1
|
Shields GF. Cytotypes of the Simulium arcticum Species Complex in the American Pacific Northwest. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.3398/064.081.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Shields
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Carroll College, 1601 North Benton Ave., Helena, MT 59625-0002
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo M, Finet C, Cong H, Wei HY, Chung H. The evolution of insect metallothioneins. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202189. [PMID: 33109013 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins that are important in the chelating and detoxification of toxic heavy metals. Until now, the short length and the low sequence complexity of MTs have hindered the inference of robust phylogenies, hampering the study of their evolution. To address this longstanding question, we applied an iterative BLAST search pipeline that allowed us to build a unique dataset of more than 300 MT sequences in insects. By combining phylogenetics and synteny analysis, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of MTs in insects. We show that the MT content in insects has been shaped by lineage-specific tandem duplications from a single ancestral MT. Strikingly, we also uncovered a sixth MT, MtnF, in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. MtnF evolves faster than other MTs and is characterized by a non-canonical length and higher cysteine content. Our methodological framework not only paves the way for future studies on heavy metal detoxification but can also allow us to identify other previously unidentified genes and other low complexity genomic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Cédric Finet
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haosu Cong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hong-Yi Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wollenberg Valero KC, Marshall JC, Bastiaans E, Caccone A, Camargo A, Morando M, Niemiller ML, Pabijan M, Russello MA, Sinervo B, Werneck FP, Sites JW, Wiens JJ, Steinfartz S. Patterns, Mechanisms and Genetics of Speciation in Reptiles and Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090646. [PMID: 31455040 PMCID: PMC6769790 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the aspects of reptile and amphibian speciation that emerged from research performed over the past decade are reviewed. First, this study assesses how patterns and processes of speciation depend on knowing the taxonomy of the group in question, and discuss how integrative taxonomy has contributed to speciation research in these groups. This study then reviews the research on different aspects of speciation in reptiles and amphibians, including biogeography and climatic niches, ecological speciation, the relationship between speciation rates and phenotypic traits, and genetics and genomics. Further, several case studies of speciation in reptiles and amphibians that exemplify many of these themes are discussed. These include studies of integrative taxonomy and biogeography in South American lizards, ecological speciation in European salamanders, speciation and phenotypic evolution in frogs and lizards. The final case study combines genomics and biogeography in tortoises. The field of amphibian and reptile speciation research has steadily moved forward from the assessment of geographic and ecological aspects, to incorporating other dimensions of speciation, such as genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces. A higher degree of integration among all these dimensions emerges as a goal for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon C Marshall
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept. 2505, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arley Camargo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CENPAT-CONICET) Bv. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Coastal Biology Building, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69060-000, Brazil
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cherairia M, Adler PH. Genetic variation in a colonization specialist, Simulium ruficorne (Diptera: Simuliidae), the world's most widely distributed black fly. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205137. [PMID: 30281665 PMCID: PMC6169971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of aquatic insects to colonize Earth's most remote freshwater habitats, such as those of islands and deserts, is limited to select taxa. Among black flies, the premiere colonization specialist is Simulium ruficorne Macquart, the only species known from both the Afrotropical and Palearctic regions. We investigated the cytogenetics of S. ruficorne to gain insight into its wide geographic distribution and ability to colonize oceanic islands and deserts. On the basis of larval polytene chromosomes from 14 locations, we documented 17 novel and previously known chromosomal rearrangements and established five cytoforms (A1, A2, B, C, and D), of which probably four (A1/A2, B, C, and D) are distinct species and two (A1 and A2) represent sex-chromosome polymorphism involving a heteroband in the long arm of chromosome III. The chromosome restructuring phenomena associated with the five cytoforms are consistent with the trend in the Simuliidae that one and the same rearrangement can assume different functions in the various descendants of a common ancestor in which the rearrangement was polymorphic. The most widely distributed cytoforms are A1 and A2, which are found in North Africa, the Canary Islands, and Majorca. Simulium ruficorne, the only known black fly in the Hoggar Mountains of the central Sahara Desert, represents a cohesive population of cytoform A1 little differentiated from other North African populations of A1 and A2. Cytoform B inhabits the West African mainland, cytoform C is on Tenerife, and cytoform D is on Cape Verde. We suggest that dispersal and colonization specialists, such as S. ruficorne, are multivoltine inhabitants of temporary streams, and must relocate as their habitats deteriorate. Simulium ruficorne, therefore, should have adaptations that contribute to successful dispersal and colonization, perhaps largely physiological in nature, such as tolerance of high temperatures and droughts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Cherairia
- Laboratoire de Recherche et de Conservation des Zones Humides, Université 8 Mai 1945 de Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Peter H. Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vlasov S, Adler PH, Topolenko V, Aibulatov S, Gorlov I, Harutyunova M, Harutyunova K. Karyotypic Characteristics of the Ornithophilic Simulium aureum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae) Along the Northern Black Sea Coast and the Origin of Chromosomal Reduction. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1160-1169. [PMID: 29733384 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Simulium aureum group (Diptera: Simuliidae), also known as subgenus Eusimulium Roubaud, is a monophyletic, Holarctic taxon of bird-feeding black flies with a reduced chromosome number of two and remarkably similar external structure in all life stages. We analyzed the banding patterns of the polytene chromosomes to understand the composition of this species group along the northern coast of the Black Sea where two little-known nominal species have their type localities. Our analyses link the names Simulium krymense (Rubtsov) and Simulium maritimum (Rubtsov) with unique chromosomal characters, indicate that both are male chiasmate, and reveal the presence of Simulium angustipes Edwards along the northern coast of the Black Sea for the first time. We show that S. krymense has a banding sequence most similar to the hypothesized ancestral form of the S. aureum group, and that the entire group is derived from within the Simulium vernum group, rendering the latter group and its encompassing subgenus, Nevermannia Enderlein, paraphyletic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Vlasov
- Department of General Biology and Bioecology, Moscow State Regional University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, McGinty Court, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC
| | - Varvara Topolenko
- Department of General Biology and Bioecology, Moscow State Regional University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Aibulatov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Gorlov
- Marine Research Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Harutyunova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Armenian Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine Harutyunova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Armenian Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thaijarern J, Adler PH, Pramual P. Limited differentiation among black flies in the Simulium multistriatum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand: cryptic species, homosequential species and homosequential cryptic species. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Thaijarern
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Pairot Pramual
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adler PH, Borkent A, Hamada N, McCreadie JW. Biodiversity of Simulium metallicum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae), a complex of Neotropical vectors associated with human onchocerciasis. Acta Trop 2017. [PMID: 28624513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The polytene chromosomes of 130 larvae of the Neotropical Simulium metallicum complex from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Ecuador revealed five cytoforms, including three ('M', 'N', and 'O') that are new and two ('B' and 'J') that represent range extensions of up to 850km. The discovery of three new cytoforms brings the total number in the complex to 17. Cytoforms 'B', 'J', and 'N' are reproductively isolated from one another, and their species status is corroborated by morphological evidence. None of the three new cytoforms is known from current or historical onchocerciasis foci, although 'M' inhabits the periphery of the former Ecuadorian Santiago onchocerciasis focus a mere 30km to the west. The number of fixed chromosomal differences, as many as 24, separating some members of the S. metallicum complex far exceeds that known between members of any other simuliid species complex. Two distinct groupings can be diagnosed within the S. metallicum complex, based on at least eight fixed chromosomal rearrangements and structural characters in the larval stage. Consequently, a recommendation is made to recognize the S. horacioi complex and the S. metallicum complex sensu stricto. Recognition of two separate complexes provides potential phylogenetic content with predictive power for understanding biological phenomena such as vector potential.
Collapse
|
8
|
Adler PH, Hamada N, Cavalcante do Nascimento JM, Grillet ME. River-specific macrogenomic diversity in Simulium guianense s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae), a complex of tropical American vectors associated with human onchocerciasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181679. [PMID: 28727841 PMCID: PMC5519218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulium guianense Wise is a Latin American vector complex of black flies associated with transmission of the causal agent of human onchocerciasis (river blindness). An analysis of the chromosomal banding patterns of 607 larvae of S. guianense s. l. revealed a high level of variation involving 83 macrogenomic rearrangements across 25 populations in Brazil, French Guiana, and Venezuela. The 25 populations were assigned to 13 cytoforms (A1, A2, B1-B4, C, D, E1-E4, and F), some of which are probably valid species. Based on geographical proximity, a member of the B group of cytoforms probably represents the name-bearing type specimen of S. guianense and the primary vector in the last-remaining onchocerciasis foci in the Western Hemisphere. Cytoform B3 in Amapá State is implicated as an anthropophilic simuliid in an area currently and historically free of onchocerciasis. Distributions of cytoforms are associated with geography, elevation, and drainage basin, and are largely congruent with ecoregions. Despite extraordinarily large larval populations of S. guianense s. l. in big rivers and consequent production of female flies for dispersal, the cytoforms maintain their chromosomal distinction within individual rivers, suggesting a high degree of fidelity to the specialized breeding habitats-rocky shoals-of the natal rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neusa Hamada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Curso de pós-graduação em Entomologia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Grillet
- Laboratorio de Biología de Vectores y Parásitos, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adler PH, Takaoka H, Sofian-Azirun M, Low VL, Ya’cob Z, Chen CD, Lau KW, Pham XD. Vietnam, a Hotspot for Chromosomal Diversity and Cryptic Species in Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163881. [PMID: 27695048 PMCID: PMC5047563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing attention on Vietnam as a biodiversity hotspot prompted an investigation of the potential for cryptic diversity in black flies, a group well known elsewhere for its high frequency of isomorphic species. We analyzed the banding structure of the larval polytene chromosomes in the Simulium tuberosum species group to probe for diversity beyond the morphological level. Among 272 larvae, 88 different chromosomal rearrangements, primarily paracentric inversions, were discovered in addition to 25 already known in the basic sequences of the group in Asia. Chromosomal diversity in Vietnam far exceeds that known for the group in Thailand, with only about 5% of the rearrangements shared between the two countries. Fifteen cytoforms and nine morphoforms were revealed among six nominal species in Vietnam. Chromosomal evidence, combined with available molecular and morphological evidence, conservatively suggests that at least five of the cytoforms are valid species, two of which require formal names. The total chromosomal rearrangements and species (15) now known from the group in Vietnam far exceed those of any other area of comparable size in the world, supporting the country’s status as a biodiversity hotspot. Phylogenetic inference based on uniquely shared, derived chromosomal rearrangements supports the clustering of cytoforms into two primary lineages, the Simulium tani complex and the Southeast Asian Simulium tuberosum subgroup. Some of these taxa could be threatened by habitat destruction, given their restricted geographical distributions and the expanding human population of Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Ya’cob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Koon Weng Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Xuan Da Pham
- National Agency in Southern Region, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 700000
| |
Collapse
|