1
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Kondo S, Shiga S, Sakurai T. Elastin microfibril interface-located protein 1 in fibroblasts is regulated by amphiregulin and interleukin-1α produced by keratinocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38356201 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structure of elastic fibres changes with ageing. Elastin microfibril interface-located protein 1 (EMILIN-1) is known to contribute to structural changes in elastic fibres. EMILIN-1 is one of the components of elastic fibres and also colocalizes with oxytalan fibres near the epidermis. Therefore, EMILIN-1 may be affected by epidermal-dermal interactions. The purpose of this study is to identify the key factors involved in epidermal-dermal interactions during the structural degeneration of elastic fibres. METHODS Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were co-cultured, and changes in elastic fibre-related proteins were evaluated. Additionally, cytokine arrays were used to identify the factors involved in epidermal-dermal interactions. RESULTS EMILIN-1 expression in fibroblasts was increased in the presence of keratinocytes, and its expression decreased when keratinocytes were stressed. Amphiregulin (AREG) and interleukin-1α (IL-1α) were identified as the keratinocyte-derived cytokines that influence the production of EMILIN-1, which is secreted by the fibroblasts. EMILIN-1 expression was promoted by AREG and decreased by IL-1α via an increase in cathepsin K (a catabolic enzyme). AREG and IL-1α were associated with changes in EMILIN-1 levels in fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the suppression of IL-1α expression and promotion of AREG expression in the epidermis could be a new approach that prevents the wrinkles and sagging caused by the structural changes in elastic fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kondo
- FANCL Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Soichiro Shiga
- FANCL Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Alugoju P, Krishna Swamy VKD, Anthikapalli NVA, Tencomnao T. Health benefits of astaxanthin against age-related diseases of multiple organs: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10709-10774. [PMID: 35708049 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2084600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases are associated with increased morbidity in the past few decades and the cost associated with the treatment of these age-related diseases exerts a substantial impact on social and health care expenditure. Anti-aging strategies aim to mitigate, delay and reverse aging-associated diseases, thereby improving quality of life and reducing the burden of age-related pathologies. The natural dietary antioxidant supplementation offers substantial pharmacological and therapeutic effects against various disease conditions. Astaxanthin is one such natural carotenoid with superior antioxidant activity than other carotenoids, as well as well as vitamins C and E, and additionally, it is known to exhibit a plethora of pharmacological effects. The present review summarizes the protective molecular mechanisms of actions of astaxanthin on age-related diseases of multiple organs such as Neurodegenerative diseases [Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Status Epilepticus (SE)], Bone Related Diseases [Osteoarthritis (OA) and Osteoporosis], Cancers [Colon cancer, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, and Lung Cancer], Cardiovascular disorders [Hypertension, Atherosclerosis and Myocardial infarction (MI)], Diabetes associated complications [Diabetic nephropathy (DN), Diabetic neuropathy, and Diabetic retinopathy (DR)], Eye disorders [Age related macular degeneration (AMD), Dry eye disease (DED), Cataract and Uveitis], Gastric Disorders [Gastritis, Colitis, and Functional dyspepsia], Kidney Disorders [Nephrolithiasis, Renal fibrosis, Renal Ischemia reperfusion (RIR), Acute kidney injury (AKI), and hyperuricemia], Liver Diseases [Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Alcoholic Liver Disease (AFLD), Liver fibrosis, and Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) Injury], Pulmonary Disorders [Pulmonary Fibrosis, Acute Lung injury (ALI), and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)], Muscle disorders (skeletal muscle atrophy), Skin diseases [Atopic dermatitis (ATD), Skin Photoaging, and Wound healing]. We have also briefly discussed astaxanthin's protective effects on reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaniendra Alugoju
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V K D Krishna Swamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, India
| | | | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Marcheggiani F, Kordes S, Cirilli I, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Vogelsang A, Möller N, Blatt T, Weise JM, Damiani E, Tiano L. Anti-ageing effects of ubiquinone and ubiquinol in a senescence model of human dermal fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:282-288. [PMID: 33482334 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenous lipophilic quinone found in equilibrium between its oxidised (ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol) form, ubiquitous in biological membranes and endowed with antioxidant and bioenergetic properties, both crucial to the ageing process. CoQ10 biosynthesis decreases with age in different tissues including skin and its biosynthesis can be modulated by 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors such as statins. Statin-induced CoQ10 deprivation has previously been shown to be associated with the development of a senescence phenotype in cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), hence this model was used to further investigate the role of CoQ10 in skin ageing. The present study aimed to compare the bioavailability of exogenously added CoQ10, in the form of ubiquinone or ubiquinol, to CoQ10-deprived HDF, and to determine their efficacy in rescuing the senescent phenotype induced by CoQ10 deprivation. First, additional senescence markers were implemented to further support the pro-ageing effect of statin-induced CoQ10 deprivation in HDF. Indeed, numerous senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers such as p21, IL-8, CXCL1, and MMP-1 were upregulated, whereas components of the extracellular matrix were downregulated (elastin, collagen type 1). Next, we showed that CoQ10 supplementation to statin-treated HDF was able to counteract CoQ10 deprivation and rescued the development of selected senescence/ageing markers in HDF. Ubiquinol resulted more bioavailable than ubiquinone at the same concentration (15 μg/mL) and it significantly improved the cellular oxidative status even within isolated mitochondria highlighting an effective subcellular delivery. Ubiquinol was also more efficient compared to ubiquinone in reverting the expression of the senescent phenotype, quantified in terms of β-galactosidase positivity, p21, collagen type 1, and elastin at the gene and protein expression levels. In conclusion, our results highlight the pivotal role of CoQ10 for skin vitality and strongly support the use of both forms as a beneficial and effective anti-ageing skin care treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy.
| | - Sebastian Kordes
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Hamburg, 20245, Germany.
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy.
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy.
| | - Alexandra Vogelsang
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Hamburg, 20245, Germany.
| | - Nadine Möller
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Hamburg, 20245, Germany.
| | - Thomas Blatt
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Hamburg, 20245, Germany.
| | - Julia M Weise
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Hamburg, 20245, Germany.
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy.
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, I-60131, Italy.
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Catanzaro E, Bishayee A, Fimognari C. On a Beam of Light: Photoprotective Activities of the Marine Carotenoids Astaxanthin and Fucoxanthin in Suppression of Inflammation and Cancer. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E544. [PMID: 33143013 PMCID: PMC7692561 DOI: 10.3390/md18110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we come into contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). If under medical supervision, small amounts of UVR could be beneficial, the detrimental and hazardous effects of UVR exposure dictate an unbalance towards the risks on the risk-benefit ratio. Acute and chronic effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B involve mainly the skin, the immune system, and the eyes. Photodamage is an umbrella term that includes general phototoxicity, photoaging, and cancer caused by UVR. All these phenomena are mediated by direct or indirect oxidative stress and inflammation and are strictly connected one to the other. Astaxanthin (ASX) and fucoxanthin (FX) are peculiar marine carotenoids characterized by outstanding antioxidant properties. In particular, ASX showed exceptional efficacy in counteracting all categories of photodamages, in vitro and in vivo, thanks to both antioxidant potential and activation of alternative pathways. Less evidence has been produced about FX, but it still represents an interesting promise to prevent the detrimental effect of UVR. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of digging into the marine ecosystem to look for new compounds that could be beneficial for human health and confirm that the marine environment is as much as full of active compounds as the terrestrial one, it just needs to be more explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Chen Y, Liu H, Huang H, Ma Y, Wang R, Hu Y, Zheng X, Chen C, Tang H. Squid Ink Polysaccharides Protect Human Fibroblast Against Oxidative Stress by Regulating NADPH Oxidase and Connexin43. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1574. [PMID: 32009967 PMCID: PMC6978904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation injury to skin is one of the main reasons for skin aging. The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effect of squid ink polysaccharides and its mechanism of action against H2O2-induced dermal fibroblast damage. Our results show that squid ink polysaccharides effectively reduce the fibroblast oxidative damage mediated by the up-regulation of NADPH oxidase and Connexin43. Concurrently, squid ink polysaccharides decrease the ROS induced up-regulation of MMP1 and MMP9 to decrease MMP-mediated skin aging. Therefore, we hypothesize that squid ink polysaccharides play an antioxidant role by inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidase and connexin43. This provides a new target for the effective clinical prevention and treatment of oxidative skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Huazhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yuetang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
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6
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Cao F, Li Z, Ding WM, Yan L, Zhao QY. LncRNA PVT1 regulates atrial fibrosis via miR-128-3p-SP1-TGF-β1-Smad axis in atrial fibrillation. Mol Med 2019; 25:7. [PMID: 30894138 PMCID: PMC6425687 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been shown to be associated with liver fibrosis. Nevertheless, the role of PVT1 in atrial fibrosis remains undefined. This study aims to elucidate the pathophysiological role of lncRNA PVT1 in the regulation of atrial fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Expression of PVT1, miR-128-sp, and Sp1 were examined in human atrial muscle tissues and angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced human atrial fibroblasts. Furthermore, the role of PVT1 in regulating atrial fibrosis in Ang-II-treated human atrial fibroblasts and Ang-II-induced atrial fibrosis in mice was investigated. Moreover, the interaction among PVT1, miR-128-3p, and Sp1 were examined using bioinformatics, expression correlation analysis, gain- or loss-of-function assays, RIP assays, and luciferase reporter assays. The involvement of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway in this process was also explored. RESULTS PVT1 was increased in atrial muscle tissues from AF patients and positively with collagen I and collagen III. In vitro assay revealed that PVT1 overexpression facilitated the Ang-II-induced atrial fibroblasts proliferation, collagen production, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling activation, whereas PVT1 knockdown caused the opposite effect. In vivo assay further confirmed that PVT1 knockdown attenuated the Ang-II-induced mouse atrial fibrosis. Mechanically, PVT1 acted as a sponge for miR-128-3p to facilitate Sp1 expression, thereby activating the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. CONCLUSION LncRNA PVT1 promotes atrial fibrosis via miR-128-3p-SP1-TGF-β1-Smad axis in atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Wen-mao Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Qing-yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
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7
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Imokawa G. The Xanthophyll Carotenoid Astaxanthin has Distinct Biological Effects to Prevent the Photoaging of the Skin Even by its Postirradiation Treatment. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:490-500. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genji Imokawa
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya Japan
- Research Institute for Biological Functions Chubu University Kasugai Japan
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8
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Imokawa G. Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Involved in the Biological Effects of the Xanthophyll Carotenoid Astaxanthin to Prevent the Photo-aging of the Skin in a Reactive Oxygen Species Depletion-independent Manner: The Key Role of Mitogen and Stress-activated Protein Kinase 1. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:480-489. [PMID: 30317634 DOI: 10.1111/php.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the first review, we summarized the biological effects of the xanthophyll carotenoid astaxanthin (AX) to prevent UV-induced cutaneous inflammation, abnormal keratinization, pigmentation, and wrinkling in a manner independent of the depletion of reactive oxygen species. In this manuscript, we review what is known about the intracellular signaling mechanisms that are involved in those effects in keratinocytes and in melanocytes. Our research has characterized the intracellular stress signaling mechanism(s) that are involved in the up-regulated expression of genes encoding cyclooxygenase (COX2), interleukin (IL)-8, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulatory factor (GM-CSF), and transglutaminase (TGase)1 in UVB-exposed keratinocytes as well as in the stimulated transcription and/or translation of melanogenic factors, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), in stem cell factor (SCF)-treated melanocytes. The results reveal that while the expression of COX2, IL-8, GM-CSF, and TGase1 stimulated by UVB is due to effects primarily via the NFκB pathway, that stimulation can be abrogated by specifically interrupting the p38/MSK1/NFκBp65Ser276 axis. Further, the stimulation of melanogenesis by SCF can be inhibited by disrupting the phosphorylation of MSK1 via the p38, MSK1, CREB, and MITF axis. The sum of these findings provides new evidence for the interruption of ROS depletion independent-signaling by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genji Imokawa
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan.,Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Vollmer DL, West VA, Lephart ED. Enhancing Skin Health: By Oral Administration of Natural Compounds and Minerals with Implications to the Dermal Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3059. [PMID: 30301271 PMCID: PMC6213755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of cosmetics goes back to early Egyptian times for hygiene and health benefits while the history of topical applications that provide a medicinal treatment to combat dermal aging is relatively new. For example, the term cosmeceutical was first coined by Albert Kligman in 1984 to describe topical products that afford both cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. However, beauty comes from the inside. Therefore, for some time scientists have considered how nutrition reflects healthy skin and the aging process. The more recent link between nutrition and skin aging began in earnest around the year 2000 with the demonstrated increase in peer-reviewed scientific journal reports on this topic that included biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action. Thus, the application of: (a) topical administration from outside into the skin and (b) inside by oral consumption of nutritionals to the outer skin layers is now common place and many journal reports exhibit significant improvement for both on a variety of dermal parameters. Therefore, this review covers, where applicable, the history, chemical structure, and sources such as biological and biomedical properties in the skin along with animal and clinical data on the oral applications of: (a) collagen, (b) ceramide, (c) β-carotene, (d) astaxanthin, (e) coenzyme Q10, (f) colostrum, (g) zinc, and (h) selenium in their mode of action or function in improving dermal health by various quantified endpoints. Lastly, the importance of the human skin microbiome is briefly discussed in reference to the genomics, measurement, and factors influencing its expression and how it may alter the immune system, various dermal disorders, and potentially be involved in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vollmer
- 4Life Research, Scientific Research Division, Sandy, UT 84070, USA.
| | - Virginia A West
- 4Life Research, Scientific Research Division, Sandy, UT 84070, USA.
| | - Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology, Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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