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Yoon J, Liu Z, Alaba M, Bruggeman LA, Janmey P, Arana C, Ayenuyo O, Medeiros I, Nair V, Eddy S, Kretzler M, Henderson JM, Naik A, Chang AN, Miller RT. Glomerular Elasticity and Gene Expression Patterns Define Two Phases of Alport Nephropathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582201. [PMID: 38948788 PMCID: PMC11212921 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early steps in glomerular injury are poorly understood in collagen IV nephropathies. OBJECTIVES We characterized structural, functional, and biophysical properties of glomerular capillaries and podocytes in Col4α3-/- mice and analyzed kidney cortex transcriptional profiles at various disease stages. We investigated the effects of TUDCA (suppresses ER stress) on these parameters and used human FSGS transcriptomic data to identify pathways rescued by TUDCA. FINDINGS In Col4α3-/- mice, podocyte injury develops by 3 months, with maximum glomerular deformability and 40% podocyte loss at 4 months. This period is followed is followed by glomerular capillary stiffening, proteinuria, reduced renal function, inflammatory infiltrates, and fibrosis. Bulk RNA sequencing at sequential time points revealed progressive increases in inflammatory and injury gene expression, and activation of the TNF pathway. Mapping Podocyte-enriched genes from FSGS patients to mice showed that TUDCA, which mitigated renal injury suppressed molecular pathways associated with podocyte stress, hypertrophy and tubulo-interstitial injury. CONCLUSIONS Col4α3-/- nephropathy progresses in two phases. The first is characterized by podocytopathy, increased glomerular capillary deformability and accelerated podocyte loss, and the second by increased capillary wall stiffening and renal inflammatory and profibrotic pathway activation. The response of podocytes to TUDCA treatment provides insights into signaling pathways in Alport and related nephropathies.
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Mendoza-Soto P, Jara C, Torres-Arévalo Á, Oyarzún C, Mardones GA, Quezada-Monrás C, San Martín R. Pharmacological Blockade of the Adenosine A 2B Receptor Is Protective of Proteinuria in Diabetic Rats, through Affecting Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation and the Adhesion Dynamics of Podocytes. Cells 2024; 13:846. [PMID: 38786068 PMCID: PMC11119713 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of the adenosine receptor A2B (A2BAR) expression in diabetic glomeruli correlates with an increased abundance of its endogenous ligand adenosine and the progression of kidney dysfunction. Remarkably, A2BAR antagonism protects from proteinuria in experimental diabetic nephropathy. We found that A2BAR antagonism preserves the arrangement of podocytes on the glomerular filtration barrier, reduces diabetes-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and attenuates podocyte foot processes effacement. In spreading assays using human podocytes in vitro, adenosine enhanced the rate of cell body expansion on laminin-coated glass and promoted peripheral pY397-FAK subcellular distribution, while selective A2BAR antagonism impeded these effects and attenuated the migratory capability of podocytes. Increased phosphorylation of the Myosin2A light chain accompanied the effects of adenosine. Furthermore, when the A2BAR was stimulated, the cells expanded more broadly and more staining of pS19 myosin was detected which co-localized with actin cables, suggesting increased contractility potential in cells planted onto a matrix with a stiffness similar to of the glomerular basement membrane. We conclude that A2BAR is involved in adhesion dynamics and contractile actin bundle formation, leading to podocyte foot processes effacement. The antagonism of this receptor may be an alternative to the intervention of glomerular barrier deterioration and proteinuria in the diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mendoza-Soto
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Claudia Jara
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Institute of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
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Vasconcelos L, Kijanka P, Grande JP, Oliveira R, Amador C, Aristizabal S, Sanger NM, Rule AD, Atwell TD, Urban MW. Kidney cortex shear wave motion simulations based on segmented biopsy histology. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 245:108035. [PMID: 38290290 PMCID: PMC10922860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Biopsy stands as the gold standard for kidney transplant assessment, yet its invasive nature restricts frequent use. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is emerging as a promising alternative for kidney transplant monitoring. A parametric study involving 12 biopsy data sets categorized by standard biopsy scores (3 with normal histology, 3 with interstitial inflammation (i), 3 with interstitial fibrosis (ci), and 3 with tubular atrophy (ct)), was conducted to evaluate the interdependence between microstructural variations triggered by chronic allograft rejection and corresponding alterations in SWE measurements. METHODS Heterogeneous shear wave motion simulations from segmented kidney cortex sections were performed employing the staggered-grid finite difference (SGFD) method. The SGFD method allows the mechanical properties to be defined on a pixel-basis for shear wave motion simulation. Segmentation techniques enabled the isolation of four histological constituents: glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, and fluid. Baseline ex vivo Kelvin-Voigt mechanical properties for each constituent were drawn from established literature. The parametric evaluation was then performed by altering the baseline values individually. Shear wave velocity dispersion curves were measured with the generalized Stockwell transform in conjunction with slant frequency-wavenumber analysis (GST-SFK) algorithm. By fitting the curve within the 100-400 Hz range to the Kelvin-Voigt model, the rheological parameters, shear elasticity (µ1) and viscosity (µ2), were estimated. A time-to-peak algorithm was used to estimate the group velocity. The resultant in silico models emulated the heterogeneity of kidney cortex within the shear wave speed (SWS) reconstructions. RESULTS The presence of inflammation showed considerable spatial composition disparities compared to normal cases, featuring a 23 % increase in interstitial area and a 19 % increase in glomerular area. Concomitantly, there was a reduction of 12 % and 47 % in tubular and fluid areas, respectively. Consequently, mechanical changes induced by inflammation predominate in terms of rheological differentiation, evidenced by increased elasticity and viscosity. Mild tubular atrophy showed significant elevation in group velocity and µ1. Conversely, mild and moderate fibrosis exhibited negligible alterations across all parameters, compatible with relatively limited morphological impact. CONCLUSIONS This proposed model holds promise in enabling patient-specific simulations of the kidney cortex, thus facilitating exploration into how pathologies altering cortical morphology correlates to modifications in SWE-derived rheological measurements. We demonstrated that inflammation caused substantial changes in measured mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Kijanka
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebeca Oliveira
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas M Sanger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew D Rule
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Ma S, Qiu Y, Zhang C. Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Podocytopathies: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:647. [PMID: 38203817 PMCID: PMC10779434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury can disrupt the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), leading to podocytopathies that emphasize podocytes as the glomerulus's key organizer. The coordinated cytoskeleton is essential for supporting the elegant structure and complete functions of podocytes. Therefore, cytoskeleton rearrangement is closely related to the pathogenesis of podocytopathies. In podocytopathies, the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton refers to significant alterations in a string of slit diaphragm (SD) and focal adhesion proteins such as the signaling node nephrin, calcium influx via transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), and regulation of the Rho family, eventually leading to the disorganization of the original cytoskeletal architecture. Thus, it is imperative to focus on these proteins and signaling pathways to probe the cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies. In this review, we describe podocytopathies and the podocyte cytoskeleton, then discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies and summarize the effects of currently existing drugs on regulating the podocyte cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.M.); (Y.Q.)
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Ebata H, Umeda K, Nishizawa K, Nagao W, Inokuchi S, Sugino Y, Miyamoto T, Mizuno D. Activity-dependent glassy cell mechanics Ⅰ: Mechanical properties measured with active microrheology. Biophys J 2023; 122:1781-1793. [PMID: 37050875 PMCID: PMC10209042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Active microrheology was conducted in living cells by applying an optical-trapping force to vigorously fluctuating tracer beads with feedback-tracking technology. The complex shear modulus G(ω)=G'(ω)-iG″(ω) was measured in HeLa cells in an epithelial-like confluent monolayer. We found that G(ω)∝(-iω)1/2 over a wide range of frequencies (1 Hz < ω/2π < 10 kHz). Actin disruption and cell-cycle progression from G1 to S and G2 phases only had a limited effect on G(ω) in living cells. On the other hand, G(ω) was found to be dependent on cell metabolism; ATP-depleted cells showed an increased elastic modulus G'(ω) at low frequencies, giving rise to a constant plateau such that G(ω)=G0+A(-iω)1/2. Both the plateau and the additional frequency dependency ∝(-iω)1/2 of ATP-depleted cells are consistent with a rheological response typical of colloidal jamming. On the other hand, the plateau G0 disappeared in ordinary metabolically active cells, implying that living cells fluidize their internal states such that they approach the critical jamming point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ebata
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Nishizawa
- Institute of Developmental Biology of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Wataru Nagao
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shono Inokuchi
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Sugino
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mizuno
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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He M, Feng L, Chen Y, Gao B, Du Y, Zhou L, Li F, Liu H. Polydatin attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting YAP expression and nuclear translocation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:927794. [PMID: 36277194 PMCID: PMC9585250 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.927794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway is mutually causal with the increase of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Polydatin (PD) has been proved to have anti-fibrosis effect in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but it is still a mystery whether PD participates in YAP-related mechano-transduction. Therefore, this study intends to solve the following two problems: 1) To construct an in vitro system of polyacrylamide hydrogels (PA gels) based on the true stiffness of kidneys in healthy and DKD rats, and observe the effect of PD on pathological matrix stiffness-induced YAP expression in renal fibroblasts; 2) Compared with verteporfin (VP), a pharmacological inhibitor of YAP, to explore whether the therapeutic effect of PD on DKD in vivo model is related to the regulation of YAP. In this study, the in vitro system of PA gels with 3 kPa, 12 kPa and 30 kPa stiffness was constructed and determined for the first time to simulate the kidney stiffness of healthy rats, rats with DKD for 8 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. Compared with the PA gels with 3 kPa stiffness, the PA gels with 12 kPa and 30 kPa stiffness significantly increased the expression of YAP, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal fibroblasts, and the PA gels with 30 kPa stiffness were the highest. PD significantly inhibited the above-mentioned changes of fibroblasts induced by pathological matrix stiffness, suggesting that the inhibition of PD on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation and ECM production was at least partially associated with regulating YAP-related mechano-transduction pathway. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of PD on YAP expression and nuclear translocation in kidneys of DKD rats is similar to that of VP, but PD is superior to VP in reducing urinary protein, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, as well as decreasing the expression of α-SMA and collagen I, ROS overproduction and renal fibrosis. Our results prove for the first time from the biomechanical point of view that PD is a potential therapeutic strategy for delaying the progression of renal fibrosis by inhibiting YAP expression and nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin He
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Yiwei Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbao Liu, ; Fei Li,
| | - Hongbao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbao Liu, ; Fei Li,
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Jiang S, Alisafaei F, Huang YY, Hong Y, Peng X, Qu C, Puapatanakul P, Jain S, Miner JH, Genin GM, Suleiman HY. An ex vivo culture model of kidney podocyte injury reveals mechanosensitive, synaptopodin-templating, sarcomere-like structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6027. [PMID: 36044576 PMCID: PMC9432837 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases are widespread and incurable. The biophysical mechanisms underlying them are unclear, in part because material systems for reconstituting the microenvironment of relevant kidney cells are limited. A critical question is how kidney podocytes (glomerular epithelial cells) regenerate foot processes of the filtration apparatus following injury. Recently identified sarcomere-like structures (SLSs) with periodically spaced myosin IIA and synaptopodin appear in injured podocytes in vivo. We hypothesized that SLSs template synaptopodin in the initial stages of recovery in response to microenvironmental stimuli and tested this hypothesis by developing an ex vivo culture system that allows control of the podocyte microenvironment. Results supported our hypothesis. SLSs in podocytes that migrated from isolated kidney glomeruli presented periodic synaptopodin-positive clusters that nucleated peripheral, foot process-like extensions. SLSs were mechanoresponsive to actomyosin inhibitors and substrate stiffness. Results suggest SLSs as mechanobiological mediators of podocyte recovery and as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Jiang
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Farid Alisafaei
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yin-Yuan Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuan Hong
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiangjun Peng
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengqing Qu
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pongpratch Puapatanakul
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guy M. Genin
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hani Y. Suleiman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Krauel L, Valls-Esteve A, Tejo-Otero A, Fenollosa-Artés F. 3D-Printing in surgery: Beyond bone structures. A review. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Tonti OR, Larson H, Lipp SN, Luetkemeyer CM, Makam M, Vargas D, Wilcox SM, Calve S. Tissue-specific parameters for the design of ECM-mimetic biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:83-102. [PMID: 33878474 PMCID: PMC8434955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that mechanically and biochemically directs cell behavior and is crucial for maintaining tissue function and health. The heterogeneous organization and composition of the ECM varies within and between tissue types, directing mechanics, aiding in cell-cell communication, and facilitating tissue assembly and reassembly during development, injury and disease. As technologies like 3D printing rapidly advance, researchers are better able to recapitulate in vivo tissue properties in vitro; however, tissue-specific variations in ECM composition and organization are not given enough consideration. This is in part due to a lack of information regarding how the ECM of many tissues varies in both homeostatic and diseased states. To address this gap, we describe the components and organization of the ECM, and provide examples for different tissues at various states of disease. While many aspects of ECM biology remain unknown, our goal is to highlight the complexity of various tissues and inspire engineers to incorporate unique components of the native ECM into in vitro platform design and fabrication. Ultimately, we anticipate that the use of biomaterials that incorporate key tissue-specific ECM will lead to in vitro models that better emulate human pathologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial development primarily emphasizes the engineering of new materials and therapies at the expense of identifying key parameters of the tissue that is being emulated. This can be partially attributed to the difficulty in defining the 3D composition, organization, and mechanics of the ECM within different tissues and how these material properties vary as a function of homeostasis and disease. In this review, we highlight a range of tissues throughout the body and describe how ECM content, cell diversity, and mechanical properties change in diseased tissues and influence cellular behavior. Accurately mimicking the tissue of interest in vitro by using ECM specific to the appropriate state of homeostasis or pathology in vivo will yield results more translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Tonti
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Hannah Larson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah N Lipp
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan Makam
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Diego Vargas
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sean M Wilcox
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Richfield O, Cortez R, Navar LG. Simulations of increased glomerular capillary wall strain in the 5/6-nephrectomized rat. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12721. [PMID: 34192389 PMCID: PMC9285434 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chronic glomerular hypertension is associated with glomerular injury and sclerosis; however, the mechanism by which increases in pressure damage glomerular podocytes remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that increases in glomerular pressure may deleteriously affect podocyte structural integrity by increasing the strain of the glomerular capillary walls, and that glomerular capillary wall strain may play a significant role in the perpetuation of glomerular injury in disease states that are associated with glomerular hypertension. Methods We developed an anatomically accurate mathematical model of a compliant, filtering rat glomerulus to quantify the strain of the glomerular capillary walls in a remnant glomerulus of the 5/6‐nephrectomized rat model of chronic kidney disease. In terms of estimating the mechanical stresses and strains in the glomerular capillaries, this mathematical model is a substantial improvement over previous models which do not consider pressure‐induced alterations in glomerular capillary diameters in distributing plasma and erythrocytes throughout the network. Results Using previously reported data from experiments measuring the change of glomerular volume as a function of perfusion pressure, we estimated the Young's modulus of the glomerular capillary walls in both control and 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions. We found that in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions, the Young's modulus increased to 8.6 MPa from 7.8 MPa in control conditions, but the compliance of the capillaries increased in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions due to a 23.3% increase in the baseline glomerular capillary diameters. We found that glomerular capillary wall strain was increased approximately threefold in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions over control, which may deleteriously affect both mesangial cells and podocytes. The magnitudes of strain in model simulations of 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions were consistent with magnitudes of strain that elicit podocyte hypertrophy and actin cytoskeleton reorganization in vitro. Conclusions Our findings indicate that glomerular capillary wall strain may deleteriously affect podocytes directly, as well as act in concert with other mechanical changes and environmental factors inherent to the in vivo setting to potentiate glomerular injury in severe renoprival conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Richfield
- Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ricardo Cortez
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Tejo-Otero A, Fenollosa-Artés F, Uceda R, Castellví-Fernández A, Lustig-Gainza P, Valls-Esteve A, Ayats-Soler M, Munuera J, Buj-Corral I, Krauel L. 3D printed prototype of a complex neuroblastoma for preoperative surgical planning. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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Liu Z, Yoon J, Wichaidit C, Jaykumar AB, Dbouk HA, Embry AE, Liu L, Henderson JM, Chang AN, Cobb MH, Miller RT. Control of Podocyte and Glomerular Capillary Wall Structure and Elasticity by WNK1 Kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618898. [PMID: 33604334 PMCID: PMC7884762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal structure and its regulation are essential for maintenance of the differentiated state of specific types of cells and their adaptation to physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Renal glomerular capillaries, composed of podocytes, endothelial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane, have distinct structural and biophysical properties and are the site of injury in many glomerular diseases. Calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppressant drugs used for organ transplantation and auto-immune diseases, can protect podocytes and glomerular capillaries from injury by preserving podocyte cytoskeletal structure. These drugs cause complications including hypertension and hyperkalemia which are mediated by WNK (With No Lysine) kinases as well as vasculopathy with glomerulopathy. WNK kinases and their target kinases oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) have fundamental roles in angiogenesis and are activated by calcineurin inhibitors, but the actions of these agents on kidney vasculature, and glomerular capillaries are not fully understood. We investigated WNK1 expression in cultured podocytes and isolated mouse glomerular capillaries to determine if WNK1 contributes to calcineurin inhibitor-induced preservation of podocyte and glomerular structure. WNK1 and OSR1/SPAK are expressed in podocytes, and in a pattern similar to podocyte synaptopodin in glomerular capillaries. Calcineurin inhibitors increased active OSR1/SPAK in glomerular capillaries, the Young’s modulus (E) of glomeruli, and the F/G actin ratio, effects all blocked by WNK inhibition. In glomeruli, WNK inhibition caused reduced and irregular synaptopodin-staining, abnormal capillary and foot process structures, and increased deformability. In cultured podocytes, FK506 activated OSR1/SPAK, increased lamellipodia, accelerated cell migration, and promoted traction force. These actions of FK506 were reduced by depletion of WNK1. Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of WNK1 in regulation of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton, biophysical properties of glomerular capillaries, and slit diaphragm structure, all of which are essential to normal kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joonho Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chonlarat Wichaidit
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ankita B Jaykumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Addie E Embry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Audrey N Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Richard Tyler Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Progenitor Regulation: How Many Pieces in the Puzzle? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010059. [PMID: 33401654 PMCID: PMC7823786 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys of mice, rats and humans possess progenitors that maintain daily homeostasis and take part in endogenous regenerative processes following injury, owing to their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. In the glomerular and tubular compartments of the nephron, consistent studies demonstrated that well-characterized, distinct populations of progenitor cells, localized in the parietal epithelium of Bowman capsule and scattered in the proximal and distal tubules, could generate segment-specific cells in physiological conditions and following tissue injury. However, defective or abnormal regenerative responses of these progenitors can contribute to pathologic conditions. The molecular characteristics of renal progenitors have been extensively studied, revealing that numerous classical and evolutionarily conserved pathways, such as Notch or Wnt/β-catenin, play a major role in cell regulation. Others, such as retinoic acid, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and leptin, are also important in this process. In this review, we summarize the plethora of molecular mechanisms directing renal progenitor responses during homeostasis and following kidney injury. Finally, we will explore how single-cell RNA sequencing could bring the characterization of renal progenitors to the next level, while knowing their molecular signature is gaining relevance in the clinic.
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14
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Fritschen A, Blaeser A. Biosynthetic, biomimetic, and self-assembled vascularized Organ-on-a-Chip systems. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120556. [PMID: 33310539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-Chip (OOC) devices have seen major advances in the last years with respect to biological complexity, physiological composition and biomedical relevance. In this context, integration of vasculature has proven to be a crucial element for long-term culture of thick tissue samples as well as for realistic pharmacokinetic, toxicity and metabolic modelling. With the emergence of digital production technologies and the reinvention of existing tools, a multitude of design approaches for guided angio- and vasculogenesis is available today. The underlying production methods can be categorized into biosynthetic, biomimetic and self-assembled vasculature formation. The diversity and importance of production approaches, vascularization strategies as well as biomaterials and cell sourcing are illustrated in this work. A comprehensive technological review with a strong focus on the challenge of producing physiologically relevant vascular structures is given. Finally, the remaining obstacles and opportunities in the development of vascularized Organ-on-a-Chip platforms for advancing drug development and predictive disease modelling are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fritschen
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Abdallah M, Nagarajan S, Martin M, Tamer M, Faour WH, Bassil M, Cuisinier FJG, Gergely C, Varga B, Pall O, Miele P, Balme S, El Tahchi M, Bechelany M. Enhancement of Podocyte Attachment on Polyacrylamide Hydrogels with Gelatin-Based Polymers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7531-7539. [PMID: 35019494 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of cells such as survival and differentiation processes are mainly maintained by a specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Hydrogels have recently been employed successfully in tissue engineering applications. In particular, scaffolds made of gelatin methacrylate-based hydrogels (GelMA) showed great potential due to their biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and low mechanical strength. The development of a hydrogel having tunable and appropriate mechanical properties as well as chemical and biological cues was the aim of this work. A synthetic and biological hybrid hydrogel was developed to mimic the biological and mechanical properties of native ECM. A combination of gelatin methacrylate and acrylamide (GelMA-AAm)-based hydrogels was studied, and it showed tunable mechanical properties upon changing the polymer concentrations. Different GelMA-AAm samples were prepared and studied by varying the concentrations of GelMA and AAm (AAm2.5% + GelMA3%, AAm5% + GelMA3%, and AAm5% + GelMA5%). The swelling behavior, biodegradability, physicochemical and mechanical properties of GelMA-AAm were also characterized. The results showed a variation of swelling capability and a tunable elasticity ranging from 4.03 to 24.98 kPa depending on polymer concentrations. Moreover, the podocyte cell morphology, cytoskeleton reorganization and differentiation were evaluated as a function of GelMA-AAm mechanical properties. We concluded that the AAm2.5% + GelMA3% hydrogel sample having an elasticity of 4.03 kPa can mimic the native kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM) elasticity and allow podocyte cell attachment without the functionalization of the gel surface with adhesion proteins compared to synthetic hydrogels (PAAm). This work will further enhance the knowledge of the behavior of podocyte cells to understand their biological properties in both healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Abdallah
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Sakthivel Nagarajan
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Marta Martin
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Marleine Tamer
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Wissam H Faour
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maria Bassil
- Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Physics, Biomaterials and Intelligent Materials Research Laboratory (LBMI), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frederic J G Cuisinier
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Nanosciences, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Bela Varga
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Orsolya Pall
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Nanosciences, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Miele
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Sebastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Mario El Tahchi
- Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Physics, Biomaterials and Intelligent Materials Research Laboratory (LBMI), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
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16
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The mechanobiology of kidney podocytes in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1245-1253. [PMID: 32501496 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially reduces quality of life and leads to premature death for thousands of people each year. Dialysis and kidney organ transplants remain prevalent therapeutic avenues but carry significant medical, economic and social burden. Podocytes are responsible for blood filtration selectivity in the kidney, where they extend a network of foot processes (FPs) from their cell bodies which surround endothelial cells and interdigitate with those on neighbouring podocytes to form narrow slit diaphragms (SDs). During aging, some podocytes are lost naturally but accelerated podocyte loss is a hallmark of CKD. Insights into the origin of degenerative podocyte loss will help answer important questions about kidney function and lead to substantial health benefits. Here, approaches that uncover insights into podocyte mechanobiology are reviewed, both those that interrogate the biophysical properties of podocytes and how the external physical environment affects podocyte behaviour, and also those that interrogate the biophysical effects that podocytes exert on their surroundings.
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17
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Bisphenol A impaired cell adhesion by altering the expression of adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins on human podocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16638. [PMID: 33024228 PMCID: PMC7538920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical -xenoestrogen- used in food containers is present in the urine of almost the entire population. Recently, several extensive population studies have proven a significant association between urinary excretion of BPA and albuminuria. The alteration of glomerular podocytes or "podocytopathy" is a common event in chronic albuminuric conditions. Since many podocytes recovered from patients' urine are viable, we hypothesized that BPA could impair podocyte adhesion capabilities. Using an in vitro adhesion assay, we observed that BPA impaired podocyte adhesion, an effect that was abrogated by Tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor blocker). Genomic and proteomic analyses revealed that BPA affected the expression of several podocyte cytoskeleton and adhesion proteins. Western blot and immunocytochemistry confirmed the alteration in the protein expression of tubulin, vimentin, podocin, cofilin-1, vinculin, E-cadherin, nephrin, VCAM-1, tenascin-C, and β-catenin. Moreover, we also found that BPA, while decreased podocyte nitric oxide production, it lead to overproduction of ion superoxide. In conclusion, our data show that BPA induced a novel type of podocytopathy characterizes by an impairment of podocyte adhesion, by altering the expression of adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins. Moreover, BPA diminished production of podocyte nitric oxide and induced the overproduction of oxygen-free metabolites. These data provide a mechanism by which BPA could participate in the pathogenesis and progression of renal diseases.
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18
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Ge X, Zhang T, Yu X, Muwonge AN, Anandakrishnan N, Wong NJ, Haydak JC, Reid JM, Fu J, Wong JS, Bhattacharya S, Cuttitta CM, Zhong F, Gordon RE, Salem F, Janssen W, Hone JC, Zhang A, Li H, He JC, Gusella GL, Campbell KN, Azeloglu EU. LIM-Nebulette Reinforces Podocyte Structural Integrity by Linking Actin and Vimentin Filaments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2372-2391. [PMID: 32737144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of the intricate interdigitating morphology of podocytes is crucial for glomerular filtration. One of the key aspects of specialized podocyte morphology is the segregation and organization of distinct cytoskeletal filaments into different subcellular components, for which the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Cells from rats, mice, and humans were used to describe the cytoskeletal configuration underlying podocyte structure. Screening the time-dependent proteomic changes in the rat puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephropathy model correlated the actin-binding protein LIM-nebulette strongly with glomerular function. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunogold labeling were used to determine Nebl expression specificity in podocytes. Automated high-content imaging, super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), live-cell imaging of calcium, and measurement of motility and adhesion dynamics characterized the physiologic role of LIM-nebulette in podocytes. RESULTS Nebl knockout mice have increased susceptibility to adriamycin-induced nephropathy and display morphologic, cytoskeletal, and focal adhesion abnormalities with altered calcium dynamics, motility, and Rho GTPase activity. LIM-nebulette expression is decreased in diabetic nephropathy and FSGS patients at both the transcript and protein level. In mice, rats, and humans, LIM-nebulette expression is localized to primary, secondary, and tertiary processes of podocytes, where it colocalizes with focal adhesions as well as with vimentin fibers. LIM-nebulette shRNA knockdown in immortalized human podocytes leads to dysregulation of vimentin filament organization and reduced cellular elasticity as measured by AFM indentation. CONCLUSIONS LIM-nebulette is a multifunctional cytoskeletal protein that is critical in the maintenance of podocyte structural integrity through active reorganization of focal adhesions, the actin cytoskeleton, and intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Ge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan C Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jordan M Reid
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Smiti Bhattacharya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Christina M Cuttitta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fang Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fadi Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - William Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - G Luca Gusella
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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19
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Sant S, Wang D, Agarwal R, Dillender S, Ferrell N. Glycation alters the mechanical behavior of kidney extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 8:100035. [PMID: 33543034 PMCID: PMC7852306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are important in maintaining normal physiological function, and changes in ECM mechanics drive disease. The biochemical structure of the ECM is modified with aging and in diseases such as diabetes. One mechanism of ECM modification is the non-enzymatic reaction between sugars and ECM proteins resulting in formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Some AGE reactions result in formation of molecular crosslinks within or between matrix proteins, but it is not clear how sugar-mediated biochemical modification of the ECM translates to changes in kidney ECM mechanical properties. AGE-mediated changes in ECM mechanics may have pathological consequences in diabetic kidney disease. To determine how sugars alter the mechanical properties of the kidney ECM, we employ custom methodologies to evaluate the mechanical properties of isolated tubular basement membrane (TBM) and glomerular ECM. Results show that the mechanical properties of TBM and glomerular ECM stiffness were altered by incubation in glucose and ribose. Mechanical behavior of TBM and glomerular ECM were further evaluated using mechanical models for hyperelastic materials in tension and compression. Increased ECM stiffness following sugar modification corresponded to increased crosslinking as determined by ECM fluorescence and reduced pepsin extractability of sugar modified ECM. These results show that sugar-induced modifications significantly affect the mechanical properties of kidney ECM. AGE-mediated changes in ECM mechanics may be important in progression of chronic diseases including diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Sant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Rishabh Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Sarah Dillender
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, United States of America.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, United States of America
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20
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Reconsidering Garth Robinson: fluid flow and the glomerular filtration barrier. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:273-279. [PMID: 32235269 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to present recent models of the filtration barrier that may suggest mechanism-based treatments for proteinuric renal disease. The vast majority of renal failure occurs in diseases of glomerular proteinuria. The physiology of the filtration barrier remains incompletely understood, preventing invention of mechanism-based therapies. Research is currently dominated by molecular biology approaches to the kidney instead of engineering-based filtration and transport models. RECENT FINDINGS Reexamination of two older paradigms (basement membrane and slit diaphragm) and critical analysis of newer models may provide mechanistic insight to guide further research. We expand on our theory of podocyte-basement membrane mechanical interactions and speculate on mechanisms of action of the leading treatment for proteinuria, angiotensin blockade. SUMMARY Treatment of proteinuria remains largely empiric and based on inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, with additional benefit from statins and vitamin D. Improved definition of transport phenomena in the capillary wall may suggest rational design of new interventions.
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21
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Melica ME, La Regina G, Parri M, Peired AJ, Romagnani P, Lasagni L. Substrate Stiffness Modulates Renal Progenitor Cell Properties via a ROCK-Mediated Mechanotransduction Mechanism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121561. [PMID: 31816967 PMCID: PMC6953094 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell (SC)-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (RM) approaches may provide alternative therapeutic strategies for the rising number of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Embryonic SCs and inducible pluripotent SCs are the most frequently used cell types, but autologous patient-derived renal SCs, such as human CD133+CD24+ renal progenitor cells (RPCs), represent a preferable option. RPCs are of interest also for the RM approaches based on the pharmacological encouragement of in situ regeneration by endogenous SCs. An understanding of the biochemical and biophysical factors that influence RPC behavior is essential for improving their applicability. We investigated how the mechanical properties of the substrate modulate RPC behavior in vitro. We employed collagen I-coated hydrogels with variable stiffness to modulate the mechanical environment of RPCs and found that their morphology, proliferation, migration, and differentiation toward the podocyte lineage were highly dependent on mechanical stiffness. Indeed, a stiff matrix induced cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly trough a Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated mechanism. Similarly, the proliferative and migratory capacity of RPCs increased as stiffness increased and ROCK inhibition, by either Y27632 or antisense LNA-GapmeRs, abolished these effects. The acquisition of podocyte markers was also modulated, in a narrow range, by the elastic modulus and involved ROCK activity. Our findings may aid in 1) the optimization of RPC culture conditions to favor cell expansion or to induce efficient differentiation with important implication for RPC bioprocessing, and in 2) understanding how alterations of the physical properties of the renal tissue associated with diseases could influenced the regenerative response of RPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Melica
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Gilda La Regina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Julie Peired
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
- Nephrology Unit and Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2758165
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22
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Wang H, Sheng J, He H, Chen X, Li J, Tan R, Wang L, Lan HY. A simple and highly purified method for isolation of glomeruli from the mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1217-F1223. [PMID: 31566437 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly purified mouse glomeruli are of great value for studying glomerulus-associated kidney diseases. Here, we developed a simple and rapid procedure for mouse glomerular isolation with large quantity and high purity based on the combination of size-selective sieving and differential adhesion techniques, which we termed the "differential adhesion method." In this method, mouse renal cortices were minced and digested with collagenase. Glomeruli were disassociated from tubules by successive sieving through 105-, 75-, and 40-μm cell strainers. The retained glomeruli-rich preparation on the 40-μm strainer was rinsed into a cell culture dish to allow tubules to adhere quickly to the dish while leaving most glomeruli floating (termed "differential adhesion"). The floating glomerular fraction was then subjected to another wash through the 40-μm strainer followed by an additional differential adhesion step to obtain highly purified glomeruli with yields of 8,357 ± 575 and purity of 96.1 ± 1.8% from one adult C57BL/6 mouse. The purity of the isolated glomeruli was further confirmed by high expression of the podocyte marker nephrin without detectable tubular marker cadherin-16. Importantly, we also found that although both the quantity and purity of the isolated glomeruli by this and the established Dynabeads method were comparable, glomeruli isolated by the current method showed much less inflammatory stress in terms of proinflammatory cytokine expression than the Dynabeads method. In conclusion, we established a newly mouse glomerular isolation method that is simple, rapid, cost effective, and productive. It provides an advanced methodology for research into glomerulus-related kidney diseases in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyi Sheng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huijun He
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruizhi Tan
- Research Center for Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Love HD, Ao M, Jorgensen S, Swearingen L, Ferrell N, Evans R, Gewin L, Harris RC, Zent R, Roy S, Fissell WH. Substrate Elasticity Governs Differentiation of Renal Tubule Cells in Prolonged Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1013-1022. [PMID: 30484388 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Successful clinical tissue engineering requires functional fidelity of the cultured cell to its in vivo counterpart, but this has been elusive in renal tissue engineering. Typically, renal proximal tubule cells in culture have a flattened morphology and do not express key transporters essential to their function. In this article, we show for the first time that in vitro substrate mechanical properties dictate differentiation of cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Remarkably, this effect was only discernable after 4 weeks in culture, longer than usually reported for this cell type. These results demonstrate a new tunable parameter to optimize cell differentiation in renal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Love
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mingfang Ao
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Seiver Jorgensen
- 2College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lindsey Swearingen
- 2College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachel Evans
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leslie Gewin
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C Harris
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roy Zent
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shuvo Roy
- 3Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William H Fissell
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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24
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Streppa L, Ratti F, Goillot E, Devin A, Schaeffer L, Arneodo A, Argoul F. Prestressed cells are prone to cytoskeleton failures under localized shear strain: an experimental demonstration on muscle precursor cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8602. [PMID: 29872100 PMCID: PMC5988700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a wavelet based space-scale decomposition method for analyzing the response of living muscle precursor cells (C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes) upon sharp indentation with an AFM cantilever and quantifying their aptitude to sustain such a local shear strain. Beyond global mechanical parameters which are currently used as markers of cell contractility, we emphasize the necessity of characterizing more closely the local fluctuations of the shear relaxation modulus as they carry important clues about the mechanisms of cytoskeleton strain release. Rupture events encountered during fixed velocity shear strain are interpreted as local disruptions of the actin cytoskeleton structures, the strongest (brittle) ones being produced by the tighter and stiffer stress fibers or actin agglomerates. These local strain induced failures are important characteristics of the resilience of these cells, and their aptitude to maintain their shape via a quick recovery from local strains. This study focuses on the perinuclear region because it can be considered as a master mechanical organizing center of these muscle precursor cells. Using this wavelet-based method, we combine the global and local approaches for a comparative analysis of the mechanical parameters of normal myoblasts, myotubes and myoblasts treated with actomyosin cytoskeleton disruptive agents (ATP depletion, blebbistatin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Streppa
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR5672, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, LBMC, UMR5239, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Ratti
- Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, LBMC, UMR5239, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Evelyne Goillot
- Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, LBMC, UMR5239, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Devin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR5095, F-33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, LBMC, UMR5239, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Arneodo
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR5672, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR5798, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Françoise Argoul
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR5672, F-69007, Lyon, France. .,Université de Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France. .,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR5798, F-33405, Talence, France.
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25
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Haley KE, Kronenberg NM, Liehm P, Elshani M, Bell C, Harrison DJ, Gather MC, Reynolds PA. Podocyte injury elicits loss and recovery of cellular forces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap8030. [PMID: 29963620 PMCID: PMC6021140 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the healthy kidney, specialized cells called podocytes form a sophisticated blood filtration apparatus that allows excretion of wastes and excess fluid from the blood while preventing loss of proteins such as albumin. To operate effectively, this filter is under substantial hydrostatic mechanical pressure. Given their function, it is expected that the ability to apply mechanical force is crucial to the survival of podocytes. However, to date, podocyte mechanobiology remains poorly understood, largely because of a lack of experimental data on the forces involved. We perform quantitative, continuous, nondisruptive, and high-resolution measurements of the forces exerted by differentiated podocytes in real time using a recently introduced functional imaging modality for continuous force mapping. Using an accepted model for podocyte injury, we find that injured podocytes experience near-complete loss of cellular force transmission but that this loss of force is reversible under certain conditions. The observed changes in force correlate with F-actin rearrangement and reduced expression of podocyte-specific proteins. By introducing robust and high-throughput mechanical phenotyping and by demonstrating the significance of mechanical forces in podocyte injury, this research paves the way to a new level of understanding of the kidney. In addition, in an advance over established force mapping techniques, we integrate cellular force measurements with immunofluorescence and perform continuous long-term force measurements of a cell population. Hence, our approach has general applicability to a wide range of biomedical questions involving mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Haley
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Nils M. Kronenberg
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Philipp Liehm
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Mustafa Elshani
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Cameron Bell
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - David J. Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Malte C. Gather
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Paul A. Reynolds
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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26
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Embry AE, Liu Z, Henderson JM, Byfield FJ, Liu L, Yoon J, Wu Z, Cruz K, Moradi S, Gillombardo CB, Hussain RZ, Doelger R, Stuve O, Chang AN, Janmey PA, Bruggeman LA, Miller RT. Similar Biophysical Abnormalities in Glomeruli and Podocytes from Two Distinct Models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1501-1512. [PMID: 29572404 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FSGS is a pattern of podocyte injury that leads to loss of glomerular function. Podocytes support other podocytes and glomerular capillary structure, oppose hemodynamic forces, form the slit diaphragm, and have mechanical properties that permit these functions. However, the biophysical characteristics of glomeruli and podocytes in disease remain unclear.Methods Using microindentation, atomic force microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative RT-PCR, and a three-dimensional collagen gel contraction assay, we studied the biophysical and structural properties of glomeruli and podocytes in chronic (Tg26 mice [HIV protein expression]) and acute (protamine administration [cytoskeletal rearrangement]) models of podocyte injury.Results Compared with wild-type glomeruli, Tg26 glomeruli became progressively more deformable with disease progression, despite increased collagen content. Tg26 podocytes had disordered cytoskeletons, markedly abnormal focal adhesions, and weaker adhesion; they failed to respond to mechanical signals and exerted minimal traction force in three-dimensional collagen gels. Protamine treatment had similar but milder effects on glomeruli and podocytes.Conclusions Reduced structural integrity of Tg26 podocytes causes increased deformability of glomerular capillaries and limits the ability of capillaries to counter hemodynamic force, possibly leading to further podocyte injury. Loss of normal podocyte mechanical integrity could injure neighboring podocytes due to the absence of normal biophysical signals required for podocyte maintenance. The severe defects in podocyte mechanical behavior in the Tg26 model may explain why Tg26 glomeruli soften progressively, despite increased collagen deposition, and may be the basis for the rapid course of glomerular diseases associated with severe podocyte injury. In milder injury (protamine), similar processes occur but over a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addie E Embry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhenan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Jefferson Byfield
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joonho Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katrina Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Moradi
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rihanna Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Audrey N Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R Tyler Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; .,Department of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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27
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Abstract
Podocytes exhibit a unique cytoskeletal architecture that is fundamentally linked to their function in maintaining the kidney filtration barrier. The cytoskeleton regulates podocyte shape, structure, stability, slit diaphragm insertion, adhesion, plasticity, and dynamic response to environmental stimuli. Genetic mutations demonstrate that even slight impairment of the podocyte cytoskeletal apparatus results in proteinuria and glomerular disease. Moreover, mechanisms underpinning all acquired glomerular pathologies converge on disruption of the cytoskeleton, suggesting that this subcellular structure could be targeted for therapeutic purposes. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the cytoskeleton in podocytes and the associated implications for pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology and.,Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; .,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Endlich K, Kliewe F, Endlich N. Stressed podocytes-mechanical forces, sensors, signaling and response. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:937-949. [PMID: 28687864 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased glomerular capillary pressure (glomerular hypertension) and increased glomerular filtration rate (glomerular hyperfiltration) have been proven to cause glomerulosclerosis in animal models and are likely to be operative in patients. Since podocytes cover the glomerular basement membrane, they are exposed to tensile stress due to circumferential wall tension and to fluid shear stress arising from filtrate flow through the narrow filtration slits and through Bowman's space. In vitro evidence documents that podocytes respond to tensile stress as well as to fluid shear stress. Several proteins are discussed in this review that are expressed in podocytes and could act as mechanosensors converting mechanical force via a conformational change into a biochemical signal. The cation channels P2X4 and TRPC6 were shown to be involved in mechanosignaling in podocytes. P2X4 is activated by stretch-induced ATP release, while TRPC6 might be inherently mechanosensitive. Membrane, slit diaphragm and cell-matrix contact proteins are connected to the sublemmal actin network in podocytes via various linker proteins. Therefore, actin-associated proteins, like the proven mechanosensor filamin, are ideal candidates to sense forces in the podocyte cytoskeleton. Furthermore, podocytes express talin, p130Cas, and fibronectin that are known to undergo a conformational change in response to mechanical force exposing cryptic binding sites. Downstream of mechanosensors, experimental evidence suggests the involvement of MAP kinases, Ca2+ and COX2 in mechanosignaling and an emerging role of YAP/TAZ. In summary, our understanding of mechanotransduction in podocytes is still sketchy, but future progress holds promise to identify targets to alleviate conditions of increased mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
- Institut für Anatomie and Zellbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23c, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Reiser J, Lee HW, Gupta V, Altintas MM. A High-Content Screening Technology for Quantitatively Studying Podocyte Dynamics. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017; 24:183-188. [PMID: 28501082 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes form the visceral layer of a kidney glomerulus and express a characteristic octopus-like cellular architecture specialized for the ultrafiltration of blood. The cytoskeletal dynamics and structural elasticity of podocytes rely on the self-organization of highly interconnected actin bundles, and the maintenance of these features is important for the intact glomerular filtration. Development of more differentiated podocytes in culture has dramatically increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating podocyte actin dynamics. Podocytes are damaged in a variety of kidney diseases, and therapies targeting podocytes are being investigated with increasing efforts. Association between podocyte damage and disease severity-or between podocyte recovery and the performance of therapeutic molecules-have been the venues of research for years. In this perspective, more standardized high--content screening has emerged as a powerful tool for visualization and analysis of podocyte morphology. This high-throughput fluorescence microscopy technique is based on an automated image analysis with simultaneous detection of various phenotypes (multiplexing) across multiple phenotypic parameters (multiparametric). Here, we review the principles of high-content screening technology and summarize efforts to carry out small compound screen using podocytes.
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