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Dorababu A, Maraswami M. Recent Advances (2015-2020) in Drug Discovery for Attenuation of Pulmonary Fibrosis and COPD. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093674. [PMID: 37175084 PMCID: PMC10179756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A condition of scarring of lung tissue due to a wide range of causes (such as environmental pollution, cigarette smoking (CS), lung diseases, some medications, etc.) has been reported as pulmonary fibrosis (PF). This has become a serious problem all over the world due to the lack of efficient drugs for treatment or cure. To date, no drug has been designed that could inhibit fibrosis. However, few medications have been reported to reduce the rate of fibrosis. Meanwhile, ongoing research indicates pulmonary fibrosis can be treated in its initial stages when symptoms are mild. Here, an attempt is made to summarize the recent studies on the effects of various chemical drugs that attenuate PF and increase patients' quality of life. The review is classified based on the nature of the drug molecules, e.g., natural/biomolecule-based, synthetic-molecule-based PF inhibitors, etc. Here, the mechanisms through which the drug molecules attenuate PF are discussed. It is shown that inhibitory molecules can significantly decrease the TGF-β1, profibrotic factors, proteins responsible for inflammation, pro-fibrogenic cytokines, etc., thereby ameliorating the progress of PF. This review may be useful in designing better drugs that could reduce the fibrosis process drastically or even cure the disease to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Government First Grade College, Huvinahadagali 583219, India
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- Department of Chemistry, Abzena LLC., 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
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2
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Rhinovirus Suppresses TGF-β-GARP Presentation by Peripheral NK Cells. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010129. [PMID: 36611921 PMCID: PMC9818541 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease whose exacerbations are often triggered by rhinovirus infection. TGF-β1 induces rhinovirus replication in infected cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 is a pleiotropic mediator that is produced by many immune cells in the latent, inactive form bound to the latency-associated peptide (LAP) and to the transmembrane protein glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP). In this study we wanted to investigate the effect of rhinovirus infection on the TGF-β secretion and the downstream signaling via TGF-βRI/RII in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from control and asthmatic patients after rhinovirus infection ex vivo. Here, we found a significant upregulation of TGF-βRII in untouched PBMCs of asthmatics as well as a suppression of TGF-β release in the rhinovirus-infected PBMC condition. Moreover, consistent with an effect of TGF-β on Tregs, PBMCs infected with RV induced Tregs, and TGF-βRII directly correlated with RV1b mRNA. Finally, we found via flow cytometry that NK cells expressed less GARP surface-bound TGF-β, while cytokine-producing NKbright cells were induced. In summary, we show that rhinovirus infection inhibits TGF-β release in PBMCs, which results in the activation of both Treg and NK cells.
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Zhang Z, Wang M, Zheng Y, Dai Y, Chou J, Bian X, Wang P, Li C, Shen J. MicroRNA-223 negatively regulates the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament derived cells by directly targeting growth factor receptors. Lab Invest 2022; 20:465. [PMID: 36221121 PMCID: PMC9552407 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) is accepted as a critical regulator of cell differentiation. However, whether microRNA-223 (miR-223) could affect the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL)-derived cells is still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms underlying the roles of miR-223 in the osteogenesis of PDL-derived cells in periodontitis. Methods Microarray analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to identify difference in miR-223 expression pattern between healthy and inflamed gingival tissue. The target genes of miR-223 were predicted based on Targetscan and selected for enrichment analyses based on Metascape database. The gain-and loss-of-function experiments were performed to discuss roles of miR-223 and growth factor receptor genes in osteogenic differentiation of PDL-derived cells. The target relationship between miR-223 and growth factor receptor genes was confirmed by a dual luciferase assay. Osteogenic differentiation of PDL-derived cells was assessed by Alizarin red staining, RT-PCR and western blot detection of osteogenic markers, including osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Results MiR-223 was significantly increased in inflamed gingival tissues and down-regulated in PDL-derived cells during osteogenesis. The expression of miR-223 in gingival tissues was positively correlated with the clinical parameters in periodontitis patients. Overexpression of miR-223 markedly inhibited PDL-derived cells osteogenesis, which was evidenced by reduced Alizarin red staining and osteogenic markers expressions. Furthermore, two growth factor receptor genes, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2), were revealed to be direct targets of miR-223 and shown to undergo up-regulation in PDL-derived cells during osteogenesis. Moreover, suppression of FGFR2 or TGFβR2 dramatically blocked PDL-derived cells osteogenic differentiation. Conclusions Our study provides novel evidence that miR-223 can be induced by periodontitis and acts as a negative regulator of PDL-derived cells osteogenesis by targeting two growth factor receptors (TGFβR2 and FGFR2). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03676-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- The School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Youli Zheng
- The School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yanmei Dai
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Jiashu Chou
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Xiaowei Bian
- The School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Changyi Li
- The School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Jing Shen
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, 300041, China.
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4
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Galvão JGFM, Cavalcante-Silva LHA, de Almeida Lima É, Carvalho DC, Alves AF, Mascarenhas SR. Ouabain modulates airway remodeling caused by Th2-high asthma in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Szabo I, Muntean L, Crisan T, Rednic V, Sirbe C, Rednic S. Novel Concepts in Systemic Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Role for miRNAs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101471. [PMID: 34680587 PMCID: PMC8533248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disease with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. It is characterized by the pathogenic triad: microangiopathy, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. Epigenetic mechanisms modulate gene expression without interfering with the DNA sequence. Epigenetic marks may be reversible and their differential response to external stimuli could explain the protean clinical manifestations of SSc while offering the opportunity of targeted drug development. Small, non-coding RNA sequences (miRNAs) have demonstrated complex interactions between vasculature, immune activation, and extracellular matrices. Distinct miRNA profiles were identified in SSc skin specimens and blood samples containing a wide variety of dysregulated miRNAs. Their target genes are mainly involved in profibrotic pathways, but new lines of evidence also confirm their participation in impaired angiogenesis and aberrant immune responses. Research approaches focusing on earlier stages of the disease and on differential miRNA expression in various tissues could bring novel insights into SSc pathogenesis and validate the clinical utility of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Szabo
- Department of Rheumatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.S.); (C.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura Muntean
- Department of Rheumatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.S.); (C.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Rheumatology, County Emergency Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Tania Crisan
- Department of Medical Genetics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Voicu Rednic
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology II, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Sirbe
- Department of Rheumatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.S.); (C.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rednic
- Department of Rheumatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.S.); (C.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Rheumatology, County Emergency Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Teixeira MP, Passos EF, Haddad NF, Andrade MN, Rumjanek VM, Miranda-Alves L, de Carvalho DP, de Paiva LS. In vitro antitumoral effects of the steroid ouabain on human thyroid papillary carcinoma cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1338-1348. [PMID: 33760381 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ouabain is a steroid described as a compound extracted from plants that is capable of binding to Na+ , K+ -ATPase, inhibiting ion transport and triggering cell signaling pathways. Due to its positive ionotropic effect, ouabain was used for more than 200 years for the treatment of cardiac dysfunctions. Numerous antitumor effects of ouabain have been described so far; however, its role on thyroid cancer is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of ouabain on the biology of human papillary thyroid cancer cells. For this, three human thyroid cell lines were used: NTHY-ori, a non-tumor lineage, BCPAP and TPC-1, both derived from papillary carcinomas. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of ouabain. Subsequently, we evaluated its effects on the viability, cell death, cell cycle, and migratory ability of these cell lines. We also investigated the impact of ouabain in IL-6/IL-6R and epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers expression. Our results indicate that ouabain (10-7 M), decreased the number of NTHY-ori, TPC-1 and BCPAP viable cells and induced cell cycle arrest after in vitro culture, but did not appear to promote cell death. In TPC-1 cells ouabain also inhibited cell migration; increased IL-6/IL-6R expression and IL-6 secretion; and diminished vimentin and SNAIL-1 expression. Collectively, our results indicate that ouabain has an antitumoral role on human papillary thyroid carcinomas in vitro. Even though additional studies are necessary, our work contributes to the discussion of the possibility of new clinical trials of ouabain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pires Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação, Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliza Freitas Passos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Ferreira Haddad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Novaes Andrade
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivian Mary Rumjanek
- Laboratório de Imunologia Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza de Paiva
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação, Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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7
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Dolivo D, Rodrigues A, Sun L, Li Y, Hou C, Galiano R, Hong SJ, Mustoe T. The Na x (SCN7A) channel: an atypical regulator of tissue homeostasis and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5469-5488. [PMID: 34100980 PMCID: PMC11072345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within an articulately characterized family of ion channels, the voltage-gated sodium channels, exists a black sheep, SCN7A (Nax). Nax, in contrast to members of its molecular family, has lost its voltage-gated character and instead rapidly evolved a new function as a concentration-dependent sensor of extracellular sodium ions and subsequent signal transducer. As it deviates fundamentally in function from the rest of its family, and since the bulk of the impressive body of literature elucidating the pathology and biochemistry of voltage-gated sodium channels has been performed in nervous tissue, reports of Nax expression and function have been sparse. Here, we investigate available reports surrounding expression and potential roles for Nax activity outside of nervous tissue. With these studies as justification, we propose that Nax likely acts as an early sensor that detects loss of tissue homeostasis through the pathological accumulation of extracellular sodium and/or through endothelin signaling. Sensation of homeostatic aberration via Nax then proceeds to induce pathological tissue phenotypes via promotion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses, induced through direct regulation of gene expression or through the generation of secondary signaling molecules, such as lactate, that can operate in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. We hope that our synthesis of much of the literature investigating this understudied protein will inspire more research into Nax not simply as a biochemical oddity, but also as a potential pathophysiological regulator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Adrian Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren Sun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yingxing Li
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Chun Hou
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 300 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Sun J, Wang Z, Shi H, Gu L, Wang S, Wang H, Li Y, Wei T, Wang Q, Wang L. LncRNA FAF inhibits fibrosis induced by angiotensinogen II via the TGFβ1-P-Smad2/3 signalling by targeting FGF9 in cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:814-820. [PMID: 31708099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac fibrosis. However, the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have not been fully elucidated. First, we observed a correlation between cardiac remodeling (CR) and lncRNA FAF (FGF9-associated factor, termed FAF) expression in the heart. In vitro, we found that the expression of lncRNA FAF was altered in CFs, whereas it behaved inconsistently in cardiomyocytes (CMs). Next, we investigated the effects of lncRNA FAF on angiotensinogen II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibrosis in neonatal rat CFs and explored the mechanism underlying these effects. In this study, lncRNA FAF was enriched in CFs and was associated with cardiac fibrosis. Upregulation of lncRNA FAF significantly restrained Ang II-induced increases in cell proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation of CFs. Moreover, we found that the function of lncRNA FAF was mainly realized through Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) secretion and then downregulated phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Additional analysis revealed that Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is a direct target of lncRNA FAF, as the overexpression of lncRNA FAF could increase the expression of FGF9 and knockdown of the FGF9 expression could attenuate the down-regulation of lncRNA FAF on TGFβ1-P-Smad2/3 pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of the FGF9 expression also abolished the inhibitory effect of FAF on fibrosis. In summary, we demonstrated that the overexpression of lncRNA FAF could inhibit fibrosis induced by Ang II via the TGFβ1-P-Smad2/3 signalling by targeting FGF9 in CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiateng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zimu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Haojie Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lingfeng Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tianwen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Li B, Huang X, Xu X, Ning W, Dai H, Wang C. The profibrotic effect of downregulated Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit in alveolar epithelial cells during lung fibrosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:273-280. [PMID: 31115510 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive lung scarring and excessive extracellular matrix depositon. When stimulated, alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are aberrantly activated, the expression of profibrotic molecules is enhanced, and lung fibrosis is promoted, but the mechanism for this is unclear. It has been reported that a downregulation of the Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit in renal epithelial cells is involved in renal fibrosis development, but the role of this protein in lung fibrosis remains unknown. In the present study, the expression of the Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit was revealed to be markedly decreased in AECs of patients with IPF and a bleomycin‑induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. Treatment with transforming growth factor β‑1 led to significantly downregulation of the Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit in lung adenocarcioma A549 cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of the Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit in A549 cells resulted in the upregulation of profibrotic molecules, activation of the neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. These findings reveal that the downregulation of the Na,K‑ATPase β1 subunit enhances the expression of profibrotic molecules in AECs and may contribute to IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China‑Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An‑Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ning
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China‑Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China‑Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Abstract
Myofibroblast activation is a critical process in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis accounting for 45% of all deaths. No effective therapies are available for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. We focus our mini-review on recent data showing that cardiotonic steroids (CTS) that are known as potent inhibitors of Na+,K+-ATPase affect myofibroblast differentiation in a cell type-specific manner. In cultured human lung fibroblasts (HLF), epithelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, CTS blocked myofibroblast differentiation triggered by profibrotic cytokine TGF-β. In contrast, in the absence of TGF-β, CTS augmented myofibroblast differentiation of cultured cardiac fibroblasts. The cell type-specific action of CTS in myofibroblast differentiation is consistent with data obtained in in vivo studies. Thus, infusion of ouabain via osmotic mini-pumps attenuated the development of lung fibrosis in bleomycintreated mice, whereas marinobufagenin stimulated renal and cardiac fibrosis in rats with experimental renal injury. In TGF-β-treated HLF, suppression of myofibroblast differentiation by ouabain is mediated by elevation of the [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio and is accompanied by upregulation of cyclooxygenase COX-2 and downregulation of TGF-β receptor TGFBR2. Augmented expression of COX-2 is abolished by inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, suggesting a key role of [Ca2+]i-mediated signaling. What is the relative impact in tissue fibrosis of [Na+]i,[K+]iindependent signaling documented in several types of CTS-treated cells? Do the different conformational transitions of Na+,K+-ATPase α1 subunit in the presence of ouabain and marinobufagenin contribute to their distinct involvement in myofibroblast differentiation? Additional experiments should be done to answer these questions and to develop novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of fibrosis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Orlov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
| | - Jennifer La
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Nickolai O. Dulin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Amarelle L, Katzen J, Shigemura M, Welch LC, Cajigas H, Peteranderl C, Celli D, Herold S, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. Cardiac glycosides decrease influenza virus replication by inhibiting cell protein translational machinery. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1094-L1106. [PMID: 30892074 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00173.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are used primarily for cardiac failure and have been reported to have other effects, including inhibition of viral replication. Here we set out to study mechanisms by which CGs as inhibitors of the Na-K-ATPase decrease influenza A virus (IAV) replication in the lungs. We found that CGs inhibit influenza virus replication in alveolar epithelial cells by decreasing intracellular potassium, which in turn inhibits protein translation, independently of viral entry, mRNA transcription, and protein degradation. These effects were independent of the Src signaling pathway and intracellular calcium concentration changes. We found that short-term treatment with ouabain prevented IAV replication without cytotoxicity. Rodents express a Na-K-ATPase-α1 resistant to CGs. Thus we utilized Na-K-ATPase-α1-sensitive mice, infected them with high doses of influenza virus, and observed a modest survival benefit when treated with ouabain. In summary, we provide evidence that the inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase by CGs decreases influenza A viral replication by modulating the cell protein translational machinery and results in a modest survival benefit in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lynn C Welch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Héctor Cajigas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany
| | - Diego Celli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Susanne Herold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Paczula A, Wiecek A, Piecha G. Cardiotonic Steroids-A Possible Link Between High-Salt Diet and Organ Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030590. [PMID: 30704040 PMCID: PMC6386955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High dietary salt intake has been listed among the top ten risk factors for disability-adjusted life years. We discuss the role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in mediating the dietary salt-induced hypertension and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Paczula
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Piecha
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
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13
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Shi X, Liu Q, Li N, Tu W, Luo R, Mei X, Ma Y, Xu W, Chu H, Jiang S, Du Z, Zhao H, Zhao L, Jin L, Wu W, Wang J. MiR-3606-3p inhibits systemic sclerosis through targeting TGF-β type II receptor. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1967-1978. [PMID: 30145936 PMCID: PMC6224271 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1509621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic fibrotic disease characterized by excessive collagen deposition and extracellular matrix synthesis. Though transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of SSc, the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling acts in SSc remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2) was significantly upregulated in both human SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts. In fibroblasts, siRNA-induced knockdown of TGFBR2 resulted in a reduction of p-SMAD2/3 levels and reduced production of type I collagen. Additionally, functional experiments revealed that downregulation of TGFBR2 yielded an anti-growth effect on fibroblasts through inhibiting cell cycle progression. Further studies showed that miR-3606-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of TGFBR2 and significantly decrease the levels of both TGFBR2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts contain significantly reduced amounts of miR-3606-3p, and the overexpression of miR-3606-3p in fibroblasts replicates the phenotype of TGFBR2 downregulation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that increased TGFBR2 could be responsible for the hyperactive TGF-β signaling observed in SSc. Moreover, we identified a pivotal role for miR-3606-3p in SSc, which acts, at least partly, through the attenuation of TGF-β signaling via TGFBR2 repression, suggesting that the regulation of miR-3606-3p/TGFBR2 could be a promising therapeutic target that could improve the treatment strategy for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Xu
- The Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai Tongren Hosipital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Li B, Huang X, Liu Z, Xu X, Xiao H, Zhang X, Dai H, Wang C. Ouabain ameliorates bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of lung fibroblasts. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2967-2974. [PMID: 30323883 PMCID: PMC6176221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal idiopathic interstitial pulmonary disease characterized by progressive deterioration in lung function that commonly affects eldly people. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood and therefore lacking effective therapy. Ouabain a digitalis has been reported to be able to suppress lung fibroblast activation via downregulating TGF-β-smad signal pathway in vitro. Here, we investigated the effects of ouabain in pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in C57/BL6 mice by a intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (2.0 mg/kg), ouabain (0.6 mg/kg) was given daily via intraperitonealinjection for one week starting at 7 days after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Our study showed ouabain significantly reduce α-SMA, fibronectin and collagen I expression in lung fibrosis animal model. Further, ouabain inhibits cells proliferation and promotes apoptosis of lung fibroblasts in vitro. In conclusion, our results indicate ouabain a novel effective drug that inhibits lung fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Perking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical MedicineBeijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An-Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100054, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100054, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Perking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical MedicineBeijing 100029, P. R. China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Perking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Perking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical MedicineBeijing 100029, P. R. China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Perking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100029, P. R. China
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15
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Khalaf FK, Dube P, Mohamed A, Tian J, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Cardiotonic Steroids and the Sodium Trade Balance: New Insights into Trade-Off Mechanisms Mediated by the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2576. [PMID: 30200235 PMCID: PMC6165267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1972 Neal Bricker presented the "trade-off" hypothesis in which he detailed the role of physiological adaptation processes in mediating some of the pathophysiology associated with declines in renal function. In the late 1990's Xie and Askari published seminal studies indicating that the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA) was not only an ion pump, but also a signal transducer that interacts with several signaling partners. Since this discovery, numerous studies from multiple laboratories have shown that the NKA is a central player in mediating some of these long-term "trade-offs" of the physiological adaptation processes which Bricker originally proposed in the 1970's. In fact, NKA ligands such as cardiotonic steroids (CTS), have been shown to signal through NKA, and consequently been implicated in mediating both adaptive and maladaptive responses to volume overload such as fibrosis and oxidative stress. In this review we will emphasize the role the NKA plays in this "trade-off" with respect to CTS signaling and its implication in inflammation and fibrosis in target organs including the heart, kidney, and vasculature. As inflammation and fibrosis exhibit key roles in the pathogenesis of a number of clinical disorders such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, obesity, preeclampsia, and aging, this review will also highlight the role of newly discovered NKA signaling partners in mediating some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah K Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Amal Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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16
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Nanbo A, Ohashi M, Yoshiyama H, Ohba Y. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor β in Cell-to-Cell Contact-Mediated Epstein-Barr Virus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:984. [PMID: 29867885 PMCID: PMC5962739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human gamma herpesvirus, is closely linked to various lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Previous studies demonstrated that the efficiency of EBV infection in epithelial cells is significantly enhanced by coculturing them with latently infected B cells relative to cell-free infection, suggesting that cell-to-cell contact-mediated viral transmission is the dominant mode of infection by EBV in epithelial cells. However, a detailed mechanism underlying this process has not been fully understood. In the present study, we assessed the role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which is known to induce EBV's lytic cycle by upregulation of EBV's latent-lytic switch BZLF1 gene. We have found that 5 days of cocultivation facilitated cell-to-cell contact-mediated EBV transmission. Replication of EBV was induced in cocultured B cells both with and without a direct cell contact in a time-dependent manner. Treatment of a blocking antibody for TGF-β suppressed both induction of the lytic cycle in cocultured B cells and subsequent viral transmission. Cocultivation with epithelial cells facilitated expression of TGF-β receptors in B cells and increased their susceptibility to TGF-β. Finally, we confirmed the spontaneous secretion of TGF-β from epithelial cells, which was not affected by cell-contact. In contrast, the extracellular microvesicles, exosomes derived from cocultured cells partly contributed to cell-to-cell contact-mediated viral transmission. Taken together, our findings support a role for TGF-β derived from epithelial cells in efficient viral transmission, which fosters induction of the viral lytic cycle in the donor B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Wang C, Qiao YY. Synergistic effect of siRNA-mediated silencing of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells in hypospadiac male rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1646-1658. [PMID: 28776725 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The study elucidated the effects associated with silencing growth factor-β R1 (TGF-β R1) and TGF-β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells (UECs) in hypospadiac male rats. Seventy-five male rats were distributed into the normal, model, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups. The UECs of the rats included in the study were cultured in vitro and subsequently divided into the control, blank, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β R1/R2 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay as well as by flow cytometry. Compared with the normal group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the model, TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups displayed remarkable increases; compared with the model group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the TGF-β R1/2-siRNA, TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups displayed significant decreases, similar observations were made regarding mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2. Compared with the TGF-β R1/2-siRNA group, the apoptotic rates of the UECs in the TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups were up regulated, while cell proliferation in the TGF-β R1-siRNA and TGF-β R2-siRNA groups decreased accompanied by an increased rate of apoptosis. This study ultimately demonstrated that the silencing of TGF-β R1 and TGF-β R2 genes could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of penile UECs in hypospadiac male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Qiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
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18
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Na⁺ i,K⁺ i-Dependent and -Independent Signaling Triggered by Cardiotonic Steroids: Facts and Artifacts. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040635. [PMID: 28420099 PMCID: PMC6153942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase is the only known receptor of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) whose interaction with catalytic α-subunits leads to inhibition of this enzyme. As predicted, CTS affect numerous cellular functions related to the maintenance of the transmembrane gradient of monovalent cations, such as electrical membrane potential, cell volume, transepithelial movement of salt and osmotically-obliged water, symport of Na⁺ with inorganic phosphate, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, etc. During the last two decades, it was shown that side-by-side with these canonical Na⁺i/K⁺i-dependent cellular responses, long-term exposure to CTS affects transcription, translation, tight junction, cell adhesion and exhibits tissue-specific impact on cell survival and death. It was also shown that CTS trigger diverse signaling cascades via conformational transitions of the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase α-subunit that, in turn, results in the activation of membrane-associated non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. These findings allowed researchers to propose that endogenous CTS might be considered as a novel class of steroid hormones. We focus our review on the analysis of the relative impact Na⁺i,K⁺i-mediated and -independent pathways in cellular responses evoked by CTS.
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