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Wang L, Zhuang J, Xue Z, Lu H, Zeng W, Zhang T. VD 3/VDR attenuates bisphenol A-induced impairment in mouse Leydig cells via regulation of autophagy. J Food Sci 2024; 89:3858-3870. [PMID: 38725370 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with reproductive toxicity. Further, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) plays an important role in male reproduction by binding vitamin D receptor (VDR) and mediating the pleiotropic biological actions that include spermatogenesis. However, whether VD3/VDR regulates the effect of BPA on Leydig cells (LCs) injury remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effects of VD on BPA-induced cytotoxicity in mouse LCs. Hereby, LCs treated with BPA, VD3, or both were subjected to the assays of cell apoptosis, proliferation, autophagy, and levels of target proteins. This study unveiled that cell viability was dose-dependently reduced after exposure to BPA. BPA treatment significantly inhibited LC proliferation, induced apoptosis, and also downregulated VDR expression. By jointly analyzing transcriptome data and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) data, autophagy signaling pathways related to testicular development and male reproduction were screened out. Therefore, the autophagy phenomenon of cells was further detected. The results showed that BPA treatment could activate cell autophagy, Vdr-/- inhibits cell autophagy, and active VD3 does not have a significant effect on the autophagy of normal LCs. After VD3 and BPA were used in combination, the autophagy of cells was further enhanced, and VD3 could alleviate BPA-induced damage of LCs. In conclusion, this study found that supplementing VD3 could eliminate the inhibition of BPA on VDR expression, further enhance LCs autophagy effect, and alleviate the inhibition of LCs proliferation and induction of apoptosis by BPA, playing a protective role in cells. The research results will provide valuable strategies to alleviate BPA-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of quality improvement and safety control of Qinba special meat products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Hanzhong, China
| | - Jianan Zhuang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhen Xue
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Engineering Research Center of quality improvement and safety control of Qinba special meat products, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Hanzhong, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Hanzhong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Hanzhong, China
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Wang L, Lu H, Wang S, Liu H, Guo M, Bai H, Zeng W, Zhang T. Vitamin D Receptor affects male mouse fertility via regulation of lipid metabolism and testosterone biosynthesis in testis. Gene 2022; 834:146589. [PMID: 35598688 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VD/VDR) plays a vital role in the development of spermatozoa, which is largely determined by the testosterone level in serum. Testosterone biosynthesis is closely related to lipid metabolism in gonadal adipose around testes. VDR could regulate lipid metabolism in adipocytes as well. However, it still remains unknown how VDR regulates lipid metabolism to impact testosterone biosynthesis in testis. Hereby, various parameters of male fertility were compared between wildtype (WT) and Vdr knockout (Vdr-KO) male mouse. For Vdr-KO mice, the size of testis and gonadal adipose was smaller than that of WT, and the sperm quality and testosterone level were lower than WT. Subsequently, testis proteome data between Vdr-KO and WT mice indicated that dysregulation of lipid metabolism was closely associated with decreased testosterone biosynthesis in Vdr-deficient mouse. And further evaluation of VDR functions in Leydig cells verified that VDR impacted lipid metabolism and regulated the expression of a range of genes involved in testosterone biosynthesis. Knockdown VDR could significantly decrease testosterone synthesis and secretion in Leydig cells. Meanwhile, expression of genes involved in androgen synthesis was decreased but genes related to lipolysis were up-regulated. Collectively, the present study unveiled the relationship between lipid metabolism and testosterone biosynthesis mediated by VDR in mouse testis and its effect on male fertility. These findings will greatly enhance our current understanding of VDR intermediate in lipid metabolism and androgen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Hao Bai
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China; Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723001 Hanzhong, China.
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Wang Z, Yang H, Lv H, Huang C, Qian J. Vitamin D Receptor-Dependent Protective Effect of Moderate Hypoxia in a Mouse Colitis Model. Front Physiol 2022; 13:876890. [PMID: 35711312 PMCID: PMC9195869 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.876890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypoxia is important for maintaining the intestinal barrier, its effect on the barrier during acute colitis and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To explore the influence of hypoxia in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice and the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the process. Colitis mice were subjected to hypoxia to detect intestinal barrier function changes. And the mechanisms were explored in vitro. First, compared with colitis mice without hypoxia stimulation, those with hypoxia stimulation showed significantly decreased pathological damage and improved permeability of the intestinal barrier. The expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1), HIF-1α as well as VDR was up-regulated in colitis mice with hypoxia stimulation. However, in VDR gene knockout (KO)colitis mice, hypoxia treatment showed no protective effect, suggesting the VDR dependency of this effect. Similarly although hypoxia stimulation could enhance the single-layer epithelial transmembrane electrical resistance in DLD-1 and NCM460 cells, these effects disappeared in VDR-knockdown cells. Furthermore, over-expression of HIF-1α in DLD-1 and NCM460 increased the expression of VDR, whereas HIF-1α-knockdown reduced the VDR expression directly. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays confirmed that HIF-1α can bind to the promoter region of the VDR gene under hypoxia. Finally, compared with their wild-type siblings, VDR-KO mice showed reduced abundance of anaerobic bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria. Hypoxia was protective against DSS-induced colitis, and VDR is instrumental in it. Furthermore, HIF-1α-VDR mediates the effect of hypoxia on the barrier function. Moreover, intestinal flora may be an important link between hypoxia and VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
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Curnow E, Wang Y. New Animal Models for Understanding FMRP Functions and FXS Pathology. Cells 2022; 11:1628. [PMID: 35626665 PMCID: PMC9140010 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X encompasses a range of genetic conditions, all of which result as a function of changes within the FMR1 gene and abnormal production and/or expression of the FMR1 gene products. Individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common heritable form of intellectual disability, have a full-mutation sequence (>200 CGG repeats) which brings about transcriptional silencing of FMR1 and loss of FMR protein (FMRP). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of FXS, safe, effective, and reliable treatments that either prevent or reduce the severity of the FXS phenotype have not been approved. While current FXS animal models contribute their own unique understanding to the molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral deficits associated with FXS, no single animal model is able to fully recreate the FXS phenotype. This review will describe the status and rationale in the development, validation, and utility of three emerging animal model systems for FXS, namely the nonhuman primate (NHP), Mongolian gerbil, and chicken. These developing animal models will provide a sophisticated resource in which the deficits in complex functions of perception, action, and cognition in the human disorder are accurately reflected and aid in the successful translation of novel therapeutics and interventions to the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Curnow
- REI Division, Department of ObGyn, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Xue Z, Zhuang J, Bai H, Wang L, Lu H, Wang S, Zeng W, Zhang T. VDR mediated HSD3B1 to regulate lipid metabolism and promoted testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:583-592. [PMID: 35254654 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the pleiotropic biological actions that include osteoporosis, immune responses and androgen synthesis wherein the VDR transcriptionally regulates expression of the genes involved in this complex process. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (HSD3B1) is an absolutely necessary enzyme for androgen synthesis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to explore the molecular mechanism of VDR mediated HSD3B1 regulation of lipid metabolism and testosterone synthesis. METHODS The levels of VDR, HSD3B1 and lipid metabolism associated protein were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blot. The levels of testosterone concentrations in cell culture media serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Targeted relationship between VDR and Hsd3b1 was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Based on the data analysis of mouse testicular proteome, we found that the expression of HSD3B1 was significantly reduced after VDR deletion. Here, we identified that Hsd3b1 was widely expressed in different tissues of mice by RT-qPCR, and was highly expressed in testis, and mainly located in testicular Leydig cells. Dual-luciferase assay confirmed that VDR could bind candidate vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) in upstream region of Hsd3b1, and enhance gene expression. Furthermore, over-expression VDR and HSD3B1 significantly increased testosterone synthesis in mice Leydig cells. Meanwhile, Lpl expression was significantly down-regulated and Angptl4 expression was significantly up-regulated in the present of HSD3B1 overexpression. Both LPL and ANGPTL4 play important roles in regulating lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The present study unveiled VDR mediated HSD3B1 to regulate lipid metabolism and promoted testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells. These findings will greatly help us to understand the roles of VDR and HSD3B1 in testosterone synthesis and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xue
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Jianan Zhuang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Hao Bai
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
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6
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Habib AM, Nagi K, Thillaiappan NB, Sukumaran V, Akhtar S. Vitamin D and Its Potential Interplay With Pain Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:820. [PMID: 32547536 PMCID: PMC7270292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
About 50 million of the U.S. adult population suffer from chronic pain. It is a complex disease in its own right for which currently available analgesics have been deemed woefully inadequate since ~20% of the sufferers derive no benefit. Vitamin D, known for its role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, is thought to be of clinical benefit in treating chronic pain without the side-effects of currently available analgesics. A strong correlation between hypovitaminosis D and incidence of bone pain is known. However, the potential underlying mechanisms by which vitamin D might exert its analgesic effects are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss pathways involved in pain sensing and processing primarily at the level of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the potential interplay between vitamin D, its receptor (VDR) and known specific pain signaling pathways including nerve growth factor (NGF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and opioid receptors. We also discuss how vitamin D/VDR might influence immune cells and pain sensitization as well as review the increasingly important topic of vitamin D toxicity. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies will be required to study these potential interactions specifically in pain models. Such studies could highlight the potential usefulness of vitamin D either alone or in combination with existing analgesics to better treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Prokaryotic type II adaptive immune systems have been developed into the versatile CRISPR technology, which has been widely applied in site-specific genome editing and has revolutionized biomedical research due to its superior efficiency and flexibility. Recent studies have greatly diversified CRISPR technologies by coupling it with various DNA repair mechanisms and targeting strategies. These new advances have significantly expanded the generation of genetically modified animal models, either by including species in which targeted genetic modification could not be achieved previously, or through introducing complex genetic modifications that take multiple steps and cost years to achieve using traditional methods. Herein, we review the recent developments and applications of CRISPR-based technology in generating various animal models, and discuss the everlasting impact of this new progress on biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Avery Sum-Yu Wong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hei-Yin Tam
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Samuel Yung-Kin Tsui
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Dittman Lai-Shun Chung
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510530, China.,SBS Core Laboratory, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Guangdong 518057, China
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Jamali N, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Vitamin D and regulation of vascular cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H753-H765. [PMID: 29351464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is linked to pathogenesis of many diseases including cardiovascular, cancer, and various eye diseases. In recent years, important roles for vitamin D in regulation of immune function, inflammation, angiogenesis, and aging have been demonstrated. Thus, vitamin D and its analogs have been evaluated for the treatment of various types of cancer and chronic diseases. We have previously shown that the active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3] is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. This activity is consistent with the important role proposed for vitamin D and its analogs in the mitigation of tumor growth through inhibition of angiogenesis. Here, we review the important nutritional value of vitamin D and the abnormalities linked to its deficiency. We will explore its potential role as a regulator of angiogenesis and vascular cell function and the role vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression plays in these activities during vascular development and neovascularization. Our studies have established an important role for 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR in the regulation of perivascular supporting cell function. In addition, the interaction of 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR is essential for these activities and inhibition of neovascularization. Delineating the signaling pathways involved and identification of genes that are the target of 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation in vascular cells will allow us to identify novel pathways that are targets for regulation of vascular function and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Jamali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
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He ZY, Men K, Qin Z, Yang Y, Xu T, Wei YQ. Non-viral and viral delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas9 technology in the biomedical field. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:458-467. [PMID: 28527117 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system provides a novel genome editing technology that can precisely target a genomic site to disrupt or repair a specific gene. Some CRISPR-Cas9 systems from different bacteria or artificial variants have been discovered or constructed by biologists, and Cas9 nucleases and single guide RNAs (sgRNA) are the major components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. These Cas9 systems have been extensively applied for identifying therapeutic targets, identifying gene functions, generating animal models, and developing gene therapies. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 systems have been used to partially or completely alleviate disease symptoms by mutating or correcting related genes. However, the efficient transfer of CRISPR-Cas9 system into cells and target organs remains a challenge that affects the robust and precise genome editing activity. The current review focuses on delivery systems for Cas9 mRNA, Cas9 protein, or vectors encoding the Cas9 gene and corresponding sgRNA. Non-viral delivery of Cas9 appears to help Cas9 maintain its on-target effect and reduce off-target effects, and viral vectors for sgRNA and donor template can improve the efficacy of genome editing and homology-directed repair. Safe, efficient, and producible delivery systems will promote the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yao He
- Department of Pharmacy, and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhou Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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