating surface protein mutations to escape neutralizing antibodies established from prior exposure. In contrast to antibody epitopes, T cell mediated immunity targets influenza epitopes that are more highly conserved and have potential for cross-protection. The extent of T cell cross-reactivity between a diverse array of contemporary and historical influenza strains was investigated in ferrets challenged with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza or the seasonal H3N2 strain, A/Perth/16/2009. Post-challenge cell-mediated immune responses demonstrated extensive cross-reactivity with a wide variety of contemporary and historical influenza A strains as well as influenza B. Responses in peripheral blood were undetectable by 36d post-challenge, but cross-reactivity persisted in spleen. The strongest responses targeted peptides from the NP protein and demonstrated cross-reactivity in both the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells also targeted HA and NA epitopes, while cross-reactive CD8+ T cells targeted internal M1, NS2, and PA. T cell epitopes demonstrated extensive cross-reactivity between diverse influenza strains in outbred animals, with NP implicated as a significant antigenic target demonstrating extensive cross-reactivity for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Layton DS, Xiao X, Bentley JD, Lu L, Stewart CR, Bean AGD, Adams TE. Development of an anti-ferret CD4 monoclonal antibody for the characterisation of ferret T lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2017; 444:29-35. [PMID: 28216237 PMCID: PMC7094458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ferret is an established animal model for a number of human respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus and more recently, Ebola virus. However, a paucity of immunological reagents has hampered the study of cellular immune responses. Here we describe the development and characterisation of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the ferret CD4 antigen and the characterisation of ferret CD4 T lymphocytes. Recombinant production and purification of the ferret CD4 ectodomain soluble protein allowed hybridoma generation and the generation of a mAb (FeCD4) showing strong binding to ferret CD4 protein and lymphoid cells by flow cytometry. FeCD4 bound to its cognate antigen post-fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) which is routinely used to inactivate highly pathogenic viruses. We have also used FeCD4 in conjunction with other immune cell markers to characterise ferret T cells in both primary and secondary lymphoid organs. In summary, we have developed an important reagent for the study of cellular immunological responses in the ferret model of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Layton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Xiaowen Xiao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Louis Lu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron R Stewart
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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