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Davis MJ, Zawieja SD. Pacemaking in the lymphatic system. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38520402 DOI: 10.1113/jp284752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels exhibit spontaneous phasic contractions that are critical for lymph propulsion and tissue fluid homeostasis. This rhythmic activity is driven by action potentials conducted across the lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) layer to produce entrained contractions. The contraction frequency of a lymphatic collecting vessel displays exquisite mechanosensitivity, with a dynamic range from <1 to >20 contractions per minute. A myogenic pacemaker mechanism intrinsic to the LMCs was initially postulated to account for pressure-dependent chronotropy. Further interrogation into the cellular constituents of the lymphatic vessel wall identified non-muscle cell populations that shared some characteristics with interstitial cells of Cajal, which have pacemaker functions in the gastrointestinal and lower urinary tracts, thus raising the possibility of a non-muscle cell pacemaker. However, recent genetic knockout studies in mice support LMCs and a myogenic origin of the pacemaker activity. LMCs exhibit stochastic, but pressure-sensitive, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release (puffs and waves) from IP3R1 receptors, which couple to the calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1, causing depolarisation. The resulting electrical activity integrates across the highly coupled lymphatic muscle electrical syncytia through connexin 45 to modulate diastolic depolarisation. However, multiple other cation channels may also contribute to the ionic pacemaking cycle. Upon reaching threshold, a voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent action potential fires, resulting in a nearly synchronous calcium global calcium flash within the LMC layer to drive an entrained contraction. This review summarizes the key ion channels potentially responsible for the pressure-dependent chronotropy of lymphatic collecting vessels and various mechanisms of IP3R1 regulation that could contribute to frequency tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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2
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Gogia B, Chekmareva I, Leonova A, Alyautdinov R, Karmazanovsky G, Glotov A, Kalinin D. Massive Localized Abdominal Lymphedema: A Case Report with Literature Review. Arch Plast Surg 2023; 50:615-620. [PMID: 38143840 PMCID: PMC10736210 DOI: 10.1055/a-2140-8589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive localized lymphedema (MLL) is a rare disease caused by the obstruction of lymphatic vessels with specific clinical morphological and radiological characteristics. People with morbid obesity are mainly affected by MLL. Lymphedema is easily confused with soft tissue sarcoma and requires differential diagnosis, both the possibility of an MLL and also carcinoma manifestations in the soft tissues. The possible causes of massive lymphedema include trauma, surgery, and hypothyroidism. This report is the first case of MLL treated surgically in the Russian Federation. Detailed computed tomography (CT) characteristics and an electron microscope picture of MLL are discussed. A 50-year-old woman (body mass index of 43 kg/m 2 ) with MLL arising from the anterior abdominal wall was admitted to the hospital for surgical treatment. Its mass was 22.16 kg. A morphological study of the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of MLL. We review etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of MLL. We also performed an electron-microscopic study that revealed interstitial Cajal-like cells telocytes not previously described in MLL cases. We did not find similar findings in the literature. It is possible that the conduction of an ultrastructural examination of MLL tissue samples will further contribute to the understanding of MLL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Gogia
- Department of Herniology and Plastic Surgery, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Chekmareva
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Leonova
- Department of the Interventional Endoscopy, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rifat Alyautdinov
- Department of Herniology and Plastic Surgery, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory Karmazanovsky
- Department of Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Glotov
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kalinin
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Breslin JW. Lymphatic Clearance and Pump Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041187. [PMID: 35667711 PMCID: PMC9899645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have an active role in draining excess interstitial fluid from organs and serving as conduits for immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes. In the central circulation, the force needed to propel blood forward is generated by the heart. In contrast, lymphatic vessels rely on intrinsic vessel contractions in combination with extrinsic forces for lymph propulsion. The intrinsic pumping features phasic contractions generated by lymphatic smooth muscle. Periodic, bicuspid valves composed of endothelial cells prevent backflow of lymph. This work provides a brief overview of lymph transport, including initial lymph formation along with cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Wilting J, Felmerer G, Becker J. Control of the extracellular matrix by hypoxic lymphatic endothelial cells: Impact on the progression of lymphedema? Dev Dyn 2023; 252:227-238. [PMID: 35137473 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial lymphatic vessels do not have a continuous basement membrane. Therefore, the ability of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) has received little attention. Untreated lymphedema is a chronic disease that progresses to massive fibrosclerosis in advanced stages. Expansion of the intercellular space and fibrosclerosis cause hypoxia, which also affects the LECs. RESULTS We studied the expression of genes in human LECs in vitro by RNA sequencing, analyzed the effects of hypoxia (1% O2 ) vs. normoxia (21% O2 ), and focused on ECM genes. LECs express fibrillin-1 and many typical components of a basement membrane such as type IV, VIII, and XVIII collagen, laminin β1, β2, and α4, perlecan, and fibronectin. Under hypoxia, we found significant upregulation of expression of genes controlling hydroxylation of procollagen (PLOD2, P4HA1), and also cross-linking, bundling, and stabilization of collagen fibrils and fibers. Also striking was the highly significant downregulation of elastin expression, whereas fibulin-5, which controls the assembly of tropoelastin monomers, was upregulated under hypoxia. In the dermis from genital lymphedema, we observed significant PLOD2 expression in initial lymphatics. CONCLUSIONS Overall, hypoxia results in the picture of a dysregulated ECM production of LECs, which might be partly responsible for the progression of fibrosclerosis in lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wilting
- Abteilung für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Felmerer
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral und Kinderchirurgie, Scherpunkt Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Abteilung für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
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Seibel AJ, Kelly OM, Dance YW, Nelson CM, Tien J. Role of Lymphatic Endothelium in Vascular Escape of Engineered Human Breast Microtumors. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:553-569. [PMID: 36531861 PMCID: PMC9751254 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic vasculature provides a route for metastasis to secondary sites in the body. The role of the lymphatic endothelium in mediating the entry of breast cancer cells into the vasculature remains unclear. Methods In this study, we formed aggregates of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells next to human microvascular lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-lined cavities in type I collagen gels to model breast microtumors and lymphatic vessels, respectively. We tracked invasion and escape of breast microtumors into engineered lymphatics or empty cavities under matched flow rates for up to sixteen days. Results After coming into contact with a lymphatic vessel, tumor cells escape by moving between the endothelium and the collagen wall, between endothelial cells, and/or into the endothelial lumen. Over time, tumor cells replace the LECs within the vessel wall and create regions devoid of endothelium. The presence of lymphatic endothelium slows breast tumor invasion and escape, and addition of LEC-conditioned medium to tumors is sufficient to reproduce nearly all of these inhibitory effects. Conclusions This work sheds light on the interactions between breast cancer cells and lymphatic endothelium during vascular escape and reveals an inhibitory role for the lymphatic endothelium in breast tumor invasion and escape. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00745-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Seibel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Owen M. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Yoseph W. Dance
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, 25 William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
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Wilting J, Becker J. The lymphatic vascular system: much more than just a sewer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:157. [PMID: 36109802 PMCID: PMC9476376 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 400 years after the (re)discovery of the lymphatic vascular system (LVS) by Gaspare Aselli (Asellius G. De lactibus, sive lacteis venis, quarto vasorum mesaraicorum genere, novo invento Gasparis Asellii Cremo. Dissertatio. (MDCXXIIX), Milan; 1628.), structure, function, development and evolution of this so-called 'second' vascular system are still enigmatic. Interest in the LVS was low because it was (and is) hardly visible, and its diseases are not as life-threatening as those of the blood vascular system. It is not uncommon for patients with lymphedema to be told that yes, they can live with it. Usually, the functions of the LVS are discussed in terms of fluid homeostasis, uptake of chylomicrons from the gut, and immune cell circulation. However, the broad molecular equipment of lymphatic endothelial cells suggests that they possess many more functions, which are also reflected in the pathophysiology of the system. With some specific exceptions, lymphatics develop in all organs. Although basic structure and function are the same regardless their position in the body wall or the internal organs, there are important site-specific characteristics. We discuss common structure and function of lymphatics; and point to important functions for hyaluronan turn-over, salt balance, coagulation, extracellular matrix production, adipose tissue development and potential appetite regulation, and the influence of hypoxia on the regulation of these functions. Differences with respect to the embryonic origin and molecular equipment between somatic and splanchnic lymphatics are discussed with a side-view on the phylogeny of the LVS. The functions of the lymphatic vasculature are much broader than generally thought, and lymphatic research will have many interesting and surprising aspects to offer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wilting
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Lam CH, Janson C, Romanova L, Hansen EA. Lymphatic cells do not functionally integrate into 3D organotypic brain slice cultures, but aggregate around penetrating blood vessels. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2349-2358. [PMID: 35920898 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Brain slice culture (BSC) is a well-known three-dimensional model of the brain. In this study, we use organotypic slices for studying neuro-lymphatic physiology, to directly test the longstanding assumption that the brain is not a hospitable milieu for typical lymphatic vessels. An additional objective is to model fluid egress through brain perivascular space systems and to visualize potential cellular interactions among cells in the leptomeninges including alterations of cellular geometry and number of processes. Immortalized lymphatic rat cell lines were used to seed organotypic brain slices. The brain slice model was characterized by monitoring morphologies, growth rates, degree of apoptosis, and transport properties of brain slices with or without a lymphatic component. The model was then challenged with fibroblast co-cultures, as a control cell that is not normally found in the brain. Immortalized lymphatic cells penetrated the brain slices within 2-4 days. Typical cell morphology is spindly with bipolar and tripolar forms well represented. Significantly more indigo carmine marker passed through lymphatic seeded BSCs compared to arachnoid BSCs. Significantly more indigo carmine passed through brain slices co-cultured with fibroblast compared to lymphatic and arachnoid BSCs alone. We have developed an organotypic model in which lymphatic cells are able to interact with parenchymal cells in the cerebrum. Their presence appears to alter the small molecule transport ability of whole-brain slices. Lymphatic cells decreased dye transport in BSCs, possibly by altering the perivascular space. Given their direct contact with the CSF, they may affect convectional and diffusional processes. Our model shows that a decrease in lymphatic cell growth may reduce the brain slice's transport capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius H Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 96, 420 Delaware St. S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, 151 Research Department, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Christopher Janson
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Liudmila Romanova
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric A Hansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, 151 Research Department, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
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Bonetti G, Paolacci S, Samaja M, Maltese PE, Michelini S, Michelini S, Michelini S, Ricci M, Cestari M, Dautaj A, Medori MC, Bertelli M. Low Efficacy of Genetic Tests for the Diagnosis of Primary Lymphedema Prompts Novel Insights into the Underlying Molecular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137414. [PMID: 35806420 PMCID: PMC9267137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by ineffective fluid uptake by the lymphatic system, with effects mainly on the lower limbs. Lymphedema is either primary, when caused by genetic mutations, or secondary, when it follows injury, infection, or surgery. In this study, we aim to assess to what extent the current genetic tests detect genetic variants of lymphedema, and to identify the major molecular pathways that underlie this rather unknown disease. We recruited 147 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of primary lymphedema and used established genetic tests on their blood or saliva specimens. Only 11 of these were positive, while other probands were either negative (63) or inconclusive (73). The low efficacy of such tests calls for greater insight into the underlying mechanisms to increase accuracy. For this purpose, we built a molecular pathways diagram based on a literature analysis (OMIM, Kegg, PubMed, Scopus) of candidate and diagnostic genes. The PI3K/AKT and the RAS/MAPK pathways emerged as primary candidates responsible for lymphedema diagnosis, while the Rho/ROCK pathway appeared less critical. The results of this study suggest the most important pathways involved in the pathogenesis of lymphedema, and outline the most promising diagnostic and candidate genes to diagnose this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bonetti
- MAGI’s LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (S.P.); (P.E.M.); (A.D.); (M.C.M.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0365-62-061
| | - Stefano Paolacci
- MAGI’s LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (S.P.); (P.E.M.); (A.D.); (M.C.M.); (M.B.)
| | | | | | - Sandro Michelini
- Vascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, 00047 Marino, Italy;
| | - Serena Michelini
- Unit of Physical Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Maurizio Ricci
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Marina Cestari
- Study Centre Pianeta Linfedema, 05100 Terni, Italy;
- Lymphology Sector of the Rehabilitation Service, USLUmbria2, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Astrit Dautaj
- MAGI’s LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (S.P.); (P.E.M.); (A.D.); (M.C.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Chiara Medori
- MAGI’s LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (S.P.); (P.E.M.); (A.D.); (M.C.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI’s LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (S.P.); (P.E.M.); (A.D.); (M.C.M.); (M.B.)
- MAGI Group, 25010 San Felice del Benaco, Italy;
- MAGI Euregio, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Weber E, Aglianò M, Bertelli E, Gabriele G, Gennaro P, Barone V. Lymphatic Collecting Vessels in Health and Disease: A Review of Histopathological Modifications in Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2022; 20:468-477. [PMID: 35041535 PMCID: PMC9603277 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema of the extremities affects millions of people in the world as a common side effect of oncological treatments with heavy impact on every day life of patients and on the health care system. One of the surgical techniques for lymphedema treatment is the creation of a local connection between lymphatic vessels and veins, facilitating drainage of lymphatic fluid into the circulatory system. Successful results, however, rely on using a functional vessel for the anastomosis, and vessel function, in turn, depends on its structure. The structure of lymphatic collecting vessels changes with the progression of lymphedema. They appear initially dilated by excess interstitial fluid entered at capillary level. The number of lymphatic smooth muscle cells in their media then increases in the attempt to overcome the impaired drainage. When lymphatic muscle cells hyperplasia occurs at the expenses of the lumen, vessel patency decreases hampering lymph flow. Finally, collagen fiber accumulation leads to complete occlusion of the lumen rendering the vessel unfit to conduct lymph. Different types of vessels may coexist in the same patient but usually the distal part of the limb contains less affected vessels that are more likely to perform efficient lymphatic–venular anastomosis. Here we review the structure of the lymphatic collecting vessels in health and in lymphedema, focusing on the histopathological changes of the lymphatic vessel wall based on the observations on segments of the vessels used for lymphatic–venular anastomoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Weber
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine and Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Aglianò
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine and Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Gabriele
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese AOUS, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese AOUS, Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Barone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine and Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Van S, Pal S, Garner BR, Steed K, Sridharan V, Mu S, Rusch NJ, Stolarz AJ. Dantrolene Prevents the Lymphostasis Caused by Doxorubicin in the Rat Mesenteric Circulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727526. [PMID: 34483938 PMCID: PMC8415554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a risk factor for arm lymphedema in breast cancer patients. We reported that DOX opens ryanodine receptors (RYRs) to enact "calcium leak," which disrupts the rhythmic contractions of lymph vessels (LVs) to attenuate lymph flow. Here, we evaluated whether dantrolene, a clinically available RYR1 subtype antagonist, prevents the detrimental effects of DOX on lymphatic function. Experimental Approach: Isolated rat mesenteric LVs were cannulated, pressurized (4-5 mm Hg) and equilibrated in physiological salt solution and Fura-2AM. Video microscopy recorded changes in diameter and Fura-2AM fluorescence tracked cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+ i]). High-speed in vivo microscopy assessed mesenteric lymph flow in anesthetized rats. Flow cytometry evaluated RYR1 expression in freshly isolated mesenteric lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs). Key Results: DOX (10 μmol/L) increased resting [Ca2+ i] by 17.5 ± 3.7% in isolated LVs (n = 11). The rise in [Ca2+ i] was prevented by dantrolene (3 μmol/L; n = 10). A single rapid infusion of DOX (10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced positive volumetric lymph flow to 29.7 ± 10.8% (n = 7) of baseline in mesenteric LVs in vivo. In contrast, flow in LVs superfused with dantrolene (10 μmol/L) only decreased to 76.3 ± 14.0% (n = 7) of baseline in response to DOX infusion. Subsequently, expression of the RYR1 subtype protein as the presumed dantrolene binding site was confirm in isolated mesenteric LMCs by flow cytometry. Conclusion and Implications: We conclude that dantrolene attenuates the acute impairment of lymph flow by DOX and suggest that its prophylactic use in patients subjected to DOX chemotherapy may lower lymphedema risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Van
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Soumiya Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Brittney R. Garner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kate Steed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Nancy J. Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Amanda J. Stolarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Künnapuu J, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Proteolytic Cleavages in the VEGF Family: Generating Diversity among Angiogenic VEGFs, Essential for the Activation of Lymphangiogenic VEGFs. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:167. [PMID: 33672235 PMCID: PMC7926383 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific proteolytic cleavages turn on, modify, or turn off the activity of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Proteolysis is most prominent among the lymph-angiogenic VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which are synthesized as precursors that need to undergo enzymatic removal of their C- and N-terminal propeptides before they can activate their receptors. At least five different proteases mediate the activating cleavage of VEGF-C: plasmin, ADAMTS3, prostate-specific antigen, cathepsin D, and thrombin. All of these proteases except for ADAMTS3 can also activate VEGF-D. Processing by different proteases results in distinct forms of the "mature" growth factors, which differ in affinity and receptor activation potential. The "default" VEGF-C-activating enzyme ADAMTS3 does not activate VEGF-D, and therefore, VEGF-C and VEGF-D do function in different contexts. VEGF-C itself is also regulated in different contexts by distinct proteases. During embryonic development, ADAMTS3 activates VEGF-C. The other activating proteases are likely important for non-developmental lymphangiogenesis during, e.g., tissue regeneration, inflammation, immune response, and pathological tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. The better we understand these events at the molecular level, the greater our chances of developing successful therapies targeting VEGF-C and VEGF-D for diseases involving the lymphatics such as lymphedema or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Honey Bokharaie
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Barone V, Borghini A, Tedone Clemente E, Aglianò M, Gabriele G, Gennaro P, Weber E. New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Lymphedema: Histopathological Studies on Human Lymphatic Collecting Vessels. Lymphat Res Biol 2020; 18:502-509. [PMID: 32716244 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lymphedema is characterized by an accumulation of interstitial fluids due to inefficient lymphatic drainage. Primary lymphedema is a rare condition, including congenital and idiopathic forms. Secondary lymphedema is a common complication of lymph node ablation in cancer treatment. Previous studies on secondary lymphedema lymphatic vessels have shown that after an initial phase of ectasia, worsening of the disease is associated with wall thickening accompanied by a progressive loss of the endothelial marker podoplanin. Methods and Results: We enrolled 17 patients with primary and 29 patients with secondary lymphedema who underwent lymphaticovenous anastomoses surgery. Histological sections were stained with Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies to podoplanin, smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), and myosin heavy chain 11 (MyH11). In secondary lymphedema, we found ectasis, contraction, and sclerosis vessel types. In primary lymphedema, the majority of vessels were of the sclerosis type, with no contraction vessels. In both primary and secondary lymphedema, not all α-SMA-positive cells were also positive for MyH11, suggesting transformation into myofibroblasts. The endothelial marker podoplanin had a variable expression unrelatedly with the morphological vessel type. Conclusions: Secondary lymphedema collecting vessels included all the three types described in literature, that is, ectasis, contraction, and sclerosis, whereas in primary lymphedema, we found the ectasis and the sclerosis but not the contraction type. Some cells in the media stained positively for α-SMA but not for MyH11. These cells, possibly myofibroblasts, may contribute to collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Barone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Borghini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Erica Tedone Clemente
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Aglianò
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Gabriele
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Weber
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Becker J, Tchagou Tchangou GE, Schmidt S, Zelent C, Kahl F, Wilting J. Absence of lymphatic vessels in term placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:380. [PMID: 32600346 PMCID: PMC7325062 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been debate about the existence of lymphatic vessels in placenta. Lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers such as LYVE-1 and podoplanin/D2–40 have been found, although PROX1 has not been detected. The most reliable marker for LECs is the double staining for CD31 and PROX1, which has not been performed yet. Methods We studied three term placentas and dissected them into three areas: i.) basal plate area, ii.) intermediate area, and iii.) chorionic plate area. We used immunofluorescence single and double staining with antibodies against CD31, PROX1, LYVE-1, VEGFR-3, D2–40/PDPN, CD34, CCBE-1, and vimentin, as well as nested PCR, qPCR, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results At TEM level we observed structures that have previously mistakenly been interpreted as lymphatics, however, we did not find any CD31/PROX1 double-positive cells in placenta. Absence of PROX1 was also noted by nested PCR, qPCR and Western blot. Also, LEC marker VEGFR-3 was expressed only in a small number of scattered leukocytes but was absent from vessels. The LEC marker D2–40/PDPN was expressed in most stromal cells, and the LEC marker LYVE-1 was found in a considerable number of stromal cells, but not in endothelial cells, which were positive for CD31, CD34, CCBE-1 and vimentin. Additionally, vimentin was found in stromal cells. Conclusions Our studies clearly show absence of lymphatics in term placenta. We also show that the functional area of the mother’s endometrium is not penetrated by lymphatics in term pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Becker
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gilles E Tchagou Tchangou
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmidt
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Zelent
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Kahl
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Rosa I, Marini M, Sgambati E, Ibba-Manneschi L, Manetti M. Telocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells: Two immunophenotypically distinct and spatially close cell entities. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151530. [PMID: 32115248 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) have recently emerged as a peculiar type of stromal cells located in both perivascular and interstitial compartments of multiple anatomical sites in humans, other mammals and vertebrates. Pioneer electron microscopy studies have ultrastructurally defined TCs as "stromal cells with telopodes" (i.e. very long and thin cell processes with a moniliform morphology conferred by the irregular alternation of slender segments and small, bead-like, dilated portions), whereupon it has become apparent that TCs largely correspond to the CD34+ stromal/interstitial cells detectable by immunohistochemical assays. Besides CD34, TCs are also characterized by the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α. Interestingly, recent works recommended that lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers should be routinely assessed to discriminate with certainty TCs from LECs, because these two cell types may exhibit similar morphological traits, especially when initial lymphatics are sectioned longitudinally and appear as vascular profiles with no obvious lumen. Furthermore, it has been argued that lymphatic microvessels immunostained for the small mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN), which is widely used as lymphatic endothelial marker, can be easily misidentified as TCs. Nevertheless, surprisingly these assumptions were not based on double tissue immunostaining for TC and LEC markers. Therefore, the present morphological study was undertaken to precisely investigate the mutual spatial organization and putative relationships of TCs and lymphatic vessels in tissues from different human organs. For this purpose, we carried out a series of double immunofluorescence analyses simultaneously detecting the CD34 or PDGFRα antigen and a marker of LECs, either PDPN or lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1). In the connective tissue compartment of different organs, TCs were CD34+/PDGFRα+/PDPN-/LYVE-1- while LECs were CD34-/PDGFRα-/PDPN+/LYVE-1+, thus representing two definitely distinct, though spatially close, cell entities. The arrangement of telopodes to intimately surround the abluminal side of LECs suggests a possible role of TCs in the regulation of lymphatic capillary functionality, which is worth investigating further.
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15
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Stolarz AJ, Sarimollaoglu M, Marecki JC, Fletcher TW, Galanzha EI, Rhee SW, Zharov VP, Klimberg VS, Rusch NJ. Doxorubicin Activates Ryanodine Receptors in Rat Lymphatic Muscle Cells to Attenuate Rhythmic Contractions and Lymph Flow. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:278-289. [PMID: 31439806 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a risk factor for secondary lymphedema in cancer patients exposed to surgery or radiation. The risk is presumed to relate to its cytotoxicity. However, the present study provides initial evidence that doxorubicin directly inhibits lymph flow and this action appears distinct from its cytotoxic activity. We used real-time edge detection to track diameter changes in isolated rat mesenteric lymph vessels. Doxorubicin (0.5-20 μmol/l) progressively constricted lymph vessels and inhibited rhythmic contractions, reducing flow to 24.2% ± 7.7% of baseline. The inhibition of rhythmic contractions by doxorubicin paralleled a tonic rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in lymphatic muscle cells, which was prevented by pharmacological antagonism of ryanodine receptors. Washout of doxorubicin partially restored lymph vessel contractions, implying a pharmacological effect. Subsequently, high-speed optical imaging was used to assess the effect of doxorubicin on rat mesenteric lymph flow in vivo. Superfusion of doxorubicin (0.05-10 μmol/l) maximally reduced volumetric lymph flow to 34% ± 11.6% of baseline. Likewise, doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) administered intravenously to establish clinically achievable plasma concentrations also maximally reduced volumetric lymph flow to 40.3% ± 6.0% of initial values. Our findings reveal that doxorubicin at plasma concentrations achieved during chemotherapy opens ryanodine receptors to induce "calcium leak" from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in lymphatic muscle cells and reduces lymph flow, an event linked to lymph vessel damage and the development of lymphedema. These results infer that pharmacological block of ryanodine receptors in lymphatic smooth muscle cells may mitigate secondary lymphedema in cancer patients subjected to doxorubicin chemotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Doxorubicin directly inhibits the rhythmic contractions of collecting lymph vessels and reduces lymph flow as a possible mechanism of secondary lymphedema, which is associated with the administration of anthracycline-based chemotherapy. The inhibitory effects of doxorubicin on rhythmic contractions and flow in isolated lymph vessels were prevented by pharmacological block of ryanodine receptors, thereby identifying the ryanodine receptor family of proteins as potential therapeutic targets for the development of new antilymphedema medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Stolarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - John C Marecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Terry W Fletcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Sung W Rhee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - V Suzanne Klimberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (A.J.S., T.W.F., S.W.R., N.J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (J.C.M.), Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, College of Medicine (M.S., V.P.Z.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (A.J.S.), and Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (E.I.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas (V.S.K.)
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16
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Zawieja SD, Castorena JA, Gui P, Li M, Bulley SA, Jaggar JH, Rock JR, Davis MJ. Ano1 mediates pressure-sensitive contraction frequency changes in mouse lymphatic collecting vessels. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:532-554. [PMID: 30862712 PMCID: PMC6445586 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels exhibit spontaneous contractions with a pressure-dependent contraction frequency. The initiation of contraction has been proposed to be mediated by the activity of a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC). Here, we show that the canonical CaCC Anoctamin 1 (Ano1, TMEM16a) plays an important role in lymphatic smooth muscle pacemaking. We find that isolated murine lymphatic muscle cells express Ano1, and demonstrate functional CaCC currents that can be inhibited by the Ano1 inhibitor benzbromarone. These currents are absent in lymphatic muscle cells from Cre transgenic mouse lines targeted for Ano1 genetic deletion in smooth muscle. We additionally show that loss of functional Ano1 in murine inguinal-axillary lymphatic vessels, whether through genetic manipulation or pharmacological inhibition, results in an impairment of the pressure-frequency relationship that is attributable to a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and a significantly depressed diastolic depolarization rate preceding each action potential. These changes are accompanied by alterations in action potential shape and duration, and a reduced duration but increased amplitude of the action potential-induced global "Ca2+ flashes" that precede lymphatic contractions. These findings suggest that an excitatory Cl- current provided by Ano1 is critical for mediating the pressure-sensitive contractile response and is a major component of the murine lymphatic action potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jorge A Castorena
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Simon A Bulley
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jonathan H Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jason R Rock
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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17
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Lutze G, Haarmann A, Demanou Toukam JA, Buttler K, Wilting J, Becker J. Non-canonical WNT-signaling controls differentiation of lymphatics and extension lymphangiogenesis via RAC and JNK signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4739. [PMID: 30894622 PMCID: PMC6426866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of lymphatics takes place during embryogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. We previously showed that Wnt5a is an essential regulator of lymphatic development in the dermis of mice, however, the mechanisms of action remained unclear. Here, whole-mount immunostaining shows that embryonic day (ED) 18.5 Wnt5a-null mice possess non-functional, cyst-like and often blood-filled lymphatics, in contrast to slender, interconnected lymphatic networks of Wnt5a+/- and wild-type (wt) mice. We then compared lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) proliferation during ED 12.5, 14.5, 16.5 and 18.5 between Wnt5a-/-, Wnt5a+/- and wt-mice. We did not observe any differences, clearly showing that Wnt5a acts independently of proliferation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed multiple defects of LECs in Wnt5a-null mice, such as malformed inter-endothelial junctions, ruffled cell membrane, intra-luminal bulging of nuclei and cytoplasmic processes. Application of WNT5A protein to ex vivo cultures of dorsal thoracic dermis from ED 15.5 Wnt5a-null mice induced flow-independent development of slender, elongated lymphatic networks after 2 days, in contrast to controls showing an immature lymphatic plexus. Reversely, the application of the WNT-secretion inhibitor LGK974 on ED 15.5 wt-mouse dermis significantly prevented lymphatic network elongation. Correspondingly, tube formation assays with human dermal LECs in vitro revealed increased tube length after WNT5A application. To study the intracellular signaling of WNT5A we used LEC scratch assays. Thereby, inhibition of autocrine WNTs suppressed horizontal migration, whereas application of WNT5A to inhibitor-treated LECs promoted migration. Inhibition of the RHO-GTPase RAC, or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK significantly reduced migration, whereas inhibitors of the protein kinase ROCK did not. WNT5A induced transient phosphorylation of JNK in LECs, which could be inhibited by RAC- and JNK-inhibitors. Our data show that WNT5A induces formation of elongated lymphatic networks through proliferation-independent WNT-signaling via RAC and JNK. Non-canonical WNT-signaling is a major mechanism of extension lymphangiogenesis, and also controls differentiation of lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Lutze
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Haarmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jules A Demanou Toukam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Buttler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Aung T, Taeger C, Geis S, Schiltz D, Brix E, Wenzel C, Lamby P, Kehrer A, Prantl L, Brebant V. WITHDRAWN: The use of integrated indocyanine green fluorescence microscope camera for intraoperative lymphography of supermicrosurgery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018:CH189311. [PMID: 30347608 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aung
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Taeger
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Geis
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Schiltz
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Brix
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Wenzel
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Lamby
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Kehrer
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Prantl
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Brebant
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Yamamoto M, Wilting J, Abe H, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe SI. Development of the pulmonary pleura with special reference to the lung surface morphology: a study using human fetuses. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:150-157. [PMID: 30310706 PMCID: PMC6172594 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In and after the third trimester, the lung surface is likely to become smooth to facilitate respiratory movements. However, there are no detailed descriptions as to when and how the lung surface becomes regular. According to our observations of 33 fetuses at 9–16 weeks of gestation (crown-rump length [CRL], 39–125 mm), the lung surface, especially its lateral (costal) surface, was comparatively rough due to rapid branching and outward growing of bronchioli at the pseudoglandular phase of lung development. The pulmonary pleura was thin and, beneath the surface mesothelium, no or little mesenchymal tissue was detectable. Veins and lymphatic vessels reached the lung surface until 9 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. In contrast, in 8 fetuses at 26–34 weeks of gestation (CRL, 210–290 mm), the lung surface was almost smooth because, instead of bronchioli, the developing alveoli faced the external surfaces of the lung. Moreover, the submesothelial tissue became thick due to large numbers of dilated veins connected to deep intersegmental veins. CD34-positive, multilayered fibrous tissue was also evident beneath the mesothelium in these stages. The submesothelial tissue was much thicker at the basal and mediastinal surfaces compared to apical and costal surfaces. Overall, rather than by a mechanical stress from the thoracic wall and diaphragm, a smooth lung surface seemed to be established largely by the thick submesothelial tissue including veins and lymphatic vessels until 26 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jőrg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Georg-August-Universität Gőttingen, Gőttingen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Blesinger H, Kaulfuß S, Aung T, Schwoch S, Prantl L, Rößler J, Wilting J, Becker J. PIK3CA mutations are specifically localized to lymphatic endothelial cells of lymphatic malformations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200343. [PMID: 29985963 PMCID: PMC6037383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformations (LM) are characterized by the overgrowth of lymphatic vessels during pre- and postnatal development. Macrocystic, microcystic and combined forms of LM are known. The cysts are lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Resection and sclerotherapy are the most common treatment methods. Recent studies performed on LM specimens in the United States of America have identified activating mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene in LM. However, whole tissue but not isolated cell types were studied. Here, we studied LM tissues resected at the University Hospitals Freiburg and Regensburg, Germany. We isolated LECs and fibroblasts separately, and sequenced the commonly affected exons 8, 10, and 21 of the PIK3CA gene. We confirm typical monoallelic mutations in 4 out of 6 LM-derived LEC lines, and describe two new mutations i.) in exon 10 (c.1636C>A; p.Gln546Lys), and ii.) a 3bp in-frame deletion of GAA (Glu109del). LM-derived fibroblasts did not possess such mutations, showing cell-type specificity of the gene defect. High activity of the PIK3CA—AKT- mTOR pathway was demonstrated by hyperphosphorylation of AKT-Ser473 in all LM-derived LECs (including the ones with newly identified mutations), as compared to normal LECs. Additionally, hyperphosphorylation of ERK was seen in all LM-derived LECs, except for the one with Glu109del. In vitro, the small molecule kinase inhibitors Buparlisib/BKM-120, Wortmannin, and Ly294002, (all inhibitors of PIK3CA), CAL-101 (inhibitor of PIK3CD), MK-2206 (AKT inhibitor), Sorafenib (multiple kinases inhibitor), and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) significantly blocked proliferation of LM-derived LECs in a concentration-dependent manner, but also blocked proliferation of normal LECs. However, MK-2206 appeared to be more specific for mutated LECs, except in case of Glu109 deletion. In sum, children that are, or will be, treated with kinase inhibitors must be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Blesinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thiha Aung
- Center of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Schwoch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Center of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Rößler
- Clinics for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
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Dissemond J, Jockenhöfer F, Miller A, Kurzhals G, Noori S, Reich-Schupke S, Schlaeger M, Schubert E, Stücker M, Weberschock T, Jungkunz HW. S1 Guidelines - Dermatoses associated with dermal lymphostasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:512-523. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dissemond
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Essen University Medical Center; Essen Germany
| | - Finja Jockenhöfer
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Essen University Medical Center; Essen Germany
| | - Anya Miller
- “The Skin Experts” - Dermatology; Venereology; Allergology; and Phlebology Practice; Berlin Germany
| | - Günter Kurzhals
- Drs. Kurzhals - Dermatology; Venereology; and Phlebology Practice; Wangen/Allgäu Germany
| | - Shahrouz Noori
- Dr. Noori - Dermatology and Venereology Practice; Vienna Austria
| | - Stefanie Reich-Schupke
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Center for Venous Diseases of the Departments of Dermatology and Vascular Surgery; Ruhr University; Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Schlaeger
- Dr. Schlaeger - Dermatology; Venereology; and Allergology Practice; Oldenburg Germany
| | - Erich Schubert
- Former Department of Dermatology; Allergology; Phlebology; and Lymphology; Sanaderm Hospital; Bad Mergentheim Germany
| | - Markus Stücker
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Center for Venous Diseases of the Departments of Dermatology and Vascular Surgery; Ruhr University; Bochum Germany
| | - Tobias Weberschock
- Working Group Evidence-based Medicine Frankfurt; Institute of General Medicine; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Hans Wilfried Jungkunz
- Former Department of Dermatology; Allergology; Phlebology; and Lymphology; Sanaderm Hospital; Bad Mergentheim Germany
- Dr. Jungkunz; Dermatology; Venereology; Phlebology; Allergology; and Proctology Practice; Friedberg/Hessen Germany
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Dissemond J, Jockenhöfer F, Miller A, Kurzhals G, Noori S, Reich-Schupke S, Schlaeger M, Schubert E, Stücker M, Weberschock T, Jungkunz HW. S1-Leitlinie - Dermatosen bei dermaler Lymphostase. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:512-524. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13496_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dissemond
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Essen
| | - Finja Jockenhöfer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Essen
| | - Anya Miller
- Praxis Die Hautexperten; Dermatologie; Venerologie; Allergologie; Phlebologie; Berlin
| | - Günter Kurzhals
- Praxis Dres. Kurzhals; Dermatologie; Venerologie; Phlebologie; Wangen/Allgäu
| | | | - Stefanie Reich-Schupke
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Venenzentrum der Dermatologischen und Gefäßchirurgischen Kliniken; Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | - Martin Schlaeger
- Praxis Dr. Schlaeger; Dermatologie; Venerologie; Allergologie; Oldenburg
| | - Erich Schubert
- ehemalige Klinik Sanaderm für Dermatologie; Allergologie; Phlebologie; Lymphologie; Bad Mergentheim
| | - Markus Stücker
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Venenzentrum der Dermatologischen und Gefäßchirurgischen Kliniken; Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | - Tobias Weberschock
- Arbeitsgruppe EbM Frankfurt; Institut für Allgemeinmedizin; Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt/Main
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum der Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt/Main
| | - Hans Wilfried Jungkunz
- ehemalige Klinik Sanaderm für Dermatologie; Allergologie; Phlebologie; Lymphologie; Bad Mergentheim
- Praxis Dr. Jungkunz; Dermatologie; Venerologie; Phlebologie; Allergologie; Proktologie; Friedberg/Hessen
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Efficient activation of the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C requires the C-terminal domain of VEGF-C and the N-terminal domain of CCBE1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4916. [PMID: 28687807 PMCID: PMC5501841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagen- and calcium-binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) protein is necessary for lymphangiogenesis. Its C-terminal collagen-like domain was shown to be required for the activation of the major lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C) along with the ADAMTS3 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-3) protease. However, it remained unclear how the N-terminal domain of CCBE1 contributed to lymphangiogenic signaling. Here, we show that efficient activation of VEGF-C requires its C-terminal domain both in vitro and in a transgenic mouse model. The N-terminal EGF-like domain of CCBE1 increased VEGFR-3 signaling by colocalizing pro-VEGF-C with its activating protease to the lymphatic endothelial cell surface. When the ADAMTS3 amounts were limited, proteolytic activation of pro-VEGF-C was supported by the N-terminal domain of CCBE1, but not by its C-terminal domain. A single amino acid substitution in ADAMTS3, identified from a lymphedema patient, was associated with abnormal CCBE1 localization. These results show that CCBE1 promotes VEGFR-3 signaling and lymphangiogenesis by different mechanisms, which are mediated independently by the two domains of CCBE1: by enhancing the cleavage activity of ADAMTS3 and by facilitating the colocalization of VEGF-C and ADAMTS3. These new insights should be valuable in developing new strategies to therapeutically target VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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