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Sobi RA, Sultana AA, Khan SH, Haque MA, Nuzhat S, Hossain MN, Bardhan PK, Chisti MJ, Chakraborty S, Ahmed T, Das R, Faruque ASG. Impact of Rotaviral Diarrhea on Child Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:749-758. [PMID: 38377601 PMCID: PMC10993829 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea among children in developing countries. The impact of rotaviral diarrhea on nutritional status is not well understood. We aimed to determine the association between rotavirus-positive moderate-to-severe diarrhea and nutrition in children under 5 years of age. We analyzed data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study on children 0-59 months old from South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The relationships between explanatory variables and outcome variables were assessed using multiple linear regression; the explanatory variable was the presence of rotavirus in the stool sample, and the outcome variables were z scores [length/height-for-age (LAZ/HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-length/height (WLZ/WHZ)] at follow-up (∼60 days). The prevalence of rotaviral diarrhea was 17.3% (905/5,219) in South Asia and 19.95% (842/4,220) in sub-Saharan Africa. Rotavirus was associated with higher LAZ/HAZ (β: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.26; P <0.001) and WAZ (β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.22; P <0.001) in sub-Saharan Africa and with lower WLZ/WHZ (β coefficient: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.009; P = 0.027) in South Asia. Our study indicates that rotaviral diarrhea is positively associated with nutritional status in sub-Saharan Africa and is negatively associated with nutritional status in South Asia. An expedited implementation policy of ongoing preventive and control strategies, including vaccination against rotavirus, is necessary to reduce the burden of rotaviral diarrhea, which may further help to reduce the potential nutritional ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukaeya Amin Sobi
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Afroza Sultana
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharika Nuzhat
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nasif Hossain
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pradip K. Bardhan
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rina Das
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abu S. G. Faruque
- Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Titus KS, Magu D, Wanzala P. Subjects' Sociodemographics Influence the Transmission Patterns of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes among Children under 5 Years in Nakuru County. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:132-139. [PMID: 39028160 PMCID: PMC11210731 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_41_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichiacoli (DEC) infections constitute the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, little has so far been done to properly reveal the pathogenic endowments of DEC in these populations. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES We evaluated 4 DEC strains among children under 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed among 384 positive cases. RESULTS There was a significant decline in infections associated with DEC as the children grew older (χ2[12] = 87.366: P = [0.000]. A total of 56 (14.6%) cases were 0-12 months, 168 (43.8%) were 13-24 months, 88 (22.9%) were 25-36 months, 40 (10.4%) were 37-48 months, and 32 (8.3%) were 49-60 months. A total of 248 (64.6%) male subjects exhibited more susceptibility to DEC infections than their female counterparts (n = 136 [35.4%]) (χ2[3] =13.313: P = [0.004]. Subjects from urban areas (n = 248 [64.6%]), significantly bored the brunt of infections than those from rural areas (n = 136 [35.4%]) (χ2[3] = 35.147: P = [0.000]. The prevalence of DEC appeared significantly higher during rainy seasons (n = 269 [70.1%]). CONCLUSION Young age, male gender, crowding, and rainy season play a central role in the transmission of DEC pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suge Titus
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Kabarak University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Dennis Magu
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Wanzala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Kabarak University, Nakuru, Kenya
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Pavlinac PB, Rogawski McQuade ET, Platts-Mills JA, Kotloff KL, Deal C, Giersing BK, Isbrucker RA, Kang G, Ma LF, MacLennan CA, Patriarca P, Steele D, Vannice KS. Pivotal Shigella Vaccine Efficacy Trials-Study Design Considerations from a Shigella Vaccine Trial Design Working Group. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:489. [PMID: 35455238 PMCID: PMC9032541 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine candidates for Shigella are approaching phase 3 clinical trials in the target population of young children living in low- and middle-income countries. Key study design decisions will need to be made to maximize the success of such trials and minimize the time to licensure and implementation. We convened an ad hoc working group to identify the key aspects of trial design that would meet the regulatory requirements to achieve the desired indication of prevention of moderate or severe shigellosis due to strains included in the vaccine. The proposed primary endpoint of pivotal Shigella vaccine trials is the efficacy of the vaccine against the first episode of acute moderate or severe diarrhea caused by the Shigella strains contained within the vaccine. Moderate or severe shigellosis could be defined by a modified Vesikari score with dysentery and molecular detection of vaccine-preventable Shigella strains. This report summarizes the rationale and current data behind these considerations, which will evolve as new data become available and after further review and consultation by global regulators and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B. Pavlinac
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Enteric and Sexually Transmitted Infections Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockvile, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Birgitte K. Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.K.G.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Richard A. Isbrucker
- Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.K.G.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Lyou-Fu Ma
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Peter Patriarca
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Kirsten S. Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
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Mado S, Giwa F, Abdullahi S, Alfa A, Yaqub Y, Usman Y, Wammanda R, Mwenda J, Isiaka A, Yusuf K, Lawali N. Prevalence and characteristics of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis among under-five children in ahmadu bello university teaching hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2022; 21:283-287. [PMID: 36204917 PMCID: PMC9671188 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_31_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus infection is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in developing countries and, in severe cases even leads to death. The impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction in reducing the rotavirus disease burden in children was well known. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Nigeria's routine immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based study involving 735 children aged 0–59 months with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria from September 2017 to August 2020. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained and entered into the World Health Organization standardized case investigation forms. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus Group A antigen using the ProSpecT™ Rotavirus Microplate Assay by Thermoscientific Oxoid Microbiology UK. Results: One hundred and fifty-three stool samples tested positive for rotavirus giving a prevalence of 20.8%. One hundred and two (66.7%) children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were infants. There were 87 males and 66 females with M: F ratio of 1.3:1. Only 30 (19.6%) children with rotavirus-associated diarrhea presented with severe dehydration. The presence of vomiting was significantly associated with rotavirus diarrhea (P = 0.001). More cases of rotavirus diarrhea occurred in September through February. None of the studied children were vaccinated against rotavirus. Conclusion: The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea remains high in this study. Infants were recognized as a high-risk group, and none of them were vaccinated against rotavirus and this underscores the urgent need for implementing the rotavirus vaccine in the national vaccination program to reduce the disease burden in the country.
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Kraay ANM, Man O, Levy MC, Levy K, Ionides E, Eisenberg JNS. Understanding the Impact of Rainfall on Diarrhea: Testing the Concentration-Dilution Hypothesis Using a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:126001. [PMID: 33284047 PMCID: PMC7720804 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Projected increases in extreme weather may change relationships between rain-related climate exposures and diarrheal disease. Whether rainfall increases or decreases diarrhea rates is unclear based on prior literature. The concentration-dilution hypothesis suggests that these conflicting results are explained by the background level of rain: Rainfall following dry periods can flush pathogens into surface water, increasing diarrhea incidence, whereas rainfall following wet periods can dilute pathogen concentrations in surface water, thereby decreasing diarrhea incidence. OBJECTIVES In this analysis, we explored the extent to which the concentration-dilution hypothesis is supported by published literature. METHODS To this end, we conducted a systematic search for articles assessing the relationship between rain, extreme rain, flood, drought, and season (rainy vs. dry) and diarrheal illness. RESULTS A total of 111 articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the literature largely supports the concentration-dilution hypothesis. In particular, extreme rain was associated with increased diarrhea when it followed a dry period [incidence rate ratio ( IRR ) = 1.26 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.51], with a tendency toward an inverse association for extreme rain following wet periods, albeit nonsignificant, with one of four relevant studies showing a significant inverse association (IRR = 0.911 ; 95% CI: 0.771, 1.08). Incidences of bacterial and parasitic diarrhea were more common during rainy seasons, providing pathogen-specific support for a concentration mechanism, but rotavirus diarrhea showed the opposite association. Information on timing of cases within the rainy season (e.g., early vs. late) was lacking, limiting further analysis. We did not find a linear association between nonextreme rain exposures and diarrheal disease, but several studies found a nonlinear association with low and high rain both being associated with diarrhea. DISCUSSION Our meta-analysis suggests that the effect of rainfall depends on the antecedent conditions. Future studies should use standard, clearly defined exposure variables to strengthen understanding of the relationship between rainfall and diarrheal illness. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N. M. Kraay
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olivia Man
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Morgan C. Levy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward Ionides
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Tang XB, Hu DY, Mu XQ, Bai YZ. Association of air temperature with pediatric intussusception in northeastern China: A 10-year retrospective study. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 42:211-216. [PMID: 33191045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether an association existed between intussusception and air temperature. METHODS A retrospective study was performed between March 2006 and February 2016 to determine the relationship between pediatric primary intussusception (PPI) and air temperature. Information from hospital records of 5922 cases of PPI and Mean daily temperatures of Shenyang were obtained. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the association between monthly PPI cases and monthly mean temperature. Factorial analysis-of-variance was used to examine differences in the numbers of seasonal PPI cases during different seasons. RESULTS Monthly PPI cases fluctuated throughout the year, with a peak in June, and a trough in February. Pearson correlation analysis showed that monthly PPI cases was associated with the monthly mean temperature (p < 0.01). Factorial analysis-of-variance showed there was significant difference in the numbers of seasonal PPI cases during different seasons. Multiple comparison showed a significant difference in seasonal PPI cases between spring and summer, spring and winter, summer and autumn, summer and winter, autumn and winter (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Monthly PPI cases were positively associated with monthly mean temperature in Shenyang. The incidence of intussusception shows a seasonal trend, with a peak in summer (May to July).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Yan Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xian Qing Mu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shenyang Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Girish Kumar CP, Giri S, Chawla-Sarkar M, Gopalkrishna V, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Venkatasubramanian S, Borkakoty B, Roy S, Bhat J, Dwibedi B, Paluru V, Das P, Arora R, Kang G, Mehendale SM. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India. Vaccine 2020; 38:8154-8160. [PMID: 33168345 PMCID: PMC7694878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is an important cause of severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization, accounting for approximately 78,000 deaths annually in Indian children below 5 years of age. We present epidemiological data on severe rotavirus disease collected during hospital-based surveillance in India before the introduction of the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization schedule. Methods The National Rotavirus Surveillance Network was created involving 28 hospital sites and 11 laboratories across the four geographical regions of India. From September 2012 to August 2016 children less than 5 years of age hospitalized for diarrhea for at least 6 h, were enrolled. After recording clinical details, a stool sample was collected from each enrolled child, which was tested for rotavirus antigen using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nearly 2/3rd of EIA positive samples were genotyped using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to identify the G and P types. Results Of the 21,421 children enrolled during the 4 years surveillance, 36.3% were positive for rotavirus. The eastern region had the highest proportion of rotavirus associated diarrhea (39.8%), while the southern region had the lowest (33.8%). Rotavirus detection rates were the highest in children aged 6–23 months (41.8%), and 24.7% in children aged < 6 months. Although rotavirus associated diarrhea was seen throughout the year, the highest positivity was documented between December and February across all the regions. The most common rotavirus genotype was G1P[8] (52.9%), followed by G9P4 (8.7%) and G2P4 (8.4%). Conclusions There is high burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Indian children below 5 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea thereby highlighting the need for introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program and also for monitoring circulating genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Girish Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vijayachari Paluru
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India.
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Seasonal synchronization of foodborne outbreaks in the United States, 1996-2017. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17500. [PMID: 33060743 PMCID: PMC7562704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern food systems represent complex dynamic networks vulnerable to foodborne infectious outbreaks difficult to track and control. Seasonal co-occurrences (alignment of seasonal peaks) and synchronization (similarity of seasonal patterns) of infections are noted, yet rarely explored due to their complexity and methodological limitations. We proposed a systematic approach to evaluate the co-occurrence of seasonal peaks using a combination of L-moments, seasonality characteristics such as the timing (phase) and intensity (amplitude) of peaks, and three metrics of serial, phase-phase, and phase-amplitude synchronization. We used public records on counts of nine foodborne infections abstracted from CDC's FoodNet Fast online platform for the US and ten representative states from 1996 to 2017 (264 months). Based on annualized and trend-adjusted Negative Binomial Harmonic Regression (NBHR) models augmented with the δ-method, we determined that seasonal peaks of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli (STEC) were tightly clustered in late-July at the national and state levels. Phase-phase synchronization was observed between Cryptosporidium and Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella (ρ = 0.51, 0.51, 0.46; p < 0.04). Later peak timing of STEC was associated with greater amplitude nationally (ρ = 0.50, p = 0.02) indicating phase-amplitude synchronization. Understanding of disease seasonal synchronization is essential for developing reliable outbreak forecasts and informing stakeholders on mitigation and preventive measures.
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Lambisia AW, Onchaga S, Murunga N, Lewa CS, Nyanjom SG, Agoti CN. Epidemiological Trends of Five Common Diarrhea-Associated Enteric Viruses Pre- and Post-Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Coastal Kenya. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080660. [PMID: 32824245 PMCID: PMC7459961 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using real-time RT-PCR, we screened stool samples from children aged <5 years presenting with diarrhea and admitted to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya, pre- (2003 and 2013) and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction (2016 and 2019) for five viruses, namely rotavirus group A (RVA), norovirus GII, adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. Of the 984 samples analyzed, at least one virus was detected in 401 (40.8%) patients. Post rotavirus vaccine introduction, the prevalence of RVA decreased (23.3% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.001) while that of norovirus GII increased (6.6% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.023). The prevalence of adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus remained statistically unchanged between the two periods: 9.9% vs. 14.2%, 2.4% vs. 3.2 %, 4.6% vs. 2.6%, (p = 0.053, 0.585 and 0.133), respectively. The median age of diarrhea cases was higher post vaccine introduction (12.5 months, interquartile range (IQR): 7.9–21 vs. 11.2 months pre-introduction, IQR: 6.8–16.5, p < 0.001). In this setting, RVA and adenovirus cases peaked in the dry months while norovirus GII and sapovirus peaked in the rainy season. Astrovirus did not display clear seasonality. In conclusion, following rotavirus vaccine introduction, we found a significant reduction in the prevalence of RVA in coastal Kenya but an increase in norovirus GII prevalence in hospitalized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold W. Lambisia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi 230-80108, Kenya; (S.O.); (N.M.); (C.S.L.); (C.N.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja 62000-00200, Kenya;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +254-708-164-077
| | - Sylvia Onchaga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi 230-80108, Kenya; (S.O.); (N.M.); (C.S.L.); (C.N.A.)
| | - Nickson Murunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi 230-80108, Kenya; (S.O.); (N.M.); (C.S.L.); (C.N.A.)
| | - Clement S. Lewa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi 230-80108, Kenya; (S.O.); (N.M.); (C.S.L.); (C.N.A.)
| | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja 62000-00200, Kenya;
| | - Charles N. Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi 230-80108, Kenya; (S.O.); (N.M.); (C.S.L.); (C.N.A.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi 195-80108, Kenya
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Alemayehu B, Ayele BT, Valsangiacomo C, Ambelu A. Spatiotemporal and hotspot detection of U5-children diarrhea in resource-limited areas of Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10997. [PMID: 32620796 PMCID: PMC7335052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Under-five children (U5-children) diarrhea is a significant public health threat, where the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported it as the second leading cause of children's death worldwide. Nearly 1.7 billion cases occur annually with varied temporal and spatial factors. Identification of the spatiotemporal pattern and hotspot areas of U5-children diarrhea can assist targeted intervention and provide an early warning for more effective response measures. This study aimed at examining spatiotemporal variability along with the detection of hotspot areas for U5-children diarrhea in the Bench Maji Zone of southwestern Ethiopia, where resources are limited and cultural heterogeneity is highest. Retrospective longitudinal data of ten years of diarrhea records from January 2008 to December 2017 were used to identify hotspot areas. The incidence rate per 1,000 per year among children was calculated along with seasonal patterns of cases. The spatiotemporal analysis was made using SaTScan version 9.4, while spatial autocorrelations and hotspot identification were generated using ArcGIS 10.5 software. A total of 90,716 U5-children diarrhea cases were reported with an annual incidence rate of 36.1 per 1,000 U5-children, indicating a relative risk (RR) of 1.6 and a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of 1,347.32 (p < 0.001). The highest incidence of diarrhea illness was recorded during the dry season and showed incidence rate increment from October to February. The risky clusters (RR > 1) were in the districts of Bero, Maji, Surma, Minit Shasha, Guraferda, Mizan Aman Town, and Sheko with annual cases of 127.93, 68.5, 65.12, 55.03, 55.67, 54.14 and 44.97 per 1,000, respectively. The lowest annual cases reported were in the four districts of Shay Bench, South Bench, North Bench, and Minit Goldiya, where RR was less than a unit. Six most likely clusters (Bero, Minit Shasha, Surma, Guraferda, South Bench, and Maji) and one lower RR area (North Bench) were hotspot districts. The U5-children's diarrhea in the study area showed an overall increasing trend during the dry seasons with non-random distribution over space and time. The data recorded during ten years and analyzed with the proper statistical tools helped to identify the hotspot areas with risky seasons where diarrhea could increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezuayehu Alemayehu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Birhanu Teshome Ayele
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Claudio Valsangiacomo
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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11
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Chao DL, Roose A, Roh M, Kotloff KL, Proctor JL. The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007211. [PMID: 31415558 PMCID: PMC6711541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric diarrhea can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, from bacteria to viruses to protozoa. Pathogen prevalence is often described as seasonal, peaking annually and associated with specific weather conditions. Although many studies have described the seasonality of diarrheal disease, these studies have occurred predominantly in temperate regions. In tropical and resource-constrained settings, where nearly all diarrhea-associated mortality occurs, the seasonality of many diarrheal pathogens has not been well characterized. As a retrospective study, we analyze the seasonal prevalence of diarrheal pathogens among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) over three years from the seven sites of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a case-control study. Using data from this expansive study on diarrheal disease, we characterize the seasonality of different pathogens, their association with site-specific weather patterns, and consistency across study sites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using traditional methodologies from signal processing, we found that certain pathogens peaked at the same time every year, but not at all sites. We also found associations between pathogen prevalence and weather or "seasons," which are defined by applying modern machine-learning methodologies to site-specific weather data. In general, rotavirus was most prevalent during the drier "winter" months and out of phase with bacterial pathogens, which peaked during hotter and rainier times of year corresponding to "monsoon," "rainy," or "summer" seasons. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Identifying the seasonally-dependent prevalence for diarrheal pathogens helps characterize the local epidemiology and inform the clinical diagnosis of symptomatic children. Our multi-site, multi-continent study indicates a complex epidemiology of pathogens that does not reveal an easy generalization that is consistent across all sites. Instead, our study indicates the necessity of local data to characterizing the epidemiology of diarrheal disease. Recognition of the local associations between weather conditions and pathogen prevalence suggests transmission pathways and could inform control strategies in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Chao
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Roose
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min Roh
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Proctor
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
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12
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Gachau S, Owuor N, Njagi EN, Ayieko P, English M. Analysis of Hierarchical Routine Data With Covariate Missingness: Effects of Audit & Feedback on Clinicians' Prescribed Pediatric Pneumonia Care in Kenyan Hospitals. Front Public Health 2019; 7:198. [PMID: 31380338 PMCID: PMC6646705 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Routine clinical data are widely used in many countries to monitor quality of care. A limitation of routine data is missing information which occurs due to lack of documentation of care processes by health care providers, poor record keeping, or limited health care technology at facility level. Our objective was to address missing covariates while properly accounting for hierarchical structure in routine pediatric pneumonia care. Methods: We analyzed routine data collected during a cluster randomized trial to investigating the effect of audit and feedback (A&F) over time on inpatient pneumonia care among children admitted in 12 Kenyan hospitals between March and November 2016. Six hospitals in the intervention arm received enhance A&F on classification and treatment of pneumonia cases in addition to a standard A&F report on general inpatient pediatric care. The remaining six in control arm received standard A&F alone. We derived and analyzed a composite outcome known as Pediatric Admission Quality of Care (PAQC) score. In our analysis, we adjusted for patients, clinician and hospital level factors. Missing data occurred in patient and clinician level variables. We did multiple imputation of missing covariates within the joint model imputation framework. We fitted proportion odds random effects model and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to the data before and after multilevel multiple imputation. Results: Overall, 2,299 children aged 2 to 59 months were admitted with childhood pneumonia in 12 hospitals during the trial period. 2,127 (92%) of the children (level 1) were admitted by 378 clinicians across the 12 hospitals. Enhanced A&F led to improved inpatient pediatric pneumonia care over time compared to standard A&F. Female clinicians and hospitals with low admission workload were associated with higher uptake of the new pneumonia guidelines during the trial period. In both random effects and marginal model, parameter estimates were biased and inefficient under complete case analysis. Conclusions: Enhanced A&F improved the uptake of WHO recommended pediatric pneumonia guidelines over time compared to standard audit and feedback. When imputing missing data, it is important to account for the hierarchical structure to ensure compatibility with analysis models of interest to alleviate bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gachau
- Health Services Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelson Owuor
- School of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edmund Njeru Njagi
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Ayieko
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike English
- Health Services Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Philip CO, Koech M, Kipkemoi N, Kirera R, Ndonye J, Ombogo A, Kirui M, Kipkirui E, Danboise B, Hulseberg C, Bateman S, Flynn A, Swierczewski B, Magiri E, Odundo E. Evaluation of the performance of a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kit as a potential diagnostic and surveillance kit for rotavirus in Kenya. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2019; 5:12. [PMID: 31346474 PMCID: PMC6631878 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is a serious concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus is implicated in approximately 400,000 infant deaths annually. It is highly contagious elevating the risk of outbreaks especially in enclosed settings such as daycare centers, hospitals, and boarding schools. Reliable testing methods are critical for early detection of infections, better clinical management, pathogen surveillance and evaluation of interventions such as vaccines. Enzyme immunoassays have proved to be reliable and practical in most settings; however, newer multiplex reverse transcription polymerase assays have been introduced in the Kenya market but have not been evaluated locally. Methods Stool samples collected from an ongoing Surveillance of Enteric Pathogens Causing diarrheal illness in Kenya (EPS) study were used to compare an established enzyme immunoassay, Premier™ Rotaclone® (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.), that can only detect group A rotavirus against a novel multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kit, Seeplex® Diarrhea-V ACE Detection (Seegene, Seoul, Republic of Korea), that can detect rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus genogroups I and II. Detection frequency, sensitivity, specificity, turnaround time, and cost were compared to determine the suitability of each assay for clinical work in austere settings versus public health work in well-funded institutes in Kenya. Results The Premier™ Rotaclone® kit had a detection frequency of 11.2%, sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 100%, turnaround time of 93 min and an average cost per sample of 13.33 United States dollars (USD). The Seeplex® Diarrhea-V ACE Detection kit had a detection frequency of 16.0%, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 98.1%, turnaround time of 359 min and an average cost per samples 32.74 United States dollars respectively. The detection frequency sensitivity and specificity of the Seeplex® Diarrhea-V ACE Detection kit mentioned above are for rotavirus only. Conclusions The higher sensitivity and multiplex nature of the Seeplex® Diarrhea-V ACE Detection kit make it suitable for surveillance of enteric viruses circulating in Kenya. However, its higher cost, longer turnaround time and complexity favor well-resourced clinical labs and research applications. The Premier™ Rotaclone®, on the other hand, had a higher specificity, shorter turnaround time, and lower cost making it more attractive for clinical work in low complexity labs in austere regions of the country. It is important to continuously evaluate assay platforms' performance, operational cost, turnaround time, and usability in different settings so as to ensure quality results that are useful to the patients and public health practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Koech
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy Kipkemoi
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ronald Kirera
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janet Ndonye
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abigael Ombogo
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Kirui
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Kipkirui
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Christine Hulseberg
- 3Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | | | - Alexander Flynn
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Esther Magiri
- 6Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Odundo
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Ureña-Castro K, Ávila S, Gutierrez M, Naumova EN, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Mora-Guevara A. Seasonality of Rotavirus Hospitalizations at Costa Rica's National Children's Hospital in 2010-2015. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2321. [PMID: 31262051 PMCID: PMC6651376 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a leading cause of acute diarrhea in children worldwide. Costa Rica recently started universal rotavirus vaccinations for infants with a two-dose schedule in February 2019. We aimed to study the seasonality of rotavirus during the pre-vaccination era. We retrospectively studied a six-year period of hospital admissions due to rotavirus gastroenteritis. We estimated seasonal peak timing and relative intensities using trend-adjusted negative binomial regression models with the δ-method. We assessed the relationship between rotavirus cases and weather characteristics and estimated their effects for the current month, one-month prior and two months prior, by using Pearson correlation coefficients. A total of 798 cases were analyzed. Rotavirus cases predominated in the first five months of the year. On average, the peak of admissions occurred between late-February and early-March. During the seasonal peaks, the monthly count tended to increase 2.5-2.75 times above the seasonal nadir. We found the strongest negative association of monthly hospitalizations and joint percentiles of precipitation and minimal temperature at a lag of two months (R = -0.265, p = 0.027) and we detected correlations of -0.218, -0.223, and -0.226 (p < 0.05 for all three estimates) between monthly cases and the percentile of precipitation at lags 0, 1, and 2 months. In the warm tropical climate of Costa Rica, the increase in rotavirus hospitalizations coincided with dry and cold weather conditions with a two-month lag. The findings serve as the base for predictive modeling and estimation of the impact of a nation-wide vaccination campaign on pediatric rotaviral infection morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Ureña-Castro
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital William Allen Taylor, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social (CCSS), Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica.
| | - Silvia Ávila
- Posgrado de Pediatría, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) & Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Mariela Gutierrez
- Servicio de Emergencias, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Centro de Ciencias Médicas, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José 10103, Costa Rica
| | - Elena N Naumova
- Division of Nutrition Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Centro de Ciencias Médicas, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José 10103, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Mora-Guevara
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Centro de Ciencias Médicas, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José 10103, Costa Rica
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15
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Omore R, Khagayi S, Ogwel B, Onkoba R, Ochieng JB, Juma J, Munga S, Tabu C, Kibet S, Nuorti JP, Odhiambo F, Mwenda JM, Breiman RF, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Rates of hospitalization and death for all-cause and rotavirus acute gastroenteritis before rotavirus vaccine introduction in Kenya, 2010-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:47. [PMID: 30634922 PMCID: PMC6330491 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus vaccine was introduced in Kenya immunization program in July 2014. Pre-vaccine disease burden estimates are important for assessing vaccine impact. Methods Children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) (≥3 loose stools and/or ≥ 1 episode of unexplained vomiting followed by loose stool within a 24-h period), hospitalized in Siaya County Referral Hospital (SCRH) from January 2010 through December 2013 were enrolled. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus (RV) using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Hospitalization rates were calculated using person-years of observation (PYO) from the Health Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) as a denominator, while adjusting for healthcare utilization at household level and proportion of stool specimen collected from patients who met the case definition at the surveillance hospital. Mortality rates were calculated using PYO as the denominator and number of deaths estimated using total deaths in the HDSS, proportion of deaths attributed to diarrhoea by verbal autopsy (VA) and percent positive for rotavirus AGE (RVAGE) hospitalizations. Results Of 7760 all-cause hospitalizations among children < 5 years of age, 3793 (49%) were included in the analysis. Of these, 21% (805) had AGE; RV was detected in 143 (26%) of 541 stools tested. Among children < 5 years, the estimated hospitalization rates per 100,000 PYO for AGE and RVAGE were 2413 and 429, respectively. Mortality rate associated with AGE and RVAGE were 176 and 45 per 100,000 PYO, respectively. Conclusion AGE and RVAGE caused substantial health care burden (hospitalizations and deaths) before rotavirus vaccine introduction in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya. .,Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Sammy Khagayi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Billy Ogwel
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Reuben Onkoba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John B Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jane Juma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Collins Tabu
- Division of Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - J Pekka Nuorti
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frank Odhiambo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Diarrhoea, enteric pathogen detection and nutritional indicators among controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, Kenya site: an opportunity to understand reference populations in case-control studies of diarrhoea. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e44. [PMID: 30428944 PMCID: PMC6518569 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the challenges in accurately identifying unexposed controls in case–control studies of diarrhoea, we examined diarrhoea incidence, subclinical enteric infections and growth stunting within a reference population in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, Kenya site. Within ‘control’ children (0–59 months old without diarrhoea in the 7 days before enrolment, n = 2384), we examined surveys at enrolment and 60-day follow-up, stool at enrolment and a 14-day post-enrolment memory aid for diarrhoea incidence. At enrolment, 19% of controls had ⩾1 enteric pathogen associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (‘MSD pathogens’) in stool; following enrolment, many reported diarrhoea (27% in 7 days, 39% in 14 days). Controls with and without reported diarrhoea had similar carriage of MSD pathogens at enrolment; however, controls reporting diarrhoea were more likely to report visiting a health facility for diarrhoea (27% vs. 7%) or fever (23% vs. 16%) at follow-up than controls without diarrhoea. Odds of stunting differed by both MSD and ‘any’ (including non-MSD pathogens) enteric pathogen carriage, but not diarrhoea, suggesting control classification may warrant modification when assessing long-term outcomes. High diarrhoea incidence following enrolment and prevalent carriage of enteric pathogens have implications for sequelae associated with subclinical enteric infections and for design and interpretation of case–control studies examining diarrhoea.
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Clark S, Madhavan S, Kabiru C. Kin support and child health: Investigating two approaches in an African slum. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2018; 76:105-119. [PMID: 30268272 PMCID: PMC6170012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research from sub-Saharan Africa shows that mothers frequently rely on help from other family members to ensure their children's health and well-being. Yet, there is considerable debate about the relative importance of support from grandmothers versus fathers. Using an innovative survey instrument to interview 462 unmarried mothers in a slum area of Nairobi, Kenya, we provide insight into this debate by showing that a status versus transfers approach to measuring kin support asks subtly different questions and yields different results. A status approach reflects an evolutionary perspective that argues that maternal grandmothers have a greater incentive than non-residential fathers to provide material and practical support for young children. In contrast, a transfers approach is consistent with social support theories whereby the social capital provided by fathers may be more beneficial to children's health than that afforded by grandmothers. Demonstrating that different approaches to measuring kin support matter highlights the need for kin research that crosses disciplinary boundaries and encourages the development of more nuanced family policies designed to protect children's health in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Clark
- McGill University, Peterson Hall, 3460 McTavish, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E6, Canada.
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of African American Studies, University of Maryland, 1119 Taliaferro Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA; Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, 1119 Taliaferro Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Caroline Kabiru
- African Population and Health Research Center, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Muendo C, Laving A, Kumar R, Osano B, Egondi T, Njuguna P. Prevalence of rotavirus infection among children with acute diarrhoea after rotavirus vaccine introduction in Kenya, a hospital cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:323. [PMID: 30309343 PMCID: PMC6180366 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in children under 5 years of age and is responsible for approximately 5% of all child deaths yearly. Rotavirus vaccination is considered an effective public health strategy to prevent infection and reduce the severity of disease. Multi-centre country trials on rotavirus vaccines demonstrated efficacy rates of more than 85% in developed countries but only about 65% in developing nations. Rotavirus vaccination was introduced into the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization (KEPI) in 2014. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection, severity of acute diarrhoea and to determine the rotavirus vaccination status among children aged 3-24 months presenting with acute diarrhoea at Kenyatta National Hospital after introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Kenya. METHODS A total of 365 children aged 3-24 months presenting with acute diarrhoea at KNH were recruited from August 2016 to April 2017. Data on rotavirus vaccination status, nutritional status, feeding practices and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained and a full clinical evaluation of the patients was done. Severity of the gastroenteritis was assessed using the 20 point Vesikari Clinical Severity Scoring System. The children who were admitted were followed up for 7 days using hospital ward registers. Comorbid conditions were established from patient's clinical records and physical examination. Stool specimens from study participants were tested for rotavirus using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent immunoassay kit- ProSpecT Rotavirus Microplate Assay. RESULTS Majority of the children (96.7%) had received rotavirus vaccinations. The overall rotavirus prevalence was 14.5% and was higher among 17-24 months at 19.5%. The prevalence somewhat differed by gender, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding status, age and education level of mother/caregiver. Overall, a half of the children had severe acute diarrhoea and there were some differences in severity by child/mother characteristics. CONCLUSION There is still burden of rotavirus diarrhoea after introduction of rotavirus vaccine and the prevalence varies by child characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Laving
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Boniface Osano
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thaddaeus Egondi
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, P.O. Box 21936–00505, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pamela Njuguna
- Public Health Specialist, Afya Resource Associates, P. O. Box 238–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kiseleva V, Faizuloev E, Meskina E, Marova A, Oksanich A, Samartseva T, Bakhtoyarov G, Bochkareva N, Filatov N, Linok A, Ammour Y, Zverev V. Molecular-Genetic Characterization of Human Rotavirus A Strains Circulating in Moscow, Russia (2009-2014). Virol Sin 2018; 33:304-313. [PMID: 30062589 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children and a significant public health problem globally. Hospital admissions of children under 5 years of age with diarrhea are primarily associated with group A rotavirus (RVA) infection. In this retrospective study, the population structure of viruses linked to AGE etiology in young children hospitalized with AGE in Moscow was evaluated, and molecular characterization of RVA strains was performed. Fecal specimens were collected from children under 5 years old hospitalized with AGE between 2009 and 2014 in Moscow, Russia. Multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to detect enteric viruses and for G/[P]-genotyping of isolated RVAs. Sequencing of RVA VP7 and VP4 cDNA fragments was used to validate the data obtained by PCR-genotyping. The main causes for hospitalization of children with AGE were RVA (40.1%), followed by noroviruses (11.4%), while adenoviruses, astroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, and orthoreoviruses were detected in 4.7%, 1.9%, 1.4%, 1.2%, and 0.2% of samples tested, respectively. Nosocomial infections, predominantly associated with RVAs and noroviruses, were detected in 24.8% of cases and occurred significantly more frequently in younger infants. The predominant RVA genotype was G4P[8], detected in 38.7% of RVA-positive cases, whereas genotypes G1P[8], G9P[8], G3P[8], and G2P[4] were found in 11.8%, 6.6%, 4.2%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. Together, the presence of circulating RVA strains with rare VP7 and VP4 gene variants (G6 and P[9]) highlights the need to conduct continuous epidemiological monitoring of RVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Evgeny Faizuloev
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia. .,Faculty of Preventive Medicine and Health Organization, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia.
| | - Elena Meskina
- M. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - Anna Marova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Alexey Oksanich
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Tatiana Samartseva
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Georgy Bakhtoyarov
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Natalia Bochkareva
- M. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - Nikolay Filatov
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Faculty of Preventive Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey Linok
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Yulia Ammour
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Vitaly Zverev
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Faculty of Preventive Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Beyene H, Deressa W, Kumie A, Grace D. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal analysis of under-five diarrhea in Southern Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2018; 46:18. [PMID: 29991924 PMCID: PMC5987573 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-018-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite improvements in prevention efforts, childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern. However, there may be substantial variation influenced by place, time, and season. Description of diarrheal clusters in time and space and understanding seasonal patterns can improve surveillance and management. The present study investigated the spatial and seasonal distribution and purely spatial, purely temporal, and space-time clusters of childhood diarrhea in Southern Ethiopia. Methods The study was a retrospective analysis of data from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) under-five diarrheal morbidity reports from July 2011 to June 2017 in Sidama Zone. Annual diarrhea incidence at district level was calculated. Incidence rate calculation and seasonal trend analysis were performed. The Kulldorff SaTScan software with a discrete Poisson model was used to identify statistically significant special, temporal, and space-time diarrhea clusters. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to plot the maps. Results A total of 202,406 under-five diarrheal cases with an annual case of 5822 per 100,000 under-five population were reported. An increasing trend of diarrhea incidence was observed over the 6 years with seasonal variation picking between February and May. The highest incidence rate (135.8/1000) was observed in the year 2016/17 in Boricha district. One statistically significant most likely spatial cluster (Boricha district) and six secondary clusters (Malga, Hulla, Aleta Wondo, Shebedino, Loka Abaya, Dale, and Wondogenet) were identified. One statistically significant temporal cluster (LLR = 2109.93, p < 0.001) during December 2013 to May 2015 was observed in all districts. Statistically significant spatiotemporal primary hotspot was observed in December 2012 to January 2015 in Malga district with a likelihood ratio of 1214.67 and a relative risk of 2.03. First, second, third, and fourth secondary hotspots occurred from January 2012 to May 2012 in Loka Abaya, December 2011 in Bursa, from March to April 2014 in Gorchie, and March 2012 in Wonsho districts. Conclusion Childhood diarrhea was not distributed randomly over space and time and showed an overall increasing trend of seasonal variation peaking between February and May. The health department and other stakeholders at various levels need to plan targeted interventional activities at hotspot seasons and areas to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunachew Beyene
- 1College of Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,2School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- 2School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kumie
- 2School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- 3International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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21
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Deus ND, João E, Cuamba A, Cassocera M, Luís L, Acácio S, Mandomando I, Augusto O, Page N. Epidemiology of Rotavirus Infection in Children from a Rural and Urban Area, in Maputo, Southern Mozambique, before Vaccine Introduction. J Trop Pediatr 2018; 64:141-145. [PMID: 28582541 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Mozambique before vaccine introduction. Between February 2012 and September 2013, stool specimens, demographic and clinical data were collected from 384 children <5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Mavalane General Hospital and Manhiça District Hospital, southern Mozambique. The samples were tested for rotavirus A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall prevalence of rotavirus infection was 42.4% [95% confidence interval (95CI): 37.4-47.6%], and was similar in Manhiça (44.3%; 95CI: 36.2-52.7%) and Mavalane (41.3%; 95CI: 34.9-47.9%). The highest prevalence of rotavirus infection was observed in children between 6 and 11 months old. It was also observed that 162 (43.7%) of the children were underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2), of which 61 were infected by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsa de Deus
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 264.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique, P O Box 1929
| | - Eva João
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique, P O Box 1929.,Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Lisboa, Portugal, P O Box 1349-008
| | - Assa Cuamba
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 257
| | - Marta Cassocera
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 264
| | - Leopoldina Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique, P O Box 1929
| | - Sozinho Acácio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 264.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique, P O Box 1929
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 264.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique, P O Box 1929
| | - Orvalho Augusto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, P O Box 257
| | - Nicola Page
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa, P O Box 2131
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Ianiro G, Delogu R, Fiore L, Monini M, Ruggeri FM. Group A rotavirus genotypes in hospital-acquired gastroenteritis in Italy, 2012-14. J Hosp Infect 2017; 96:262-267. [PMID: 28446379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young (aged <5 years) children, causing ∼250,000 deaths worldwide, mostly in developing countries. Differences on nucleotide sequences of VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) genes are the basis for the binary RVA nomenclature. Although at least 32 G-types and 47 P-types of rotavirus are presently known, most RVA infections in humans worldwide are related to five major G/P combinations: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[8]. AIM To provide the hospitals of the Italian surveillance network with update information on RVA AGE. METHODS During RVA gastroenteritis surveillance in Italy in 2012-14, a total of 2341 RVA-positive faecal samples were collected from children hospitalized with AGE, and RVA strains were genotyped following standard EuroRotaNet protocols. FINDINGS Most strains analysed belonged to the five major human genotypes and 118 out of 2341 (5.0%) were reported to be hospital-acquired. Comparison of the distributions of the RVA genotypes circulating in the community or associated with nosocomial infections showed a different distribution of genotypes circulating inside the hospital wards, with respect to those observed in the community. G1P[8] and G9P[8] RVA strains were detected frequently, whereas G12P[8] caused a single large nosocomial outbreak. CONCLUSION The information from this study will be useful to implement guidelines for preventing RVA AGE and optimizing the management of patients in hospital wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - R Delogu
- National Center for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Fiore
- National Center for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F M Ruggeri
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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