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Chew G, Mai AS, Ouyang JF, Qi Y, Chao Y, Wang Q, Petretto E, Tan EK. Transcriptomic imputation of genetic risk variants uncovers novel whole-blood biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:99. [PMID: 38719867 PMCID: PMC11078960 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-based gene expression signatures could potentially be used as biomarkers for PD. However, it is unclear whether genetically-regulated transcriptomic signatures can provide novel gene candidates for use as PD biomarkers. We leveraged on the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database to impute whole-blood transcriptomic expression using summary statistics of three large-scale PD GWAS. A random forest classifier was used with the consensus whole-blood imputed gene signature (IGS) to discriminate between cases and controls. Outcome measures included Area under the Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. We demonstrated that the IGS (n = 37 genes) is conserved across PD GWAS studies and brain tissues. IGS discriminated between cases and controls in an independent whole-blood RNA-sequencing study (1176 PD, 254 prodromal, and 860 healthy controls) with mean AUC and accuracy of 64.8% and 69.4% for PD cohort, and 78.8% and 74% for prodromal cohort. PATL2 was the top-performing imputed gene in both PD and prodromal PD cohorts, whose classifier performance varied with biological sex (higher performance for males and females in the PD and prodromal PD, respectively). Single-cell RNA-sequencing studies (scRNA-seq) of healthy humans and PD patients found PATL2 to be enriched in terminal effector CD8+ and cytotoxic CD4+ cells, whose proportions are both increased in PD patients. We demonstrated the utility of GWAS transcriptomic imputation in identifying novel whole-blood transcriptomic signatures which could be leveraged upon for PD biomarker derivation. We identified PATL2 as a potential biomarker in both clinical and prodromic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chew
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John F Ouyang
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yueyue Qi
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinxia Chao
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tang T, Jian B, Liu Z. Transmembrane Protein 175, a Lysosomal Ion Channel Related to Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050802. [PMID: 37238672 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with an acidic lumen and are traditionally characterized as a recycling center in cells. Lysosomal ion channels are integral membrane proteins that form pores in lysosomal membranes and allow the influx and efflux of essential ions. Transmembrane protein 175 (TMEM175) is a unique lysosomal potassium channel that shares little sequence similarity with other potassium channels. It is found in bacteria, archaea, and animals. The prokaryotic TMEM175 consists of one six-transmembrane domain that adopts a tetrameric architecture, while the mammalian TMEM175 is comprised of two six-transmembrane domains that function as a dimer in lysosomal membranes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the lysosomal K+ conductance mediated by TMEM175 is critical for setting membrane potential, maintaining pH stability, and regulating lysosome-autophagosome fusion. AKT and B-cell lymphoma 2 regulate TMEM175's channel activity through direct binding. Two recent studies reported that the human TMEM175 is also a proton-selective channel under normal lysosomal pH (4.5-5.5) as the K+ permeation dramatically decreased at low pH while the H+ current through TMEM175 greatly increased. Genome-wide association studies and functional studies in mouse models have established that TMEM175 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, which sparks more research interests in this lysosomal channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoxian Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Boshuo Jian
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Muraleedharan A, Vanderperre B. The endo-lysosomal system in Parkinson's disease: expanding the horizon. J Mol Biol 2023:168140. [PMID: 37148997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence is increasing with age. A wealth of genetic evidence indicates that the endo-lysosomal system is a major pathway driving PD pathogenesis with a growing number of genes encoding endo-lysosomal proteins identified as risk factors for PD, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, detailed knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking these genes to the disease are available for only a handful of them (e.g. LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35). Taking on the challenge of studying poorly characterized genes and proteins can be daunting, due to the limited availability of tools and knowledge from previous literature. This review aims at providing a valuable source of molecular and cellular insights into the biology of lesser-studied PD-linked endo-lysosomal genes, to help and encourage researchers in filling the knowledge gap around these less popular genetic players. Specific endo-lysosomal pathways discussed range from endocytosis, sorting, and vesicular trafficking to the regulation of membrane lipids of these membrane-bound organelles and the specific enzymatic activities they contain. We also provide perspectives on future challenges that the community needs to tackle and propose approaches to move forward in our understanding of these poorly studied endo-lysosomal genes. This will help harness their potential in designing innovative and efficient treatments to ultimately re-establish neuronal homeostasis in PD but also other diseases involving endo-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Muraleedharan
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
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Tagliatti E, Cortese K. Imaging Endocytosis Dynamics in Health and Disease. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040393. [PMID: 35448364 PMCID: PMC9028293 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a critical process for cell growth and viability. It mediates nutrient uptake, guarantees plasma membrane homeostasis, and generates intracellular signaling cascades. Moreover, it plays an important role in dead cell clearance and defense against external microbes. Finally, endocytosis is an important cellular route for the delivery of nanomedicines for therapeutic treatments. Thus, it is not surprising that both environmental and genetic perturbation of endocytosis have been associated with several human conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, and virus infections, among others. Over the last decades, a lot of research has been focused on developing advanced imaging methods to monitor endocytosis events with high resolution in living cells and tissues. These include fluorescence imaging, electron microscopy, and correlative and super-resolution microscopy. In this review, we outline the major endocytic pathways and briefly discuss how defects in the molecular machinery of these pathways lead to disease. We then discuss the current imaging methodologies used to study endocytosis in different contexts, highlighting strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tagliatti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Katia Cortese
- Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Human Anatomy, Università di Genova, Via Antonio de Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (K.C.)
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Siddique Y. Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Current State, Pathophysiology, and Management of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:574-595. [PMID: 34477534 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, major knowledge has been gained about pathophysiological aspects and molecular pathways behind Parkinson's Disease (PD). Based on neurotoxicological studies and postmortem investigations, there is a general concept of how environmental toxicants (neurotoxins, pesticides, insecticides) and genetic factors (genetic mutations in PD-associated proteins) cause depletion of dopamine from substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain and modulate cellular processes leading to the pathogenesis of PD. α-Synuclein, a neuronal protein accumulation in oligomeric form, called protofibrils, is associated with cellular dysfunction and neuronal death, thus possibly contributing to PD propagation. With advances made in identifying loci that contribute to PD, molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are now clear, and introducing therapeutic strategy at the right time may delay the progression. Biomarkers for PD have helped monitor PD progression; therefore, personalized therapeutic strategies can be facilitated. In order to further improve PD diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, independent validation of biomarkers is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li H, Zhang C, Ji Y. Association of GAK rs1564282 With Susceptibility to Parkinson's Disease in Chinese Populations. Front Genet 2021; 12:777942. [PMID: 34868266 PMCID: PMC8637629 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.777942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of the GAK rs1564282 variant in Parkinson’s disease (PD) in Europeans was identified using a series of published genome-wide association studies. Recently, some studies focused on the association between rs1564282 and PD risk in Chinese populations but with inconsistent results. Thus, we conducted an updated meta-analysis with a total of 7,881 samples (4,055 PD cases and 3,826 controls) from eligible studies. After excluding significant heterogeneity, we showed that the rs1564282 variant was significantly associated with PD in Chinese populations (p = 1.00E-04, odds ratio = 1.28 and 95% confidence interval = 1.16–1.42). The sensitivity analysis showed that the association between rs1564282 and PD was not greatly influenced, and there was no significant publication bias among the included studies. Consequently, this meta-analysis indicates that the GAK rs1564282 variant is significantly associated with susceptibility to PD in Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Miyazaki M, Hiramoto M, Takano N, Kokuba H, Takemura J, Tokuhisa M, Hino H, Kazama H, Miyazawa K. Targeted disruption of GAK stagnates autophagic flux by disturbing lysosomal dynamics. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:195. [PMID: 34468012 PMCID: PMC8416139 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome system allows cells to adapt to environmental changes by regulating the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and to maintain homeostasis by removing aggregated proteins and defective organelles. Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) is involved in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis and cell cycle progression. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism at the GAK locus has been reported as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. However, the roles of GAK in the autophagy-lysosome system are not completely understood, thus the present study aimed to clarify this. In the present study, under genetic disruption or chemical inhibition of GAK, analyzing autophagic flux and observing morphological changes of autophagosomes and autolysosomes revealed that GAK controlled lysosomal dynamics via actomyosin regulation, resulting in a steady progression of autophagy. GAK knockout (KO) in A549 cells impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic lysosome reformation, which resulted in the accumulation of enlarged autophagosomes and autolysosomes during prolonged starvation. The stagnation of autophagic flux accompanied by these phenomena was also observed with the addition of a GAK inhibitor. Furthermore, the addition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor or ROCK1 knockdown mitigated GAK KO-mediated effects. The results suggested a vital role of GAK in controlling lysosomal dynamics via maintaining lysosomal homeostasis during autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Naoharu Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kokuba
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Jun Takemura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tokuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kazama
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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8
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Dogra N, Mani RJ, Katare DP. Protein Interaction Studies for Understanding the Tremor Pathway in Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:780-790. [PMID: 32888283 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200905115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremor is one of the most noticeable features, which occurs during the early stages of Parkinson's Disease (PD). It is one of the major pathological hallmarks and does not have any interpreted mechanism. In this study, we have framed a hypothesis and deciphered protein- protein interactions between the proteins involved in impairment in sodium and calcium ion channels and thus cause synaptic plasticity leading to a tremor. METHODS Literature mining for retrieval of proteins was done using Science Direct, PubMed Central, SciELO and JSTOR databases. A well-thought approach was used, and a list of differentially expressed proteins in PD was collected from different sources. A total of 71 proteins were retrieved, and a protein interaction network was constructed between them by using Cytoscape.v.3.7. The network was further analysed using the BiNGO plugin for retrieval of overrepresented biological processes in Tremor-PD datasets. Hub nodes were also generated in the network. RESULTS The Tremor-PD pathway was deciphered, which demonstrates the cascade of protein interactions that might lead to tremors in PD. Major proteins involved were LRRK2, TUBA1A, TRAF6, HSPA5, ADORA2A, DRD1, DRD2, SNCA, ADCY5, TH, etc. Conclusion: In the current study, it is predicted that ADORA2A and DRD1/DRD2 are equally contributing to the progression of the disease by inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase and thereby increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, causing an influx of neurotransmitters and together they alter the level of dopamine in the brain which eventually leads to tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Dogra
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Ruchi Jakhmola Mani
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
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Hendrickx DM, Glaab E. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Parkinson's disease and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome reveals shared susceptible cellular network processes. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:114. [PMID: 32811487 PMCID: PMC7437934 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) are two heterogeneous disorders, which both display molecular and clinical alterations associated with the aging process. However, similarities and differences between molecular changes in these two disorders have not yet been investigated systematically at the level of individual biomolecules and shared molecular network alterations. METHODS Here, we perform a comparative meta-analysis and network analysis of human transcriptomics data from case-control studies for both diseases to investigate common susceptibility genes and sub-networks in PD and HGPS. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary melanoma (PM) were included as controls to confirm that the identified overlapping susceptibility genes for PD and HGPS are non-generic. RESULTS We find statistically significant, overlapping genes and cellular processes with significant alterations in both diseases. Interestingly, the majority of these shared affected genes display changes with opposite directionality, indicating that shared susceptible cellular processes undergo different mechanistic changes in PD and HGPS. A complementary regulatory network analysis also reveals that the altered genes in PD and HGPS both contain targets controlled by the upstream regulator CDC5L. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our analyses reveal a significant overlap of affected cellular processes and molecular sub-networks in PD and HGPS, including changes in aging-related processes that may reflect key susceptibility factors associated with age-related risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Hendrickx
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
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Yarwood R, Hellicar J, Woodman PG, Lowe M. Membrane trafficking in health and disease. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/4/dmm043448. [PMID: 32433026 PMCID: PMC7197876 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways are essential for the viability and growth of cells, and play a major role in the interaction of cells with their environment. In this At a Glance article and accompanying poster, we outline the major cellular trafficking pathways and discuss how defects in the function of the molecular machinery that mediates this transport lead to various diseases in humans. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic approaches that may be used in the future treatment of trafficking-based disorders. Summary: This At a Glance article and poster summarise the major intracellular membrane trafficking pathways and associated molecular machineries, and describe how defects in these give rise to disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Yarwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Philip G Woodman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Gusev EY, Zotova NV. Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:251-297. [PMID: 31198111 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia. The phenomenon of chronic low-grade inflammation could be attributed to non-classical forms of inflammation, which include many neurodegenerative processes, pathological variants of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and other manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction. Individual and universal manifestations of cellular stress could be considered as a basic element of all these pathologies, which has both physiological and pathophysiological significance. The review examines the causes, main phenomena, developmental directions and outcomes of cellular stress using a phylogenetically conservative set of genes and their activation pathways, as well as tissue stress and its role in inflammatory and para-inflammatory processes. The main ways towards the realization of cellular stress and its functional blocks were outlined. The main stages of tissue stress and the classification of its typical manifestations, as well as its participation in the development of the classical and non-classical variants of the inflammatory process, were also described. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue stress are structured into the complex systems, which include networks that enable the exchange of information with multidirectional signaling pathways which together make these systems internally contradictory, and the result of their effects is often unpredictable. However, the possible solutions require new theoretical and methodological approaches, one of which includes the transition to integral criteria, which plausibly reflect the holistic image of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Yu Gusev
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Zotova
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Hsc70 Ameliorates the Vesicle Recycling Defects Caused by Excess α-Synuclein at Synapses. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0448-19.2020. [PMID: 31941659 PMCID: PMC7031854 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0448-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein overexpression and aggregation are linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and several other neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to effects in the cell body, α-synuclein accumulation occurs at presynapses where the protein is normally localized. While it is generally agreed that excess α-synuclein impairs synaptic vesicle trafficking, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. α-Synuclein overexpression and aggregation are linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and several other neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to effects in the cell body, α-synuclein accumulation occurs at presynapses where the protein is normally localized. While it is generally agreed that excess α-synuclein impairs synaptic vesicle trafficking, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We show here that acute introduction of excess human α-synuclein at a classic vertebrate synapse, the lamprey reticulospinal (RS) synapse, selectively impaired the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) during synaptic vesicle recycling, leading to an increase in endocytic intermediates and a severe depletion of synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, human α-synuclein and lamprey γ-synuclein both interact in vitro with Hsc70, the chaperone protein that uncoats CCVs at synapses. After introducing excess α-synuclein, Hsc70 availability was reduced at stimulated synapses, suggesting Hsc70 sequestration as a possible mechanism underlying the synaptic vesicle trafficking defects. In support of this hypothesis, increasing the levels of exogenous Hsc70 along with α-synuclein ameliorated the CCV uncoating and vesicle recycling defects. These experiments identify a reduction in Hsc70 availability at synapses, and consequently its function, as the mechanism by which α-synuclein induces synaptic vesicle recycling defects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a viable chaperone-based strategy for reversing the synaptic vesicle trafficking defects associated with excess α-synuclein, which may be of value for improving synaptic function in PD and other synuclein-linked diseases.
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Ebanks K, Lewis PA, Bandopadhyay R. Vesicular Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Clues From Genetic Studies. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1381. [PMID: 31969802 PMCID: PMC6960401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder with disabling motor symptoms and no available disease modifying treatment. The majority of the PD cases are of unknown etiology, with both genetics and environment playing important roles. Over the past 25 years, however, genetic analysis of patients with familial history of Parkinson's and, latterly, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have provided significant advances in our understanding of the causes of the disease. These genetic insights have uncovered pathways that are affected in both genetic and sporadic forms of PD. These pathways involve oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal defects. In addition, newly identified PD genes and GWAS nominated genes point toward synaptic changes involving vesicles. This review will highlight the genes that contribute PD risk relating to intracellular vesicle trafficking and their functional consequences. There is still much to investigate on this newly identified and converging pathway of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will aid in better understanding and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ebanks
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hou B, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang J, Xie A. Association of rs356219 and rs3822086 polymorphisms with the risk of Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Roosen DA, Blauwendraat C, Cookson MR, Lewis PA. DNAJC
proteins and pathways to parkinsonism. FEBS J 2019; 286:3080-3094. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
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16
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Billingsley KJ, Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Singleton AB. Genetic risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:9-20. [PMID: 29536161 PMCID: PMC6201690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics. Great advances have been made in identifying many loci that confer a risk for PD, which has subsequently led to an improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite this success, it is predicted that only a relatively small proportion of the phenotypic variability has been explained by genetics. Therefore, it is clear that common heritable components of disease are still to be identified. Dissecting the genetic architecture of PD constitutes a critical effort in identifying therapeutic targets and although such substantial progress has helped us to better understand disease mechanism, the route to PD disease-modifying drugs is a lengthy one. In this review, we give an overview of the known genetic risk factors in PD, focusing not on individual variants but the larger networks that have been implicated following comprehensive pathway analysis. We outline the challenges faced in the translation of risk loci to pathobiological relevance and illustrate the need for integrating big-data by noting success in recent work which adopts a broad-scale screening approach. Lastly, with PD genetics now progressing from identifying risk to predicting disease, we review how these models will likely have a significant impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Billingsley
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Saeed M. Genomic convergence of locus-based GWAS meta-analysis identifies AXIN1 as a novel Parkinson's gene. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:563-570. [PMID: 29923028 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, disabling neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic underpinnings. Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted with identification of several PD loci. However, these only explain about 25% of PD genetic risk indicating that additional loci of modest effect remain to be discovered. Association clustering methods such as gene-based tests are more powerful than single-variant analysis for identifying modest genetic effects. Combined with the locus-based algorithm, OASIS, the most significant association signals can be homed in. Here, two dbGAP GWAS datasets (7415 subjects (2750 PD and 4845 controls) genotyped for 0.78 million SNPs) were analyzed using combined clustering algorithms to identify 88 PD candidate genes in 24 loci. These were further investigated for gene expression in substantia nigra (SN) of PD and control subjects on GEO datasets. Expression differences were also assessed in normal brains SN versus white matter on BRAINEAC datasets. This genetic and functional analysis identified AXIN1, a key regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as a novel PD gene. This finding links PD with inflammation. Other significantly associated genes were CSMD1, CLDN1, ZNF141, ZNF721, RHOT2, RICTOR, KANSL1, and ARHGAP27. Novel PD genes were identified using genomic convergence of gene-wide and locus-based tests and expression studies on archived datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saeed
- Consultant Rheumatology and Immunogenetics, ImmunoCure, Clinic and Lab, Suite 116, 1st Floor, The Plaza, 2-Talwar, Main Clifton Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
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18
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Medeiros AT, Bubacco L, Morgan JR. Impacts of increased α-synuclein on clathrin-mediated endocytosis at synapses: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:647-648. [PMID: 29722314 PMCID: PMC5950672 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey T Medeiros
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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