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Zehrer AC, Martin-Villalba A, Diederich B, Ewers H. An open-source, high-resolution, automated fluorescence microscope. eLife 2024; 12:RP89826. [PMID: 38436658 PMCID: PMC10942636 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is a fundamental tool in the life sciences, but the availability of sophisticated equipment required to yield high-quality, quantitative data is a major bottleneck in data production in many laboratories worldwide. This problem has long been recognized and the abundancy of low-cost electronics and the simplification of fabrication through 3D-printing have led to the emergence of open-source scientific hardware as a research field. Cost effective fluorescence microscopes can be assembled from cheaply mass-produced components, but lag behind commercial solutions in image quality. On the other hand, blueprints of sophisticated microscopes such as light-sheet or super-resolution systems, custom-assembled from high quality parts, are available, but require a high level of expertise from the user. Here, we combine the UC2 microscopy toolbox with high-quality components and integrated electronics and software to assemble an automated high-resolution fluorescence microscope. Using this microscope, we demonstrate high resolution fluorescence imaging for fixed and live samples. When operated inside an incubator, long-term live-cell imaging over several days was possible. Our microscope reaches single molecule sensitivity, and we performed single particle tracking and SMLM super-resolution microscopy experiments in cells. Our setup costs a fraction of its commercially available counterparts but still provides a maximum of capabilities and image quality. We thus provide a proof of concept that high quality scientific data can be generated by lay users with a low-budget system and open-source software. Our system can be used for routine imaging in laboratories that do not have the means to acquire commercial systems and through its affordability can serve as teaching material to students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research CenteHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Helge Ewers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
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2
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Abstract
Open hardware solutions are increasingly being chosen by researchers as a strategy to improve access to technology for cutting-edge biology research. The use of DIY technology is already widespread, particularly in countries with limited access to science funding, and is catalyzing the development of open-source technologies. Beyond financial accessibility, open hardware can be transformational for the access of laboratories to equipment by reducing dependence on import logistics and enabling direct knowledge transfer. Central drivers to the adoption of appropriate open-source technologies in biology laboratories around the world are open sharing, digital fabrication, local production, the use of standard parts, and detailed documentation. This Essay examines the global spread of open hardware and discusses which kinds of open-source technologies are the most beneficial in scientific environments with economic and infrastructural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wenzel
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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3
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Ouyang W, Bowman RW, Wang H, Bumke KE, Collins JT, Spjuth O, Carreras-Puigvert J, Diederich B. An Open-Source Modular Framework for Automated Pipetting and Imaging Applications. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101063. [PMID: 34693668 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The number of samples in biological experiments is continuously increasing, but complex protocols and human error in many cases lead to suboptimal data quality and hence difficulties in reproducing scientific findings. Laboratory automation can alleviate many of these problems by precisely reproducing machine-readable protocols. These instruments generally require high up-front investments, and due to the lack of open application programming interfaces (APIs), they are notoriously difficult for scientists to customize and control outside of the vendor-supplied software. Here, automated, high-throughput experiments are demonstrated for interdisciplinary research in life science that can be replicated on a modest budget, using open tools to ensure reproducibility by combining the tools OpenFlexure, Opentrons, ImJoy, and UC2. This automated sample preparation and imaging pipeline can easily be replicated and established in many laboratories as well as in educational contexts through easy-to-understand algorithms and easy-to-build microscopes. Additionally, the creation of feedback loops, with later pipetting or imaging steps depending on the analysis of previously acquired images, enables the realization of fully autonomous "smart" microscopy experiments. All documents and source files are publicly available to prove the concept of smart lab automation using inexpensive, open tools. It is believed this democratizes access to the power and repeatability of automated experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- W. Ouyang, Science for Life Laboratory School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 114 28, Sweden
| | - Richard W Bowman
- R. W. Bowman, K. E. Bumke, J. T. Collins, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Haoran Wang
- H. Wang, B. Diederich, Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07749, Jena, Germany.,H. Wang, B. Diederich, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kaspar E Bumke
- R. W. Bowman, K. E. Bumke, J. T. Collins, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Joel T Collins
- R. W. Bowman, K. E. Bumke, J. T. Collins, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ola Spjuth
- O. Spjuth, J. Carreras-Puigvert, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Jordi Carreras-Puigvert
- O. Spjuth, J. Carreras-Puigvert, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Benedict Diederich
- H. Wang, B. Diederich, Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07749, Jena, Germany.,H. Wang, B. Diederich, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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4
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Ly VT, Baudin PV, Pansodtee P, Jung EA, Voitiuk K, Rosen YM, Willsey HR, Mantalas GL, Seiler ST, Selberg JA, Cordero SA, Ross JM, Rolandi M, Pollen AA, Nowakowski TJ, Haussler D, Mostajo-Radji MA, Salama SR, Teodorescu M. Picroscope: low-cost system for simultaneous longitudinal biological imaging. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1261. [PMID: 34737378 PMCID: PMC8569150 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous longitudinal imaging across multiple conditions and replicates has been crucial for scientific studies aiming to understand biological processes and disease. Yet, imaging systems capable of accomplishing these tasks are economically unattainable for most academic and teaching laboratories around the world. Here, we propose the Picroscope, which is the first low-cost system for simultaneous longitudinal biological imaging made primarily using off-the-shelf and 3D-printed materials. The Picroscope is compatible with standard 24-well cell culture plates and captures 3D z-stack image data. The Picroscope can be controlled remotely, allowing for automatic imaging with minimal intervention from the investigator. Here, we use this system in a range of applications. We gathered longitudinal whole organism image data for frogs, zebrafish, and planaria worms. We also gathered image data inside an incubator to observe 2D monolayers and 3D mammalian tissue culture models. Using this tool, we can measure the behavior of entire organisms or individual cells over long-time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Ly
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Pierre V Baudin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Pattawong Pansodtee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Erik A Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Kateryna Voitiuk
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Yohei M Rosen
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gary L Mantalas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Spencer T Seiler
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - John A Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Sergio A Cordero
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Jayden M Ross
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Alex A Pollen
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David Haussler
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Sofie R Salama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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5
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Salido J, Toledano PT, Vallez N, Deniz O, Ruiz-Santaquiteria J, Cristobal G, Bueno G. MicroHikari3D: an automated DIY digital microscopy platform with deep learning capabilities. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7223-7243. [PMID: 34858711 PMCID: PMC8606155 DOI: 10.1364/boe.439014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A microscope is an essential tool in biosciences and production quality laboratories for unveiling the secrets of microworlds. This paper describes the development of MicroHikari3D, an affordable DIY optical microscopy platform with automated sample positioning, autofocus and several illumination modalities to provide a high-quality flexible microscopy tool for labs with a short budget. This proposed optical microscope design aims to achieve high customization capabilities to allow whole 2D slide imaging and observation of 3D live specimens. The MicroHikari3D motion control system is based on the entry level 3D printer kit Tronxy X1 controlled from a server running in a Raspberry Pi 4. The server provides services to a client mobile app for video/image acquisition, processing, and a high level classification task by applying deep learning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Salido
- VISILAB Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P. T. Toledano
- VISILAB Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - N. Vallez
- VISILAB Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - O. Deniz
- VISILAB Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - G. Cristobal
- Instituto de Optica (CSIC), Serrano 121, Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Bueno
- VISILAB Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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6
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Merces GO, Kennedy C, Lenoci B, Reynaud EG, Burke N, Pickering M. The incubot: A 3D printer-based microscope for long-term live cell imaging within a tissue culture incubator. HARDWAREX 2021; 9:e00189. [PMID: 35492043 PMCID: PMC9041206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial live cell imaging systems represent a large financial burden to research groups, while current open source incubator microscopy systems lack adaptability and are sometimes inadequate for complex imaging experimentation. We present here a low-cost microscope designed for inclusion within a conventional tissue culture incubator. The build is constructed using an entry level 3D printer as the basis for the motion control system, with Raspberry Pi imaging and software integration, allowing for reflected, oblique, and fluorescence imaging of live cell monolayers. The open source nature of the design is aimed to facilitate adaptation by both the community at large and by individual researchers/groups. The development of an adaptable and easy-to-use graphic user interface (GUI) allows for the scientist to be at the core of experimental design through simple modifications of the base GUI code, or generation of an entirely purpose-built script. This adaptability will allow scientists to adapt this equipment for their experimental needs, as opposed to designing experiments to fit their current equipment. The build can be constructed for a cost of roughly €1000 and thus serves as a low-cost and adaptable addition to the open source microscopy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O.T. Merces
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Conor Kennedy
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Blanca Lenoci
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel G. Reynaud
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Burke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Mark Pickering
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Co. Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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7
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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8
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Diederich B, Lachmann R, Carlstedt S, Marsikova B, Wang H, Uwurukundo X, Mosig AS, Heintzmann R. A versatile and customizable low-cost 3D-printed open standard for microscopic imaging. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5979. [PMID: 33239615 PMCID: PMC7688980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern microscopes used for biological imaging often present themselves as black boxes whose precise operating principle remains unknown, and whose optical resolution and price seem to be in inverse proportion to each other. With UC2 (You. See. Too.) we present a low-cost, 3D-printed, open-source, modular microscopy toolbox and demonstrate its versatility by realizing a complete microscope development cycle from concept to experimental phase. The self-contained incubator-enclosed brightfield microscope monitors monocyte to macrophage cell differentiation for seven days at cellular resolution level (e.g. 2 μm). Furthermore, by including very few additional components, the geometry is transferred into a 400 Euro light sheet fluorescence microscope for volumetric observations of a transgenic Zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). With this, we aim to establish an open standard in optics to facilitate interfacing with various complementary platforms. By making the content and comprehensive documentation publicly available, the systems presented here lend themselves to easy and straightforward replications, modifications, and extensions. Open standard microscopy is urgently needed to give low-cost solutions to researchers and to overcome the reproducibility crisis in science. Here the authors present a 3D-printed, open-source modular microscopy toolbox UC2 (You. See. Too.) for a few hundred Euros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - René Lachmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Swen Carlstedt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry II, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbora Marsikova
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Haoran Wang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Xavier Uwurukundo
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry II, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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9
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Courtney A, Alvey LM, Merces GOT, Burke N, Pickering M. The Flexiscope: a low cost, flexible, convertible and modular microscope with automated scanning and micromanipulation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191949. [PMID: 32269809 PMCID: PMC7137931 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With technologies rapidly evolving, many research institutions are now opting to invest in costly, high-quality, specialized microscopes which are shared by many researchers. As a consequence, the user may not have the ability to adapt a microscope to their specific needs and limitations in experimental design are introduced. A flexible work-horse microscopy system is a valuable tool in any laboratory to meet the diverse needs of a research team and promote innovation in experimental design. We have developed the Flexiscope; a multi-functional, adaptable, efficient and high-performance microscopy/electrophysiology system for everyday applications in a neurobiology laboratory. The core optical components are relatively constant in the three configurations described here: an upright configuration, an inverted configuration and an upright/electrophysiology configuration. We have provided a comprehensive description of the Flexiscope. We show that this method is capable of oblique infrared illumination imaging, multi-channel fluorescent imaging and automated three-dimensional scanning of larger specimens. Image quality is conserved across the three configurations of the microscope, and conversion between configurations is possible quickly and easily, while the motion control system can be repurposed to allow sub-micrometre computer-controlled micromanipulation. The Flexiscope provides similar performance and usability to commercially available systems. However, as it can be easily reconfigured for multiple roles, it can remove the need to purchase multiple microscopes, giving significant cost savings. The modular reconfigurable nature allows the user to customize the system to their specific needs and adapt/upgrade the system as challenges arise, without requiring specialized technical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Courtney
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Author for correspondence: Amy Courtney e-mail:
| | - Luke M. Alvey
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - George O. T. Merces
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Burke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Pickering
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Paolini A, Battafarano G, D'Oria V, Mura F, Sennato S, Mussi V, Risoluti R, Materazzi S, Del Fattore A, Masotti A. A 3D-Printed Multi-Chamber Device Allows Culturing Cells On Buckypapers Coated With PAMAM Dendrimer And Obtain Innovative Materials For Biomedical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9295-9306. [PMID: 31819431 PMCID: PMC6890209 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s224819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of 3D printing technology allowed the realization of custom devices that can be used not only in the everyday life but also in the nanotechnology and biomedical fields. In nanotechnology, the use of bi-dimensional nanostructures based on carbon nanotubes, generally referred as buckypapers, have received considerable attention for their versatility and potential application in many biomedical fields. Unfortunately, buckypapers are extremely hydrophobic and cannot be used in aqueous media to culture cells. Methods A polymeric device able to accommodate buckypapers and facilitate cell growth was fabricated by using 3D printing technology. We imparted hydrophilicity to buckypapers by coating them with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Results We found that by using novel techniques such as polymer coating the buckypaper hydrophilicity increased, whereas the use of 3D printing technology allowed us to obtain custom devices that have been used to culture cells on buckypapers for many days. We characterized in details the morphology of these structures and studied for the first time the kinetic of cell proliferation. We found that these scaffolds, if properly functionalized, are suitable materials to grow cells for long time and potentially employable in the biomedical field. Conclusion Although these materials are cytotoxic under certain circumstances, we have found a suitable coating and specific experimental conditions that encourage using buckypapers as novel scaffolds for cell growth and for potential applications in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paolini
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Francesco Mura
- Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- CNR-ISC UOS Sapienza and Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Valentina Mussi
- National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems IMM-CNR, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome 00146, Italy
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11
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Tristan-Landin SB, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Garcia-Cordero JL. Facile assembly of an affordable miniature multicolor fluorescence microscope made of 3D-printed parts enables detection of single cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215114. [PMID: 31600202 PMCID: PMC6786622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the workhorses of biomedical research and laboratory diagnosis; however, their cost, size, maintenance, and fragility has prevented their adoption in developing countries or low-resource settings. Although significant advances have decreased their size, cost and accessibility, their designs and assembly remain rather complex. Here, inspired on the simple mechanism from a nut and a bolt, we report the construction of a portable fluorescence microscope that operates in bright-field mode and in three fluorescence channels: UV, green, and red. It is assembled in under 10 min from only six 3D printed parts, basic electronic components, a microcomputer (Raspberry Pi) and a camera, all of which can be readily purchased in most locations or online for US $122. The microcomputer was programmed in Python language to capture time-lapse images and videos. Resolution and illumination conditions of the microscope were characterized, and its performance was compared with a high-end fluorescence microscope in bright-field and fluorescence mode. We demonstrate that our miniature microscope can resolve and track single cells in both modes. The instructions on how to assemble the microscope are shown in a video, and the software to control it and the design files of the 3D-printed parts are freely available online. Our portable microscope is ideal in applications where space is at a premium, such as lab-on-a-chips or space missions, and can find applications in basic and clinical research, diagnostics, telemedicine and in educational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Tristan-Landin
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alan M. Gonzalez-Suarez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rocio J. Jimenez-Valdes
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
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12
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Ahl D, Eriksson O, Sedin J, Seignez C, Schwan E, Kreuger J, Christoffersson G, Phillipson M. Turning Up the Heat: Local Temperature Control During in vivo Imaging of Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2036. [PMID: 31507619 PMCID: PMC6718468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is an invaluable tool for studying the expanding range of immune cell functions. Only in vivo can the complex and dynamic behavior of leukocytes and their interactions with their natural microenvironment be observed and quantified. While the capabilities of high-speed, high-resolution confocal and multiphoton microscopes are well-documented and steadily improving, other crucial hardware required for intravital imaging is often developed in-house and less commonly published in detail. In this report, we describe a low-cost, multipurpose, and tissue-stabilizing in vivo imaging platform that enables sensing and regulation of local tissue temperature. The effect of tissue temperature on local blood flow and leukocyte migration is demonstrated in muscle and skin. Two different models of vacuum windows are described in this report, however, the design of the vacuum window can easily be adapted to fit different organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Sedin
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cédric Seignez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emil Schwan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Hernández Vera R, O'Callaghan P, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Kreuger J. Modular microfluidic systems cast from 3D-printed molds for imaging leukocyte adherence to differentially treated endothelial cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11321. [PMID: 31383888 PMCID: PMC6683170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are very useful for in vitro studies of interactions between blood cells and vascular endothelial cells under flow, and several commercial solutions exist. However, the availability of customizable, user-designed devices is largely restricted to researchers with expertise in photolithography and access to clean room facilities. Here we describe a strategy for producing tailor-made modular microfluidic systems, cast in PDMS from 3D-printed molds, to facilitate studies of leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells. A dual-chamber barrier module was optimized for culturing two endothelial cell populations, separated by a 250 μm wide dividing wall, on a glass slide. In proof-of-principle experiments one endothelial population was activated by TNFα, while the other served as an internal control. The barrier module was thereafter replaced with a microfluidic flow module, enclosing both endothelial populations in a common channel. A suspension of fluorescently-labeled leukocytes was then perfused through the flow module and leukocyte interactions with control and TNFα-treated endothelial populations were monitored in the same field of view. Time-lapse microscopy analysis confirmed the preferential attachment of leukocytes to the TNFα-activated endothelial cells. We conclude that the functionality of these modular microfluidic systems makes it possible to seed and differentially activate adherent cell types, and conduct controlled side-by-side analysis of their capacity to interact with cells in suspension under flow. Furthermore, we outline a number of practical considerations and solutions associated with connecting and switching between the microfluidic modules, and the advantages of simultaneously and symmetrically analyzing control and experimental conditions in such a microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikos Fatsis-Kavalopoulos
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Gradientech AB, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Ijaz F, Ikegami K. Live cell imaging of dynamic behaviors of motile cilia and primary cilium. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:99-110. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Ijaz
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Hernández-Neuta I, Neumann F, Brightmeyer J, Ba Tis T, Madaboosi N, Wei Q, Ozcan A, Nilsson M. Smartphone-based clinical diagnostics: towards democratization of evidence-based health care. J Intern Med 2019; 285:19-39. [PMID: 30079527 PMCID: PMC6334517 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in bioanalytical techniques have led to the development of novel and robust diagnostic approaches that hold promise for providing optimal patient treatment, guiding prevention programs and widening the scope of personalized medicine. However, these advanced diagnostic techniques are still complex, expensive and limited to centralized healthcare facilities or research laboratories. This significantly hinders the use of evidence-based diagnostics for resource-limited settings and the primary care, thus creating a gap between healthcare providers and patients, leaving these populations without access to precision and quality medicine. Smartphone-based imaging and sensing platforms are emerging as promising alternatives for bridging this gap and decentralizing diagnostic tests offering practical features such as portability, cost-effectiveness and connectivity. Moreover, towards simplifying and automating bioanalytical techniques, biosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies have become essential to interface and integrate these assays, bringing together the high precision and sensitivity of diagnostic techniques with the connectivity and computational power of smartphones. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging field of clinical smartphone diagnostics and its contributing technologies, as well as their wide range of areas of application, which span from haematology to digital pathology and rapid infectious disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hernández-Neuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - F Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - J Brightmeyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - T Ba Tis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - N Madaboosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - Q Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
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16
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Chair-Side Direct Microscopy Procedure for Diagnosis of Oral Candidiasis in an Adolescent. Case Rep Dent 2018; 2018:6561735. [PMID: 29854484 PMCID: PMC5949180 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6561735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is caused by fungi of the genus Candida and one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections of the human oral cavity. Given the clinical variability of this disease, microbiological techniques are often required for clinical confirmation, as well as establishing a differential diagnosis with other diseases. The aim of this brief technical report is to illustrate a simple chair-side method, which can provide immediate microscopic diagnosis of this disease. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy suffering from a denture-related erythematous stomatitis, diagnosed and followed-up with a simplified direct microscopy technique. It enables an accurate diagnosis with a noninvasive and painless sampling method, linked to laboratory results.
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