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Parrish SB, Paudel D, Deng Z. Transcriptome analysis of Lantana camara flower petals reveals candidate anthocyanin biosynthesis genes mediating red flower color development. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 14:jkad259. [PMID: 37974306 PMCID: PMC10755171 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Flower color plays a crucial role in the appeal and selection of ornamental plants, directly influencing breeding strategies and the broader horticulture industry. Lantana camara, a widely favored flowering shrub, presents a rich palette of flower colors. Yet, the intricate molecular mechanisms governing this color variation in the species have remained largely unidentified. With the aim of filling this gap, this study embarked on a comprehensive de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis across 3 distinct lantana accessions, each showcasing a unique flower color. By harnessing the capabilities of both PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms, a robust transcriptome assembly, encompassing 123,492 gene clusters and boasting 94.2% BUSCO completeness, was developed. The differential expression analysis unveiled 72,862 unique gene clusters that exhibited varied expression across different flower stages. A pronounced upregulation of 8 candidate core anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in the red-flowered accession was uncovered. This was further complemented by an upregulation of candidate MYB75 (PAP1) and bHLH42 (TT8) transcription factors. A candidate carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD4a) gene cluster also manifested a marked upregulation in white flowers. The study unveils the molecular groundwork of lantana's flower color variation, offering insights for future research and potential applications in breeding ornamental plants with desired color traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brooks Parrish
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Dev Paudel
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
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2
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Zhou N, Yan Y, Wen Y, Zhang M, Huang Y. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis unveils the mechanism of color-transition in Edgeworthia chrysantha tepals. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:567. [PMID: 37968605 PMCID: PMC10652483 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edgeworthia chrysantha, a deciduous shrub endemic to China, is known for its high ornamental value, extensive cultivation history, and wide-ranging applications. However, theoretical research on this plant is severely lacking. While its flowering process displays striking color transitions from green (S1) to yellow (S2) and then to white (S3), the scientific exploration of this phenomenon is limited, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. RESULTS Correlation analysis between phenotypic measurements and pigment content revealed that carotenoids and chlorophyll are the key pigments responsible for the color changes. Metabolomic analysis of carotenoids demonstrated that lutein and β-carotene were present at higher levels in S1, while S2 exhibited increased diversity and quantity of carotenoids compared to other stages. Notably, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, lycopene, and α-cryptoxanthin showed significant increases. In S3, apart from the colorless phytoene, other carotenoid metabolites were significantly reduced to extremely low levels. Transcriptomic data indicated that PSY, Z-ISO, crtZ, ZEP, PDS and ZDS are key genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, while NCED plays a crucial role in carotenoid degradation. SGR was identified as a key gene contributing to the progressive decline in chlorophyll content. Additionally, three transcription factors potentially regulating carotenoid metabolism were also identified. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first systematic investigation, spanning from phenotypic to molecular levels, of the color-changing phenomenon in E. chrysantha. The study elucidates the crucial pigments, metabolites, genes, and transcription factors responsible for flower color changes during the flowering process, thereby providing preliminary understanding of the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of flower color in E. chrysantha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhi Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yujuan Yan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Yafeng Wen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Minhuan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Key Genes Involved in Color Variation between Blue and White Flowers of Iris bulleyana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7407772. [PMID: 36714023 PMCID: PMC9876678 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7407772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Iris bulleyana Dykes (Southwest iris) is an extensively distributed Iridaceae species with blue or white flowers. Hereby, we performed a systematic study, employing metabolomics and transcriptomics to uncover the subtle color differentiation from blue to white in Southwest iris. Fresh flower buds from both cultivars were subjected to flavonoid/anthocyanin and carotenoid-targeted metabolomics along with transcriptomic sequencing. Among 297 flavonoids, 24 anthocyanins were identified, and 13 showed a strong down-accumulation pattern in the white flowers compared to the blue flowers. Significant downregulation of 3GT and 5GT genes involved in the glycosylation of anthocyanins was predicted to hinder the accumulation of anthocyanins, resulting in white coloration. Besides, no significant altered accumulation of carotenoids and expression of their biosynthetic genes was observed between the two cultivars. Our study systematically addressed the color differentiation in I. bulleyana flowers, which can aid future breeding programs.
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Ye S, Hua S, Ma T, Ma X, Chen Y, Wu L, Zhao L, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Shen J, Fu T, Wen J. Genetic and multi-omics analyses reveal BnaA07.PAP2In-184-317 as the key gene conferring anthocyanin-based color in Brassica napus flowers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6630-6645. [PMID: 35857343 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin-based flower coloration remain unknown in Brassica napus. To identify the key genes and metabolites associated with apricot and pink flower colors, metabolome, BSA-seq, and RNA-seq analyses were conducted on apricot-, pink-, yellow-, and white-flowered F2B. napus. Yellow carotenoids and red anthocyanins were abundant in apricot petals, while colorless carotenoids and red anthocyanins accumulated in pink petals. Most carotenoid genes were not differentially regulated between apricot and yellow or between pink and white petals. Three regulator genes, BnaMYBL2, BnaA07.PAP2, and BnaTT8, and structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis were dramatically enhanced in apricot and pink petals in comparison with yellow and white petals. Map-based cloning revealed that BnaA07.PAP2 is responsible for anthocyanin-based flower color and encodes a nucleus-localized protein predominantly expressed in apricot and pink flowers. Two insertions in the promoter region are responsible for the transcriptional activation of BnaA07.PAP2 in flowers. Introducing the BnaA07.PAP2In-184-317 allele broadly activated the expression of anthocyanin-related genes and promoted anthocyanin accumulation in flowers, yielding color change from yellow to apricot. These findings illustrate the genetic basis of anthocyanin-based flower coloration and provide a valuable genetic resource for breeding varieties with novel flower colors in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhua Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lumei Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Production of methylcellulose films functionalized with poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules entrapped β-carotene for food packaging application. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chemical Constituents and Molecular Mechanism of the Yellow Phenotype of Yellow Mushroom (Floccularia luteovirens). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030314. [PMID: 35330317 PMCID: PMC8949800 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Yellow mushroom (Floccularia luteovirens) is a natural resource that is highly nutritional, has a high economic value, and is found in Northwest China. Despite its value, the chemical and molecular mechanisms of yellow phenotype formation are still unclear. (2) Methods: This study uses the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome to explain the molecular mechanism of the formation of yellow mushroom. Subcellular localization and transgene overexpression techniques were used to verify the function of the candidate gene. (3) Results: 112 compounds had a higher expression in yellow mushroom; riboflavin was the ninth most-expressed compound. HPLC showed that a key target peak at 23.128 min under visible light at 444 nm was Vb2. All proteins exhibited the closest relationship with Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus H97. One riboflavin transporter, CL911.Contig3_All (FlMCH5), was highly expressed in yellow mushrooms with a different value (log2 fold change) of −12.98, whereas it was not detected in white mushrooms. FlMCH5 was homologous to the riboflavin transporter MCH5 or MFS transporter in other strains, and the FlMCH5-GFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane. Overexpression of FlMCH5 in tobacco increased the content of riboflavin in three transgenic plants to 26 μg/g, 26.52 μg/g, and 36.94 μg/g, respectively. (4) Conclusions: In this study, it is clear that riboflavin is the main coloring compound of yellow mushrooms, and FlMCH5 is the key transport regulatory gene that produces the yellow phenotype.
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High-density genetic map and genome-wide association studies of aesthetic traits in Phalaenopsis orchids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3346. [PMID: 35228611 PMCID: PMC8885740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis spp. represent the most popular orchids worldwide. Both P. equestris and P. aphrodite are the two important breeding parents with the whole genome sequence available. However, marker–trait association is rarely used for floral traits in Phalaenopsis breeding. Here, we analyzed markers associated with aesthetic traits of Phalaenopsis orchids by using genome-wide association study (GWAS) with the F1 population P. Intermedia of 117 progenies derived from the cross between P. aphrodite and P. equestris. A total of 113,517 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in P. Intermedia by using genotyping-by-sequencing with the combination of two different restriction enzyme pairs, Hinp1 I/Hae III and Apek I/Hae III. The size-related traits from flowers were negatively related to the color-related traits. The 1191 SNPs from Hinp1 I/ Hae III and 23 simple sequence repeats were used to establish a high-density genetic map of 19 homolog groups for P. equestris. In addition, 10 quantitative trait loci were highly associated with four color-related traits on chromosomes 2, 5 and 9. According to the sequence within the linkage disequilibrium regions, 35 candidate genes were identified and related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. In conclusion, we performed marker-assisted gene identification of aesthetic traits with GWAS in Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Yu T, Han G, Luan Z, Zhu C, Zhao J, Sheng Y. Functional Analysis of Genes GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 Encoding Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase (DFR) in Gentiana lutea L. Var. Aurantiaca (M. Laínz) M. Laínz. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1382604. [PMID: 35047628 PMCID: PMC8763498 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1382604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important pigments for flower color, determining the ornamental and economic values of horticultural plants. As a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to generate the precursors for anthocyanidins (i.e., leucoanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins. To investigate the functions of DFRs in plants, we cloned the GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 genes from the petals of Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca and transformed both genes into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. We further investigated the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of T1 generation transgenic tobacco plants selected based on the hygromycin resistance and verified by both PCR and semiquantitative real-time PCR analyses. The phenotypic segregation was observed in the flower color of the transgenic tobacco plants, showing petals darker than those in the wild-type (WT) plants. Results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the contents of gentiocyanin derivatives were decreased in the petals of transgenic plants in comparison to those of WT plants. Ours results revealed the molecular functions of GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 in the formation of coloration, providing solid theoretical foundation and candidate genes for further genetic improvement in flower color of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Guojun Han
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Zhihui Luan
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Changfu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Yanmin Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
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Sasaki N, Nemoto K, Nishizaki Y, Sugimoto N, Tasaki K, Watanabe A, Goto F, Higuchi A, Morgan E, Hikage T, Nishihara M. Identification and characterization of xanthone biosynthetic genes contributing to the vivid red coloration of red-flowered gentian. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1711-1723. [PMID: 34245606 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated Japanese gentians traditionally produce vivid blue flowers because of the accumulation of delphinidin-based polyacylated anthocyanins. However, recent breeding programs developed several red-flowered cultivars, but the underlying mechanism for this red coloration was unknown. Thus, we characterized the pigments responsible for the red coloration in these cultivars. A high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, including flavones and xanthones, as well as the accumulation of colored cyanidin-based anthocyanins. The chemical structures of two xanthone compounds contributing to the coloration of red-flowered gentian petals were determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compounds were identified as norathyriol 6-O-glucoside (i.e., tripteroside designated as Xt1) and a previously unreported norathyriol-6-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-glucoside (designated Xt2). The copigmentation effects of these compounds on cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were detected in vitro. Additionally, an RNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify the cDNAs encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these xanthones. Recombinant proteins encoded by the candidate genes were produced in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system and assayed. We determined that a UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase (StrGT9) catalyzes the transfer of a glucose moiety to norathyriol, a xanthone aglycone, to produce Xt1, which is converted to Xt2 by a malonyltransferase (StrAT2). An analysis of the progeny lines suggested that the accumulation of Xt2 contributes to the vivid red coloration of gentian flowers. Our data indicate that StrGT9 and StrAT2 help mediate xanthone biosynthesis and contribute to the coloration of red-flowered gentians via copigmentation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Keiichirou Nemoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yuzo Nishizaki
- Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Ed Morgan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Hikage
- Hachimantai City Floricultural Research and Development Center, Kamasuda 70, Hachimantai, Iwate, 028-7533, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
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Sarkar P, Issac PK, Raju SV, Elumalai P, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Pathogenic bacterial toxins and virulence influences in cultivable fish. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 52:2361-2376. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Sarkar
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Stefi V. Raju
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Preetham Elumalai
- Department of Fish Processing Technology Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) Kochi India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I‐AQUAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
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Amani S, Mohebodini M, Khademvatan S, Jafari M, Kumar V. Piriformospora indica based elicitation for overproduction of phenolic compounds by hairy root cultures of Ficus carica. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:43-53. [PMID: 33387592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ficus carica L. is an important source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with valuable pharmaceutical application across various diseases. The current study was carried out to investigate the influence of Piriformospora indica elicitation on growth, production of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and expression level of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes in hairy root (HR) cultures of F. carica. The maximum improvement in accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed when HR culture of Ficus carica L. was exposed to 2% culture filtrate of P. indica for 72 h: gallic acid (80.5- fold), caffeic acid (26.2-fold), coumaric acid (4.5-fold), and cinnamic acid (60.1-fold), apigenin (27.6-fold) and rutin (5.7-fold). While the highest levels of chlorogenic acid (4.9-fold) and quercetin flavonoid (8.8-fold) were obtained after 48 h elicitation with culture filtrate and cell extract of P. indica at 6% (v/v), respectively. The analysis of biosynthetic genes revealed that the exposure to fungal elicitors resulted in up-regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) and MYB3 transcription factor. This study shows the potential of P. indica as an efficacious elicitor for enhancing the secondary metabolites production by F. carica HRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Amani
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebodini
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morad Jafari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Dong W, Li M, Li Z, Li S, Zhu Y, Wang Z. Transcriptome analysis of the molecular mechanism of Chrysanthemum flower color change under short-day photoperiods. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:315-328. [PMID: 31785518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum [Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel.] is an ornamental plant grown under long-term artificial cultivation conditions. In production, early Chrysanthemum blossoms are often promoted by artificial short-day treatment. However, we found that the flower colour of Chrysanthemum blossoms induced by artificial short-day treatment was lighter than those induced by the natural photoperiod. To explore the intrinsic mechanism of colour fading in flowers, we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Jinbeidahong' using single-molecule real-time sequencing and RNA-sequencing under natural daylight (ND) and short daylight (SD) conditions. The clustered transcriptome sequences were assigned to various databases, such as NCBI, Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology and so on. The comparative results of digital gene expression analysis revealed that there were differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the four stages under ND and SD conditions. In addition, the expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The major regulators of the light signalling ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 genes were markedly upregulated under ND conditions. The patterns of anthocyanin accumulation were consistent with the expression patterns of CHI1 and 3GT1. The results showed that the anthocyanin synthesis is tightly regulated by the photoperiod, which will be useful for molecular breeding of Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mangmang Li
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongai Li
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuailei Li
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zicheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Plant Genetics Laboratory, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Sun X, Wilson IW, Shao F, Qiu D. Identification of the Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Taxus chinensis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E982. [PMID: 31795268 PMCID: PMC6947853 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxus chinensis is a precious woody species with significant economic value. Anthocyanin as flavonoid derivatives plays a crucial role in plant biology and human health. However, the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have not been identified in T. chinensis. In this study, twenty-five genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, including chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were characterized. The expression levels of these genes in different tissues and different ages of xylem were investigated. Additionally, the anthocyanin accumulation in xylem of different ages of T. chinensis was measured. The results showed the anthocyanin accumulation was correlated with the expression levels of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanins and wood color formation in T. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Iain W. Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
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Diretto G, Jin X, Capell T, Zhu C, Gomez-Gomez L. Differential accumulation of pelargonidin glycosides in petals at three different developmental stages of the orange-flowered gentian (Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212062. [PMID: 30742659 PMCID: PMC6370212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corolla color in Gentiana lutea L. exhibits a yellow/orange variation. We previously demonstrated that the orange petal color of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca is predominantly caused by newly synthesized pelargonidin glycosides that confer a reddish hue to the yellow background color, derived from the carotenoids. However, the anthocyanin molecules of these pelargonidin glycosides are not yet fully identified and characterized. Here, we investigated the regulation, content and type of anthocyanins determining the petal coloration of the orange-flowered G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca. Anthocyanins from the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca were characterized and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) coupled with a diode array detector in flowers at three different stages of development (S1, S3 and S5). Eleven pelargonidin derivatives were identified in the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca for the first time, but quantitative and qualitative differences were observed at each developmental stage. The highest levels of these pelargonidin derivatives were reached at the fully open flower stage (S5) where all anthocyanins were detected. In contrast, not all the anthocyanins were detected at the budlet stage (S1) and mature bud stage (S3) and those corresponded to more complex pelargonidin derivatives. The major pelargonidin derivatives found at all the stages were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. Furthermore, the expression of DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase), 3GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), 5GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase) and 5AT (anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase) genes was analyzed in the petals of three developmental stages, showing that the expression level of DFR, ANS and 3GT parallels the accumulation of the pelargonidin glucosides. Overall, this study enhances the knowledge of the biochemical basis of flower coloration in Gentiana species, and lays a foundation for breeding of flower color and genetic variation studies on Gentiana varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Xin Jin
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, Albacete, Spain
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15
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Zheng F, Han M, He Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Yue H, Wen L. Biotransformation of anthocyanins from Vitis amurensis Rupr of “Beibinghong” extract by human intestinal microbiota. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1025-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1532132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxin Han
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liankui Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zhang X, Zhao L, Xu Z, Yu X. Transcriptome sequencing of Paeonia suffruticosa 'Shima Nishiki' to identify differentially expressed genes mediating double-color formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:114-124. [PMID: 29227950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia suffruticosa 'Shima Nishiki' is one of extremely rare double-color cultivars in the world. It usually shows the two beautiful colors of red and white in the same flower, and this trait undoubtedly makes the flowers more charming for the ornamental market. However, few studies have been done to unravel the molecular mechanisms of double-color formation in P. suffruticosa 'Shima Nishiki'. In this study, we measured the anthocyanin composition and concentration, and sequenced the transcriptomes of the red and white petals. We found that the total content of Pg-based glycosides was at a significantly higher level in the red petals. Furthermore, we assembled and annotated 92,671 unigenes. Comparative analyses of the two transcriptomes showed 227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 57 were up-regulated, and 170 were down-regulated in the red petals. Subsequently, we identified 3 DEGs and the other 6 structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway including PsCHS, PsCHI, PsF3H, PsF3'H, PsDFR, PsANS, PsAOMT, PsMYB, and PsWD40. Among them, PsDFR and PsMYB expressed at a significantly higher level and showed positive correlations between their expression and anthocyanin concentration in the red petals. However, PsWD40 expressed at a significantly lower level and exhibited an inverse relationship in the red petals. Furthermore, we further confirmed the relative expression of the 9 candidate genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Based on the above results, we concluded that the significant differential expression of PsDFR, PsMYB and PsWD40 may play a key role in anthocyanin concentration in the red and white petals, thereby mediating double-color formation. These data will provide a valuable resource to better understand the molecular mechanisms of double-color formation of P. suffruticosa 'Shima Nishiki'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China
| | - Lanyong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zongda Xu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China
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