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Lateef MA, Kuupiel D, Mchunu GG, Pillay JD. Utilization of Antenatal Care and Skilled Birth Delivery Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:440. [PMID: 38673351 PMCID: PMC11050659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Daily, the number of women who die around the world reaches an average of 800; these deaths are a result of obstetric complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and 99% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. This review probes the use of antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth delivery (SBD) services in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and highlights research gaps using Arksey and O'Malley's methodological approach. The screening of abstracts and full text was carried out by two independent authors who ensured the eligibility of data extraction from the included articles. An exploration of the data was undertaken with descriptive analyses. In total, 350 potentially eligible articles were screened, and 137 studies were included for data extraction and analysis. From the 137 included studies, the majority were from Ethiopia (n = 40, 29.2%), followed by Nigeria (n = 30, 21.9%). Most of the studies were published between 2019 and 2023 (n = 84, 61%). Significant trends and challenges with ANC and SBD services emerged from the studies. It is revealed that there are wide gaps in the utilization of ANC and SBD services. Policy attention, intervention strategies to improve access, resources, rural-urban disparity, and women's literacy are recommended to improve the utilization of ANC and SBD services in SSA countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsurat A. Lateef
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.K.); (G.G.M.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.K.); (G.G.M.); (J.D.P.)
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Gugu G. Mchunu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.K.); (G.G.M.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Julian D. Pillay
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.K.); (G.G.M.); (J.D.P.)
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Habte A, Bizuayehu HM, Lemma L, Sisay Y. Road to maternal death: the pooled estimate of maternal near-miss, its primary causes and determinants in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:144. [PMID: 38368373 PMCID: PMC10874058 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal near-miss (MNM) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) working group as a woman who nearly died but survived a life-threatening condition during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy due to getting quality of care or by chance. Despite the importance of the near-miss concept in enhancing quality of care and maternal health, evidence regarding the prevalence of MNM, its primary causes and its determinants in Africa is sparse; hence, this study aimed to address these gaps. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published up to October 31, 2023, was conducted. Electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Directory of Open Access Journals), Google, and Google Scholar were used to search for relevant studies. Studies from any African country that reported the magnitude and/or determinants of MNM using WHO criteria were included. The data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet and analysed by STATA version 16. Pooled estimates were performed using a random-effects model with the DerSimonian Laired method. The I2 test was used to analyze the heterogeneity of the included studies. RESULTS Sixty-five studies with 968,555 participants were included. The weighted pooled prevalence of MNM in Africa was 73.64/1000 live births (95% CI: 69.17, 78.11). A high prevalence was found in the Eastern and Western African regions: 114.81/1000 live births (95% CI: 104.94, 123.59) and 78.34/1000 live births (95% CI: 67.23, 89.46), respectively. Severe postpartum hemorrhage and severe hypertension were the leading causes of MNM, accounting for 36.15% (95% CI: 31.32, 40.99) and 27.2% (95% CI: 23.95, 31.09), respectively. Being a rural resident, having a low monthly income, long distance to a health facility, not attending formal education, not receiving ANC, experiencing delays in health service, having a previous history of caesarean section, and having pre-existing medical conditions were found to increase the risk of MNM. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of MNM was high in Africa, especially in the eastern and western regions. There were significant variations in the prevalence of MNM across regions and study periods. Strengthening universal access to education and maternal health services, working together to tackle all three delays through community education and awareness campaigns, improving access to transportation and road infrastructure, and improving the quality of care provided at service delivery points are key to reducing MNM, ultimately improving and ensuring maternal health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Habte
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Lire Lemma
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Yordanos Sisay
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Blanchard AK, Ansari S, Rajput R, Colbourn T, Houweling TAJ, Lorway R, Isac S, Prost A, Anthony J. 'That is because we are alone': A relational qualitative study of socio-spatial inequities in maternal and newborn health programme coverage in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2348640. [PMID: 38716491 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2348640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
This qualitative study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh state, India to explore how interrelated socio-economic position and spatial characteristics of four diverse villages may have influenced equity in coverage of community-based maternal and newborn health (MNH) services. We conducted social mapping and three focus group discussions in each village, among women of lower and higher socio-economic position who recently gave birth, and with community health workers (n = 134). Data were analysed in NVivo 11.0 using thematic framework analysis. The extent of socio-economic hierarchies and spatial disparateness within the village, combined with distance to larger centers, together shaped villages' level of socio-spatial remoteness. Disadvantaged socio-economic groups expressed being more often spatially isolated, with less access to infrastructure, resources or services, which was heightened if the village was physically distant from larger centers. In more socio-spatially remote villages, inequities in coverage of MNH services that disadvantaged lower socio-economic position groups were compounded as these groups more often experienced ASHA vacancies, as well as greater distance to and poorer perceived quality of health services nearest the village. The results inform a conceptual framework of 'socio-spatial remoteness' that can guide public health research and programmes to more comprehensively address health inequities within India and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Blanchard
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Tim Colbourn
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robert Lorway
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shajy Isac
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- India Health Action Trust, Lucknow, India
| | - Audrey Prost
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Anthony
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- India Health Action Trust, Lucknow, India
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Li Y, Li H, Jiang Y. Factors influencing maternal healthcare utilization in Papua New Guinea: Andersen's behaviour model. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:544. [PMID: 37865780 PMCID: PMC10590515 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papua New Guinea (PNG) has recorded the highest maternal mortality ratio in the Western Pacific Region and faces major challenges in achieving SDG 3. Antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendant (SBA) and postnatal care (PNC) services are critical components of maternal healthcare services (MHS) for reducing maternal mortality and promoting maternal health in PNG. The study sought to assess the prevalence and determinants of ANC, SBA and PNC services amongst women in PNG. METHODS The study was conducted using the 2016-2018 Papua New Guinea Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 5248 reproductive-age women were considered as the analytical sample. The outcome variables were utilisation of ANC, SBA and PNC services. Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression and dominance analysis were conducted. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence rates of ANC, SBA and PNC services were 52.3%, 58.7% and 26.6%, respectively. Women's employment, education, media exposure, distance to health facility, household wealth, region, residence and parity were determinants of MHS utilisation. ANC, SBA and PNC services utilisation were all primarily influenced by enabling factors, followed by predisposing and need factors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that enabling factors such as media exposure, distance to health facility, household wealth, region and residence have the greatest impact on MHS utilisation, followed by predisposing (working, education) and need factors (parity). Therefore, enabling factors should be prioritised when developing maternal health programmes and policies. For example, transport and health infrastructure should be strengthened and women's education and vocational training should be increased, especially in Highlands region, Momase region and rural areas, to increase the utilisation of MHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Mroz EJ, Willis T, Thomas C, Janes C, Singini D, Njungu M, Smith M. Impacts of seasonal flooding on geographical access to maternal healthcare in the Barotse Floodplain, Zambia. Int J Health Geogr 2023; 22:17. [PMID: 37525198 PMCID: PMC10391775 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-023-00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal floods pose a commonly-recognised barrier to women's access to maternal services, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Despite their importance, previous GIS models of healthcare access have not adequately accounted for floods. This study developed new methodologies for incorporating flood depths, velocities, and extents produced with a flood model into network- and raster-based health access models. The methodologies were applied to the Barotse Floodplain to assess flood impact on women's walking access to maternal services and vehicular emergency referrals for a monthly basis between October 2017 and October 2018. METHODS Information on health facilities were acquired from the Ministry of Health. Population density data on women of reproductive age were obtained from the High Resolution Settlement Layer. Roads were a fusion of OpenStreetMap and data manually delineated from satellite imagery. Monthly information on floodwater depth and velocity were obtained from a flood model for 13-months. Referral driving times between delivery sites and EmOC were calculated with network analysis. Walking times to the nearest maternal services were calculated using a cost-distance algorithm. RESULTS The changing distribution of floodwaters impacted the ability of women to reach maternal services. At the peak of the dry season (October 2017), 55%, 19%, and 24% of women had walking access within 2-hrs to their nearest delivery site, EmOC location, and maternity waiting shelter (MWS) respectively. By the flood peak, this dropped to 29%, 14%, and 16%. Complete inaccessibility became stark with 65%, 76%, and 74% unable to access any delivery site, EmOC, and MWS respectively. The percentage of women that could be referred by vehicle to EmOC from a delivery site within an hour also declined from 65% in October 2017 to 23% in March 2018. CONCLUSIONS Flooding greatly impacted health access, with impacts varying monthly as the floodwave progressed. Additional validation and application to other regions is still needed, however our first results suggest the use of a hydrodynamic model permits a more detailed representation of floodwater impact and there is great potential for generating predictive models which will be necessary to consider climate change impacts on future health access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jade Mroz
- School of Geography and water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Thomas Willis
- School of Geography and water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chris Thomas
- Lincoln Centre for Water & Planetary Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK
| | - Craig Janes
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Douglas Singini
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mwimanenwa Njungu
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mark Smith
- School of Geography and water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Macharia PM, Beňová L, Pinchoff J, Semaan A, Pembe AB, Christou A, Hanson C. Neonatal and perinatal mortality in the urban continuum: a geospatial analysis of the household survey, satellite imagery and travel time data in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-011253. [PMID: 37028810 PMCID: PMC10083757 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies suggest that the urban advantage of lower neonatal mortality in urban compared with rural areas may be reversing, but methodological challenges include misclassification of neonatal deaths and stillbirths, and oversimplification of the variation in urban environments. We address these challenges and assess the association between urban residence and neonatal/perinatal mortality in Tanzania. METHODS The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2015-2016 was used to assess birth outcomes for 8915 pregnancies among 6156 women of reproductive age, by urban or rural categorisation in the DHS and based on satellite imagery. The coordinates of 527 DHS clusters were spatially overlaid with the 2015 Global Human Settlement Layer, showing the degree of urbanisation based on built environment and population density. A three-category urbanicity measure (core urban, semi-urban and rural) was defined and compared with the binary DHS measure. Travel time to the nearest hospital was modelled using least-cost path algorithm for each cluster. Bivariate and multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to explore associations between urbanicity and neonatal/perinatal deaths. RESULTS Both neonatal and perinatal mortality rates were highest in core urban and lowest in rural clusters. Bivariate models showed higher odds of neonatal death (OR=1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.08) and perinatal death (OR=1.60; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.30) in core urban compared with rural clusters. In multivariable models, these associations had the same direction and size, but were no longer statistically significant. Travel time to the nearest hospital was not associated with neonatal or perinatal mortality. CONCLUSION Addressing high rates of neonatal and perinatal mortality in densely populated urban areas is critical for Tanzania to meet national and global reduction targets. Urban populations are diverse, and certain neighbourhoods or subgroups may be disproportionately affected by poor birth outcomes. Research must capture, understand and minimise risks specific to urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lenka Beňová
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jessie Pinchoff
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Population Council, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Aline Semaan
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andrea B Pembe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Aliki Christou
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Hanson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Macharia PM, Joseph NK, Nalwadda GK, Mwilike B, Banke-Thomas A, Benova L, Johnson O. Spatial variation and inequities in antenatal care coverage in Kenya, Uganda and mainland Tanzania using model-based geostatistics: a socioeconomic and geographical accessibility lens. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:908. [PMID: 36474193 PMCID: PMC9724345 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experience the highest levels of maternal mortality and stillbirths due to predominantly avoidable causes. Antenatal care (ANC) can prevent, detect, alleviate, or manage these causes. While eight ANC contacts are now recommended, coverage of the previous minimum of four visits (ANC4+) remains low and inequitable in SSA. METHODS We modelled ANC4+ coverage and likelihood of attaining district-level target coverage of 70% across three equity stratifiers (household wealth, maternal education, and travel time to the nearest health facility) based on data from malaria indicator surveys in Kenya (2020), Uganda (2018/19) and Tanzania (2017). Geostatistical models were fitted to predict ANC4+ coverage and compute exceedance probability for target coverage. The number of pregnant women without ANC4+ were computed. Prediction was at 3 km spatial resolution and aggregated at national and district -level for sub-national planning. RESULTS About six in ten women reported ANC4+ visits, meaning that approximately 3 million women in the three countries had <ANC4+ visits. The majority of the 366 districts in the three countries had ANC4+ coverage of 50-70%. In Kenya, 13% of districts had < 70% coverage, compared to 10% and 27% of the districts in Uganda and mainland Tanzania, respectively. Only one district in Kenya and ten districts in mainland Tanzania were likely met the target coverage. Six percent, 38%, and 50% of the districts had at most 5000 women with <ANC4+ visits in Kenya, Uganda, and mainland Tanzania, respectively, while districts with > 20,000 women having <ANC4+ visits were 38%, 1% and 1%, respectively. In many districts, ANC4+ coverage and likelihood of attaining the target coverage was lower among the poor, uneducated and those geographically marginalized from healthcare. CONCLUSIONS These findings will be invaluable to policymakers for annual appropriations of resources as part of efforts to reduce maternal deaths and stillbirths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Macharia
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Noel K. Joseph
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Beatrice Mwilike
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Community Health Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas
- grid.36316.310000 0001 0806 5472School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Lenka Benova
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olatunji Johnson
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Seboka BT, Mamo TT, Mekonnen T. Identifying geographical inequalities of maternal care utilization in Ethiopia: a Spatio-temporal analysis from 2005 to 2019. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1455. [PMID: 36451235 PMCID: PMC9714149 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inequalities in maternal care utilization pose a significant threat to maternal health programs. This study aimed to describe and explain the spatial variation in maternal care utilization among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Accordingly, this study focuses on identifying hotspots of underutilization and mapping maternal care utilization, as well as identifying predictors of spatial clustering in maternal care utilization. METHODS We evaluated three key indicators of maternal care utilization: pregnant women who received no antenatal care (ANC) service from a skilled provider, utilization of four or more ANC visits, and births attended in a health facility, based the Ethiopian National Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS5) to 2019. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to measure whether maternal care utilization was dispersed, clustered, or randomly distributed in the study area. Getis-Ord Gi statistics examined how Spatio-temporal variations differed through the study location and ordinary Kriging interpolation predicted maternal care utilization in the unsampled areas. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to identify predictors of geographic variation, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) examined the spatial variability relationships between maternal care utilization and selected predictors. RESULT A total of 26,702 pregnant women were included, maternal care utilization varies geographically across surveys. Overall, statistically significant low maternal care utilization hotspots were identified in the Somali region. Low hotspot areas were also identified in northern Ethiopia, stretching into the Amhara, Afar, and Beneshangul-Gumuz regions; and the southern part of Ethiopia and the Gambella region. Spatial regression analysis revealed that geographical variations in maternal care utilization indicators were commonly explained by the number of under-five children, the wealth index, and media access. In addition, the mother's educational status significantly explained pregnant women, received no ANC service and utilized ANC service four or more times. Whereas, the age of a mother at first birth was a spatial predictor of pregnant who received no ANC service from a skilled provider. CONCLUSION In Ethiopia, it is vital to plan to combat maternal care inequalities in a manner suitable for the district-specific variations. Predictors of geographical variation identified during spatial regression analysis can inform efforts to achieve geographical equity in maternal care utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyam Tariku Seboka
- grid.472268.d0000 0004 1762 2666School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Tizalegn Tesfaye Mamo
- grid.472268.d0000 0004 1762 2666School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Tensae Mekonnen
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Ferreira LZ, Utazi CE, Huicho L, Nilsen K, Hartwig FP, Tatem AJ, Barros AJD. Geographic inequalities in health intervention coverage – mapping the composite coverage index in Peru using geospatial modelling. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2104. [PMID: 36397019 PMCID: PMC9670533 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The composite coverage index (CCI) provides an integrated perspective towards universal health coverage in the context of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health. Given the sample design of most household surveys does not provide coverage estimates below the first administrative level, approaches for achieving more granular estimates are needed. We used a model-based geostatistical approach to estimate the CCI at multiple resolutions in Peru. Methods We generated estimates for the eight indicators on which the CCI is based for the departments, provinces, and areas of 5 × 5 km of Peru using data from two national household surveys carried out in 2018 and 2019 plus geospatial covariates. Bayesian geostatistical models were fit using the INLA-SPDE approach. We assessed model fit using cross-validation at the survey cluster level and by comparing modelled and direct survey estimates at the department-level. Results CCI coverage in the provinces along the coast was consistently higher than in the remainder of the country. Jungle areas in the north and east presented the lowest coverage levels and the largest gaps between and within provinces. The greatest inequalities were found, unsurprisingly, in the largest provinces where populations are scattered in jungle territory and are difficult to reach. Conclusions Our study highlighted provinces with high levels of inequality in CCI coverage indicating areas, mostly low-populated jungle areas, where more attention is needed. We also uncovered other areas, such as the border with Bolivia, where coverage is lower than the coastal provinces and should receive increased efforts. More generally, our results make the case for high-resolution estimates to unveil geographic inequities otherwise hidden by the usual levels of survey representativeness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14371-7.
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How accurate are WorldPop-Global-Unconstrained gridded population data at the cell-level?: A simulation analysis in urban Namibia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271504. [PMID: 35862480 PMCID: PMC9302737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaggregated population counts are needed to calculate health, economic, and development indicators in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), especially in settings of rapid urbanisation. Censuses are often outdated and inaccurate in LMIC settings, and rarely disaggregated at fine geographic scale. Modelled gridded population datasets derived from census data have become widely used by development researchers and practitioners; however, accuracy in these datasets are evaluated at the spatial scale of model input data which is generally courser than the neighbourhood or cell-level scale of many applications. We simulate a realistic synthetic 2016 population in Khomas, Namibia, a majority urban region, and introduce several realistic levels of outdatedness (over 15 years) and inaccuracy in slum, non-slum, and rural areas. We aggregate the synthetic populations by census and administrative boundaries (to mimic census data), resulting in 32 gridded population datasets that are typical of LMIC settings using the WorldPop-Global-Unconstrained gridded population approach. We evaluate the cell-level accuracy of these gridded population datasets using the original synthetic population as a reference. In our simulation, we found large cell-level errors, particularly in slum cells. These were driven by the averaging of population densities in large areal units before model training. Age, accuracy, and aggregation of the input data also played a role in these errors. We suggest incorporating finer-scale training data into gridded population models generally, and WorldPop-Global-Unconstrained in particular (e.g., from routine household surveys or slum community population counts), and use of new building footprint datasets as a covariate to improve cell-level accuracy (as done in some new WorldPop-Global-Constrained datasets). It is important to measure accuracy of gridded population datasets at spatial scales more consistent with how the data are being applied, especially if they are to be used for monitoring key development indicators at neighbourhood scales within cities.
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Tanou M, Kishida T, Kamiya Y. The effects of geographical accessibility to health facilities on antenatal care and delivery services utilization in Benin: a cross-sectional study. Reprod Health 2021; 18:205. [PMID: 34649581 PMCID: PMC8518195 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The world is making progress toward achieving maternal and child health (MCH) related components of the Sustainable Development Goals. Nevertheless, the progress of many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging. Geographical accessibility from residence to health facilities is considered a major obstacle hampering the use of appropriate MCH services. Benin, a country where the southern and northern parts belong to different geographical zones, has among the highest maternal mortality rate in the world. Adequate use of MCH care is important to save lives of women and their babies. This study assessed the effect of geographical accessibility to health facilities on antenatal care and delivery services utilization in Benin, with an emphasis on geographical zones. Methods We pooled two rounds of Benin Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). The sample included 18,105 women aged 15–49 years (9111 from BDHS-2011/2012 and 8994 from BDHS-2017/2018) who had live births within five years preceding the surveys. We measured the distance and travel time from residential areas to the closest health center by merging the BDHS datasets with Benin’s geographic information system data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of geographical access on pregnancy and delivery services utilization. We conducted a propensity score-matching analysis to check for robustness. Results Regression results showed that the distance to the closest health center had adverse effects on the likelihood of a woman receiving appropriate maternal healthcare. The estimates showed that one km increase in straight-line distance to the closest health center reduces the odds of the woman receiving at least one antenatal care by 0.042, delivering in facility by 0.092, and delivering her baby with assistance of skilled birth attendants by 0.118. We also confirmed the negative effects of travel time and altitude of women’s residence on healthcare utilization. Nonetheless, these effects were mainly seen in the northern part of Benin. Conclusions Geographical accessibility to health facilities is critically important for the utilization of antenatal care and delivery services, particularly in the northern part of Benin. Improving geographical accessibility, especially in rural areas, is significant for further use of maternal health care in Benin. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates are still high in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Antenatal care (ANC) visits and institutional delivery with skilled birth attendants are important to prevent maternal and neonatal deaths. Nevertheless, women’s utilization of ANC and delivery services has decreased recently in Benin, a country where the southern and northern parts belong to different geographical zones. Geographical accessibility from residence to health facilities is considered a major obstacle hampering the use of appropriate maternal healthcare. This study assessed the effect of geographical accessibility on ANC and delivery services utilization in Benin by considering the geographical characteristics. We used the two rounds of the Benin Demographic and Health Survey 2011/2012 and 2017/2018 and conducted regression analysis. This study has three important findings: (1) We confirmed adverse effects of distance and travel time on the likelihood of a women receiving appropriate ANC and delivery services in Benin, but this effect was mainly observed in the northern part; (2) Distance and travel time to health facilities had a negative effect on the use of at least one ANC but no significant effect for four or more ANC; (3) Regarding the threshold of distance, we confirmed that women living within 5 km from the closest health center were more likely to use maternal healthcare compared to their counterparts. In conclusion, geographical accessibility to health facilities is critically important for the utilization of antenatal care and delivery services, particularly in the northern part of Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Tanou
- Ministry of Infrastructure, Building Lamizana, 03BP7011, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Takaaki Kishida
- Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University, 2-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamiya
- Faculty of Economics, Ryukoku University, 67 Tsukamoto-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8577, Japan
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12
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Oluoch-Aridi J, Afulani P, Makanga C, Guzman D, Miller-Graff L. Examining person-centered maternity care in a peri-urban setting in Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257542. [PMID: 34634055 PMCID: PMC8504752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peri-urban settings have high maternal mortality and the quality of care received in different types of health facilities is varied. Yet few studies have explored the construct of person-centered maternity care (PCMC) within peri-urban settings. Understanding women's experience of maternity care in peri-urban settings will allow health facility managers and policy makers to improve services in these settings. This study examines factors associated with PCMC in a peri-urban setting in Kenya. METHODS AND MATERIALS We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study with 307 women aged 18-49 years who had delivered a baby within the preceding six weeks. Women were recruited from public (n = 118), private (n = 76), and faith based (n = 113) health facilities. We measured PCMC using the 30-item validated PCMC scale which evaluates women's experiences of dignified and respectful care, supportive care, and communication and autonomy. Factors associated with PCMC were evaluated using multilevel models, with women nested within facilities. RESULTS The average PCMC score was 58.2 (SD = 13.66) out of 90. Controlling for other factors, literate women had, on average, about 6-point higher PCMC scores than women who were not literate (β = 5.758, p = 0.006). Women whose first antenatal care (ANC) visit was in the second (β = -5.030, p = 0.006) and third trimester (β = -7.288, p = 0.003) had lower PCMC scores than those whose first ANC were in the first trimester. Women who were assisted by an unskilled attendant or an auxiliary nurse/midwife at birth had lower PCMC than those assisted by a nurse, midwife or clinical officer (β = -8.962, p = 0.016). Women who were interviewed by phone (β = -7.535, p = 0.006) had lower PCMC scores than those interviewed in person. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with PCMC include literacy, ANC timing and duration, and delivery provider. There is a need to improve PCMC in these settings as part of broader quality improvement activities to improve maternal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackline Oluoch-Aridi
- The Ford Family Program in Human Development Studies and Solidarity, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patience Afulani
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cindy Makanga
- The Ford Family Program in Human Development Studies and Solidarity, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Danice Guzman
- The Ford Family Program in Human Development Studies and Solidarity, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Miller-Graff
- The Ford Family Program in Human Development Studies and Solidarity, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies and Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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13
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Nilsen K, Tejedor-Garavito N, Leasure DR, Utazi CE, Ruktanonchai CW, Wigley AS, Dooley CA, Matthews Z, Tatem AJ. A review of geospatial methods for population estimation and their use in constructing reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health service indicators. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:370. [PMID: 34511089 PMCID: PMC8436450 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Household survey data are frequently used to measure reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) service utilisation in low and middle income countries. However, these surveys are typically only undertaken every 5 years and tend to be representative of larger geographical administrative units. Investments in district health management information systems (DHMIS) have increased the capability of countries to collect continuous information on the provision of RMNCAH services at health facilities. However, reliable and recent data on population distributions and demographics at subnational levels necessary to construct RMNCAH coverage indicators are often missing. One solution is to use spatially disaggregated gridded datasets containing modelled estimates of population counts. Here, we provide an overview of various approaches to the production of gridded demographic datasets and outline their potential and their limitations. Further, we show how gridded population estimates can be used as alternative denominators to produce RMNCAH coverage metrics in combination with data from DHMIS, using childhood vaccination as examples. Methods We constructed indicators on the percentage of children one year old for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine dose 3 (DTP3) and measles vaccine dose (MCV1) in Zambia and Nigeria at district levels. For the numerators, information on vaccines doses was obtained from each country’s respective DHMIS. For the denominators, the number of children was obtained from 3 different sources including national population projections and aggregated gridded estimates derived using top-down and bottom-up geospatial methods. Results In Zambia, vaccination estimates utilising the bottom-up approach to population estimation substantially reduced the number of districts with > 100% coverage of DTP3 and MCV1 compared to estimates using population projection and the top-down method. In Nigeria, results were mixed with bottom-up estimates having a higher number of districts > 100% and estimates using population projections performing better particularly in the South. Conclusions Gridded demographic data utilising traditional and novel data sources obtained from remote sensing offer new potential in the absence of up to date census information in the estimation of RMNCAH indicators. However, the usefulness of gridded demographic data is dependent on several factors including the availability and detail of input data. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06370-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Nilsen
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Natalia Tejedor-Garavito
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Douglas R Leasure
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Edson Utazi
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Corrine W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Adelle S Wigley
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire A Dooley
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Zoe Matthews
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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14
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Fan Q, Roque M, Nuzhath T, Hossain MM, Jin X, Aggad R, Myint WW, Zhang G, McKyer ELJ, Ma P. Changes in Levels and Determinants of Maternal Health Service Utilization in Ethiopia: Comparative Analysis of Two Rounds Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1595-1606. [PMID: 34117995 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal care (ANC), delivery by skilled birth attendants, and postnatal care (PNC) are critical components of maternal health services for reducing maternal mortality. The study aimed to compare the utilization of maternal health services in the two most recent rounds of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) and identify the factors influencing the utilization of these services using the 2016 EDHS. METHODS Two rounds of EDHS data in 2011 and 2016 were used to estimate the proportion of women who had ANC, delivered by skilled birth attendants, and had a postnatal checkup and other characteristics of the surveyed population. The most recent round of data-the 2016 EDHS-was used to examine the socio-cultural and reproductive health factors associated with the three maternal health services utilization. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) were conducted using Stata 15.0. RESULTS The use of ANC services and skilled birth attendants increased significantly between 2011 and 2016 EDHS, utilization of ANC services increased from 34.0 to 65.5%, and use of skilled birth attendants increased from 11.7 to 35.9%, respectively. The use of postnatal care decreased from 9.3 to 6.9%. Utilization of maternal health service was significantly associated with urban residence, Protestant religion, Oromo ethnicity, more education, more household wealth, and less parity. Furthermore, women who had ANC visits during pregnancy were more likely to subsequently use skilled birth attendants (AOR 5.5, p < 0.001) and PNC (AOR 2.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study highlighted the inequalities in the utilization of maternal health services between rural and urban areas, and the need of addressing the social, economic, and physical barriers that prevent women from using these services. Further, programs should be targeted at promoting the use of professional birth and postnatal services in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Fan
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA. .,Duke Graduate School, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA. .,Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maria Roque
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Tasmiah Nuzhath
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Md Mahbub Hossain
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Xurui Jin
- Duke Graduate School, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.,Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Roaa Aggad
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Wah Wah Myint
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Geng Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - E Lisako Jones McKyer
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
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15
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Lori JR, Munro-Kramer ML, Liu H, McGlasson KL, Zhang X, Lee H, Ngoma T, Kaiser JL, Bwalya M, Musonda G, Sakala I, Perosky JE, Fong RM, Boyd CJ, Chastain P, Rockers PC, Hamer DH, Biemba G, Vian T, Bonawitz R, Lockhart N, Scott NA. Increasing facility delivery through maternity waiting homes for women living far from a health facility in rural Zambia: a quasi-experimental study. BJOG 2021; 128:1804-1812. [PMID: 33993600 PMCID: PMC8518771 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the effectiveness of a standardised core Maternity Waiting Home (MWH) model to increase facility deliveries among women living >10 km from a health facility. DESIGN Quasi-experimental design with partial randomisation at the cluster level. SETTING Seven rural districts in Zambia. POPULATION Women delivering at 40 health facilities between June 2016 and August 2018. METHODS Twenty intervention and 20 comparison sites were used to test whether MWHs increased facility delivery for women living in rural Zambia. Difference-in-differences (DID) methodology was used to examine the effectiveness of the core MWH model on our identified outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in the change from baseline to study period in the percentage of women living >10 km from a health facility who: (1) delivered at the health facility, (2) attended a postnatal care (PNC) visit and (3) were referred to a higher-level health facility between intervention and comparison group. RESULTS We detected a significant difference in the percentage of deliveries at intervention facilities with the core MWH model for all women living >10 km away (DID 4.2%, 95% CI 0.6-7.6, P = 0.03), adolescent women (<18 years) living >10 km away (DID 18.1%, 95% CI 6.3-29.8, P = 0.002) and primigravida women living >10 km away (DID 9.3%, 95% CI 2.4-16.4, P = 0.01) and for women attending the first PNC visit (DID 17.8%, 95% CI 7.7-28, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The core MWH model was successful in increasing rates of facility delivery for women living >10 km from a healthcare facility, including adolescent women and primigravidas and attendance at the first PNC visit. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT A core MWH model increased facility delivery for women living >10 km from a health facility including adolescents and primigravidas in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lori
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - H Liu
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K L McGlasson
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Zhang
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Lee
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Ngoma
- Zambia Centre for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J L Kaiser
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Bwalya
- Zambia Centre for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - J E Perosky
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R M Fong
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C J Boyd
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P Chastain
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P C Rockers
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D H Hamer
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Biemba
- Paediatric Centre of Excellence, National Health Research Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - T Vian
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Bonawitz
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Lockhart
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N A Scott
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Macharia PM, Joseph NK, Sartorius B, Snow RW, Okiro EA. Subnational estimates of factors associated with under-five mortality in Kenya: a spatio-temporal analysis, 1993-2014. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004544. [PMID: 33858833 PMCID: PMC8054106 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve child survival, it is necessary to describe and understand the spatial and temporal variation of factors associated with child survival beyond national aggregates, anchored at decentralised health planning units. Therefore, we aimed to provide subnational estimates of factors associated with child survival while elucidating areas of progress, stagnation and decline in Kenya. METHODS Twenty household surveys and three population censuses conducted since 1989 were assembled and spatially aligned to 47 subnational Kenyan county boundaries. Bayesian spatio-temporal Gaussian process regression models accounting for inadequate sample size and spatio-temporal relatedness were fitted for 43 factors at county level between 1993 and 2014. RESULTS Nationally, the coverage and prevalence were highly variable with 38 factors recording an improvement. The absolute percentage change (1993-2014) was heterogeneous ranging between 1% and 898%. At the county level, the estimates varied across space and over time with a majority showing improvements after 2008 which was preceded by a period of deterioration (late-1990 to early-2000). Counties in Northern Kenya were consistently observed to have lower coverage of interventions and remained disadvantaged in 2014 while areas around Central Kenya had and historically have had higher coverage across all intervention domains. Most factors in Western and South-East Kenya recorded moderate intervention coverage although having a high infection prevalence of both HIV and malaria. CONCLUSION The heterogeneous estimates necessitates prioritisation of the marginalised counties to achieve health equity and improve child survival uniformly across the country. Efforts are required to narrow the gap between counties across all the drivers of child survival. The generated estimates will facilitate improved benchmarking and establish a baseline for monitoring child development goals at subnational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Macharia
- Population Health Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noel K Joseph
- Population Health Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert W Snow
- Population Health Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emelda A Okiro
- Population Health Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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17
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Defar A, Okwaraji YB, Tigabu Z, Persson LÅ, Alemu K. Distance, difference in altitude and socioeconomic determinants of utilisation of maternal and child health services in Ethiopia: a geographic and multilevel modelling analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042095. [PMID: 33602705 PMCID: PMC7896622 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed whether geographic distance and difference in altitude between home to health facility and household socioeconomic status were associated with utilisation of maternal and child health services in rural Ethiopia. DESIGN Household and health facility surveys were conducted from December 2018 to February 2019. SETTING Forty-six districts in the Ethiopian regions: Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples. PARTICIPANTS A total of 11 877 women aged 13-49 years and 5786 children aged 2-59 months were included. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcomes were four or more antenatal care visits, facility delivery, full child immunisation and utilisation of health services for sick children. A multilevel analysis was carried out with adjustments for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Overall, 39% (95% CI: 35 to 42) women had attended four or more antenatal care visits, and 55% (95% CI: 51 to 58) women delivered at health facilities. One in three (36%, 95% CI: 33 to 39) of children had received full immunisations and 35% (95% CI: 31 to 39) of sick children used health services. A long distance (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.57; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.96) and larger difference in altitude (AOR=0.34; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.59) were associated with fewer facility deliveries. Larger difference in altitude was associated with a lower proportion of antenatal care visits (AOR=0.46; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.74). A higher wealth index was associated with a higher proportion of antenatal care visits (AOR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.75) and health facility deliveries (AOR=2.11; 95% CI: 2.11 to 6.48). There was no association between distance, difference in altitude or wealth index and children being fully immunised or seeking care when they were sick. CONCLUSION Achieving universal access to maternal and child health services will require not only strategies to increase coverage but also targeted efforts to address the geographic and socioeconomic differentials in care utilisation, especially for maternal health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12040912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atkure Defar
- Health System and Reproductive Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yemisrach B Okwaraji
- Health System and Reproductive Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Zemene Tigabu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lars Åke Persson
- Health System and Reproductive Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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18
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Odland ML, Whitaker J, Nepogodiev D, Aling' CA, Bagahirwa I, Dushime T, Erlangga D, Mpirimbanyi C, Muneza S, Nkeshimana M, Nyundo M, Umuhoza C, Uwitonze E, Steans J, Rushton A, Belli A, Byiringiro JC, Bekele A, Davies J. Identifying, Prioritizing and Visually Mapping Barriers to Injury Care in Rwanda: A Multi-disciplinary Stakeholder Exercise. World J Surg 2021; 44:2903-2918. [PMID: 32440950 PMCID: PMC7385009 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Whilst injuries are a major cause of disability and death worldwide, a large proportion of people in low- and middle-income countries lack timely access to injury care. Barriers to accessing care from the point of injury to return to function have not been delineated. Methods A two-day workshop was held in Kigali, Rwanda in May 2019 with representation from health providers, academia, and government. A four delays model (delays to seeking, reaching, receiving, and remaining in care) was applied to injury care. Participants identified barriers at each delay and graded, through consensus, their relative importance. Following an iterative voting process, the four highest priority barriers were identified. Based on workshop findings and a scoping review, a map was created to visually represent injury care access as a complex health-system problem.
Results Initially, 42 barriers were identified by the 34 participants. 19 barriers across all four delays were assigned high priority; highest-priority barriers were “Training and retention of specialist staff”, “Health education/awareness of injury severity”, “Geographical coverage of referral trauma centres”, and “Lack of protocol for bypass to referral centres”. The literature review identified evidence relating to 14 of 19 high-priority barriers. Most barriers were mapped to more than one of the four delays, visually represented in a complex health-system map.
Conclusion Overcoming barriers to ensure access to quality injury care requires a multifaceted approach which considers the whole patient journey from injury to rehabilitation. Our results can guide researchers and policymakers planning future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lisa Odland
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Whitaker
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, King's College London, Room 2.13, Global Health Offices, Weston Education Centre, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK. .,Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Dmitri Nepogodiev
- National Institute for Health Research, Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Darius Erlangga
- Warwick Medical School, Population Evidence and Technologies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | - Martin Nyundo
- University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda.,University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Christian Umuhoza
- University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Jill Steans
- Department of Political Science and International Studies, School of Government and Society, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison Rushton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jean Claude Byiringiro
- University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda.,University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Abebe Bekele
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Justine Davies
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, King's College London, Room 2.13, Global Health Offices, Weston Education Centre, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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19
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Exploring country-wide equitable government health care facility access in Uganda. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:38. [PMID: 33461568 PMCID: PMC7814723 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rural access to health care remains a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa due to urban bias, social determinants of health, and transportation-related barriers. Health systems in Sub-Saharan Africa often lack equity, leaving disproportionately less health center access for the poorest residents with the highest health care needs. Lack of health care equity in Sub-Saharan Africa has become of increasing concern as countries enter a period of simultaneous high infectious and non-communicable disease burdens, the second of which requires a robust primary care network due to a long continuum of care. Bicycle ownership has been proposed and promoted as one tool to reduce travel-related barriers to health-services among the poor. Methods An accessibility analysis was conducted to identify the proportion of Ugandans within one-hour travel time to government health centers using walking, bicycling, and driving scenarios. Statistically significant clusters of high and low travel time to health centers were calculated using spatial statistics. Random Forest analysis was used to explore the relationship between poverty, population density, health center access in minutes, and time saved in travel to health centers using a bicycle instead of walking. Linear Mixed-Effects Models were then used to validate the performance of the random forest models. Results The percentage of Ugandans within a one-hour walking distance of the nearest health center II is 71.73%, increasing to 90.57% through bicycles. Bicycles increased one-hour access to the nearest health center III from 53.05 to 80.57%, increasing access to the tiered integrated national laboratory system by 27.52 percentage points. Significant clusters of low health center access were associated with areas of high poverty and urbanicity. A strong direct relationship between travel time to health center and poverty exists at all health center levels. Strong disparities between urban and rural populations exist, with rural poor residents facing disproportionately long travel time to health center compared to wealthier urban residents. Conclusions The results of this study highlight how the most vulnerable Ugandans, who are the least likely to afford transportation, experience the highest prohibitive travel distances to health centers. Bicycles appear to be a “pro-poor” tool to increase health access equity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-020-01371-5.
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20
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Kim C, Tappis H, Natiq L, Fried B, Lich KH, Delamater PL, Weinberger M, Trogdon JG. Travel time, availability of emergency obstetric care, and perceived quality of care associated with maternal healthcare utilisation in Afghanistan: A multilevel analysis. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:569-586. [PMID: 33460359 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1873400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited understanding of factors such as travel time, availability of emergency obstetric care (EmOC), and satisfaction/perceived quality of care on the utilisation of maternal health services exists in fragile and conflict-affect settings. We examined these key factors on three utilisation outcomes: at least one skilled antenatal care (ANC) visit, in-facility delivery, and bypassing the nearest public facility for childbirth in Afghanistan from 2010 to 2015. We used three-level multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models to assess the relationships between women's and their nearest public facilities' characteristics and outcomes. The nearest facility score for satisfaction/perceived quality was associated with having at least one skilled ANC visit (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.36). Women whose nearest facility provided EmOC had a higher odds of in-facility childbirth compared to women whose nearest facility did not (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.48). Nearest hospital travel time (AOR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.98) and nearest facility satisfaction/perceived quality (AOR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.82) were associated with lower odds of women bypassing their nearest facility. Afghanistan has made progress in expanding access to maternal healthcare services during the ongoing conflict. Addressing key barriers is essential to ensure that women have access to life-saving services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Tappis
- Technical Leadership and Innovations Department, Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laila Natiq
- Silk Route Training and Research Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Bruce Fried
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morris Weinberger
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin G Trogdon
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Ferreira LZ, Blumenberg C, Utazi CE, Nilsen K, Hartwig FP, Tatem AJ, Barros AJD. Geospatial estimation of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health indicators: a systematic review of methodological aspects of studies based on household surveys. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:41. [PMID: 33050935 PMCID: PMC7552506 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geospatial approaches are increasingly used to produce fine spatial scale estimates of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) indicators in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to describe important methodological aspects and specificities of geospatial approaches applied to RMNCH coverage and impact outcomes and enable non-specialist readers to critically evaluate and interpret these studies. METHODS Two independent searches were carried out using Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, SCIELO and LILACS electronic databases. Studies based on survey data using geospatial approaches on RMNCH in LMICs were considered eligible. Studies whose outcomes were not measures of occurrence were excluded. RESULTS We identified 82 studies focused on over 30 different RMNCH outcomes. Bayesian hierarchical models were the predominant modeling approach found in 62 studies. 5 × 5 km estimates were the most common resolution and the main source of information was Demographic and Health Surveys. Model validation was under reported, with the out-of-sample method being reported in only 56% of the studies and 13% of the studies did not present a single validation metric. Uncertainty assessment and reporting lacked standardization, and more than a quarter of the studies failed to report any uncertainty measure. CONCLUSIONS The field of geospatial estimation focused on RMNCH outcomes is clearly expanding. However, despite the adoption of a standardized conceptual modeling framework for generating finer spatial scale estimates, methodological aspects such as model validation and uncertainty demand further attention as they are both essential in assisting the reader to evaluate the estimates that are being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Z Ferreira
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - C Edson Utazi
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kristine Nilsen
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Fernando P Hartwig
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aluisio J D Barros
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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22
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Shibre G, Zegeye B, Ahinkorah BO, Keetile M, Yaya S. Magnitude and trends in socio-economic and geographic inequality in access to birth by cesarean section in Tanzania: evidence from five rounds of Tanzania demographic and health surveys (1996-2015). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 78:80. [PMID: 32944238 PMCID: PMC7491176 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Majority of maternal deaths are avoidable through quality obstetric care such as Cesarean Section (CS). However, in low-and middle-income countries, many women are still dying due to lack of obstetric services. Tanzania is one of the African countries where maternal mortality is high. However, there is paucity of evidence related to the magnitude and trends of disparities in CS utilization in the country. This study examined both the magnitude and trends in socio-economic and geographic inequalities in access to birth by CS. Methods Data were extracted from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHSs) (1996–2015) and analyzed using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. First, access to birth by CS was disaggregated by four equity stratifiers: wealth index, education, residence and region. Second, we measured the inequality through summary measures, namely Difference (D), Ratio (R), Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII). A 95% confidence interval was constructed for point estimates to measure statistical significance. Results The results showed variations in access to birth by CS across socioeconomic, urban-rural and regional subgroups in Tanzania from 1996 to 2015. Among the poorest subgroups, there was a 1.38 percentage points increase in CS coverage between 1996 and 2015 whereas approximately 11 percentage points increase was found among the richest subgroups within same period of time. The coverage of CS increased by nearly 1 percentage point, 3 percentage points and 9 percentage points among non-educated, those who had primary education and secondary or higher education, respectively over the last 19 years. The increase in coverage among rural residents was 2 percentage points and nearly 8 percentage points among urban residents over the last 19 years. Substantial disparity in CS coverage was recorded in all the studied surveys. For instance, in the most recent survey, pro-rich (RII = 15.55, 95% UI; 10.44, 20.66, SII = 15.8, 95% UI; 13.70, 17.91), pro-educated (RII = 13.71, 95% UI; 9.04, 18.38, SII = 16.04, 95% UI; 13.58, 18.49), pro-urban (R = 3.18, 95% UI; 2.36, 3.99), and subnational (D = 16.25, 95% UI; 10.02, 22.48) absolute and relative inequalities were observed. Conclusion The findings showed that over the last 19 years, women who were uneducated, poorest/poor, living in rural settings and from regions such as Zanzibar South, appeared to utilize CS services less in Tanzania. Therefore, such subpopulations need to be the central focus of policies and programmes implemmentation to improve CS services coverage and enhance equity-based CS services utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebretsadik Shibre
- Department of Reproductive, Family and Population Health, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betregiorgis Zegeye
- Shewarobit Field Office, HaSET Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mpho Keetile
- Population Studies and Demography, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada.,The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Wigley AS, Tejedor-Garavito N, Alegana V, Carioli A, Ruktanonchai CW, Pezzulo C, Matthews Z, Tatem AJ, Nilsen K. Measuring the availability and geographical accessibility of maternal health services across sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Med 2020; 18:237. [PMID: 32895051 PMCID: PMC7487649 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With universal health coverage a key component of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, targeted monitoring is crucial for reducing inequalities in the provision of services. However, monitoring largely occurs at the national level, masking sub-national variation. Here, we estimate indicators for measuring the availability and geographical accessibility of services, at national and sub-national levels across sub-Saharan Africa, to show how data at varying spatial scales and input data can considerably impact monitoring outcomes. METHODS Availability was estimated using the World Health Organization guidelines for monitoring emergency obstetric care, defined as the number of hospitals per 500,000 population. Geographical accessibility was estimated using the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, defined as the proportion of pregnancies within 2 h of the nearest hospital. These were calculated using geo-located hospital data for sub-Saharan Africa, with their associated travel times, along with small area estimates of population and pregnancies. The results of the availability analysis were then compared to the results of the accessibility analysis, to highlight differences between the availability and geographical accessibility of services. RESULTS Despite most countries meeting the targets at the national level, we identified substantial sub-national variation, with 58% of the countries having at least one administrative unit not meeting the availability target at province level and 95% at district level. Similarly, 56% of the countries were found to have at least one province not meeting the accessibility target, increasing to 74% at the district level. When comparing both availability and accessibility within countries, most countries were found to meet both targets; however sub-nationally, many countries fail to meet one or the other. CONCLUSION While many of the countries met the targets at the national level, we found large within-country variation. Monitoring under the current guidelines, using national averages, can mask these areas of need, with potential consequences for vulnerable women and children. It is imperative therefore that indicators for monitoring the availability and geographical accessibility of health care reflect this need, if targets for universal health coverage are to be met by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Wigley
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - N Tejedor-Garavito
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - V Alegana
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK
| | - A Carioli
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C Pezzulo
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Z Matthews
- Division of Social Statistics and Demography & Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - A J Tatem
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - K Nilsen
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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24
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Kurji J, Talbot B, Bulcha G, Bedru KH, Morankar S, Gebretsadik LA, Wordofa MA, Welch V, Labonte R, Kulkarni MA. Uncovering spatial variation in maternal healthcare service use at subnational level in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:703. [PMID: 32736622 PMCID: PMC7394677 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of disaggregated national data suggest uneven access to essential maternal healthcare services within countries. This is of concern as it hinders equitable progress in health outcomes. Mounting an effective response requires identification of subnational areas that may be lagging behind. This paper aims to explore spatial variation in maternal healthcare service use at health centre catchment, village and household levels. Spatial correlations of service use with household wealth and women’s education levels were also assessed. Methods Using survey data from 3758 households enrolled in a cluster randomized trial geographical variation in the use of maternity waiting homes (MWH), antenatal care (ANC), delivery care and postnatal care (PNC) was investigated in three districts in Jimma Zone. Correlations of service use with education and wealth levels were also explored among 24 health centre catchment areas using choropleth maps. Global spatial autocorrelation was assessed using Moran’s I. Cluster analyses were performed at village and household levels using Getis Ord Gi* and Kulldorf spatial scan statistics to identify cluster locations. Results Significant global spatial autocorrelation was present in ANC use (Moran’s I = 0.15, p value = 0.025), delivery care (Moran’s I = 0.17, p value = 0.01) and PNC use (Moran’s I = 0.31, p value < 0.01), but not MWH use (Moran’s I = -0.005, p value = 0.94) suggesting clustering of villages with similarly high (hot spots) and/or low (cold spots) service use. Hot spots were detected in health centre catchments in Gomma district while Kersa district had cold spots. High poverty or low education catchments generally had low levels of service use, but there were exceptions. At village level, hot and cold spots were detected for ANC, delivery care and PNC use. Household-level analyses revealed a primary cluster of elevated MWH-use not detected previously. Further investigation of spatial heterogeneity is warranted. Conclusions Sub-national variation in maternal healthcare services exists in Jimma Zone. There was relatively higher poverty and lower education in areas where service use cold spots were identified. Re-directing resources to vulnerable sub-groups and locations lagging behind will be necessary to ensure equitable progress in maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaameeta Kurji
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada.
| | - Benoit Talbot
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Gebeyehu Bulcha
- Jimma Zone Health Office, Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kunuz Haji Bedru
- Jimma Zone Health Office, Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sudhakar Morankar
- Department of Health, Behaviour & Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Vivian Welch
- Centre for Global Health, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ronald Labonte
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Manisha A Kulkarni
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
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25
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Wairoto KG, Joseph NK, Macharia PM, Okiro EA. Determinants of subnational disparities in antenatal care utilisation: a spatial analysis of demographic and health survey data in Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:665. [PMID: 32682421 PMCID: PMC7368739 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial variation in antenatal care (ANC) utilisation is likely associated with disparities observed in maternal and neonatal deaths. Most maternal deaths are preventable through services offered during ANC; however, estimates of ANC coverage at lower decision-making units (sub-county) is mostly lacking. In this study, we aimed to estimate the coverage of at least four ANC (ANC4) visits at the sub-county level using the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS 2014) and identify factors associated with ANC utilisation in Kenya. METHODS Data from the KDHS 2014 was used to compute sub-county estimates of ANC4 using small area estimation (SAE) techniques which relied on spatial relatedness to yield precise and reliable estimates at each of the 295 sub-counties. Hierarchical mixed-effect logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing ANC4 utilisation. Sub-county estimates of factors significantly associated with ANC utilisation were produced using SAE techniques and mapped to visualise disparities. RESULTS The coverage of ANC4 across sub-counties was heterogeneous, ranging from a low of 17% in Mandera West sub-county to over 77% in Nakuru Town West and Ruiru sub-counties. Thirty-one per cent of the 295 sub-counties had coverage of less than 50%. Maternal education, household wealth, place of delivery, marital status, age at first marriage, and birth order were all associated with ANC utilisation. The areas with low ANC4 utilisation rates corresponded to areas of low socioeconomic status, fewer educated women and a small number of health facility deliveries. CONCLUSION Suboptimal coverage of ANC4 and its heterogeneity at sub-county level calls for urgent, focused and localised approaches to improve access to antenatal care services. Policy formulation and resources allocation should rely on data-driven strategies to guide national and county governments achieve equity in access and utilisation of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefa G. Wairoto
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noel K. Joseph
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter M. Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emelda A. Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
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26
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Dotse-Gborgbortsi W, Tatem AJ, Alegana V, Utazi CE, Ruktanonchai CW, Wright J. Spatial inequalities in skilled attendance at birth in Ghana: a multilevel analysis integrating health facility databases with household survey data. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1044-1054. [PMID: 32632981 PMCID: PMC7613541 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed at using survey data to predict skilled attendance at birth (SBA) across Ghana from healthcare quality and health facility accessibility. Methods Through a cross-sectional, observational study, we used a random intercept mixed effects multilevel logistic modelling approach to estimate the odds of having SBA and then applied model estimates to spatial layers to assess the probability of SBA at high-spatial resolution across Ghana. We combined data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), routine birth registers, a service provision assessment of emergency obstetric care services, gridded population estimates and modelled travel time to health facilities. Results Within an hour’s travel, 97.1% of women sampled in the DHS could access any health facility, 96.6% could reach a facility providing birthing services, and 86.2% could reach a secondary hospital. After controlling for characteristics of individual women, living in an urban area and close proximity to a health facility with high-quality services were significant positive determinants of SBA uptake. The estimated variance suggests significant effects of cluster and region on SBA as 7.1% of the residual variation in the propensity to use SBA is attributed to unobserved regional characteristics and 16.5% between clusters within regions. Conclusion Given the expansion of primary care facilities in Ghana, this study suggests that higher quality healthcare services, as opposed to closer proximity of facilities to women, is needed to widen SBA uptake and improve maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,WorldPop Research Group, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,WorldPop Research Group, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Victor Alegana
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,WorldPop Research Group, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - C Edson Utazi
- WorldPop Research Group, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Corrine Warren Ruktanonchai
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,WorldPop Research Group, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jim Wright
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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27
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Ihantamalala FA, Herbreteau V, Révillion C, Randriamihaja M, Commins J, Andréambeloson T, Rafenoarimalala FH, Randrianambinina A, Cordier LF, Bonds MH, Garchitorena A. Improving geographical accessibility modeling for operational use by local health actors. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:27. [PMID: 32631348 PMCID: PMC7339519 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical accessibility to health facilities remains one of the main barriers to access care in rural areas of the developing world. Although methods and tools exist to model geographic accessibility, the lack of basic geographic information prevents their widespread use at the local level for targeted program implementation. The aim of this study was to develop very precise, context-specific estimates of geographic accessibility to care in a rural district of Madagascar to help with the design and implementation of interventions that improve access for remote populations. METHODS We used a participatory approach to map all the paths, residential areas, buildings and rice fields on OpenStreetMap (OSM). We estimated shortest routes from every household in the District to the nearest primary health care center (PHC) and community health site (CHS) with the Open Source Routing Machine (OSMR) tool. Then, we used remote sensing methods to obtain a high resolution land cover map, a digital elevation model and rainfall data to model travel speed. Travel speed models were calibrated with field data obtained by GPS tracking in a sample of 168 walking routes. Model results were used to predict travel time to seek care at PHCs and CHSs for all the shortest routes estimated earlier. Finally, we integrated geographical accessibility results into an e-health platform developed with R Shiny. RESULTS We mapped over 100,000 buildings, 23,000 km of footpaths, and 4925 residential areas throughout Ifanadiana district; these data are freely available on OSM. We found that over three quarters of the population lived more than one hour away from a PHC, and 10-15% lived more than 1 h away from a CHS. Moreover, we identified areas in the North and East of the district where the nearest PHC was further than 5 h away, and vulnerable populations across the district with poor geographical access (> 1 h) to both PHCs and CHSs. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates how to improve geographical accessibility modeling so that results can be context-specific and operationally actionable by local health actors. The importance of such approaches is paramount for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in rural areas throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felana Angella Ihantamalala
- NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar. .,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Vincent Herbreteau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 228 Espace-Dev (IRD, UA, UG, UM, UR), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Christophe Révillion
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 228 Espace-Dev (IRD, UA, UG, UM, UR), Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Mauricianot Randriamihaja
- NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,School of Management and Technological Innovation, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Jérémy Commins
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 228 Espace-Dev (IRD, UA, UG, UM, UR), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tanjona Andréambeloson
- NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,School of Management and Technological Innovation, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Matthew H Bonds
- NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Andres Garchitorena
- NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Floyd JR, Ogola J, Fèvre EM, Wardrop N, Tatem AJ, Ruktanonchai NW. Activity-specific mobility of adults in a rural region of western Kenya. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8798. [PMID: 32377444 PMCID: PMC7195828 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving rural household access to resources such as markets, schools and healthcare can help alleviate poverty in low-income settings. Current models of geographic accessibility to various resources rarely take individual variation into account due to a lack of appropriate data, yet understanding mobility at an individual level is key to knowing how people access their local resources. Our study used both an activity-specific survey and GPS trackers to evaluate how adults in a rural area of western Kenya accessed local resources. We calculated the travel time and time spent at six different types of resource and compared the GPS and survey data to see how well they matched. We found links between several demographic characteristics and the time spent at different resources, and that the GPS data reflected the survey data well for time spent at some types of resource, but poorly for others. We conclude that demography and activity are important drivers of mobility, and a better understanding of individual variation in mobility could be obtained through the use of GPS trackers on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Floyd
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Ogola
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Wardrop
- Department for International Development, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nick W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Manda S, Haushona N, Bergquist R. A Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Approaches Using Health Survey Data in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3070. [PMID: 32354095 PMCID: PMC7246597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial analysis has become an increasingly used analytic approach to describe and analyze spatial characteristics of disease burden, but the depth and coverage of its usage for health surveys data in Sub-Saharan Africa are not well known. The objective of this scoping review was to conduct an evaluation of studies using spatial statistics approaches for national health survey data in the SSA region. An organized literature search for studies related to spatial statistics and national health surveys was conducted through PMC, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, NLM Catalog, and Science Direct electronic databases. Of the 4,193 unique articles identified, 153 were included in the final review. Spatial smoothing and prediction methods were predominant (n = 108), followed by spatial description aggregation (n = 25), and spatial autocorrelation and clustering (n = 19). Bayesian statistics methods and lattice data modelling were predominant (n = 108). Most studies focused on malaria and fever (n = 47) followed by health services coverage (n = 38). Only fifteen studies employed nonstandard spatial analyses (e.g., spatial model assessment, joint spatial modelling, accounting for survey design). We recommend that for future spatial analysis using health survey data in the SSA region, there must be an improve recognition and awareness of the potential dangers of a naïve application of spatial statistical methods. We also recommend a wide range of applications using big health data and the future of data science for health systems to monitor and evaluate impacts that are not well understood at local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Manda
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Ndamonaonghenda Haushona
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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30
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Ruktanonchai CW, Nieves JJ, Ruktanonchai NW, Nilsen K, Steele JE, Matthews Z, Tatem AJ. Estimating uncertainty in geospatial modelling at multiple spatial resolutions: the pattern of delivery via caesarean section in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 4:e002092. [PMID: 32154032 PMCID: PMC7044704 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualising maternal and newborn health (MNH) outcomes at fine spatial resolutions is crucial to ensuring the most vulnerable women and children are not left behind in improving health. Disaggregated data on life-saving MNH interventions remain difficult to obtain, however, necessitating the use of Bayesian geostatistical models to map outcomes at small geographical areas. While these methods have improved model parameter estimates and precision among spatially correlated health outcomes and allowed for the quantification of uncertainty, few studies have examined the trade-off between higher spatial resolution modelling and how associated uncertainty propagates. Here, we explored the trade-off between model outcomes and associated uncertainty at increasing spatial resolutions by quantifying the posterior distribution of delivery via caesarean section (c-section) in Tanzania. Overall, in modelling delivery via c-section at multiple spatial resolutions, we demonstrated poverty to be negatively correlated across spatial resolutions, suggesting important disparities in obtaining life-saving obstetric surgery persist across sociodemographic factors. Lastly, we found that while uncertainty increased with higher spatial resolution input, model precision was best approximated at the highest spatial resolution, suggesting an important policy trade-off between identifying concealed spatial heterogeneities in health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremiah J Nieves
- School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nick W Ruktanonchai
- School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kristine Nilsen
- School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jessica E Steele
- School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Zoe Matthews
- Department of Social Statistics & Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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31
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Lam ND, Anh ND, Ha NTT, Vinh TQ, Anh VTM, Kien VD. Socioeconomic inequalities in post-natal health checks for the newborn in Vietnam. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:128. [PMID: 31420044 PMCID: PMC6697903 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-1029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The newborn and child death associated with inadequate post-natal health checks continued to be a significant issue across the world. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in post-natal health checks for the newborn in Vietnam in 2014. Methods We used the secondary data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in 2014. We included women aged 15–49 years who had a live birth within two years of the time of the interview. We estimated the concentration index to measure socioeconomic inequalities post-natal health checks for the newborn. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with post-natal health checks for the newborn. Results Overall, the proportion of post-natal health checks for the newborn in Vietnam was 89.1%. The concentration index of post-natal health checks for the newborn was positive at 0.06. It indicated that the newborns in the rich households were more likely to get post-natal health checks as compared to in the poor households. The common factors significantly associated with the higher percentage of post-natal health checks for the newborn were women belonging to the Kinh and Hoa ethnic, higher education, and wealthier groups. Conclusion Socioeconomic inequalities in post-natal health checks for the newborn in Vietnam were not strong, but it still existed. Thus, we recommended that policy efforts to increase access to post-natal health services for poor women. In addition, there is a need to improve access to post-natal health services for women belonging to minor ethnic group and low education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duc Lam
- Hanoi Medical University, No1. Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, No. 929 La Thanh Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Duy Anh
- Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, No. 929 La Thanh Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, No. 929 La Thanh Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Vinh
- Vietnam National University, No 144 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Mai Anh
- Health Strategy and Policy Institute, A36 Lane, Ho Tung Mau St, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duy Kien
- OnCare Medical Technology Company Limited, No. 77/508 Lang Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
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32
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Dube YP, Ruktanonchai CW, Sacoor C, Tatem AJ, Munguambe K, Boene H, Vilanculo FC, Sevene E, Matthews Z, von Dadelszen P, Makanga PT. How accurate are modelled birth and pregnancy estimates? Comparison of four models using high resolution maternal health census data in southern Mozambique. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e000894. [PMID: 31354980 PMCID: PMC6623987 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existence of inequalities in quality and access to healthcare services at subnational levels has been identified despite a decline in maternal and perinatal mortality rates at national levels, leading to the need to investigate such conditions using geographical analysis. The need to assess the accuracy of global demographic distribution datasets at all subnational levels arises from the current emphasis on subnational monitoring of maternal and perinatal health progress, by the new targets stated in the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods The analysis involved comparison of four models generated using Worldpop methods, incorporating region-specific input data, as measured through the Community Level Intervention for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) project. Normalised root mean square error was used to determine and compare the models’ prediction errors at different administrative unit levels. Results The models’ prediction errors are lower at higher administrative unit levels. All datasets showed the same pattern for both the live birth and pregnancy estimates. The effect of improving spatial resolution and accuracy of input data was more prominent at higher administrative unit levels. Conclusion The validation successfully highlighted the impact of spatial resolution and accuracy of maternal and perinatal health data in modelling estimates of pregnancies and live births. There is a need for more data collection techniques that conduct comprehensive censuses like the CLIP project. It is also imperative for such projects to take advantage of the power of mapping tools at their disposal to fill the gaps in the availability of datasets for populated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolisa Prudence Dube
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Andrew J Tatem
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Helena Boene
- Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Zoe Matthews
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Prestige Tatenda Makanga
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
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Tanou M, Kamiya Y. Assessing the impact of geographical access to health facilities on maternal healthcare utilization: evidence from the Burkina Faso demographic and health survey 2010. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:838. [PMID: 31248393 PMCID: PMC6598277 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving maternal and child health (MCH) remains a serious challenge for many developing countries. Geographical accessibility from a residence to the nearest health facility is suspected to be an important obstacle hampering the use of appropriate services for MCH especially in Sub-Sharan African countries. In Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in the Sahel region of West Africa, women's use of proper healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth is still low. This study therefore assessed the impact of geographical access to health facilities on maternal healthcare utilization in Burkina Faso. METHODS We used the Burkina Faso demographic and health survey (DHS) 2010 dataset, with its sample of 10,364 mothers aged 15-49 years. Distance from residential areas to the closest health facility was measured by merging the DHS dataset with Geographic Information System data on the location of health centers in Burkina Faso. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the effects of distance on maternal healthcare utilization. RESULTS Regression results revealed that the longer the distance to the closest health center, the less likely it is that a woman will receive appropriate maternal healthcare services. The estimates show that one kilometer increase in distance to the closest health center reduces the odds that a woman will receive four or more antenatal care by 0.05 and reduces by 0.267 the odds that she will deliver her baby with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant. CONCLUSIONS Improving geographical access to health facilities increases the use of appropriate healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth. Investment in transport infrastructure should be a prioritized target for further improvement in MCH in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Tanou
- Ministry of Infrastructure, Building Lamizana, Ouagadougou, 03BP7011, Burkina Faso
| | - Yusuke Kamiya
- Ryukoku University, Faculty of Economics, 67 Tsukamoto-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8577, Japan.
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34
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Ruktanonchai CW, Nilsen K, Alegana VA, Bosco C, Ayiko R, Seven Kajeguka AC, Matthews Z, Tatem AJ. Temporal trends in spatial inequalities of maternal and newborn health services among four east African countries, 1999-2015. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1339. [PMID: 30514269 PMCID: PMC6278077 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan Africa continues to account for the highest regional maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the world, at just under 550 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015, compared to a global rate of 216 deaths. Spatial inequalities in access to life-saving maternal and newborn health (MNH) services persist within sub-Saharan Africa, however, with varied improvement over the past two decades. While previous research within the East African Community (EAC) region has examined utilisation of MNH care as an emergent property of geographic accessibility, no research has examined how these spatial inequalities have evolved over time at similar spatial scales. METHODS Here, we analysed temporal trends of spatial inequalities in utilisation of antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA), and postnatal care (PNC) among four East African countries. Specifically, we used Bayesian spatial statistics to generate district-level estimates of these services for several time points using Demographic and Health Surveys data in Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda. We examined temporal trends of both absolute and relative indices over time, including the absolute difference between estimates, as well as change in performance ratios of the best-to-worst performing districts per country. RESULTS Across all countries, we found the greatest spatial equality in ANC, while SBA and PNC tended to have greater spatial variability. In particular, Rwanda represented the only country to consistently increase coverage and reduce spatial inequalities across all services. Conversely, Tanzania had noticeable reductions in ANC coverage throughout most of the country, with some areas experiencing as much as a 55% reduction. Encouragingly, however, we found that performance gaps between districts have generally decreased or remained stably low across all countries, suggesting countries are making improvements to reduce spatial inequalities in these services. CONCLUSIONS We found that while the region is generally making progress in reducing spatial gaps across districts, improvement in PNC coverage has stagnated, and should be monitored closely over the coming decades. This study is the first to report temporal trends in district-level estimates in MNH services across the EAC region, and these findings establish an important baseline of evidence for the Sustainable Development Goal era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine W. Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, SE-11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristine Nilsen
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, SE-11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor A. Alegana
- Population Health Theme, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Claudio Bosco
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, SE-11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rogers Ayiko
- Open Health Initiative, East African Community Secretariat, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Andrew C. Seven Kajeguka
- EAC Integrated Health Programme (EIHP), Health Department, East African Community (EAC) Secretariat, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Zöe Matthews
- Division of Social Statistics and Demography & Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J. Tatem
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, SE-11355 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cavallaro FL, Pembe AB, Campbell O, Hanson C, Tripathi V, Wong KL, Radovich E, Benova L. Caesarean section provision and readiness in Tanzania: analysis of cross-sectional surveys of women and health facilities over time. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024216. [PMID: 30287614 PMCID: PMC6173245 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe trends in caesarean sections and facilities performing caesareans over time in Tanzania and examine the readiness of such facilities in terms of infrastructure, equipment and staffing. DESIGN Nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional surveys of women and health facilities. SETTING Tanzania. PARTICIPANTS Women of reproductive age and health facility staff. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Population-based caesarean rate, absolute annual number of caesareans, percentage of facilities reporting to perform caesareans and three readiness indicators for safe caesarean care: availability of consistent electricity, 24 hour schedule for caesarean and anaesthesia providers, and availability of all general anaesthesia equipment. RESULTS The caesarean rate in Tanzania increased threefold from 2% in 1996 to 6% in 2015-16, while the total number of births increased by 60%. As a result, the absolute number of caesareans increased almost fivefold to 120 000 caesareans per year. The main mechanism sustaining the increase in caesareans was the doubling of median caesarean volume among public hospitals, from 17 caesareans per month in 2006 to 35 in 2014-15. The number of facilities performing caesareans increased only modestly over the same period. Less than half (43%) of caesareans in Tanzania in 2014-15 were performed in facilities meeting the three readiness indicators. Consistent electricity was widely available, and 24 hour schedules for caesarean and (less systematically) anaesthesia providers were observed in most facilities; however, the availability of all general anaesthesia equipment was the least commonly reported indicator, present in only 44% of all facilities (34% of public hospitals). CONCLUSIONS Given the rising trend in numbers of caesareans, urgent improvements in the availability of general anaesthesia equipment and trained anaesthesia staff should be made to ensure the safety of caesareans. Initial efforts should focus on improving anaesthesia provision in public and faith-based organisation hospitals, which together perform more than 90% of all caesareans in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Cavallaro
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrea B Pembe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Oona Campbell
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Claudia Hanson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Kerry Lm Wong
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Radovich
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lenka Benova
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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36
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Ruktanonchai NW, Ruktanonchai CW, Floyd JR, Tatem AJ. Using Google Location History data to quantify fine-scale human mobility. Int J Health Geogr 2018; 17:28. [PMID: 30049275 PMCID: PMC6062973 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-018-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mobility is fundamental to understanding global issues in the health and social sciences such as disease spread and displacements from disasters and conflicts. Detailed mobility data across spatial and temporal scales are difficult to collect, however, with movements varying from short, repeated movements to work or school, to rare migratory movements across national borders. While typical sources of mobility data such as travel history surveys and GPS tracker data can inform different typologies of movement, almost no source of readily obtainable data can address all types of movement at once. Methods Here, we collect Google Location History (GLH) data and examine it as a novel source of information that could link fine scale mobility with rare, long distance and international trips, as it uniquely spans large temporal scales with high spatial granularity. These data are passively collected by Android smartphones, which reach increasingly broad audiences, becoming the most common operating system for accessing the Internet worldwide in 2017. We validate GLH data against GPS tracker data collected from Android users in the United Kingdom to assess the feasibility of using GLH data to inform human movement. Results We find that GLH data span very long temporal periods (over a year on average in our sample), are spatially equivalent to GPS tracker data within 100 m, and capture more international movement than survey data. We also find GLH data avoid compliance concerns seen with GPS trackers and bias in self-reported travel, as GLH is passively collected. We discuss some settings where GLH data could provide novel insights, including infrastructure planning, infectious disease control, and response to catastrophic events, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of using GLH data to inform human mobility patterns. Conclusions GLH data are a greatly underutilized and novel dataset for understanding human movement. While biases exist in populations with GLH data, Android phones are becoming the first and only device purchased to access the Internet and various web services in many middle and lower income settings, making these data increasingly appropriate for a wide range of scientific questions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12942-018-0150-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Warren Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop Project, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Corrine Warren Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop Project, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Rhona Floyd
- WorldPop Project, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop Project, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355, Stockholm, Sweden
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Victora CG, Joseph G, Silva ICM, Maia FS, Vaughan JP, Barros FC, Barros AJD. The Inverse Equity Hypothesis: Analyses of Institutional Deliveries in 286 National Surveys. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:464-471. [PMID: 29470118 PMCID: PMC5844402 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.304277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the inverse equity hypothesis, which postulates that new health interventions are initially adopted by the wealthy and thus increase inequalities-as population coverage increases, only the poorest will lag behind all other groups. METHODS We analyzed the proportion of births occurring in a health facility by wealth quintile in 286 surveys from 89 low- and middle-income countries (1993-2015) and developed an inequality pattern index. Positive values indicate that inequality is driven by early adoption by the wealthy (top inequality), whereas negative values signal bottom inequality. RESULTS Absolute inequalities were widest when national coverage was around 50%. At low national coverage levels, top inequality was evident with coverage in the wealthiest quintile taking off rapidly; at 60% or higher national coverage, bottom inequality became the predominant pattern, with the poorest quintile lagging behind. CONCLUSIONS Policies need to be tailored to inequality patterns. When top inequalities are present, barriers that limit uptake by most of the population must be identified and addressed. When bottom inequalities exist, interventions must be targeted at specific subgroups that are left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Gomes Victora
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - Gary Joseph
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - Inacio C M Silva
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - Fatima S Maia
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - J Patrick Vaughan
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
| | - Aluisio J D Barros
- Cesar Gomes Victora, Gary Joseph, Inacio C. M. Silva, and Aluisio J. D. Barros are with the International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Fatima S. Maia is with the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil. J. Patrick Vaughan is with the Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Fernando C. Barros is with Post Graduate Course in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas
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Hanson C, Gabrysch S, Mbaruku G, Cox J, Mkumbo E, Manzi F, Schellenberg J, Ronsmans C. Access to maternal health services: geographical inequalities, United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95:810-820. [PMID: 29200522 PMCID: PMC5710083 DOI: 10.2471/blt.17.194126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine if improved geographical accessibility led to increased uptake of maternity care in the south of the United Republic of Tanzania. Methods In a household census in 2007 and another large household survey in 2013, we investigated 22 243 and 13 820 women who had had a recent live birth, respectively. The proportions calculated from the 2013 data were weighted to account for the sampling strategy. We examined the association between the straight-line distances to the nearest primary health facility or hospital and uptake of maternity care. Findings The percentages of live births occurring in primary facilities and hospitals rose from 12% (2571/22 243) and 29% (6477/22 243), respectively, in 2007 to weighted values of 39% and 40%, respectively, in 2013. Between the two surveys, women living far from hospitals showed a marked gain in their use of primary facilities, but the proportion giving birth in hospitals remained low (20%). Use of four or more antenatal visits appeared largely unaffected by survey year or the distance to the nearest antenatal clinic. Although the overall percentage of live births delivered by caesarean section increased from 4.1% (913/22 145) in the first survey to a weighted value of 6.5% in the second, the corresponding percentages for women living far from hospital were very low in 2007 (2.8%; 35/1254) and 2013 (3.3%). Conclusion For women living in our study districts who sought maternity care, access to primary facilities appeared to improve between 2007 and 2013, however access to hospital care and caesarean sections remained low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hanson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT England
| | - Sabine Gabrysch
- Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Godfrey Mbaruku
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jonathan Cox
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Elibariki Mkumbo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fatuma Manzi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Joanna Schellenberg
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT England
| | - Carine Ronsmans
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
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Ouma PO, Agutu NO, Snow RW, Noor AM. Univariate and multivariate spatial models of health facility utilisation for childhood fevers in an area on the coast of Kenya. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:34. [PMID: 28923070 PMCID: PMC5604359 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise quantification of health service utilisation is important for the estimation of disease burden and allocation of health resources. Current approaches to mapping health facility utilisation rely on spatial accessibility alone as the predictor. However, other spatially varying social, demographic and economic factors may affect the use of health services. The exclusion of these factors can lead to the inaccurate estimation of health facility utilisation. Here, we compare the accuracy of a univariate spatial model, developed only from estimated travel time, to a multivariate model that also includes relevant social, demographic and economic factors. METHODS A theoretical surface of travel time to the nearest public health facility was developed. These were assigned to each child reported to have had fever in the Kenya demographic and health survey of 2014 (KDHS 2014). The relationship of child treatment seeking for fever with travel time, household and individual factors from the KDHS2014 were determined using multilevel mixed modelling. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and likelihood ratio test (LRT) tests were carried out to measure how selected factors improve parsimony and goodness of fit of the time model. Using the mixed model, a univariate spatial model of health facility utilisation was fitted using travel time as the predictor. The mixed model was also used to compute a multivariate spatial model of utilisation, using travel time and modelled surfaces of selected household and individual factors as predictors. The univariate and multivariate spatial models were then compared using the receiver operating area under the curve (AUC) and a percent correct prediction (PCP) test. RESULTS The best fitting multivariate model had travel time, household wealth index and number of children in household as the predictors. These factors reduced BIC of the time model from 4008 to 2959, a change which was confirmed by the LRT test. Although there was a high correlation of the two modelled probability surfaces (Adj R 2 = 88%), the multivariate model had better AUC compared to the univariate model; 0.83 versus 0.73 and PCP 0.61 versus 0.45 values. CONCLUSION Our study shows that a model that uses travel time, as well as household and individual-level socio-demographic factors, results in a more accurate estimation of use of health facilities for the treatment of childhood fever, compared to one that relies on only travel time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Ouma
- Department of Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nathan O Agutu
- Department of Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdisalan M Noor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Macharia PM, Odera PA, Snow RW, Noor AM. Spatial models for the rational allocation of routinely distributed bed nets to public health facilities in Western Kenya. Malar J 2017; 16:367. [PMID: 28899379 PMCID: PMC5596856 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high to moderate malaria transmission areas of Kenya, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are provided free of charge to pregnant women and infants during routine antenatal care (ANC) and immunization respectively. Quantities of LLINs distributed to clinics are quantified based on a combination of monthly consumption data and population size of target counties. However, this approach has been shown to lead to stock-outs in targeted clinics. In this study, a novel LLINs need quantification approach for clinics in the routine distribution system was developed. The estimated need was then compared to the actual allocation to identify potential areas of LLIN over- or under-allocation in the high malaria transmission areas of Western Kenya. METHODS A geocoded database of public health facilities was developed and linked to monthly LLIN allocation. A network analysis approach was implemented using the location of all public clinics and topographic layers to model travel time. Estimated travel time, socio-economic and ANC attendance data were used to model clinic catchment areas and the probability of ANC service use within these catchments. These were used to define the number of catchment population who were likely to use these clinics for the year 2015 equivalent to LLIN need. Actual LLIN allocation was compared with the estimated need. Clinics were then classified based on whether allocation matched with the need, and if not, whether they were over or under-allocated. RESULTS 888 (70%) public health facilities were allocated 591,880 LLINs in 2015. Approximately 682,377 (93%) pregnant women and infants were likely to have attended an LLIN clinic. 36% of the clinics had more LLIN than was needed (over-allocated) while 43% had received less (under-allocated). Increasing efficiency of allocation by diverting over supply of LLIN to clinics with less stock and fully covering 43 clinics that did not receive nets in 2015 would allow for complete matching of need with distribution. CONCLUSION The proposed spatial modelling framework presents a rationale for equitable allocation of routine LLINs and could be used for quantification of other maternal and child health commodities applicable in different settings. Western Kenya region received adequate LLINs for routine distribution in line with government of Kenya targets, however, the model shows important inefficiencies in the allocation of the LLINs at clinic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Macharia
- Department of Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Patroba A Odera
- Division of Geomatics, School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdisalan M Noor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Thomson DR, Stevens FR, Ruktanonchai NW, Tatem AJ, Castro MC. GridSample: an R package to generate household survey primary sampling units (PSUs) from gridded population data. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:25. [PMID: 28724433 PMCID: PMC5518145 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household survey data are collected by governments, international organizations, and companies to prioritize policies and allocate billions of dollars. Surveys are typically selected from recent census data; however, census data are often outdated or inaccurate. This paper describes how gridded population data might instead be used as a sample frame, and introduces the R GridSample algorithm for selecting primary sampling units (PSU) for complex household surveys with gridded population data. With a gridded population dataset and geographic boundary of the study area, GridSample allows a two-step process to sample "seed" cells with probability proportionate to estimated population size, then "grows" PSUs until a minimum population is achieved in each PSU. The algorithm permits stratification and oversampling of urban or rural areas. The approximately uniform size and shape of grid cells allows for spatial oversampling, not possible in typical surveys, possibly improving small area estimates with survey results. RESULTS We replicated the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in GridSample by sampling the WorldPop 2010 UN-adjusted 100 m × 100 m gridded population dataset, stratifying by Rwanda's 30 districts, and oversampling in urban areas. The 2010 Rwanda DHS had 79 urban PSUs, 413 rural PSUs, with an average PSU population of 610 people. An equivalent sample in GridSample had 75 urban PSUs, 405 rural PSUs, and a median PSU population of 612 people. The number of PSUs differed because DHS added urban PSUs from specific districts while GridSample reallocated rural-to-urban PSUs across all districts. CONCLUSIONS Gridded population sampling is a promising alternative to typical census-based sampling when census data are moderately outdated or inaccurate. Four approaches to implementation have been tried: (1) using gridded PSU boundaries produced by GridSample, (2) manually segmenting gridded PSU using satellite imagery, (3) non-probability sampling (e.g. random-walk, "spin-the-pen"), and random sampling of households. Gridded population sampling is in its infancy, and further research is needed to assess the accuracy and feasibility of gridded population sampling. The GridSample R algorithm can be used to forward this research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R. Thomson
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Building 58, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Forrest R. Stevens
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Louisville, 200 E Shipp Ave, Louisville, KY 40208 USA
| | - Nick W. Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Tatem
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, 11355 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Wang W, Winner M, Burgert-Brucker CR. Limited Service Availability, Readiness, and Use of Facility-Based Delivery Care in Haiti: A Study Linking Health Facility Data and Population Data. GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017; 5:244-260. [PMID: 28539502 PMCID: PMC5487087 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-16-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proximity to a health facility offering delivery services and readiness of the facilities to provide such services were poor in both rural and urban areas outside of Port-au-Prince. Availability of a proximate facility was significantly associated with women in rural and urban areas delivering at a facility, as was the quality of delivery care available at the facilities but only in urban areas. Background: Understanding the barriers that women in Haiti face to giving birth at a health facility is important for improving coverage of facility delivery and reducing persistently high maternal mortality. We linked health facility survey data and population survey data to assess the role of the obstetric service environment in affecting women's use of facility delivery care. Methods: Data came from the 2012 Haiti Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2013 Haiti Service Provision Assessment (SPA) survey. DHS clusters and SPA facilities were linked with their geographic coordinate information. The final analysis sample from the DHS comprised 4,921 women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Service availability was measured with the number of facilities providing delivery services within a specified distance from the cluster (within 5 kilometers for urban areas and 10 kilometers for rural areas). We measured facility readiness to provide obstetric care using 37 indicators defined by the World Health Organization. Random-intercept logistic regressions were used to model the variation in individual use of facility-based delivery care and cluster-level service availability and readiness, adjusting for other factors. Results: Overall, 39% of women delivered their most recent birth at a health facility and 61% delivered at home, with disparities by residence (about 60% delivered at a health facility in urban areas vs. 24% in rural areas). About one-fifth (18%) of women in rural areas and one-tenth (12%) of women in nonmetropolitan urban areas lived in clusters where no facility offered delivery care within the specified distances, while nearly all women (99%) in the metropolitan area lived in clusters that had at least 2 such facilities. Urban clusters had better service readiness compared with rural clusters, with a wide range of variation in both areas. Regression models indicated that in both rural and nonmetropolitan urban areas availability of delivery services was significantly associated with women's greater likelihood of using facility-based delivery care after controlling for other covariates, while facilities' readiness to provide delivery services was also important in nonmetropolitan urban areas. Conclusion: Increasing physical access to delivery care should become a high priority in rural Haiti. In urban areas, where delivery services are more available than in rural areas, improving quality of care at facilities could potentially lead to increased coverage of facility delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, ICF, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Michelle Winner
- The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
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Ruktanonchai CW, Ruktanonchai NW, Nove A, Lopes S, Pezzulo C, Bosco C, Alegana VA, Burgert CR, Ayiko R, Charles AS, Lambert N, Msechu E, Kathini E, Matthews Z, Tatem AJ. Correction: Equality in Maternal and Newborn Health: Modelling Geographic Disparities in Utilisation of Care in Five East African Countries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164519. [PMID: 27711195 PMCID: PMC5053425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162006.].
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