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Casais R, Iglesias N, Sevilla IA, Garrido JM, Balseiro A, Dominguez M, Juste RA. Non-specific effects of inactivated Mycobacterium bovis oral and parenteral treatment in a rabbit scabies model. Vet Res 2024; 55:41. [PMID: 38532491 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis BCG vaccination induced non-specific protective effects in humans led to postulate the concept of trained immunity (TRAIM) as an innate type of immune mechanism that triggered by a pathogen, protects against others. Killed vaccines have been considered not to be effective. However, field efficacy of a commercial vaccine against paratuberculosis, as well as of a recently developed M. bovis heat-inactivated vaccine (HIMB) prompted to test whether it could also induce TRAIM. To this, we used a sarcoptic mange rabbit model. Twenty-four weaned rabbits were treated orally or subcutaneously with a suspension of either HIMB (107 UFC) or placebo. Eighty-four days later the animals were challenged with approximately 5000 S. scabiei mites on the left hind limb. Skin lesion extension was measured every 2 weeks until 92 days post-infection (dpi). Two animals were killed at 77 dpi because of extensive skin damage. The rest were euthanized and necropsied and the lesion area and the mite burden per squared cm were estimated. Specific humoral immune responses to S. scabiei and to M. bovis were investigated with the corresponding specific ELISA tests. Subcutaneously and orally HIMB vaccinated animals compared with placebo showed reduced lesion scores (up to 74% and 62%, respectively) and mite counts (-170% and 39%, respectively). This, together with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6276, p = 0.0031) between tuberculosis-specific antibodies and mite count at 92 dpi supported the hypothesis of non-specific effects of killed mycobacterial vaccination. Further research is needed to better understand this mechanism to maximize cross protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Casais
- Area de Sanidad Animal, SERIDA, 33394, Gijon, Asturias, Spain
- NySA Group, SERIDA, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Area de Sanidad Animal, SERIDA, 33394, Gijon, Asturias, Spain
- NySA Group, SERIDA, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-BRTA, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-BRTA, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, León, Spain
- NySA Group, SERIDA, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dominguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-BRTA, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
- NySA Group, SERIDA, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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2
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Ferreras-Colino E, Moreno I, Gortázar C, Sevilla I, Agulló-Ros I, Domínguez L, Juste R, Risalde MA, Domínguez M. Oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis reduces local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104963. [PMID: 37517297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to explore whether oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (HIMB) protects mice against Leishmania infection, 18 female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to the immunized group, that received oral HIMB, or the control group, and were infected by inoculation of 10,000 Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes in the footpad. Spleen culture was positive in 55.55% of immunized mice and in 100% of control mice (p = 0.082). The number of immunolabeled amastigotes number in the popliteal lymph node was lower in the immunized group (p = 0.009). The immunized group presented fewer mature granulomas in the liver (p = 0.005) and more Lys + macrophages (p = 0.002) and fewer CD3+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.001) per hepatic granuloma. We conclude that immunization with HIMB via the oral route limited local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice challenged with Leishmania amazonensis through stimulation of macrophages, which is compatible with trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iker Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Badia-Bringué G, Canive M, Alonso-Hearn M. Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis load within infected bovine monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with host genetics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1042638. [PMID: 36911672 PMCID: PMC9992791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1042638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic loci influencing individual resistance to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection are still largely unknown. In the current study, we searched for genetic loci associated with resistance to MAP infection by evaluating the performance of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from the peripheral blood of 75 healthy Holsteins cows and infected ex vivo with MAP. Bacterial load (log colony-forming units, log CFUs) within MDMs was quantified at 2 h and 7 days p. i. using a BACTEC MGIT 960 instrument. In addition, the expression levels of some genes with important roles in the innate immune response including epiregulin (EREG), complement component C3 (C3), galectin-9 (Gal9), and nitric oxide (NO-) were measured in the supernatant of the infected cells. DNA from peripheral blood samples of the animals included in the study was isolated and genotyped with the EuroG MD bead Chip (44,779 single nucleotide-polymorphisms, SNPs). Linear mixed models were used to calculate the heritability (h2 ) estimates for each indicator of MDM performance, MAP load within MDMs and EREG, C3, Gal9, and NO-expression. After performing a genome-wide association study, the only phenotypes that showed SNPs with a significant association were the bacterial load within MDMs at 2 h (h2 = 0. 87) and 7 days (h2 = 0.83) p.i. A total of 6 SNPs, 5 candidate genes, and one microRNA on the Bos taurus chromosomes BTA2, BTA17, BTA18, and BTA21 were associated with MAP load at 2 h p.i. Overlap was seen in two SNPs associated with the log CFUs at 2 h and 7 d p.i. The identified SNPs had negative regression coefficients, and were, therefore, associated with a low bacterial load within MDMs. Some of the identified SNPs were located within QTLs previously associated with longevity, reproductive, and udder health traits. Some of the identified candidate genes; Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 6, Cysteine and Serine Rich Nuclear Protein 3, and the Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 92 regulate cellular cholesterol trafficking and efflux, apoptosis, and interferon production, respectively. Taken together, our results define a heritable and distinct immunogenetic profile in MAP-infected macrophages designed to limit bacterial load early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Eshraghisamani R, Arrazuria R, Luo L, De Buck J. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isocitrate lyase ( IcL) and ABC transporter ( BacA) knockout mutants as vaccine candidates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149419. [PMID: 37065210 PMCID: PMC10098363 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been little success in controlling Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, due to suboptimal diagnostics and the ineffectiveness of available vaccines. By knocking out BacA and IcL, genes required for MAP survival in dairy calves, two live-attenuated vaccine candidates were created. This study evaluated the host-specific attenuation of MAP IcL and BacA mutants in mouse and calf models, as well as the elicited immune responses. Deletion mutants were generated in MAP strain A1-157 through specialized transduction and found viable in vitro. First, the mutants' attenuation and elicited cytokine secretion were assessed in a mouse model, 3 weeks after intraperitoneal inoculation with MAP strains. Later, vaccine strains were assessed in a natural host infection model where calves received 109CFU oral dose of MAP wild-type or mutant strains at 2 weeks old. Transcription levels of cytokines in PBMCs were evaluated at 12-, 14-, and 16-weeks post-inoculation (WPI) and MAP colonization in tissue was assessed at 4.5 months after inoculation. Whereas both vaccine candidates colonized mouse tissues similarly to wild-type strain, both failed to persist in calf tissues. In either mouse or calf models, gene deletion did not reduce immunogenicity. Instead, inoculation with ΔBacA induced a greater upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines than ΔIcL and wild-type in both models and a greater expansion of cytotoxic and memory T-cells than uninfected control in calves. ΔBacA and wild-type strains significantly increased secretion of IP-10, MIG, TNFα, and RANTES in mice serum compared to uninfected control. This agreed with upregulation of IL-12, IL-17, and TNFα in calves inoculated with ΔBacA at all time points. The ΔBacA also gave rise to greater populations of CD4+CD45RO+, and CD8+ cells than uninfected control calves at 16 WPI. Low survival rate of MAP in macrophages co-incubated with PBMCs isolated from the ΔBacA group indicated that these cell populations are capable of killing MAP. Overall, the immune response elicited by ΔBacA is stronger compared to ΔIcL and it is maintained over two different models and over time in calves. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the BacA mutant's protection against MAP infection as a live attenuated vaccine candidate.
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Canive M, Badia-Bringué G, Alonso-Hearn M. The Upregulation of Cathepsin G Is Associated with Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3038. [PMID: 36359162 PMCID: PMC9655680 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An in silico genomic-transcriptomic combined approach allowed the identification of a polymorphism (cis-eQTL-rs41976219) in the Bos taurus genome associated with the CTSG mRNA expression in bovine blood samples, which suggests that individual genetic variation might modulate the CTSG transcriptional response. In the current study, a sandwich ELISA is used to measure the CTSG protein levels in supernatants of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from cows with the AA (n = 5) and AC (n = 11) genotypes for the rs41976219 and infected ex vivo with MAP. Cows with the AC genotype have significantly higher CTSG protein levels (1.85 ng/mL) in the supernatants of enriched CD14+-MDMs after 2 h of infection when compared with infected CD14+-MDMs from cows with the AA genotype (1.68 ng/mL). Statistically significant differences in the intracellular MAP load at 7 d p.i. are observed between animals with the AA (2.16 log CFUs) and AC (1.44 log CFUs) genotypes. Finally, the association between the rs41976219 allelic variants and resistance to PTB is tested in a larger cattle population (n = 943) classified according to the presence (n = 442) or absence (n = 501) of PTB-associated lesions. The presence of the two minor alleles in the rs41976219 (CC) is more frequent among healthy cows than in cows with PTB-associated lesions in gut tissues (2.2% vs. 1.4%, OR = 0.61). In agreement with this, the CTSG levels in plasma samples of cows without lesions in gut tissues and with the CC (n = 8) genotype are significantly higher than in the plasmas of cows with the AA + AC (n = 36) genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Canive
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
| | - Gerard Badia-Bringué
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
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6
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Schünemann LM, Schuberth HJ. Non-classical monocytes contribute to innate immune training in cattle. Innate Immun 2022; 28:199-210. [PMID: 35876352 PMCID: PMC9389050 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune training is defined as a property of innate immune cells to react
stronger to a secondary contact with pathogens. Induction of innate immune
training has been reported for a variety of pathogens and selected pattern
recognition receptor-ligands, such as β-glucans (βG). We examined whether
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall component βG induces
training in bovine monocytes in vitro based on a heightened TNF
secretion after stimulation by trained monocyte-derived macrophages with
Escherichia coli LPS. Sorted CD14-expressing monocytes
(classical and intermediate monocytes), as well as single populations of sorted
classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes could not be trained by βG,
whereas macrophages derived from plastic-adherent mononuclear cell preparations
displayed features of a trained function. The hypothesis, that non-classical
monocytes need to be present in a mixed monocyte population in order to be
trained by βG could be verified by a successful training of positively sorted
whole monocyte populations (CD14CD16/M) containing all three monocyte
subpopulations. The trainability depended on conditions favoring M1 polarization
of macrophages. Altogether, innate immune training of bovine monocytes seems to
depend on the presence of non-classical monocytes. This adds new information to
the role of this monocyte subpopulation in the bovine immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Schünemann
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Juste RA, Ferreras-Colino E, de la Fuente J, Domínguez M, Risalde MA, Domínguez L, Cabezas-Cruz A, Gortázar C. Heat inactivated mycobacteria, alpha-gal and zebra fish: insights gained from experiences with two promising trained immunity inductors and a validated animal model. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:139-153. [PMID: 35752944 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trained immunity (TRAIM) may be defined as a form of memory where innate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells undergo an epigenetic reprogramming that enhances their primary defensive capabilities. Cross-pathogen protective TRAIM can be triggered in different hosts by exposure to live microbes or microbe-derived products such as heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis or with the glycan α-Gal to elicit protective responses against several pathogens. We review the TRAIM paradigm using two models representing distinct scales of immune sensitization: the whole bacterial cell and one of its building blocks, the polysaccharides or glycans. Observations point out to macrophage lytic capabilities and cytokine regulation as two key components in nonspecific innate immune responses against infections. The study of the TRAIM response deserves attention to better characterize the evolution of host-pathogen cooperation both for identifying the etiology of some diseases and for finding new therapeutic strategies. In this field, the zebrafish provides a convenient and complete biological system that could help to deepen in the knowledge of TRAIM-mediated mechanisms in pathogen-host interactions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,NySA. Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Kasaija PD, Contreras M, Kabi F, Mugerwa S, Garrido JM, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Oral vaccine formulation combining tick Subolesin with heat inactivated mycobacteria provides control of cross-species cattle tick infestations. Vaccine 2022; 40:4564-4573. [PMID: 35728991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tick vaccines are necessary as part of a One Health approach for the control of tick infestations and tick-borne diseases. Subolesin (SUB, also known as 4D8) is a tick protective antigen that has shown efficacy in vaccine formulations for the control of ectoparasite infestations and pathogen infection/transmission. A recent proof-of-concept study reported oral vaccination combining Rhipicephalus microplus SUB with heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (IV) as an immunostimulant for the control of cattle tick infestations. Based on the efficacy of Rhipicephalus decoloratus SUB for the control of multiple cattle tick species in Uganda, herein we design a controlled pen trial using an oral formulation combining R. decoloratus SUB with IV for the control of R. decoloratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus cattle tick infestations. Vaccine efficacy (E) of SUB + IV on tick life cycle was compared with IV and SUB alone and with PBS as control. The IgG antibody titers against SUB and M. bovis P22 and the serum levels of selected protein immune biomarkers (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, C3) were determined and analyzed as possible correlates of protection. Oral immunization with IV and SUB alone and in SUB + IV combination were effective for the control of tick infestations (E = 71-96% for R. decoloratus and 87-99% for R. appendiculatus) with highest E (higher than 95%) for SUB + IV. The results demonstrated that oral immunization with the SUB + IV formulation resulted in effective control of cattle tick infestations through the activation of multiple immune mechanisms. These results support the application of oral vaccine formulations with SUB + IV for the control of cattle infestations with Rhipicephalus species towards improving animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Kasaija
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704, Wakiso District, Uganda
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fredrick Kabi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704, Wakiso District, Uganda
| | - Swidiq Mugerwa
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704, Wakiso District, Uganda
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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9
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Angulo M, Angulo C. Trained immunity against diseases in domestic animals. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106361. [PMID: 35149041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a biological concept that has been demonstrated in different animal species, including human beings. Evidences indicate that innate immune cells can be trained and have a "memory". Under this concept, studies have shown that a first stimulus can potentiate immune responses upon a second one or protect upon homologous or heterologous pathogenic challenges. Research progress on trained innate immunity in mouse models and human beings has provided key information of this phenomenon. In domestic animals, this concept offers a heterologous protection against diseases. Recent studies in domestic animals have demonstrated that trained immunity is induced even by mucosal routes rather than only parenteral routes, as previously evidenced in mice and humans. This situation has led to a major breakthrough in the biotechnology field. Remarkably, the recent first proof-of-concept in calves and goats provides a reality beyond trained immunity as an affordable immunobiotechnological approach to control diseases. Currently, several responses to questions that have been deciphered in mouse and humans seem different in domestic animals; even these differences have been observed among animal species and breeds, which open new questions and challenges. The information of mechanistic studies in domestic animals based on the trained immunity paradigm has not been integrated before; therefore, it needs to be discussed and accurately presented. Moreover, prospects should be defined and biotechnological perspectives provided to promote research and development (R&D) to become a near reality in domestic animal, so this is the main objective of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23090, México.
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23090, México.
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10
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Vaz-Rodrigues R, Ferreras-Colino E, Ugarte-Ruíz M, Pesciaroli M, Thomas J, García-Seco T, Sevilla IA, Pérez-Sancho M, Mateo R, Domínguez L, Gortazar C, Risalde MA. Nonspecific protection of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis against Salmonella Choleraesuis infection in pigs. Vet Res 2022; 53:31. [PMID: 35436975 PMCID: PMC9014587 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTrained immunity is the capacity of innate immune cells to produce an improved response against a secondary infection after a previous unrelated infection. Salmonellosis represents a public health issue and affects the pig farming industry. In general, vaccination against salmonellosis is still facing problems regarding the control of distinct serovars. Therefore, we hypothesized that an immunostimulant based on heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (HIMB) could have an immune training effect in pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) and decided to explore the amplitude of this non-specific immune response. For this purpose, twenty-four 10 days-old female piglets were randomly separated in three groups: immunized group (n = 10) received orally two doses of HIMB prior to the intratracheal S. Choleraesuis-challenge, positive control group (n = 9) that was only challenged with S. Choleraesuis, and negative control group (n = 5) that was neither immunized nor infected. All individuals were necropsied 21 days post-challenge. HIMB improved weight gain and reduced respiratory symptoms and pulmonary lesions caused by S. Choleraesuis in pigs. Pigs immunized with HIMB showed higher cytokine production, especially of serum TNFα and lung CCL28, an important mediator of mucosal trained immunity. Moreover, immunized pigs showed lower levels of the biomarker of lipid oxidation malondialdehyde and higher activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase than untreated challenged pigs. However, the excretion and tissue colonization of S. Choleraesuis remained unaffected. This proof-of-concept study suggests beneficial clinical, pathological, and heterologous immunological effects against bacterial pathogens within the concept of trained immunity, opening avenues for further research.
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11
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Díaz FE, Guerra-Maupome M, McDonald PO, Rivera-Pérez D, Kalergis AM, McGill JL. A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664212. [PMID: 33981309 PMCID: PMC8108697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations. To achieve this goal, vaccine testing in proper animal models is essential. A recombinant BCG vaccine that expresses the Nucleoprotein of hRSV (rBCG-N-hRSV) protects mice against hRSV infection, eliciting humoral and cellular immune protection. Further, this vaccine was shown to be safe and immunogenic in human adult volunteers. Here, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine in a neonatal bovine RSV calf infection model. Newborn, colostrum-replete Holstein calves were either vaccinated with rBCG-N-hRSV, WT-BCG, or left unvaccinated, and then inoculated via aerosol challenge with bRSV strain 375. Vaccination with rBCG-N-hRSV was safe and well-tolerated, with no systemic adverse effects. There was no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease following bRSV challenge of rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated animals, suggesting that the vaccine is safe for use in neonates. Vaccination increased virus-specific IgA and virus-neutralization activity in nasal fluid and increased the proliferation of virus- and BCG-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and lymph nodes at 7dpi. Furthermore, rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated calves developed reduced clinical disease as compared to unvaccinated control calves, although neither pathology nor viral burden were significantly reduced in the lungs. These results suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine is safe in neonatal calves and induces protective humoral and cellular immunity against this respiratory virus. These data from a newborn animal model provide further support to the notion that this vaccine approach could be considered as a candidate for infant immunization against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paiton O McDonald
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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12
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Juste RA, Geijo MV, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Alonso-Hearn M, Garrido JM. Paratuberculosis vaccination specific and non-specific effects on cattle lifespan. Vaccine 2021; 39:1631-1641. [PMID: 33597115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Records of cattle vaccination against paratuberculosis (PTB) have been analyzed to determine whether or not non-specific effect (NSE) on overall mortality similar to that observed in BCG vaccinated humans occurs in animals. The results of a previously reported slaughterhouse study on PTB prevalence were used as a reference on the age incidence of advanced patent (clinical) epidemio-pathogenic forms. In the proper vaccine study, cows in 30 cattle farms in the Basque Country, Spain were followed-up for between 1 and 13 years. Vaccinated groups were composed by 1008 (592 right-censored) animals younger than 3 months treated as calves and by 3761 (3160 right-censored) vaccinated at any older age. Controls were 339 (157 right-censored) and 4592 (2213 right-censored) age matched animals, respectively. Individual last year presence in the annual testing was considered age at culling or death. A survival analysis was carried out according age at vaccination of vaccinated versus non-vaccinated animals. PTB age incidence in the slaughterhouse study was subtracted from the difference between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals at the same age in order to estimate PTB-specific and non-specific effects. The maximum difference was observed at the 2-3 years interval with a 33.9% mortality reduction in the calf vaccinated group. This corresponded also with the maximum NSE that was 24.5% for a PTB incidence of 9.5%. Overall, vaccination afforded to calves a 26.5% yearly mortality protection, split between 11.1% PTB-specific and 15.4% NSE. These results support a NSE on total mortality associated with PTB vaccination that appeared to persist for up to 6-7 years. This confirms for the first time in an animal field study the innate immune system memory predicted by the recently proposed trained immunity theory. Contrasting the literature, no deleterious effects of killed vaccines on females were observed. Mortality reduction would offset vaccination costs and could improve livestock systems efficiency and potentially reduce antibiotic use. Clinical trial registered with Spanish Agency for Drugs and Sanitary products (AEMPS) as 11/012/ECV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain; SERIDA, Agrifood Regional Research and Development Service, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| | - M V Geijo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - N Elguezabal
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - I A Sevilla
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - M Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - J M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
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13
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Recent advances in non-specific immune memory against bovine tuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101615. [PMID: 33529917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important worldwide disease mainly related to cattle, although it also affects other mammals, including humans. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in the knowledge of the immune response mechanisms underlying the interaction of Mycobacterium bovis, the main agent of bovine tuberculosis, with its hosts. In this review we describe the most recent findings on the cattle immune response to M. bovis, particularly regarding trained innate immune responses and γδ T cells, that could support the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools to control this disease.
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14
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Verwoolde MB, van den Biggelaar RHGA, de Vries Reilingh G, Arts JAJ, van Baal J, Lammers A, Jansen CA. Innate immune training and metabolic reprogramming in primary monocytes of broiler and laying hens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103811. [PMID: 32750399 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported trained innate immunity in laying chicken monocytes. In the present study, we further investigated trained innate immunity of monocytes in layers and broilers. Monocytes of both breeds isolated from blood were trained in vitro with β-glucan, rec-chicken IL-4 or a combination of both, and restimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which inflammation and metabolism-related responses were measured. Training of laying and broiler hen monocytes resulted in increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, iNOS and HIF-1α, but enhanced surface expression of CD40 and NO production was only observed in layers. Our in vitro study demonstrates that monocytes from different genetic backgrounds can be trained. However, the observed differences suggest a differential effect on immune functionality associated with innate training. Whether these differences in immune functions between layers and broilers have effect on disease resistance remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Verwoolde MB, van den Biggelaar RHGA, van Baal J, Jansen CA, Lammers A. Training of Primary Chicken Monocytes Results in Enhanced Pro-Inflammatory Responses. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E115. [PMID: 32825152 PMCID: PMC7560005 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucan-stimulated mammalian myeloid cells, such as macrophages, show an increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation in a nonspecific manner. This phenomenon is known as trained innate immunity and is important to prevent reinfections. Trained innate immunity seems to be an evolutionary conserved phenomenon among plants, invertebrates and mammalian species. Our study aimed to explore the training of primary chicken monocytes. We hypothesized that primary chicken monocytes, similar to their mammalian counterparts, can be trained with β-glucan resulting in increased responses of these cells to a secondary stimulus. Primary blood monocytes of white leghorn chickens were primary stimulated with β-glucan microparticulates (M-βG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant chicken interleukin-4 (IL-4) or combinations of these components for 48 h. On day 6, the primary stimulated cells were secondary stimulated with LPS. Nitric oxide (NO) production levels were measured as an indicator of pro-inflammatory activity. In addition, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to characterize the population of trained cells and to investigate the expression of surface markers associated with activation. After the secondary LPS stimulation, surface expression of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and the activation markers CD40 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) was higher on macrophages that were trained with a combination of M-βG and IL-4 compared to unstimulated cells. This increased expression was paralleled by enhanced NO production. In conclusion, this study showed that trained innate immunity can be induced in primary chicken monocytes with β-glucan, which is in line with previous experiments in mammalian species. Innate immune training may have the potential to improve health and vaccination strategies within the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B. Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Robin H. G. A. van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.H.G.A.v.d.B.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.H.G.A.v.d.B.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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16
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Balseiro A, Thomas J, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Development and Challenges in Animal Tuberculosis Vaccination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060472. [PMID: 32549360 PMCID: PMC7350370 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) constituted a major advance in the prevention of human tuberculosis (TB) in the beginning of the past century. BCG has also a clear potential for use in animals and, in particular, in the main domestic species subjected to TB control programs, cattle. Nowadays, the use of BCG vaccination against TB in cattle is not permitted by European Union legislation because BCG can induce a cellular immune response producing diagnostic interference in the eradication programs based on tuberculin single and comparative intradermal tests imposed worldwide. In this review we recall the history of TB vaccination as well as different vaccine trials and the response to vaccination in both domestic and wild animals. Promising potential inactivated vaccines are also reviewed. Research studies are mainly focused to improve vaccine efficacy, and at the same time to ensure its easy administration, safety and stability in the environment. Great challenges remain, particularly in terms of vaccine candidates and also in the acceptance of vaccination. Vaccination should be included in a strategic plan for integrated control of TB under a "one health" perspective, which also includes other measures such as improved biosafety on farms to avoid or decrease contact between domestic and wild animals or control of wildlife reservoirs to avoid overabundance that may favor infection maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98-729-1331
| | - Jobin Thomas
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
| | - María A. Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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17
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Byrne KA, Loving CL, McGill JL. Innate Immunomodulation in Food Animals: Evidence for Trained Immunity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1099. [PMID: 32582185 PMCID: PMC7291600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant problem in health care, animal health, and food safety. To limit AMR, there is a need for alternatives to antibiotics to enhance disease resistance and support judicious antibiotic usage in animals and humans. Immunomodulation is a promising strategy to enhance disease resistance without antibiotics in food animals. One rapidly evolving field of immunomodulation is innate memory in which innate immune cells undergo epigenetic changes of chromatin remodeling and metabolic reprogramming upon a priming event that results in either enhanced or suppressed responsiveness to secondary stimuli (training or tolerance, respectively). Exposure to live agents such as bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or microbe-derived products such as LPS or yeast cell wall ß-glucans can reprogram or "train" the innate immune system. Over the last decade, significant advancements increased our understanding of innate training in humans and rodent models, and strategies are being developed to specifically target or regulate innate memory. In veterinary species, the concept of enhancing the innate immune system is not new; however, there are few available studies which have purposefully investigated innate training as it has been defined in human literature. The development of targeted approaches to engage innate training in food animals, with the practical goal of enhancing the capacity to limit disease without the use of antibiotics, is an area which deserves attention. In this review, we provide an overview of innate immunomodulation and memory, and the mechanisms which regulate this long-term functional reprogramming in other animals (e.g., humans, rodents). We focus on studies describing innate training, or similar phenomenon (often referred to as heterologous or non-specific protection), in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry, and fish species; and discuss the potential benefits and shortcomings of engaging innate training for enhancing disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Byrne
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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18
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Contreras M, Kasaija PD, Merino O, de la Cruz-Hernandez NI, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Oral Vaccination With a Formulation Combining Rhipicephalus microplus Subolesin With Heat Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Reduces Tick Infestations in Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:45. [PMID: 30881925 PMCID: PMC6407321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are an environmentally friendly alternative to acaracides for the control of tick infestations, to reduce the risk for tick-borne diseases affecting human and animal health worldwide, and to improve animal welfare and production. Subolesin (SUB, also known as 4D8) is the functional homolog of Akirin2 involved in the regulation of development and innate immune response, and a proven protective antigen for the control of ectoparasite infestations and pathogen infection. Oral vaccination combining protein antigens with immunostimulants has proven efficacy with increased host welfare and safety, but has not been used for the control of tick infestations. Here we describe the efficacy of oral vaccination with a formulation combining Rhipicephalus microplus SUB and heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (IV) on cattle tick infestations and fertility. The levels of IgG antibody titers against SUB and M. bovis P22, and the expression of selected immune response genes were determined and analyzed as possible correlates of protection. We demonstrated that oral immunization with the SUB+IV formulation resulted in 51% reduction in the number of female ticks and 30% reduction in fertility with an overall efficacy of 65% in the control of R. microplus infestations by considering the cumulative effect on reducing tick survival and fertility in cattle. The akr2, IL-1β, and C3 mRNA levels together with antibody levels against SUB correlated with vaccine efficacy. The effect of the oral immunization with SUB+IV in cattle on tick survival and fertility is essential to reduce tick infestations, and extended previous results on the effect of R. microplus SUB for the control of cattle tick infestations. These results support the development of oral vaccines formulations for the control of tick infestations and the incidence of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paul D Kasaija
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), Tororo, Uganda
| | - Octavio Merino
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Ned I de la Cruz-Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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19
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Balseiro A, Perez V, Juste RA. Chronic regional intestinal inflammatory disease: A trans-species slow infection? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:88-100. [PMID: 30711052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in humans and paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants can be defined as chronic regional intestinal inflammatory diseases (CRIID). This review is a literature overview on these diseases in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, equids and ruminants with a focus on pathological and microbiological features aimed identifying common characteristics that could lead to a unified pathological classification for a better understanding of their mechanisms and causes. The result is a framework of inflammatory forms throughout the different species indicative of common mechanisms of the slow infection type characterized by a time course varying from weeks to months or even years, and where the inflammatory component would be more prominent in the intestinal interphase between host and environment and be morphologically characterized by an infiltrate ranging from lymphoplasmacytic to histiocytic. This should provide new insights for causation demonstration and therapeutic approaches in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valentin Perez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Direccion. Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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20
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Lopez V, van der Heijden E, Villar M, Michel A, Alberdi P, Gortázar C, Rutten V, de la Fuente J. Comparative proteomics identified immune response proteins involved in response to vaccination with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterial challenge in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:54-64. [PMID: 30502913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an imperative need for effective control of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) on a global scale and vaccination of cattle may prove to be pivotal in achieving this. The oral and parenteral use of a heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) vaccine has previously been found to confer partial protection against BTB in several species. A role for complement factor C3 has been suggested in wild boar, but the exact mechanism by which this vaccine provides protection remains unclear. In the present study, a quantitative proteomics approach was used to analyze the white blood cell proteome of vaccinated cattle in comparison to unvaccinated controls, prior (T0) and in response to vaccination, skin test and challenge (T9 and T12). The Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportion of positive reactors to standard immunological assays for BTB (the BOVIGAM® assay, IDEXX TB ELISA and skin test) between the vaccinated and control groups. Using reverse-phase liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS/MS), a total of 12,346 proteins were identified with at least two peptides per protein and the Chi2-test (P = 0.05) determined 1,222 to be differentially represented at the key time point comparisons. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed in order to determine the biological processes (BPs), molecular functions (MFs) and cell components (CCs) the proteins formed part of. The analysis was focused on immune system BPs, specifically. GO analysis revealed that the most overrepresented proteins in immune system BPs, were kinase activity and receptor activity molecular functions and extracellular, Golgi apparatus and endosome cell components and included complement factor C8α and C8β as well as toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and 9 (TLR9). Proteins of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) (JAK-STAT) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways were furthermore found to potentially be involved in the immune response elicited by the inactivated vaccine. In conclusion, this study provides a first indication of the role of several immune system pathways in response to the heat-inactivated M. bovis vaccine and mycobacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lopez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisabeth van der Heijden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Anita Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa; Research Associate of the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 232 Boom St, Daspoort 319-Jr, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Response of goats to intramuscular vaccination with heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis and natural challenge. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:28-34. [PMID: 30396427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caprine TB causes chronic disease with severe economic and health consequences. We assessed the effect of intramuscularly administered heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) on 20 kid goats (10 vaccinated, 10 controls), naturally exposed to M. caprae through close contact with infected goats. At necropsy, visible TB-compatible lesions were recorded in all animals with the exception of 1 control and 2 vaccinated goats. The median of the total lesion score was 9 (IQR 3-13.5) and 5 (IQR 3-6.75) in control and vaccinated goats, respectively (median lesion reduction 44.4%, p = 0.224). The lung lesions of the vaccinated goats were restricted to the caudal lobes, while 6 controls had additional lung lobes affected (p = 0.01). The median lung lesion score reduction in vaccinated goats was 100%; however, this reduction was not significant (p = 0.124), possibly due to the low sample size. Regarding the abdomen, only one vaccinated goat presented visible lesions compared to three goats in the control group. The results provide further evidence of the potential of heat-inactivated M. bovis for controlling TB in different host species, including ruminants.
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Control of mycobacteriosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) mucosally vaccinated with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. Vaccine 2018; 36:4447-4453. [PMID: 29935860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterial infections greatly affect human and animal health worldwide, and vaccines are effective, sustainable and economic interventions for the prevention and control of these infectious diseases. Recent results support the use of zebrafish as a model for studying the pathophysiology of mycobacterial infection and for the development of novel interventions for tuberculosis (TB) control. Recently, we showed that oral immunization with the heat-inactivated M. bovis vaccine (M. bovis IV) protect wild boar against TB, and suggested that this vaccine may controls mycobacterial infection in other species. METHODS In this study we evaluated the effect of M. bovis IV on the control of mycobacteriosis in zebrafish mucosally vaccinated by immersion and challenged intraperitoneally with Mycobacterium marinum. RESULTS The results showed that the M. bovis IV administered by immersion protected zebrafish against mycobacteriosis caused by M. marinum by reduction in mycobacterial infection, the number of mycobacteria per granuloma and the number of granulomas per fish. An IgM antibody response against M. bovis antigens was developed in vaccinated fish. Evidences suggested that the protective mechanism elicited by mucosal vaccination with M. bovis IV in zebrafish was based on the activation of the innate immune response through the C3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results support the use of the M. bovis IV administered by immersion for the control of mycobacteriosis in fish.
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM. Hypothesis: stimulation of trained immunity as adjunctive immunotherapy in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1323-1332. [PMID: 29018149 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ri0217-064rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has steadily progressed during the past decades, with checkpoint inhibitor therapy becoming the latest and one of the most promising treatments. Despite the progress, most of the patients do not respond or develop resistance, and novel additional approaches are needed to improve the clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy. Trained immunity (TI) has been described recently as a process of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming that induces a long-term enhanced function of innate immune cells. TI is considered to have beneficial effects in improving host response to infections and vaccination, and increasing evidence suggests that TI-mediated mechanisms also have useful and potent antitumor effects. We hypothesized that novel and more effective approaches for immunotherapy in cancer may involve induction of TI, alone or in combination with current immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van der Heijden EMDL, Chileshe J, Vernooij JCM, Gortazar C, Juste RA, Sevilla I, Crafford JE, Rutten VPMG, Michel AL. Immune response profiles of calves following vaccination with live BCG and inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine candidates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188448. [PMID: 29155877 PMCID: PMC5695775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional control and eradication strategies for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) face tremendous difficulties in developing countries; countries with wildlife reservoirs, a complex wildlife-livestock-human interface or a lack of veterinary and veterinary public health surveillance. Vaccination of cattle and other species might in some cases provide the only suitable control strategy for BTB, while in others it may supplement existing test-and-slaughter schemes. However, the use of live BCG has several limitations and the global rise of HIV/AIDS infections has furthermore warranted the exploration of inactivated vaccine preparations. The aim of this study was to compare the immune response profiles in response to parenteral vaccination with live BCG and two inactivated vaccine candidates in cattle. Twenty-four mixed breed calves (Bos taurus) aged 4–6 months, were allocated to one of four groups and vaccinated sub-cutaneously with live M. bovis BCG (Danish 1331), formalin-inactivated M. bovis BCG, heat-killed M. bovis or PBS/Montanide™ (control). Interferon-γ responsiveness and antibody production were measured prior to vaccination and at weekly intervals thereafter for twelve weeks. At nine weeks post-priming, animals were skin tested using tuberculins and MTBC specific protein cocktails and subsequently challenged through intranodular injection of live M. bovis BCG. The animals in the heat-killed M. bovis group demonstrated strong and sustained cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, significantly higher than the control group in response to vaccination, which may indicate a protective immune profile. Animals in this group showed reactivity to the skin test reagents, confirming good vaccine take. Lastly, although not statistically significant, recovery of BCG after challenge was lowest in the heat-killed M. bovis group. In conclusion, the parenteral heat-killed M. bovis vaccine proved to be clearly immunogenic in cattle in the present study, urging further evaluation of the vaccine in challenge studies using virulent M. bovis and assessment of vaccine efficacy in field conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Cattle
- Formaldehyde
- Hot Temperature
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Male
- Mycobacterium bovis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. D. L. van der Heijden
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Chileshe
- Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J. C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Gortazar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R. A. Juste
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
- SERIDA, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - I. Sevilla
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - J. E. Crafford
- Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - V. P. M. G. Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. L. Michel
- Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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