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de Sousa Fernandes MS, Gomes JM, Aidar FJ, Thuany M, Filgueira TO, de Souza RF, Badicu G, Yagin FH, Greco G, Cataldi S, Castoldi A, Alghannam AF, Souto FO. Impacts of different triathlon races on systemic cytokine profile and metabolic parameters in healthy individuals: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 37932804 PMCID: PMC10629137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review aimed to discuss the impacts of different triathlon protocols on the level of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as biomarkers related to the performance of healthy individuals. Four databases [PubMed (28 articles), Scopus (24 articles), Science Direct (200 articles), and SPORT Discus (1101 articles) were assessed. The eligibility criteria were applied, and the selected articles were used in the peer review, independently, as they were identified by March 2022. Of the 1359 articles found, 10 were included in this systematic review. Despite the difference in triathlon protocols, it was observed an increase in pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10, and chemokines, such as IL-8 and MCP-1. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory serum levels increase after triathlon. Overall, the studies also reported enhancement in the serum levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, C reactive protein, Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Myostatin, Lactate dehydrogenase, free fatty acids, and lactate dehydrogenase in triathlon athletes. This systematic review indicates that different triathlon race promotes an acute elevation of circulating cytokines and chemokines levels which return to standard levels after triathlon races. The findings of this systematic review demonstrate that the modulation of inflammatory parameters may be associated with an increase in metabolic indicators (CK, Cortisol, and LDH) after the end of different types of triathlon races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.
| | | | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tayrine Ordonio Filgueira
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, 500068, Romania
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey.
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Abdullah F Alghannam
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.
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Panagoulias I, Charokopos N, Thomas I, Spantidea PI, de Lastic AL, Rodi M, Anastasopoulou S, Aggeletopoulou I, Lazaris C, Karkoulias K, Leonidou L, Georgopoulos NA, Markou KB, Mouzaki A. Shifting gears: Study of immune system parameters of male habitual marathon runners. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1009065. [PMID: 36713459 PMCID: PMC9880332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Marathon is a running event in which athletes must cover a distance of 42.195 km. In addition to participating in marathons, marathoners have incorporated extensive running into their lifestyle. In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-term strenuous exercise in the form of marathon running on the immune system. Methods & Results We collected peripheral blood samples from 37 male marathoners before/after a race and 37 age/sex/body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy sedentary controls. Hematological and biochemical tests revealed race-induced leukocytosis attributable to neutrophilia and significant increases in plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and cortisol concentrations. Phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes revealed race-induced significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes, memory helper T (Th) cells, naive, memory and activated cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, natural killer (NK), NKT, and B1 cells, and a significant increase in the number of activated Th and regulatory Th cells (Tregs). Compared with controls, marathoners maintained significantly lower levels of memory and activated Th cells and higher levels of activated Tc and B1 cells. Measurement of plasma cytokine levels revealed a pro-inflammatory cytokine polarization that increased after the race. Examination of gene expression of cytokines and Th-cell signature transcription factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-17, and a significant increase in IL-6, IL-10 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) after the race. Compared with controls, marathoners maintained significantly higher levels of TNF-α. Assessment of the suppressive capacity of Tregs in co-cultures of isolated effector Th cells and Tregs showed significantly increased suppressive capacity of marathoners' Tregs after the race. Conclusions Compared with controls, marathoners live with permanent changes in certain immune parameters. Marathoners exhibit a stable pro-inflammatory cytokine polarization that increases after the race and is counterbalanced by increased numbers of Tregs overexpressing FoxP3 and having increased suppressive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagoulias
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Charokopos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Pyrgos “Andreas Papandreou”, Pyrgos, Greece
| | - Iason Thomas
- Allergy Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiota I. Spantidea
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Rodi
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Anastasopoulou
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Charalampos Lazaris
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kiriakos Karkoulias
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Lydia Leonidou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Neoklis A. Georgopoulos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Kostas B. Markou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece,*Correspondence: Athanasia Mouzaki,
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Alves MDDJ, Silva DDS, Pereira EVM, Pereira DD, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Santos DFC, Oliveira DPM, Vieira-Souza LM, Aidar FJ, de Souza RF. Changes in Cytokines Concentration Following Long-Distance Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838069. [PMID: 35250639 PMCID: PMC8893166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance running is an exhausting effort for the whole organism. Prolonged aerobic exercise induces changes in inflammatory markers. However, predicting muscle damage in response has limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers used to measure inflammatory status. The present study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles focusing in ultra-marathon, marathon, and half-marathon and levels of cytokines. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, resulting in the inclusion of 76 articles. IL-6 was highlighted, evaluated in 62 studies and show increase in the standard mean difference (SMD): half-marathon (SMD −1.36; IC 95%: −1.82, −0.89, Ch2:0.58; tau2:0.00; p < 0.0001), marathon (SMD −6.81; IC 95%: −9.26, −4.37; Ch2:481.37 tau2:11.88; p < 0.0001) and ultra-marathon (SMD −8.00 IC 95%: −10.47, −5.53; Ch2:328.40; tau2:14.19; p < 0.0001). In contrast meta-regression analysis did not show relationship to the running distance (p = 0.864). The meta-analysis evidenced increase in the concentration of IL-1ra (p < 0.0001), IL-1B (p < 0.0001), IL-8 (p < 0.0001), IL-10 (p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (p < 0.0001). Reduction in IL-2 (p < 0.0001) and INF-y (p < 0.03) and no change in the IL-4 (p < 0.56). The number of studies evaluating the effect of adipokines was limited, however Leptin and Resistin were recurrent. The effects of an acute bout of prolonged aerobic exercise will protect against chronic systemic inflammation. The time to return to baseline values showed a substantial and dose-dependent relationship with run volume. The concentration of IL-6 was robustly studied and the marathon running was the most explored. Network of endocrine interactions in which circulating factors, released in extreme exercises, interplay through inter-organ crosstalk and physiologic changes were expressed. The running volume variability was able to modulate compounds that play a fundamental role in the maintenance of homeostasis and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Deivison de Jesus Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports—GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Devisson dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports—GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Erika Vitoria Moura Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports—GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dutra Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Course, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Graduate Program, Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Marques Vieira-Souza
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Physical Education Course, State University of Minas Gerais-UEMG, Passos, Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports—GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports—GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raphael Fabricio de Souza
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The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184239. [PMID: 34575347 PMCID: PMC8468461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-water immersion (CWI) after exercise is a method used by sportsmen to improve recovery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3 min CWI on the inflammatory state by measuring levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and activities of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP), and cathepsin D (CTS D), in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Male volunteers (n = 22, age 25 ± 4.8 yr) performed a 30 min submaximal aerobic exercise, followed by a 20 min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20 min rest at room temperature with an initial 3 min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery. The IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and the AAT activity increased significantly immediately after exercise. The IL-6 level was significantly higher after CWI-REST than after RT-REST. No changes in the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were observed. The effect of a 3 min CWI on the level of inflammatory markers during post-exercise recovery was limited. Thus, it might be considered as a widely available method of regeneration for recreational athletes.
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Ueda N, Musashi M, Shimoda T, Kawaguchi Y, Ohkubo I, Nakagawa Y. Involvement of G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol in transient neutrophilia after marathon races. Eur J Haematol 2021; 107:583-591. [PMID: 34342052 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of the transient increase in neutrophils after running standard marathon races by measurement of cytokines involved in the production and survival of neutrophils, and cortisol. METHODS Fourteen male runners who participated in the Hokkaido Marathon, which is the sole marathon race held in summer in Japan, and finished the standard marathon were analyzed sequentially from the start until a maximum of 8 days after the finish. RESULTS Neutrophilia was observed in all runners just after they reached the goal (mean neutrophils: 13 226/μL). IL-6, G-CSF, and cortisol, but not GM-CSF, increased at the same time. Time-course studies with complete blood counts, biochemical markers, cytokines, and cortisol showed transient increases in neutrophils, monocytes, myoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol. The increase in hsCRP was delayed 6 hours from the first increase in neutrophils. Correlations were observed between the neutrophil count and G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol (G-CSF; r = .667, IL-6; r = .667, cortisol; r = .623). CONCLUSION These results suggest that G-CSF is directly involved, and IL-6 is involved via cortisol in the transient neutrophilia that occurs after marathon races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Ueda
- Master Course, Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Musashi
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taeko Shimoda
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kawaguchi
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukie Nakagawa
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
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Zambonatto RF, Teixeira RN, Poma SDO, da Silva EB, de Almeida MM, Leite GDS, Dos Santos CMM, Alves HHDO, Gorjão R, Pithon-Curi TC, Carvalho CRF, Curi R, Levada-Pires AC. Features of Neutrophils From Atopic and Non-Atopic Elite Endurance Runners. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670763. [PMID: 34177910 PMCID: PMC8226171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected peripheral blood from thirty-nine elite male endurance runners at rest (24 hours after the last exercise session) and used the Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes score and plasma specific IgE level to separate them into atopic and non-atopic athletes. Neutrophils obtained from atopic and non-atopic athletes were subsequently stimulated in vitro with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Neutrophils from non-atopic runners responded appropriately to LPS, as evidenced by the production of pro (IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Neutrophils from atopic elite runners exhibited lower responses to LPS stimulus as indicated by no increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Neutrophils from non-atopic and atopic runners responded similarly to fMLP stimulation, indicating that migration function remained unaltered. Both groups were unresponsive to PMA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Training hours and training volume were not associated with neutrophil IgE receptor gene expression or any evaluated neutrophil function. Since non-atopic runners normally responded to LPS stimulation, the reduced neutrophil response to the stimuli was most likely due to the atopic state and not exercise training. The findings reported are of clinical relevance because atopic runners exhibit a constant decline in competition performance and are more susceptible to invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Freitas Zambonatto
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nakata Teixeira
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah de Oliveira Poma
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Borges da Silva
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mendes de Almeida
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Dos Santos Leite
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar Miguel Momesso Dos Santos
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena de Oliveira Alves
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso R F Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Tokinoya K, Shishikura Y, Sekine N, Aoyagi A, Yoshida Y, Aita Y, Sugasawa T, Nabekura Y, Takekoshi K. Plasma free metanephrine and normethanephrine levels correlated to plasma catecholamine after acute running in amateur runner. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:178-181. [PMID: 33936218 PMCID: PMC8055611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Catecholamine is a typical index of exercise intensity, but it is difficult to detect. Plasma metanephrine (MN) and normethanephrine (NMN) levels are more stable than those of catecholamines. This study aimed to investigate plasma MN and NMN levels during acute exercise running in amateur runners. Methods Samples were collected from eight healthy male participants. They were either sedentary or running at low or high intensity for 30 min. Blood samples were collected under these conditions. Measurements taken included plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, MN, and NMN. Results Plasma adrenaline levels increased after high-intensity exercise compared with sedentary subjects. Plasma noradrenaline, MN, and NMN levels increased after both low- and high-intensity exercise compared with sedentary subjects. In addition, these levels were also significantly higher at high intensity than at low intensity. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were positively correlated with plasma free MN and NMN levels after acute running, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed that plasma MN and NMN levels transiently increased depending on exercise intensity in amateur runners. In addition, plasma NMN levels are better markers than plasma MN levels because of their stronger correlation with plasma catecholamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Shishikura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanami Sekine
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aita
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Weihl FM, Van Guilder GP. Endothelial Vasodilation After a High-Volume Training Load and Tapered Training in Collegiate Female Swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:811-818. [PMID: 30102683 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weihl, FM and Van Guilder, GP. Endothelial vasodilation after a high-volume training load and tapered training in collegiate female swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 811-818, 2021-High-volume endurance training loads have been linked to adverse remodeling of the heart and large arteries; yet, data on the vascular endothelial function are unclear. Moreover, although collegiate-level endurance athletes often perform high-volumes of vigorous endurance training and resistance training as part of their strength and conditioning programs, it is unknown whether they also experience vascular abnormalities, particularly changes in endothelial function. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of a high-volume training load phase followed by low-volume tapered training on endothelial vasodilator function in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I competitive female swimmers. Microvascular endothelial vasodilation was assessed by pulse arterial tonometry that provides a reactive hyperemia index in 10 female NCAA Division 1 swimmers after 4 weeks of a high-volume training load, and subsequently, after 3 weeks of low-volume tapered training as part of preparation for annual conference championships. The reactive hyperemia index was calculated as the ratio of the pulse volume amplitude after 5 minutes of left-arm brachial artery ischemia to the baseline amplitude, divided by same ratio in the contralateral arm. The high-volume training load included a 4-week block of dual-day sessions (120 minutes per practice) consisting of vigorous intensity endurance and high-intensity interval/sprint swim training, coupled with 5K running, resistance training, and Olympic weightlifting. Tapered training consisted of 3 weeks of 3-5 swims per week at ∼50% V̇o2max for 60 minutes per practice (∼4,000 minutes per practice). The reactive hyperemia index (1.73 ± 0.50) was low in athletes after the high-volume training load with 8 athletes demonstrating endothelial dysfunction. However, after tapered training, the reactive hyperemia index was ∼33% higher (2.29 ± 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98-2.60, p = 0.0223 vs. the high-volume training load). Effect size, as expressed by the partial eta2 (0.46) and Cohen's dz (1.1923; 95% CI: 0.1687-2.4643) with tapered training, was large. These results demonstrate distinct differences in endothelial vasodilation after 4 weeks of a high-volume training load compared with a 3-week taper in NCAA Division I female swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawn M Weihl
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health & Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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9
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Vlahek P, Matijević V, Havaš J, Dilber D, Veronek J, Balta V. Elite 100-km road ultramarathon runners: characteristics and musculoskeletal injuries. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:836-843. [PMID: 33269878 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently known data about ultramarathon medical issues has been collected from all combinations of ultramarathon race types (road, trail, etc.) and the population in those studies consists of mixed elite and recreational athletes. There are few studies concerning injuries related to musculoskeletal system injuries in ultramarathon runners. METHODS The study was conducted on total of 77 elite ultramarathoners based on a questionnaire-based survey. We studied the elite male and female athletes who participated in the 30th IAU 100-km World Championships held in Croatia, in 2018. RESULTS Ultramarathon runners have higher percentage of lower-leg injuries and rehabilitation of those injuries tend to last longer as ultramarathon runners show specific training habits with less days off and hold a permanent, full-time job and often with a higher academic degree. Furthermore, also the mean age is higher. CONCLUSIONS Ultramarathoners have a higher percentage of lower-leg injuries than runners who do not run distances beyond a marathon. In addition, rehabilitation tends to last longer. This may well be correlated also to their specific training loads with fewer days off and training whilst holding a permanent full-time job. Often, they also hold a higher academic degree with years spent in the education system which might influence their mindsets on the medical issues they encounter. Also, being older may also have a bearing on injury occurrence and rehabilitation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavao Vlahek
- Polyclinic Medikol, Čakovec, Croatia.,University of North Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Valentina Matijević
- Department of Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital Center, Sestre Milosrdnice University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Havaš
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Dilber
- Deparment of Cardiology, County Hospital of Čakovec, Čakovec, Croatia -
| | | | - Vedran Balta
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Larsen EL, Poulsen HE, Michaelsen C, Kjær LK, Lyngbæk M, Andersen ES, Petersen-Bønding C, Lemoine C, Gillum M, Jørgensen NR, Ploug T, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK, Karstoft K. Differential time responses in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers after a marathon: An observational study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2080-2091. [PMID: 32530734 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1770918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute and adaptive changes in systemic markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications (i.e., 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo)) as well as inflammatory cytokines (i.e., C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumour necrosis factor alpha), a liver hormone (i.e., fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)), and bone metabolism markers (sclerostin, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide, and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen) were investigated following a marathon in 20 study participants. Immediate changes were observed in inflammatory cytokines, FGF21, and bone metabolism markers following the marathon. In contrast, no immediate changes in urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo were evident. Four days after the marathon, decreased urinary excretion of 8-oxodG (-2.9 (95% CI -4.8;-1.1) nmol/24 h, P < 0.01) and 8-oxoGuo (-5.8 (95% CI -10.3;-1.3) nmol/24 h, P = 0.02) was observed. The excretion rate of 8-oxodG remained decreased 7 days after the marathon compared to baseline (-2.3 (95%CI -4.3;-0.4) nmol/24 h, P = 0.02), whereas the excretion rate of 8-oxoGuo was normalized. In conclusion marathon participation immediately induced a considerable inflammatory response, but did not increase excretion rates of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications. In fact, a delayed decrease in oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications was observed suggesting adaptive antioxidative effects following exercise. ABBREVIATIONS 8-oxodG: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-oxoGuo: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine; CI: confidence interval; CTX: C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; h: hour; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; IQR: interquartile range; MS: mass spectrometry: P1NP: N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha; UPLC: ultra-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil List Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Michaelsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Kofoed Kjær
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Skytte Andersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Christina Petersen-Bønding
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Lemoine
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thorkil Ploug
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Gonçalves CAM, Dantas PMS, Dos Santos IK, Dantas M, da Silva DCP, Cabral BGDAT, Guerra RO, Júnior GBC. Effect of Acute and Chronic Aerobic Exercise on Immunological Markers: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1602. [PMID: 32038286 PMCID: PMC6993577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The effects of aerobic exercise on the immune system are not yet fully defined in the scientific literature. This fact demonstrates the need to investigate its influence on existing immunological markers by classifying and quantifying their acute and chronic effects. Objective: To investigate the effects of acute and chronic aerobic exercise on inflammatory markers of healthy adults. Methods: This study is a systematic review according to PRISMA recommendations. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Bireme and Cochrane Library, and article references. The last search was performed in March 2019. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) investigating the acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on immune markers in healthy male and female adults aged 20 to 45 years, without restrictions in language or year of publication. Two authors independently analyzed the studies by reading the titles, abstracts, and full texts. Risk of Study bias was analyzed using Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. Outcomes: We included 15 studies in this systematic review, 13 of which were acute intervention and 2 were chronic, with 296 participants, 196 men and 100 women all being healthy individuals. It was observed that the acute intervention promotes changes in most immunological markers, while the chronic intervention interferes with a smaller proportion, this being in lymphocyte subpopulations. In the evaluation of quality, it was found that most studies did not present a high risk of bias in the evaluated aspects, but an unclear related risk of bias was observed, requiring a more careful analysis. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the evidence indicates that acute and chronic interventions may modify most immune markers, but aspects such as gender, contraceptive pill use in women, physical capacity of the investigated individuals, environment, and type and intensity of the exercises may interfere with these markers as well as the data analysis. Therefore, this review suggests that further research is needed to contribute to the confirmation and estimation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Isis Kelly Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dantas
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Oliveira Guerra
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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12
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Sierra APR, Lima GHO, da Silva ED, Maciel JFDS, Benetti MP, de Oliveira RA, Martins PFDO, Kiss MAP, Ghorayeb N, Newsholme P, Pesquero JB, Cury-Boaventura MF. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Related-Polymorphisms on Inflammation, Muscle and Myocardial Damage After a Marathon Race. Front Genet 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31708962 PMCID: PMC6823274 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage is one of the most important factors that affect muscle fatigue during endurance exercise. Recent evidence suggests that the renin–angiotensin system impacts on skeletal muscle wasting. The aim of this study was to determine association between the AGT Met235Thr, ACE I/D and BDKRB2 −9/+9 polymorphisms with inflammation, myocardial and muscle injury induced by endurance exercise. Eighty-one Brazilian male runners participated in this study and completed the International Marathon of Sao Paulo. Muscle and myocardial damage markers (alanine transaminase, ALT, aspartate transaminase, AST, lactic dehydrogenase, LDH, creatine kinase, CK, Troponin, pro BNP, myoglobin, and CK-MB) and inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL12p70, IL1β, and TNF-α) were determined one day before, immediately after, one day after, and three days after the event. Muscle damage was also determined fifteen days after race and angiotensinogen (AGT) Met235Thr, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D, and Bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) −9/+9 polymorphisms were determined. Marathon race participation induced an increase in all muscle damage and inflammatory markers evaluated (p < 0.0001). The muscle damage markers, troponin and pro BNP, CK and LDH and inflammatory markers, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10 were also higher in ACE II genotype immediately after race, compared to DD genotype. The percentage of runners higher responders (>500U/I) to CK levels was higher for II genotypes (69%) compared to DD and ID genotypes (38% and 40%, respectively) immediately after. Troponin, pro BNP and IL-1β, IL-8 levels were also elevated in AGT MM genotype compared to TT genotype athletes after and/or one day after race. BDKRB2 −9/−9 had pronounced response to LDH, CK, CK-MB and ALT and AST activities, myoglobin, troponin, IL-6, IL-8 levels immediately, one day and/or three days after race. The percentage of runners higher responders (>500U/I) to CK levels was greater for −9−9 and −9+9 genotypes (46 and 48%, respectively) compared to +9+9 genotypes (31%) immediately after. ACE II, AGT MM, and BDKRB2 −9−9 genotypes may increase the susceptibility to inflammation, muscle injury after endurance exercise and could be used to predict the development of clinical conditions associated with muscle damage and myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rennó Sierra
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elton Dias da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
Data from observational studies indicate that both physical activity as well as exercise (ie, structured physical activity) is associated with reductions in the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality after a diagnosis of certain forms of cancer. Emerging evidence from preclinical studies indicates that physical activity/exercise paradigms regulate intratumoral vascular maturity and perfusion, hypoxia, and metabolism and augments the antitumor immune response. Such responses may, in turn, enhance response to standard anticancer treatments. For instance, exercise improves efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, and there is rationale to believe that it will also improve radiotherapy response. This review overviews the current preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting exercise modulation of therapeutic response and postulated biological mechanisms underpinning such effects. We also examine the implications for tumor response to radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ashcraft
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark W Dewhirst
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC..
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14
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Nieman DC, Lila MA, Gillitt ND. Immunometabolism: A Multi-Omics Approach to Interpreting the Influence of Exercise and Diet on the Immune System. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:341-363. [PMID: 30633566 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism is an evolving field of scientific endeavor that merges immunology and metabolism and has provided valuable context when evaluating the influence of dietary interventions on exercise-induced immune dysfunction. Metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics provide a system-wide view of the metabolic response to exercise by simultaneously measuring and identifying a large number of small-molecule metabolites, lipids, and proteins. Many of these are involved with immune function and regulation and are sensitive to dietary influences, especially acute carbohydrate ingestion from either sugar beverages or fruits such as bananas. Emerging evidence using large multi-omics data sets supports the combined intake of fruit sugars and phytochemicals by athletes during heavy exertion as an effective strategy to improve metabolic recovery, augment viral defense, and counter postexercise inflammation and immune dysfunction at the cell level. Multi-omics methodologies have given investigators new outcome targets to assess the efficacy of various dietary interventions for physiologically stressed athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA;
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Nicholas D Gillitt
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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15
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Yargic MP, Torgutalp S, Akin S, Babayeva N, Torgutalp M, Demirel HA. Acute long-distance trail running increases serum IL-6, IL-15, and Hsp72 levels. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:627-631. [PMID: 30365907 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-15, and heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) are molecules that have significant metabolic effects on glucose and fat metabolism and a cell's stress response. The aim of this study is to determine serum levels of these molecules in runners after a long-distance trail run. Serum IL-15 levels after such endurance events have not been investigated yet. Blood samples were collected from 37 athletes (11 female, 26 male) before and after a 35-km trail run, with a total climb of 940 m. Serum was obtained from the samples, and IL-6, IL-15, and Hsp72 levels were measured from using the sandwich ELISA method. The athletes completed the race in 308.3 ± 37.4 min on average. After the race, the mean serum IL-6, IL-15, and Hsp72 concentrations increased 13.2-fold, 2.22-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.039, respectively). This is the first study to demonstrate the increase in serum IL-15 levels following an acute endurance exercise. In addition to IL-15, we report that IL-6 and soluble Hsp72 levels also increased significantly following a 35-km trail run. Since these molecules are involved in regulating glucose and fat metabolism, significant increases of IL-6, IL-15, and soluble Hsp72 may have health benefits that may be associated with long-distance trail runs, which are becoming more popular worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Pelin Yargic
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyma Torgutalp
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senay Akin
- b Division of Exercise and Sport Physiology, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naila Babayeva
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Torgutalp
- c Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haydar Ali Demirel
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,b Division of Exercise and Sport Physiology, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Strength Training Session Induces Important Changes on Physiological, Immunological, and Inflammatory Biomarkers. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9675216. [PMID: 30046617 PMCID: PMC6038656 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9675216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength exercise is a strategy applied in sports and physical training processes. It may induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophy is dependent on the eccentric muscle actions and on the inflammatory response. Here, we evaluate the physiological, immunological, and inflammatory responses induced by a session of strength training with a focus on predominance of the eccentric muscle actions. Twenty volunteers were separated into two groups: the untrained group (UTG) and the trained group (TG). Both groups hold 4 sets of leg press, knee extensor, and leg curl at 65% of personal one-repetition maximum (1RM), 90 s of recovery, and 2″conc/3″eccen of duration of execution in each repetition. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after, 2 hours after, and 24 h after the end of the exercise session. The single session of strength training elevated the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), visual analog scale (VAS), and lactate blood level in UTG and TG. Creatine kinase (CK) levels were higher at 2 and 24 h after the end of the exercise in UTG and, in TG, only at 24 h. The number of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils increased in UTG and TG, post and 2 h after exercise. Lymphocytes increased postexercise but reduced 2 h after exercise in both groups, while the number of monocytes increased only immediately after the exercise session in UTG and TG. The strength training session elevated the levels of apelin and fatty acid-binding proteins-3 (FABP3) in both groups and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in TG. The single exercise session was capable of inducing elevated HR, RPE, lactate level, and CK levels. This protocol changed the count/total number of circulating immune cells in both groups (UTG and TG) and also increased the level of plasmatic apelin, BDNF, and FLTS1 only in TG and FABP3 myokines in both groups.
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17
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Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9824192. [PMID: 29430287 PMCID: PMC5753004 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9824192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, 1 day after, and 3 days after the marathon to analyze the hematological parameters, electrolytes, markers of tissue damage, and oxidative status. In both environments, the marathon race promotes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, hemolysis, oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage. The marathon runner's performance was approximately 13.5% lower in HE compared to TE; however, in HE, our results demonstrated more pronounced fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by marathon in HE is presumed to be related to protein/purine oxidation instead of other oxidative sources. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and protein/purine oxidation may be important factors responsible for hemolysis, renal damage, immune activation, and impaired performance after long-term exercise in HE. Nonetheless, we suggested that the impairment on performance in HE was not associated to the muscle damage and lipoperoxidation.
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18
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Saka T, Karakus M. ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN INCREASE IN HIGH ALTITUDE MOUNTAINEERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172306172268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Many middle-aged Turks go hiking in mountains to breathe some fresh air or to maintain fitness. Objective: This study investigated the effects of regular high altitude mountain climbing on the metabolic and hematological responses of mountaineers. Methods: Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied, as well as some hormonal values of 21 mountaineers and 16 healthy age-matched sedentary volunteers. Results: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly lower (p<0.04) in mountaineers compared with the sedentary group. Total protein (p<0.001) and albumin (p<0.001) were lower, while the levels of ferritin (p<0.04), creatine (p<0.03) and creatine phosphokinase (p<0.01) were higher in mountaineers. Other hematological and biochemical parameters, i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, did not change significantly. Conclusion: Our results show that regular exposure to high altitude increased the serum levels of some acute phase proteins with anti-inflammatory properties.
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